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Manyenya S, Nthiwa D, Lutta HO, Muturi M, Nyamota R, Mwatondo A, Watene G, Akoko J, Bett B. Multiple pathogens co-exposure and associated risk factors among cattle reared in a wildlife-livestock interface area in Kenya. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1415423. [PMID: 39119353 PMCID: PMC11306132 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1415423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding multi-pathogen infections/exposures in livestock is critical to inform prevention and control measures against infectious diseases. We investigated the co-exposure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Brucella spp., Leptospira spp., and Coxiella burnetii in cattle in three zones stratified by land use change and with different wildlife-livestock interactions in Narok county, Kenya. We also assessed potential risk factors associated with the transmission of these pathogens in cattle. Methods We identified five villages purposively, two each for areas with intensive (zone 1) and moderate wildlife-livestock interactions (zone 2) and one for locations with low wildlife-livestock interactions (zone 3). We sampled 1,170 cattle from 390 herds through a cross-sectional study and tested the serum samples for antibodies against the focal pathogens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A questionnaire was administered to gather epidemiological data on the putative risk factors associated with cattle's exposure to the investigated pathogens. Data were analyzed using the Bayesian hierarchical models with herd number as a random effect to adjust for the within-herd clustering of the various co-exposures among cattle. Results Overall, 88.0% (95% CI: 85.0-90.5) of the cattle tested positive for at least one of the targeted pathogens, while 41.7% (95% CI: 37.7-45.8) were seropositive to at least two pathogens. FMDV and Brucella spp. had the highest co-exposure at 33.7% (95% CI: 30.9-36.5), followed by FMDV and Leptospira spp. (21.8%, 95% CI: 19.5-24.4), Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. (8.8%, 95% CI: 7.2-10.6), FMDV and C. burnetii (1.5%, 95% CI: 0.7-2.8), Brucella spp. and C. burnetii (1.0%, 95% CI: 0.3-2.2), and lowest for Leptospira spp. and C. burnetii (0.3%, 95% CI: 0.0-1.2). Cattle with FMDV and Brucella spp., and Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. co-exposures and those simultaneously exposed to FMDV, Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. were significantly higher in zone 1 than in zones 2 and 3. However, FMDV and Leptospira spp. co-exposure was higher in zones 1 and 2 than zone 3. Discussion/conclusion We recommend the establishment of a One Health surveillance system in the study area to reduce the morbidity of the targeted zoonotic pathogens in cattle and the risks of transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophina Manyenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harrison Osundwa Lutta
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kabete Centre, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Athman Mwatondo
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace Watene
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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L'Hôte L, Light I, Mattiangeli V, Teasdale MD, Halpin Á, Gourichon L, Key FM, Daly KG. An 8000 years old genome reveals the Neolithic origin of the zoonosis Brucella melitensis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6132. [PMID: 39033187 PMCID: PMC11271283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucella melitensis is a major livestock bacterial pathogen and zoonosis, causing disease and infection-related abortions in small ruminants and humans. A considerable burden to animal-based economies today, the presence of Brucella in Neolithic pastoral communities has been hypothesised but we lack direct genomic evidence thus far. We report a 3.45X B. melitensis genome preserved in an ~8000 year old sheep specimen from Menteşe Höyük, Northwest Türkiye, demonstrating that the pathogen had evolved and was circulating in Neolithic livestock. The genome is basal with respect to all known B. melitensis and allows the calibration of the B. melitensis speciation time from the primarily cattle-infecting B. abortus to approximately 9800 years Before Present (BP), coinciding with a period of consolidation and dispersal of livestock economies. We use the basal genome to timestamp evolutionary events in B. melitensis, including pseudogenization events linked to erythritol response, the supposed determinant of the pathogen's placental tropism in goats and sheep. Our data suggest that the development of herd management and multi-species livestock economies in the 11th-9th millennium BP drove speciation and host adaptation of this zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis L'Hôte
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ian Light
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Evolutionary Pathogenomics, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthew D Teasdale
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Áine Halpin
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Felix M Key
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Evolutionary Pathogenomics, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin G Daly
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Nol P, Frey R, Wehtje M, Rhyan J, Clarke PR, McCollum M, Quance C, Eckery D, Robbe-Austerman S. Effects of Pregnancy Prevention on Brucella abortus Shedding in American bison (Bison bison). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:327-338. [PMID: 38385992 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Products of parturition are the predominant source of Brucella abortus for transmission in bison (Bison bison). Our objective was to assess whether preventing pregnancy in Brucella-seropositive bison reduced B. abortus shedding. Brucella-seropositive and -seronegative bison from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA were used in a replicated experiment. Each of two replicates (rep1, rep2) included a group of seropositive females treated with a single dose of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-based immunocontraceptive (Treatment rep1, n=15; Treatment rep2, n=20) and an untreated group (Control rep1, n=14; Control rep2, n=16) housed separately. Seronegative sentinel females were placed in each group to monitor horizontal transmission. Seronegative males were co-mingled for breeding each year. Pregnant females were removed from treatment groups in the first year, but not thereafter. Each January-June we monitored for B. abortus shedding events-any parturition associated with culture-positive fluids or tissues. We analyzed probability of shedding events using a negative binomial generalized linear mixed model fit by maximum likelihood using Laplace approximation. Over 5 yr, we observed zero shedding events in Treatment rep1 vs. 12 in Control rep1. All five Control rep1 sentinels but zero (0/5) Treatment rep1 sentinels seroconverted. In the second replicate, Treatment rep2 had two shedding events over 3 yr and Control rep2 had five events over 2 yr. Sentinels in both Control rep2 (3/6) and Treatment rep2 (5/6) seroconverted by trial endpoint. Treatment rep1 showed a reduced shedding probability relative to Control rep1, Treatment rep2, and Control rep2 (log odds value -25.36 vs. -1.71, -1.39, and -0.23, respectively). Fixed effect predictor covariates, year and age, had no explanatory value. These data suggest that successful contraception of brucellosis-seropositive female bison prevents shedding of B. abortus by individual animals. However, contraceptive treatment may or may not sufficiently reduce disease transmission to reduce brucellosis prevalence in an affected herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Nol
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
- Current address: Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Health Program, 4330 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Rebecca Frey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, PO Box 253, Manhattan, Montana 59741, USA
| | - Morgan Wehtje
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
- Current address: Capitol Reef National Park, National Park Service, HC 70, Torrey, Utah 84775, USA
| | - Jack Rhyan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
- Retired
| | - Patrick Ryan Clarke
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, PO Box 253, Manhattan, Montana 59741, USA
- Retired
| | - Matthew McCollum
- Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Animal Reproduction and Biomedical Laboratory, 3105 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Christine Quance
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Douglas Eckery
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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Awais MM, Khadim G, Akhtar M, Anwar MI, Shirwany ASAK, Raza A, Razzaq A, Fatima Z, Ali MA, Bhatti MS. A study on the epidemiology of brucellosis in bovine population of peri-urban and rural areas of district Multan, southern Punjab, Pakistan. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:39. [PMID: 38297263 PMCID: PMC10832158 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a bacterial pathogen belonging to the genus Brucella. It is one of the most frequent bacterial zoonoses globally but unfortunately, it is still considered as a neglected disease in the developing world. Keeping in view, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk determinants of brucellosis in large ruminants of peri-urban and rural areas of district Multan-Pakistan. For this purpose, blood samples (n = 490) were collected from the cattle (n = 245) and buffalo (n = 245) population of the study area and subjected to preliminary screening of brucellosis using local and imported RBPT reagents. All the samples were further analyzed using commercially available multi-specie indirect ELISA kit followed by their confirmation by PCR using genus and species-specific primers. Data obtained from lab analysis and questionnaires were subjected to statistical analysis for Pearson Chi-square, Odds Ratio and Confidence intervals (95%). RESULTS The results showed that the maximum seropositivity was recorded with local RBPT reagent (VRI, Pakistan; 12.45%; 95%CI = 9.72-15.65%) followed by RBPT-IDEXX (12.24%; 95%CI = 9.52-15.45%) and RBPT-ID.vet (11.84%; 95%CI = 9.18-14.95%) however statistical difference was non-significant (P = 0.956). The ELISA results showed an overall seroprevalence rate of 11.22% (95%CI = 8.59-14.33%) with comparatively higher rate in cattle (12.65%; 95%CI = 8.82-17.44%) as compared to buffaloes (9.80%; 95%CI = 6.49-14.15%). The PCR analysis confirmed the presence of genus Brucella in all seropositive samples whereas frequency of B. abortus and B. melitensis in seropositive samples was 80% and 20%, respectively. The co-existence of both species was also observed in 5.45% samples. The statistical analysis showed a significant association of bovine brucellosis with herd size, breed, reproductive disorders, mode of insemination, educational status and farmers' awareness about brucellosis (P < 0.05). Conversely, locality, age, weight, gender, pregnancy status, parity and puberty status had no associations with brucellosis (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, brucellosis is prevalent in large ruminants of district Multan, Pakistan. It is suggested to devise and implement stringent policies for the effective control and prevention of brucellosis in the region. Further, the current situation also warrants the need to strengthen interdisciplinary coordination among veterinarians and physicians in one health perspective to ensure and strengthen the human and animal health care systems in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Muhammad Awais
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Gohar Khadim
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Masood Akhtar
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Anwar
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sammad Ali Khan Shirwany
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Raza
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Razzaq
- Animal Sciences Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahida Fatima
- Animal Sciences Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sibtain Bhatti
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Directorate of Multan Division, Multan, Pakistan
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Jones JD, Proffitt KM, Ramsey JM, Almberg ES, Anderson NJ. Reproductive Fate of Brucellosis-Seropositive Elk (Cervus canadensis): Implications for Disease Transmission Risk. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:52-63. [PMID: 37889938 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus that infects elk (Cervus canadensis) and cattle (Bos taurus). There is the potential for transmission from wildlife to livestock through contact with infected material shed during abortions or live births. To understand the impact of exposure on pregnancy rates we captured 30-100 elk per year from 2011 through 2020, testing their blood for serologic exposure to B. abortus. Predicted pregnancy rates for seropositive animals were 9.6% lower in prime-age (2.5-15.5 yr; 85%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 74-91%) and 37.7% lower in old (>15.5 yr; 43%, 95% CI: 19-71%) elk as compared with seronegative animals. To understand the risk of seropositive elk shedding B. abortus bacteria and the effects of exposure on elk reproductive performance, we conducted a 5-yr longitudinal study monitoring 30 seropositive elk. We estimated the annual probability of a seropositive elk having an abortion as 0.06 (95% CI: 0.02-0.15). We detected B. abortus at three abortions and two live births, using a combination of culture and PCR testing. The predicted probability of a pregnant seropositive elk shedding B. abortus during an abortion or live birth was 0.08 (95% CI: 0.04-0.19). To understand what proportion of seropositive elk harbored live B. abortus bacteria in their tissues, we euthanized seropositive elk at the end of 5 yr of monitoring and sampled tissues for B. abortus. Assuming perfect detection, the predicted probability of a seropositive elk having B. abortus in at least one tissue was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.06-0.43). The transmission risk seropositive elk pose is mitigated by decreased pregnancy rates, low probability of abortion events, low probability of shedding at live birth events, and reasonably low probability of B. abortus in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Jones
- Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 1400 South 19th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59718, USA
| | - Kelly M Proffitt
- Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 1400 South 19th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59718, USA
| | - Jennifer M Ramsey
- Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 1400 South 19th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59718, USA
| | - Emily S Almberg
- Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 1400 South 19th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59718, USA
| | - Neil J Anderson
- Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 490 North Meridian Road, Kalispell, Montana 59901, USA
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Avalos A, Durand B, Mendoza F, Ramirez C, Maldonado V, Zanella G. Risk factors associated to bovine brucellosis seroprevalence in the eastern region of Paraguay. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105979. [PMID: 37544080 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In Paraguay, whose main economic activity is cattle raising, bovine brucellosis is an endemic disease. Between May 2019 and October 2020, a national prevalence survey was implemented by the Paraguayan Veterinary Services. In the frame of that survey, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the eastern region of Paraguay to identify the risk factors that could be associated with brucellosis-positive farms and to estimate the bovine brucellosis seroprevalence and farmers' awareness about the disease. A questionnaire was administered to farmers to collect data on potential risk factors for bovine brucellosis as well as awareness on the disease. A logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors associated with a farm brucellosis positive status. Blood samples were collected from 2551 cattle on 133 farms. The overall apparent seroprevalence was 27.8 % (95 % CI: 20.4-36.3 %) at the farm level, and 5.5 % (95 % CI: 4.7-6.5 %) at the animal level. Among 18 potential risk factors, four were associated with a farm brucellosis positive status. Farm size was associated with a higher risk of positive status in medium (20-80 cows) and large farms (>80 cows), compared with small farms (<20 cows). Barn disinfection had a protective effect on the risk of positive status. Conversely, presence of dogs and not incinerating/burying aborted material increased this risk. Even if 89 % of the farmers acknowledged being aware of the bovine brucellosis transmission to humans, only 46% of these farmers declared using protective gloves during calving or when handling abortions. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of implementing biosecurity measures and proper disposal of aborted material to control the disease. Therefore, to control the disease in Paraguay, vaccination campaigns should be accompanied by awareness campaigns addressing good farm management practices to minimize the risk of introduction and maintenance of brucellosis as well as the risk of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaias Avalos
- Paris-Est University, Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Paris-Est University, Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Felipe Mendoza
- National University of Asuncion, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Paraguay
| | - Carlos Ramirez
- National Animal Health and Quality Service (SENACSA), General Directorate of Animal Health, Identity and Traceability, Paraguay
| | - Victor Maldonado
- National Animal Health and Quality Service (SENACSA), General Directorate of Animal Health, Identity and Traceability, Paraguay
| | - Gina Zanella
- Paris-Est University, Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France.
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Holt HR, Walker M, Beauvais W, Kaur P, Bedi JS, Mangtani P, Sharma NS, Gill JPS, Godfroid J, McGiven J, Guitian J. Modelling the control of bovine brucellosis in India. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220756. [PMID: 36882115 PMCID: PMC9991488 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis imposes substantial impacts on livestock production and public health worldwide. A stochastic, age-structured model incorporating herd demographics was developed describing within- and between-herd transmission of Brucella abortus in dairy cattle herds. The model was fitted to data from a cross-sectional study conducted in Punjab State of India and used to evaluate the effectiveness of control strategies under consideration. Based on model results, stakeholder acceptance and constraints regarding vaccine supply, vaccination of replacement calves in large farms should be prioritized. Test and removal applied at early stages of the control programme where seroprevalence is high would not constitute an effective or acceptable use of resources because significant numbers of animals would be 'removed' (culled or not used for breeding) based on false positive results. To achieve sustained reductions in brucellosis, policymakers must commit to maintaining vaccination in the long term, which may eventually reduce frequency of infection in the livestock reservoir to a low enough level for elimination to be a realistic objective. This work provides key strategic insights into the control of brucellosis in India, which has the largest cattle population globally, and a general modelling framework for evaluating control strategies in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Holt
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.,Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - M Walker
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - W Beauvais
- Comparative Pathobiology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - P Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J S Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonosis, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - P Mangtani
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - N S Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J P S Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonosis, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J Godfroid
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - J McGiven
- WOAH Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, FAO Collaborating Centre for Brucellosis, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - J Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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Faddane K, Moumni H, Cherkaoui I, Lakranbi M, Hamdi S, Ezzikouri S, Saile R, El Azhari M. Seroprevalence of human brucellosis in Morocco and associated risk factors. Vet World 2022; 15:2224-2233. [PMID: 36341077 PMCID: PMC9631368 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2224-2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Brucellosis is a prevalent infectious zoonotic disease that affects humans, livestock, and wildlife in many parts of the world. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis among farmers and patients attending six health centers in Sidi Kacem province (northwestern Morocco). Materials and Methods: Blood samples (3-5 mL) were collected. Among 1283 participants, 351 were males and 932 were females and tested for Brucella antibodies using rose Bengal plate test and immunoglobulin (Ig)M/IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for confirmation. Results: The seroprevalence of brucellosis was 33.20% (426/1283) with a higher risk among males and rural residents. The univariable analysis revealed that contacting cattle, handling abortion products and manure, and consuming undercooked beef and goat meat were all risk factors for brucellosis. Furthermore, raw milk and milk derivatives were risk factors strongly linked to brucellosis. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a high prevalence of brucellosis associated with the consumption of raw meat, raw dairy products, milk, and close contact with infected animals. However, there are some limitations to this study, such as we did not use the ELISA test on all sera collected and individuals under the age of 18 were not included in the study. Moreover, building a database on the occurrence of brucellosis and associated epidemiological factors is critical for providing informed advice to policymakers to improve control strategies against this disease in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoutar Faddane
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco; Laboratory of Biology and Health URAC34-Metabolic and Immunologic Pathology Research Team, Faculty of Science, Ben M'sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Houda Moumni
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Imad Cherkaoui
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Lakranbi
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Salsabil Hamdi
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Laboratory of Virology, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Rachid Saile
- Laboratory of Biology and Health URAC34-Metabolic and Immunologic Pathology Research Team, Faculty of Science, Ben M'sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Azhari
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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Wielgus E, Caron A, Bennitt E, De Garine‐Wichatitsky M, Cain B, Fritz H, Miguel E, Cornélis D, Chamaillé‐Jammes S. Inter‐Group Social Behavior, Contact Patterns and Risk for Pathogen Transmission in Cape Buffalo Populations. J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Wielgus
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Manchester M15 6BH UK
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Faculdade de Veterinária Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Av. De Moçambique, CP 257 Maputo Mozambique
| | - Emily Bennitt
- Okavango Research Institute University of Botswana Shorobe Road Maun Botswana
| | | | - Bradley Cain
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Manchester M15 6BH UK
| | - Herve Fritz
- REHABS, CNRS ‐ Université Lyon 1 ‐ Nelson Mandela University International Research Laboratory George Campus, Madiba Drive George South Africa
| | - Eve Miguel
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Daniel Cornélis
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, F‐34398 Montpellier, France; Forêts et Sociétés Université de Montpellier CIRAD, 34090 Montpellier France
| | - Simon Chamaillé‐Jammes
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD University Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
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10
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Njeru J, Nthiwa D, Akoko J, Oyas H, Bett B. Incidence of Brucella infection in various livestock species raised under the pastoral production system in Isiolo County, Kenya. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:342. [PMID: 34717610 PMCID: PMC8556948 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We implemented a longitudinal study to determine the incidence of Brucella infection in cattle, camels, sheep and goats that were being raised in a pastoral area in Isiolo County, Kenya. An initial cross-sectional survey was implemented to identify unexposed animals for follow up; that survey used 141 camels, 216 cattle, 208 sheep and 161 goats. Sera from these animals were screened for Brucella spp. using the Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT), a modified RBPT, and an indirect multispecies Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). Results of RBPT and iELISA were interpreted in parallel to determine seroprevalence. A total of 30 camels, 31 cattle, 22 sheep and 32 goats that were seronegative by all the above tests were recruited in a subsequent longitudinal study for follow up. These animals were followed for 12 months and tested for anti-Brucella antibodies using iELISA. Seroconversion among these animals was defined by a positive iELISA test following a negative iELISA result in the previous sampling period. All seropositive samples were further tested using real-time PCR-based assays to identify Brucella species. These analyses targeted the alkB and BMEI1162 genes for B. abortus, and B. melitensis, respectively. Data from the longitudinal study were analysed using Cox proportional hazards model that accounted for within-herds clustering of Brucella infections. Results The overall incidence rate of Brucella infection was 0.024 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.014–0.037) cases per animal-months at risk. Brucella infection incidence in camels, cattle, goats and sheep were 0.053 (0.022–0.104), 0.028 (0.010–0.061), 0.013 (0.003–0.036) and 0.006 (0.0002–0.034) cases per animal-month at risk, respectively. The incidence rate of Brucella infection among females and males were 0.020 (0.009–0.036) and 0.016 (0.004–0.091), respectively. Real-time PCR analyses showed that B. abortus was more prevalent than B. melitensis in the area. Results of multivariable Cox regression analysis identified species (camels and cattle) as an important predictor of Brucella spp. exposure in animals. Conclusions This study estimated an overall brucellosis incidence of 0.024 cases per animal-months at risk with camels and cattle having higher incidence than sheep and goats. These results will inform surveillance studies in the area. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03036-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Njeru
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya.
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Harry Oyas
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Unit, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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11
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Szcodronski KE, Cross PC. Scavengers reduce potential brucellosis transmission risk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul C. Cross
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
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12
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Yang A, Boughton RK, Miller RS, Wight B, Anderson WM, Beasley JC, VerCauteren KC, Pepin KM, Wittemyer G. Spatial variation in direct and indirect contact rates at the wildlife-livestock interface for informing disease management. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105423. [PMID: 34246115 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about disease transmission relevant contact rates at the wildlife-livestock interface and the factors shaping them. Indirect contact via shared resources is thought to be important but remains unquantified in most systems, making it challenging to evaluate the impact of livestock management practices on contact networks. Free-ranging wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in North America are an invasive, socially-structured species with an expanding distribution that pose a threat to livestock health given their potential to transmit numerous livestock diseases, such as pseudorabies, brucellosis, trichinellosis, and echinococcosis, among many others. Our objective in this study was to quantify the spatial variations in direct and indirect contact rates among wild pigs and cattle on a commercial cow-calf operation in Florida, USA. Using GPS data from 20 wild pigs and 11 cattle and a continuous-time movement model, we extracted three types of spatial contacts between wild pigs and cattle, including direct contact, indirect contact in the pastoral environment (unknown naturally occurring resources), and indirect contact via anthropogenic cattle resources (feed supplements and water supply troughs). We examined the effects of sex, spatial proximity, and cattle supplement availability on contact rates at the species level and characterized wild pig usage of cattle supplements. Our results suggested daily pig-cattle direct contacts occurred only occasionally, while a significant number of pig-cattle indirect contacts occurred via natural resources distributed heterogeneously across the landscape. At cattle supplements, more indirect contacts occurred at liquid molasses than water troughs or molasses-mineral block tubs due to higher visitation rates by wild pigs. Our results can be directly used for parameterizing epidemiological models to inform risk assessment and optimal control strategies for controlling transmission of shared diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Yang
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA.
| | - Raoul K Boughton
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3401 Experiment Station, Ona, FL, 33865, USA
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Bethany Wight
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3401 Experiment Station, Ona, FL, 33865, USA
| | - Wesley M Anderson
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3401 Experiment Station, Ona, FL, 33865, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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13
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Rees EM, Minter A, Edmunds WJ, Lau CL, Kucharski AJ, Lowe R. Transmission modelling of environmentally persistent zoonotic diseases: a systematic review. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e466-e478. [PMID: 34245717 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of many infectious diseases depends on interactions between humans, animals, and the environment. Incorporating these complex processes in transmission dynamic models can help inform policy and disease control interventions. We identified 20 diseases involving environmentally persistent pathogens (ie, pathogens that survive for more than 48 h in the environment and can cause subsequent human infections), of which indirect transmission can occur from animals to humans via the environment. Using a systematic approach, we critically appraised dynamic transmission models for environmentally persistent zoonotic diseases to quantify traits of models across diseases. 210 transmission modelling studies were identified and most studies considered diseases of domestic animals or high-income settings, or both. We found that less than half of studies validated their models to real-world data, and environmental data on pathogen persistence was rarely incorporated. Model structures varied, with few studies considering the animal-human-environment interface of transmission in the context of a One Health framework. This Review highlights the need for more data-driven modelling of these diseases and a holistic One Health approach to model these pathogens to inform disease prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Rees
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Amanda Minter
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - W John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam J Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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14
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Shi JF, Gong QL, Zhao B, Ma BY, Chen ZY, Yang Y, Sun YH, Wang Q, Leng X, Zong Y, Li JM, Du R. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Buffalo Worldwide and Associated Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:649252. [PMID: 34150882 PMCID: PMC8213021 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.649252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. Brucellosis is widely distributed in more than 160 or 170 countries around the world, where it poses a huge threat to animal husbandry and human health. About 150 million head of water buffalo, distributed across more than 40 countries worldwide, are kept for the purposes of service, milk, and meat. High incidence of Brucella spp. in buffalo has negatively affected dairy products and meat products. Results: We searched all research related to seroprevalence of brucellosis in water buffalo anywhere in the world in PubMed, Science Direct, SpringerLink, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and VIP Chinese Journal Databases. A total of 26 articles published from 1985 to 2020 met the final selection criteria. The overall seroprevalence of buffalo brucellosis worldwide was 9.7%. The seroprevalence before 2010 (20.8%) (95% CI: 5.6–42.2) was much higher than the seroprevalence rate from 2010 to 2020 (4.2%) (95% CI: 1.8–7.5). Subgroup analysis by feeding mode found that the point estimate of seroprevalence in stock buffalo (11.5%) (95% CI: 3.6–23.0) was higher than that in captive buffalo (10.6%) (95% CI: 4.9–18.1). Subgroup analysis by farming mode found that the seroprevalence was higher in captive-bred buffalo (10.7%) (95% CI: 6.6–15.7) than in intensively farmed buffalo (8.5) (95% CI: 0.9–22.2). The seroprevalence in buffalo living in dry lands (6.4%) (95% CI: 2.0–12.9) is greater than that in buffalo living in wetlands (5.1%) (95% CI: 1.8–10.4) (P < 0.05). The seroprevalence in female buffalo (10.1%) (95% CI: 3.4–19.7) was higher than that in male buffalo (4.4%) (95% CI: 2.0–7.4). The seroprevalence in lactating buffalo was higher than that in buffalo of other ages (26.9%) (95% CI: 1.8–66.5). Subgroup analysis by detection method found that the seroprevalence detected by the complement fixation test (27.3%) (95% CI: 0.7–70.8) was much higher than that detected by other methods. Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis showed that buffalo brucellosis infection is very common in buffalo herds around the world. Although the seroprevalence of brucellosis in buffalo and humans is relatively low, serious effects upon animal husbandry and public health make it necessary to take effective control and preventive measures to control the spread of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao-Yi Ma
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi-Yang Chen
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Han Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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15
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Simpson G, Thompson PN, Saegerman C, Marcotty T, Letesson JJ, de Bolle X, Godfroid J. Brucellosis in wildlife in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5960. [PMID: 33727580 PMCID: PMC7966391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to consolidate current knowledge of wildlife brucellosis in Africa and to analyse available predictors of infection. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Information on species, test used, test results, area, rainfall, livestock and wildlife contact and year of study were extracted. This systematic review revealed 42 prevalence studies, nine disease control articles and six articles on epidemiology. Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella inopinata and Brucella suis were reported in wildlife. The prevalence studies revealed serological evidence of brucellosis in buffalo, antelope (positive in 14/28 species), carnivores (4/12) and other species (7/20) over the last five decades. Buffalo populations were more likely to be infected and had a higher seroprevalence than other species; the pooled seroprevalence was 13.7% (95% CI 10.3-17.3%) in buffalo, 7.1% (95% CI 1.1-15.5%) in carnivores and 2.1% (95% CI 0.1-4.9%) in antelope. Wildlife in high rainfall areas (≥ 800 mm) were more likely to be infected, and infected populations showed higher seroprevalence in high rainfall areas and in studies published after 2000. Domestic animal contact was associated with increased seroprevalence in antelope and carnivore species, but not in buffalo, supporting the hypothesis that buffalo may be a reservoir species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Simpson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Peter N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Faculty of Science, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Rayl ND, Merkle JA, Proffitt KM, Almberg ES, Jones JD, Gude JA, Cross PC. Elk migration influences the risk of disease spillover in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1264-1275. [PMID: 33630313 PMCID: PMC8251637 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife migrations provide important ecosystem services, but they are declining. Within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), some elk Cervus canadensis herds are losing migratory tendencies, which may increase spatiotemporal overlap between elk and livestock (domestic bison Bison bison and cattle Bos taurus), potentially exacerbating pathogen transmission risk. We combined disease, movement, demographic and environmental data from eight elk herds in the GYE to examine the differential risk of brucellosis transmission (through aborted foetuses) from migrant and resident elk to livestock. For both migrants and residents, we found that transmission risk from elk to livestock occurred almost exclusively on private ranchlands as opposed to state or federal grazing allotments. Weather variability affected the estimated distribution of spillover risk from migrant elk to livestock, with a 7%–12% increase in migrant abortions on private ranchlands during years with heavier snowfall. In contrast, weather variability did not affect spillover risk from resident elk. Migrant elk were responsible for the majority (68%) of disease spillover risk to livestock because they occurred in greater numbers than resident elk. On a per‐capita basis, however, our analyses suggested that resident elk disproportionately contributed to spillover risk. In five of seven herds, we estimated that the per‐capita spillover risk was greater from residents than from migrants. Averaged across herds, an individual resident elk was 23% more likely than an individual migrant elk to abort on private ranchlands. Our results demonstrate links between migration behaviour, spillover risk and environmental variability, and highlight the utility of integrating models of pathogen transmission and host movement to generate new insights about the role of migration in disease spillover risk. Furthermore, they add to the accumulating body of evidence across taxa that suggests that migrants and residents should be considered separately during investigations of wildlife disease ecology. Finally, our findings have applied implications for elk and brucellosis in the GYE. They suggest that managers should prioritize actions that maintain spatial separation of elk and livestock on private ranchlands during years when snowpack persists into the risk period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D Rayl
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Grand Junction, CO, USA.,U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jerod A Merkle
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul C Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Bozeman, MT, USA
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17
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Li Y, Tan D, Xue S, Shen C, Ning H, Cai C, Liu Z. Prevalence, distribution and risk factors for brucellosis infection in goat farms in Ningxiang, China. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:39. [PMID: 33468123 PMCID: PMC7814720 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In south China, goats are the major source of Brucellosis for human infection. However, there are few studies on the prevalence of and risk factors for goat brucellosis in south China. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the herd prevalence, spatial distribution and relevant risk factors for goat brucellosis in Ningxiang county, south China. Commercial goat farms (n = 457) were randomly selected, and their disease status was ascertained by testing serum samples of chosen individuals using the Rose Bengal Test (screening test) and the Serum Agglutination Test (confirmatory test) in series. A farm with at least two positive individuals was defined as a case farm. Standardized questionnaires were used to collect information on management and hygiene practices in farms. A logistic model with a binomial outcome was built to identify risk factors for being seropositive. Results The true herd prevalence in commercial goat farms was 4.5% (95%CI: 0.2%-12.2%) and the townships in the centre of the county had higher herd prevalence. The risk factors associated with seropositive on local goat farms include “Introduction in the past 12 months” (OR= 61, 95%CI: 16-333), “Improperly disposal of the sick or dead goats” (OR= 33, 95%CI: 5-341) and “Poor hygiene in lambing pen” (OR= 25, 95%CI: 5-192). Conclusions These findings will aid in the development of control strategies of Brucellosis in south China and risk factors identified in this study should be taken into consideration when designing a control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Changsha Animal Disease Control Center, No.12 Xianjiahu Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, P.R. China.,Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6155, WA, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St Lucia, 4067, QLD, Australia
| | - Dan Tan
- Changsha Animal Disease Control Center, No.12 Xianjiahu Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Xue
- Changsha Animal Disease Control Center, No.12 Xianjiahu Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Chaojian Shen
- Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266032, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Huajie Ning
- Changsha Animal Disease Control Center, No.12 Xianjiahu Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Chang Cai
- Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zengzai Liu
- Changsha Animal Disease Control Center, No.12 Xianjiahu Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, P.R. China.
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18
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Herrán Ramirez OL, Azevedo Santos H, Jaramillo Delgado IL, da Costa Angelo I. Seroepidemiology of bovine brucellosis in Colombia's preeminent dairy region, and its potential public health impact. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:2133-2143. [PMID: 32918242 PMCID: PMC7688874 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the associated factors of brucellosis in Colombia's preeminent dairy region declared in quarantine. A total of 656 samples were collected from cows ≥ 2-year-old from 40 herds. Samples were screened by the Rose Bengal Plate Test, and the Fluorescence Polarized Assay test and Competitive ELISA were used as confirmatory tests. A cow was classified as positive if the screening and both confirmatory tests were positive. A herd was classified as positive if at least one cow was seropositive. The factors associated to seropositivity were tested using a logistic regression model with explanatory variables regarding cattle management, zootechnical parameters, and sanitary practices. The seroprevalence at the animal level was 6.6% (43/656) and at herd level 27.5% (11/40). In the model, five variables explained the animal cases: purchase or animal transfer between owner's farms (OR = 2.79, 95% CI 1.42, 5.49), history of abortion (OR = 4.22, 95% CI 1.91, 9.33), birth of weak calves (OR = 13.77, 95% CI 2.75, 68.91), use of a bull for mating (OR = 9.69, 95% CI 2.23, 42.18), and the vaccination in adulthood (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.04.8.78). In the model at the herd level, two variables explained the cases: birth of weak calves (OR = 9.60, 95% CI 1.54, 59.76) and purchase or animal transfer between owner's farms (OR = 7.22, 95% CI 1.03, 50.62). These results justify the need for a quarantine declaration in the region and the implementation of epidemiological studies as a public health measures used to combat outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lucia Herrán Ramirez
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 23897-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Huarrisson Azevedo Santos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 23897-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 23897-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil
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19
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Modeling the Impact of Seasonal Weather Variations on the Infectiology of Brucellosis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8972063. [PMID: 33123216 PMCID: PMC7586161 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8972063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A deterministic mathematical model for brucellosis that incorporates seasonality on direct and indirect transmission parameters for domestic ruminants, wild animals, humans, and the environment was formulated and analyzed in this paper. Both analytical and numerical simulations are presented. From this study, the findings show that variations in seasonal weather have the great impact on the transmission dynamics of brucellosis in humans, livestock, and wild animals. Thus, in order for the disease to be controlled or eliminated, measures should be timely implemented upon the fluctuation in the transmission of the disease.
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20
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Richter WR, Sunderman MM, Wendling MQS, Serre S, Mickelsen L, Rupert R, Wood J, Choi Y, Willenberg Z, Calfee MW. Evaluation of altered environmental conditions as a decontamination approach for nonspore-forming biological agents. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 128:1050-1059. [PMID: 31782200 PMCID: PMC7323857 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of altered environmental conditions on the persistence of Francisella tularensis bacteria and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), on two material types. METHODS AND RESULTS Francisella tularensis (F.t.) and VEEV were inoculated (c. 1 × 108 colony-forming units or PFU), dried onto porous and nonporous fomites (glass and paper), and exposed to combinations of altered environmental conditions ranging from 22 to 60°C and 30 to 75% relative humidity (RH). Viability of test organism was assessed after contact times ranging from 30 min to 10 days. Inactivation rates of F.t. and VEEV increased as both temperature and/or RH were increased. Greater efficacy was observed for paper as compared to glass for both test organisms. CONCLUSIONS The use of elevated temperature and RH increased rate of inactivation for both organisms and greater than six log reduction was accomplished in as little as 6 h by elevating temperature to approximately 60°C. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results provide information for inactivation of nonspore-forming select agents using elevated temperature and humidity which may aid incident commanders following a biological contamination incident by providing alternative methods for remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Richter
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - S Serre
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L Mickelsen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - R Rupert
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Wood
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Y Choi
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - M W Calfee
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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21
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Zriba S, Garcia-Gonzalez DG, Khalaf OH, Wheeler L, Chaki SP, Rice-Ficht A, Ficht TA, Arenas-Gamboa AM. Vaccine safety studies of Brucella abortus S19 and S19Δ vjbR in pregnant swine. Vaccine X 2019; 3:100041. [PMID: 31528851 PMCID: PMC6737346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis in swine is caused by Brucella suis, a bacterial infection of nearly worldwide distribution. Brucella suis is also transmissible to humans, dogs and cattle and is considered a reemerging disease of public health concern. To date, there is no effective vaccine for swine. This prompted us to investigate the potential use of the commercially available vaccine for cattle or the live attenuated vaccine candidate S19ΔvjbR. As the first step, we sought to study the safety of the vaccine candidates when administered in pregnant sows, since one of the major drawbacks associated with vaccination using Live Attenuated Vaccines (LAV) is the induction of abortions when administered in pregnant animals. Fifteen pregnant gilts at mid-gestation were divided into four groups and subsequently vaccinated subcutaneously using different formulations containing 2.0 ± 0.508 × 109 CFU of either S19 or S19ΔvjbR. Vaccination in pregnant animals with the vaccine candidates did not induce abortion, stillbirths or a reduction in litter size. Multiple tissues in the gilts and piglets were examined at the time of delivery to assess bacterial colonization and histopathological changes. There was no evidence of vaccine persistence in the gilts or bacterial colonization in the fetuses. Altogether, these data suggest that both vaccine candidates are safe for use in pregnant swine. Analysis of the humoral responses, specifically anti-Brucella IgG levels measured in serum, demonstrated a robust response induced by either vaccine, but of shorter duration (4-6 weeks post-inoculation) compared to that observed in cattle or experimentally infected mice. Such a transient humoral response may prove to be beneficial in cases where the vaccine is used in eradication campaigns and in the differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals. This study provides evidence to support future efficacy studies of both vaccine candidates in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Zriba
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical, Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel G. Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical, Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Omar H. Khalaf
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical, Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Poultry Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Lance Wheeler
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical, Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sankar P. Chaki
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical, Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Allison Rice-Ficht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Thomas A. Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical, Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Angela M. Arenas-Gamboa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical, Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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22
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Nthiwa D, Alonso S, Odongo D, Kenya E, Bett B. Zoonotic Pathogen Seroprevalence in Cattle in a Wildlife-Livestock Interface, Kenya. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:712-725. [PMID: 31728795 PMCID: PMC6910896 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. and risk factors of exposure in cattle in three zones with varying land use types and wildlife-livestock interactions. Five villages were selected purposively; two in areas with intensive livestock-wildlife interactions (zone 1), another two in areas with moderate livestock-wildlife interactions (zone 2) and one in areas where wildlife-livestock interactions are rarer (zone 3). Sera samples were collected from 1170 cattle belonging to 390 herds in all the zones and tested for antibodies against Brucella abortus and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo using ELISA kits. Data on putative risk factors for seropositivity of these pathogens in cattle were collected using a questionnaire. The overall apparent animal-level seroprevalence of brucellosis and leptospirosis was, respectively, 36.9% (95% CI 34.1-39.8) and 23.5% (95% CI 21.1-26.0). Brucella spp. seroprevalence was higher in zone 1 than in zones 2 and 3 (χ2 = 25.1, df = 2, P < 0.001). Zones 1 and 2 had significantly higher Leptospira spp. seroprevalence than zone 3 (χ2 = 7.0, df = 2, P = 0.029). Results of multivariable analyses identified animal sex (female) and zones (high interface area) as significant predictors (P < 0.05) of animal-level seropositivity of Brucella spp. For Leptospira spp., important predictors of animal-level seropositivity were animal sex (female), zones (moderate interface area) and herds utilizing a communal grazing reserve. The seroprevalences of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. in cattle were higher in areas with moderate to high wildlife-livestock interactions than those with rare interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P.O BOX 6, Embu, 60100, Kenya.
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O BOX 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Silvia Alonso
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O BOX 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - David Odongo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Eucharia Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P.O BOX 6, Embu, 60100, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O BOX 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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23
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Dadar M, Shahali Y, Fakhri Y. A primary investigation of the relation between the incidence of brucellosis and climatic factors in Iran. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103858. [PMID: 31712119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brucella spp. are Gram-negative coccobacilli that may grow in different media and environmental conditions for extended periods of time. The survivals of these bacteria in the environment have an important impact on the epidemiology of brucellosis worldwide. The effect of climate on the incidence of certain zoonotic infectious diseases, (recently referred to as climate-sensitive zoonosis) is now well established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between the incidence of brucellosis and climatic parameters in Iran, an important endemic region for brucellosis with diverse climate. The information on the incidence of human brucellosis in different Iranian provinces for 2016 has been provided by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran. Annual meteorological data collected between 2015 and 2016 were obtained from the Iranian Meteorological organization (IMO). A regression analysis of the incidence of brucellosis was performed via STATA 14.0 and the heterogeneity among observations was determined via Cochrane's Q-test and I2 statistic. If I2 index was higher than 50%, heterogeneity was considered as considerable. The results of regression analyses revealed a negative significant association between mean ambient air temperature and brucellosis incidence (C = - 0.022, P value = 0.004). Likewise, a positive significant association was found between number of frosty days and brucellosis incidence (C = 0.002, p value = 0.003). Other metrological parameters showed no significant effect on the human brucellosis incidence. Although our results suggest a high degree of temperature sensitivity in regards to the brucellosis incidence in Iran, this study opens up prospects for further investigations regarding environmental conditions and climatic changes influencing the spatial distributions and seasonal/annual cycle of this zoonotic pathogen worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadar
- Brucellosis Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI); Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Youcef Shahali
- Brucellosis Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI); Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Russell RE, Tripp DW, Rocke TE. Differential plague susceptibility in species and populations of prairie dogs. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11962-11971. [PMID: 31695901 PMCID: PMC6822031 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory trials conducted over the past decade at U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center indicate that wild populations of prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) display different degrees of susceptibility to experimental challenge with fully virulent Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. We evaluated patterns in prairie dog susceptibility to plague to determine whether the historical occurrence of plague at location of capture was related to survival times of prairie dogs challenged with Y. pestis. We found that black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) from South Dakota (captured prior to the detection of plague in the state), Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) from Colorado, and Utah prairie dogs (Cynomys parvidens) from Utah were most susceptible to plague. Though the susceptibility of black-tailed prairie dogs in South Dakota compared with western locations supports our hypothesis regarding historical exposure, both Colorado and Utah prairie dogs have a long history of exposure to plague. It is possible that for these populations, genetic isolation/bottle necks have made them more susceptible to plague outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E. Russell
- National Wildlife Health CenterU.S. Geological SurveyMadisonWIUSA
| | - Daniel W. Tripp
- Wildlife Health ProgramColorado Parks and WildlifeFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Tonie E. Rocke
- National Wildlife Health CenterU.S. Geological SurveyMadisonWIUSA
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25
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Arif S, Thomson PC, Hernandez‐Jover M, McGill DM, Warriach HM, Hayat K, Heller J. Bovine brucellosis in Pakistan; an analysis of engagement with risk factors in smallholder farmer settings. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:390-401. [PMID: 30957947 PMCID: PMC6682800 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in smallholder farms in seven regions in Pakistan, identify herd and individual level risk factors for seropositivity and assess the level of engagement of farmers with risk factors. In total, 1063 cattle and buffalo belonging to 420 herds in seven districts were sampled. The Rose Bengal test (RBT), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) were used for the serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis on all the serum samples. The associations between herd-and animal-level risk factors and seropositivity were investigated using logistic regression analyses. In addition, herd management practice scores, created to quantify the number of management practices undertaken that pose a risk for Brucella transmission, were calculated and compared between seropositive and negative herds within each district. Overall herd and animal prevalence were estimated to be 16.2% (95% CI, 13-20%) and 8.7% (95% CI, 7.2-10.6%), respectively, across all districts sampled. Herds with a history of last trimester abortion were found to be more likely to be positive than herds without such history (OR = 2.06, 95% CI, 1.09-3.89), providing validation of our findings and identifying that clinical disease is occurring in this region. It was also identified that herds with five to eight buffalo (OR = 3.80, 95% CI, 1.69-8.49), and those with more than eight buffalo (OR = 3.81, 95% CI, 1.51-9.58) were more likely to be positive for Brucella than those with less (one to two and three to four) buffaloes present in the herd. The presence of other domestic animals at the farm and purchasing animals in last year were found to have no association with seropositivity. The findings of this study support the need for the development of targeted intervention strategies specific to the disease status of each district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Arif
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural InnovationCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Peter C. Thomson
- Graham Centre for Agricultural InnovationCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesThe University of SydneyCamdenNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Marta Hernandez‐Jover
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural InnovationCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David M. McGill
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- AVCCR Dairy‐Beef ProjectUniversity of Veterinary & Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Hassan M. Warriach
- AVCCR Dairy‐Beef ProjectUniversity of Veterinary & Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Khizar Hayat
- AVCCR Dairy‐Beef ProjectUniversity of Veterinary & Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Jane Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural InnovationCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia
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26
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Blackburn JK, Ganz HH, Ponciano JM, Turner WC, Ryan SJ, Kamath P, Cizauskas C, Kausrud K, Holt RD, Stenseth NC, Getz WM. Modeling R₀ for Pathogens with Environmental Transmission: Animal Movements, Pathogen Populations, and Local Infectious Zones. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E954. [PMID: 30884913 PMCID: PMC6466347 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
How a disease is transmitted affects our ability to determine R₀, the average number of new cases caused by an infectious host at the onset of an epidemic. R₀ becomes progressively more difficult to compute as transmission varies from directly transmitted diseases to diseases that are vector-borne to environmentally transmitted diseases. Pathogens responsible for diseases with environmental transmission are typically maintained in environmental reservoirs that exhibit a complex spatial distribution of local infectious zones (LIZs). Understanding host encounters with LIZs and pathogen persistence within LIZs is required for an accurate R₀ and modeling these contacts requires an integrated geospatial and dynamical systems approach. Here we review how interactions between host and pathogen populations and environmental reservoirs are driven by landscape-level variables, and synthesize the quantitative framework needed to formulate outbreak response and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Holly H Ganz
- Davis Genome Center, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | - Wendy C Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - Sadie J Ryan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Quantitative Disease Ecology & Conservation Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| | - Pauline Kamath
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, 5763 Rogers Hall, Room 210, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Carrie Cizauskas
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Kyrre Kausrud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0361 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Robert D Holt
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Nils Chr Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0361 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Wayne M Getz
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, 5763 Rogers Hall, Room 210, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
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27
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Rayl ND, Proffitt KM, Almberg ES, Jones JD, Merkle JA, Gude JA, Cross PC. Modeling elk‐to‐livestock transmission risk to predict hotspots of brucellosis spillover. J Wildl Manage 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D. Rayl
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science CenterBozemanMT59715USA
| | | | | | | | - Jerod A. Merkle
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitDepartment of Zoology and PhysiologyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWY82071USA
| | | | - Paul C. Cross
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science CenterBozemanMT59715USA
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28
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Cotterill GG, Cross PC, Cole EK, Fuda RK, Rogerson JD, Scurlock BM, du Toit JT. Winter feeding of elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and its effects on disease dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29531148 PMCID: PMC5882999 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Providing food to wildlife during periods when natural food is limited results in aggregations that may facilitate disease transmission. This is exemplified in western Wyoming where institutional feeding over the past century has aimed to mitigate wildlife–livestock conflict and minimize winter mortality of elk (Cervus canadensis). Here we review research across 23 winter feedgrounds where the most studied disease is brucellosis, caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus. Traditional veterinary practices (vaccination, test-and-slaughter) have thus far been unable to control this disease in elk, which can spill over to cattle. Current disease-reduction efforts are being guided by ecological research on elk movement and density, reproduction, stress, co-infections and scavengers. Given the right tools, feedgrounds could provide opportunities for adaptive management of brucellosis through regular animal testing and population-level manipulations. Our analyses of several such manipulations highlight the value of a research–management partnership guided by hypothesis testing, despite the constraints of the sociopolitical environment. However, brucellosis is now spreading in unfed elk herds, while other diseases (e.g. chronic wasting disease) are of increasing concern at feedgrounds. Therefore experimental closures of feedgrounds, reduced feeding and lower elk populations merit consideration. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin G Cotterill
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Paul C Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, Suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
| | - Eric K Cole
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Elk Refuge, PO Box 510, Jackson, WY 83001, USA
| | - Rebecca K Fuda
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 432 Mill Street, Pinedale, WY 82941, USA
| | - Jared D Rogerson
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 432 Mill Street, Pinedale, WY 82941, USA
| | - Brandon M Scurlock
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 432 Mill Street, Pinedale, WY 82941, USA
| | - Johan T du Toit
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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29
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Gomez JP, Nekorchuk DM, Mao L, Ryan SJ, Ponciano JM, Blackburn JK. Decoupling environmental effects and host population dynamics for anthrax, a classic reservoir-driven disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208621. [PMID: 30540815 PMCID: PMC6291251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative models describing environmentally-mediated disease transmission rarely focus on the independent contribution of recruitment and the environment on the force of infection driving outbreaks. In this study we attempt to investigate the interaction between external factors and host’s population dynamics in determining the outbreaks of some indirectly transmitted diseases. We first built deterministic and stochastic compartmental models based on anthrax which were parameterized using information from literature and complemented with field observations. Our force of infection function was derived modeling the number of successful transmission encounters as a pure birth process that depends on the pathogen’s dispersion effort. After accounting for individual heterogeneity in pathogen’s dispersion effort, we allowed the force of infection to vary seasonally according to external factors recreating a scenario in which disease transmission increases in response to an environmental variable. Using simulations we demonstrate that anthrax disease dynamics in mid-latitude grasslands is decoupled from hosts population dynamics. When seasonal forcing was ignored, outbreaks matched hosts reproductive events, a scenario that is not realistic in nature. Instead, when allowing the force of infection to vary seasonally, outbreaks were only present in years were environmental variables were appropriate for the outbreaks to develop. We used the stochastic formulation of the force of infection to derive R0 under scenarios with different assumptions. The derivation of R0 allowed us to conclude that during epizootic years, pathogen contribution to disease persistence is nearly independent of dispersion. In endemic years, only pathogens with high dispersion significantly prevent disease extinction. Finally, we used our model in a maximum likelihood framework to estimate the parameters that determined a significant anthrax outbreak in Montana in 2008. Our study highlights the importance of the environment in determining anthrax outbreak intensity and could be useful to predict future events that could result in significant wildlife and domestic livestock losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Gomez
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dawn M. Nekorchuk
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Liang Mao
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - José Miguel Ponciano
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Huyvaert KP, Russell RE, Patyk KA, Craft ME, Cross PC, Garner MG, Martin MK, Nol P, Walsh DP. Challenges and Opportunities Developing Mathematical Models of Shared Pathogens of Domestic and Wild Animals. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E92. [PMID: 30380736 PMCID: PMC6313884 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases that affect both wild and domestic animals can be particularly difficult to prevent, predict, mitigate, and control. Such multi-host diseases can have devastating economic impacts on domestic animal producers and can present significant challenges to wildlife populations, particularly for populations of conservation concern. Few mathematical models exist that capture the complexities of these multi-host pathogens, yet the development of such models would allow us to estimate and compare the potential effectiveness of management actions for mitigating or suppressing disease in wildlife and/or livestock host populations. We conducted a workshop in March 2014 to identify the challenges associated with developing models of pathogen transmission across the wildlife-livestock interface. The development of mathematical models of pathogen transmission at this interface is hampered by the difficulties associated with describing the host-pathogen systems, including: (1) the identity of wildlife hosts, their distributions, and movement patterns; (2) the pathogen transmission pathways between wildlife and domestic animals; (3) the effects of the disease and concomitant mitigation efforts on wild and domestic animal populations; and (4) barriers to communication between sectors. To promote the development of mathematical models of transmission at this interface, we recommend further integration of modern quantitative techniques and improvement of communication among wildlife biologists, mathematical modelers, veterinary medicine professionals, producers, and other stakeholders concerned with the consequences of pathogen transmission at this important, yet poorly understood, interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P Huyvaert
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Robin E Russell
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
| | - Kelly A Patyk
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Paul C Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA.
| | - M Graeme Garner
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Roma RM, Italy.
| | - Michael K Martin
- Livestock Poultry Health Division, Clemson University, Columbia, SC 29224, USA.
| | - Pauline Nol
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Daniel P Walsh
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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EFFECTS OF BRUCELLOSIS SEROLOGIC STATUS ON PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK ( CERVUS CANADENSIS NELSONI) IN SOUTHWESTERN MONTANA, USA. J Wildl Dis 2018; 55:304-315. [PMID: 30277828 DOI: 10.7589/2018-01-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by bacteria in the genus Brucella, is an infectious zoonosis affecting animals and humans worldwide. Free-ranging Rocky Mountain elk ( Cervus canadensis nelsoni) and bison ( Bison bison) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (areas of southwestern Montana, eastern Idaho, and northwestern Wyoming, US) are the self-sustaining reservoirs of bovine brucellosis ( Brucella abortus) and elk are considered the primary source of livestock infections. It has been hypothesized that Brucella-exposed elk might have different physiologic status (pregnancy rates and body condition) and migration behaviors than would healthy elk. Here we tested the effects of brucellosis serologic status on pregnancy rates and winter ingesta free body fat of 100 female elk in southwestern Montana. We also evaluated the effects of serologic status on two characteristics of spring migration behavior, migration types (migrant, mixed migrant, resident, disperser, nomad, and undetermined type) and timing (start and end dates and duration). The migration behaviors were quantified using a model-driven approach based on the relative net squared displacement. We detected a significant difference (P=0.003) in pregnancy rates between seropositive and seronegative elk, with about a 30% drop in seropositive individuals. However, we did not detect differences in body fat between seropositive and seronegative elk or differences in either migration type or timing of spring migration. These results confirmed that the major effect of brucellosis in free-ranging elk is associated with reproduction.
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Lolika PO, Modnak C, Mushayabasa S. On the dynamics of brucellosis infection in bison population with vertical transmission and culling. Math Biosci 2018; 305:42-54. [PMID: 30138637 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a new mathematical modeling framework that seek to improve our quantitative understanding of the influence of chronic brucellosis and culling control on brucellosis dynamics in periodic and non-periodic environments. We conduct both epidemic and endemic analysis, with a focus on the threshold dynamics characterized by the basic reproduction numbers. In addition, we also perform an optimal control study to explore optimal culling strategy in periodic and non-periodic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride O Lolika
- Department of Mathematics, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Mathematics, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82 Juba, Central Equatoria, South Sudan
| | - Chairat Modnak
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Steady Mushayabasa
- Department of Mathematics, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Hull NC, Schumaker BA. Comparisons of brucellosis between human and veterinary medicine. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2018; 8:1500846. [PMID: 30083304 PMCID: PMC6063340 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2018.1500846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is the world's most widespread zoonosis, but also ranks as one of the seven most neglected diseases, according to the World Health Organization. Additionally, it is recognized as the world's most common laboratory-acquired infection. There are a reported 500,000 incident cases of human brucellosis per year. However, true incidence is estimated to be 5,000,000 to 12,500,000 cases annually. Once diagnosed, focus is directed at treating individual patients with antibiotic regimes, yet overall neglecting the animal reservoir of disease. Countries with the highest incidence of human brucellosis are Syria (1,603.4 cases per 1,000,000 individuals), Mongolia (391.0), and Tajikistan (211.9). Surveillance on animal populations is lacking in many developed and developing countries. According to the World Animal Health Information Database, Mexico had the largest number of reported outbreaks, 5,514 in 2014. Mexico is followed by China (2,138), Greece (1,268), and Brazil (1,142). The majority of these outbreaks is Brucella abortus, the etiologic agent of bovine brucellosis. Brucellosis is an ancient disease that still plagues the world. There are still knowledge gaps and a need for better diagnostics and vaccines to make inroads towards control and eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah C. Hull
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Brant A. Schumaker
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Herrou J, Czyż DM, Fiebig A, Willett JW, Kim Y, Wu R, Babnigg G, Crosson S. Molecular control of gene expression by Brucella BaaR, an IclR-type transcriptional repressor. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7437-7456. [PMID: 29567835 PMCID: PMC5949995 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The general stress response sigma factor σE1 directly and indirectly regulates the transcription of dozens of genes that influence stress survival and host infection in the zoonotic pathogen Brucella abortus Characterizing the functions of σE1-regulated genes therefore would contribute to our understanding of B. abortus physiology and infection biology. σE1 indirectly activates transcription of the IclR family regulator Bab2_0215, but the function of this regulator remains undefined. Here, we present a structural and functional characterization of Bab2_0215, which we have named B rucella adipic acid-activated regulator (BaaR). We found that BaaR adopts a classic IclR-family fold and directly represses the transcription of two operons with predicted roles in carboxylic acid oxidation. BaaR binds two sites on chromosome II between baaR and a divergently transcribed hydratase/dehydrogenase (acaD2), and it represses transcription of both genes. We identified three carboxylic acids (adipic acid, tetradecanedioic acid, and ϵ-aminocaproic acid) and a lactone (ϵ-caprolactone) that enhance transcription from the baaR and acaD2 promoters. However, neither the activating acids nor caprolactone enhanced transcription by binding directly to BaaR. Induction of baaR transcription by adipic acid required the gene bab2_0213, which encodes a major facilitator superfamily transporter, suggesting that Bab2_0213 transports adipic acid across the inner membrane. We conclude that a suite of structurally related organic molecules activate transcription of genes repressed by BaaR. Our study provides molecular-level understanding of a gene expression program in B. abortus that is downstream of σE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Herrou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Daniel M Czyż
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Aretha Fiebig
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Jonathan W Willett
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | | | - Ruiying Wu
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | | | - Sean Crosson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
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Khamassi Khbou M, Htira S, Harabech K, Benzarti M. First case-control study of zoonotic brucellosis in Gafsa district, Southwest Tunisia. One Health 2017; 5:21-26. [PMID: 29911160 PMCID: PMC6000818 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A case-control study was conducted, aimed to describe the clinical human brucellosis (CHB) pattern during 2015 in the Gafsa region (Southwest Tunisia) and to investigate the main risk factors involved in the disease occurrence. One hundred and four CHB cases were notified in 2015 in Gafsa district. All CHB cases that own ruminants were contacted, but only 32 accepted to participate in a matched case-control study. Thirty-two and thirty-one CHB cases and controls, respectively, were included in the study. The subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. A total of 662 domestic ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) belonging to cases and controls, were screened using the Rose Bengal Test, as recommended by the World Organisation of Animal Health. During 2015, the incidence of CHB was estimated to 30.8 per 100,000 inhabitants affecting mainly males aged between 30 and 39 years. The overall animal seropositivity to Brucella, was 21 and 1.9% in case and control farms, respectively (p < 0.0001). Only five risk factors were found to be significant: overall animal seropositivity (OR = 65.2; 95%CI: 13.3–318.7); handling aborted females (OR = 43.1; 95%CI: 8.3–222.7); presence of male ruminants in the herds (OR = 18.5; 95%CI: 5.18–66); owning seropositive goats (OR = 18.3; 95%CI: 2.4–137.6), owning seropositive sheep (OR = 9.66; 95%CI: 2.9–31.5) and history of abortion during the previous year in the herd (OR = 4.6; 95%CI: 1.3–12.6). Vaccination of animals against brucellosis was associated with lower odds of human brucellosis (OR = 0.03; 95%CI: 0.004–0.2). Raw milk and derivatives consumption was not a risk factor of human brucellosis. Based on this study, ruminants' vaccination coverage should be increased by enhancing the number of vaccinated animals and systematically including male ruminants in Tunisia. Comprehensive education programmes targeting both farmers and general population should be implemented. The human brucellosis in Gafsa district (Southwest Tunisia) was estimated to 30.8 per 100,000 inhabitants. Handling aborted females increase significantly the risk of human brucellosis. Comprehensive education programmes targeting both farmers and general population should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médiha Khamassi Khbou
- Laboratoire des Maladies Contagieuses, Univ. Manouba, Institut de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Samaher Htira
- Laboratoire des Maladies Contagieuses, Univ. Manouba, Institut de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Harabech
- Direction des Soins de Santé de Base, Ministère de la Santé, 32 rue du Khartoum, Tunis, Belvédère. Tunisia
| | - M'hammed Benzarti
- Laboratoire des Maladies Contagieuses, Univ. Manouba, Institut de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Merkle JA, Cross PC, Scurlock BM, Cole EK, Courtemanch AB, Dewey SR, Kauffman MJ. Linking spring phenology with mechanistic models of host movement to predict disease transmission risk. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerod A. Merkle
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
| | - Paul C. Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center Bozeman MT USA
| | | | - Eric K. Cole
- National Elk Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Jackson WY USA
| | | | | | - Matthew J. Kauffman
- U.S. Geological Survey Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Verdonck F, Beltrán Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04889. [PMID: 32625554 PMCID: PMC7009888 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection with Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of the infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of the infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to the infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, the infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease complies with the criteria as in Sections 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b), (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for the infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis according to Article 8(3) criteria are several mammal species, as indicated in the present opinion.
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Zeng J, Duoji C, Yuan Z, Yuzhen S, Fan W, Tian L, Cai C, Robertson I. Seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens) in Tibet, China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Brennan A, Cross PC, Portacci K, Scurlock BM, Edwards WH. Shifting brucellosis risk in livestock coincides with spreading seroprevalence in elk. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178780. [PMID: 28609437 PMCID: PMC5469469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking and preventing the spillover of disease from wildlife to livestock can be difficult when rare outbreaks occur across large landscapes. In these cases, broad scale ecological studies could help identify risk factors and patterns of risk to inform management and reduce incidence of disease. Between 2002 and 2014, 21 livestock herds in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) were affected by brucellosis, a bacterial disease caused by Brucella abortus, while no affected herds were detected between 1990 and 2001. Using a Bayesian analysis, we examined several ecological covariates that may be associated with affected livestock herds across the region. We showed that livestock risk has been increasing over time and expanding outward from the historical nexus of brucellosis in wild elk on Wyoming’s feeding grounds where elk are supplementally fed during the winter. Although elk were the presumed source of cattle infections, occurrences of affected livestock herds were only weakly associated with the density of seropositive elk across the GYA. However, the shift in livestock risk did coincide with recent increases in brucellosis seroprevalence in unfed elk populations. As increasing brucellosis in unfed elk likely stemmed from high levels of the disease in fed elk, disease-related costs of feeding elk have probably been incurred across the entire GYA, rather than solely around the feeding grounds. Our results suggest that focused disease mitigation in areas where seroprevalence in unfed elk is high could reduce the spillover of brucellosis to livestock. We also highlight the need to better understand the epidemiology of spillover events with detailed histories of disease testing, calving, and movement of infected livestock. Finally, we recommend using case-control studies to investigate local factors important to livestock risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Brennan
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul C. Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Katie Portacci
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Scurlock
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Pinedale, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - William H. Edwards
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
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Lange M, Kramer-Schadt S, Thulke HH. Relevance of Indirect Transmission for Wildlife Disease Surveillance. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:110. [PMID: 27965970 PMCID: PMC5127825 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological models of infectious diseases are essential tools in support of risk assessment, surveillance design, and contingency planning in public and animal health. Direct pathogen transmission from host to host is an essential process of each host–pathogen system and respective epidemiological modeling concepts. It is widely accepted that numerous diseases involve indirect transmission (IT) through pathogens shed by infectious hosts to their environment. However, epidemiological models largely do not represent pathogen persistence outside the host explicitly. We hypothesize that this simplification might bias management-related model predictions for disease agents that can persist outside their host for a certain time span. We adapted an individual-based, spatially explicit epidemiological model that can mimic both transmission processes. One version explicitly simulated indirect pathogen transmission through a contaminated environment. The second version simulated direct host-to-host transmission only. We aligned the model variants by the transmission potential per infectious host (i.e., basic reproductive number R0) and the spatial transmission kernel of the infection to allow unbiased comparison of predictions. The quantitative model results are provided for the example of surveillance plans for early detection of foot-and-mouth disease in wild boar, a social host. We applied systematic sampling strategies on the serological status of randomly selected host individuals in both models. We compared between the model variants the time to detection and the area affected prior to detection, measures that strongly influence mitigation costs. Moreover, the ideal sampling strategy to detect the infection in a given time frame was compared between both models. We found the simplified, direct transmission model to underestimate necessary sample size by up to one order of magnitude but to overestimate the area put under control measures. Thus, the model predictions underestimated surveillance efforts but overestimated mitigation costs. We discuss parameterization of IT models and related knowledge gaps. We conclude that the explicit incorporation of IT mechanisms in epidemiological modeling may reward by adapting surveillance and mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lange
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig - UFZ , Leipzig , Germany
| | | | - Hans-Hermann Thulke
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig - UFZ , Leipzig , Germany
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41
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Gerhold R, Hickling G. Diseases associated with translocation of captive cervids in North America. WILDLIFE SOC B 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gerhold
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Graham Hickling
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries; University of Tennessee; 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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Beauvais W, Musallam I, Guitian J. Vaccination control programs for multiple livestock host species: an age-stratified, seasonal transmission model for brucellosis control in endemic settings. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:55. [PMID: 26825313 PMCID: PMC4733281 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucella melitensis causes production losses in ruminants and febrile disease in humans in Africa, Central Asia, the Middle East and elsewhere. Although traditionally understood to affect primarily sheep and goats, it is also the predominant Brucella species that affects cows in some endemic areas. Despite this, no licensed vaccine is available specifically for use against B. melitensis in cows. The mainstay of most control programs is vaccination of sheep and goats with a live vaccine, Rev-1. The aim of this study was to investigate how critical vaccination of cows might be, in order to control B. melitensis on a mixed sheep-and-cattle farm. METHODS A dynamic, differential-equation, age-structured, seasonal model with births and deaths, was used to investigate whether vaccination of both sheep and cattle had an impact on time to elimination of brucellosis on an individual mixed species farm, when compared to vaccination of sheep only. The model was a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered-Susceptible (SEIRS) model with an additional compartment for Persistently Infected (PI) individuals. Transmission parameters were fit based on a nation-wide probabilistic seroprevalence survey in Jordan. RESULTS The model predicted that it would take 3.5 years to eliminate brucellosis (to less than 0.5% of adult sheep seropositive as a result of infection) on a mixed-species B. melitensis-endemic farm with the median field-study seroprevalence, following vaccination of both sheep and cattle, assuming a vaccine effectiveness of 80%. Limiting the vaccination to sheep only, increased the time to 16.8 years. Sensitivity analysis showed that the finding that vaccination of cattle was of significant importance, was robust. Vaccine effectiveness had a strong influence on time to elimination. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of further data, vaccination of cattle should be considered essential in Brucella-endemic settings where mixed small ruminant and cattle flocks predominate. Further evidence that Brucella melitensis predominates in cattle in Jordan, as opposed to Brucella abortus, is needed in order to validate this model. The results may be applicable to other mixed-species settings with similar livestock management practices. These methods may be applied to other pathogens affecting multiple livestock species or with seasonal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Beauvais
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK. .,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK.
| | - Imadidden Musallam
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK. .,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK.
| | - Javier Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK. .,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK.
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Xiao N, Cai S, Moritz M, Garabed R, Pomeroy LW. Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Pastoral Mobility in the Far North Region, Cameroon: Data Analysis and Modeling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131697. [PMID: 26151750 PMCID: PMC4495066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling the movements of humans and animals is critical to understanding the transmission of infectious diseases in complex social and ecological systems. In this paper, we focus on the movements of pastoralists in the Far North Region of Cameroon, who follow an annual transhumance by moving between rainy and dry season pastures. Describing, summarizing, and modeling the transhumance movements in the region are important steps for understanding the role these movements may play in the transmission of infectious diseases affecting humans and animals. We collected data on this transhumance system for four years using a combination of surveys and GPS mapping. An analysis on the spatial and temporal characteristics of pastoral mobility suggests four transhumance modes, each with its own properties. Modes M1 and M2 represent the type of transhumance movements where pastoralists settle in a campsite for a relatively long period of time (≥20 days) and then move around the area without specific directions within a seasonal grazing area. Modes M3 and M4 on the other hand are the situations when pastoralists stay in a campsite for a relatively short period of time (<20 days) when moving between seasonal grazing areas. These four modes are used to develop a spatial-temporal mobility (STM) model that can be used to estimate the probability of a mobile pastoralist residing at a location at any time. We compare the STM model with two reference models and the experiments suggest that the STM model can effectively capture and predict the space-time dynamics of pastoral mobility in our study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningchuan Xiao
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Department of Geography, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Moritz
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS), Wassenaar, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Laura W. Pomeroy
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Cross PC, Maichak EJ, Rogerson JD, Irvine KM, Jones JD, Heisey DM, Edwards WH, Scurlock BM. Estimating the phenology of elk brucellosis transmission with hierarchical models of cause-specific and baseline hazards. J Wildl Manage 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey; Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center; Bozeman MT 59715 USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn M. Irvine
- U.S. Geological Survey; Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center; Bozeman MT 59715 USA
| | - Jennifer D. Jones
- Institute on Ecosystems; Montana State University; Bozeman MT 59715 USA
| | - Dennis M. Heisey
- U.S. Geological Survey; National Wildlife Health Center; Madison WI 53711 USA
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Proffitt KM, Anderson N, Lukacs P, Riordan MM, Gude JA, Shamhart J. Effects of elk density on elk aggregation patterns and exposure to brucellosis. J Wildl Manage 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Proffitt
- Montana Department of Fish; Wildlife and Parks; Bozeman MT 59718 USA
| | - Neil Anderson
- Montana Department of Fish; Wildlife and Parks; Bozeman MT 59718 USA
| | - Paul Lukacs
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences; Wildlife Biology Program; College of Forestry and Conservation; University of Montana; Missoula MT 59812 USA
| | - Margaret M. Riordan
- Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit; University of Montana; Missoula MT 59812 USA
| | | | - Julee Shamhart
- Montana Department of Fish; Wildlife and Parks; Bozeman MT 59718 USA
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Brennan A, Cross PC, Higgs MD, Edwards WH, Scurlock BM, Creel S. A multi-scale assessment of animal aggregation patterns to understand increasing pathogen seroprevalence. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00181.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Jackson DS, Nydam DV, Altier C. Prevalence and risk factors for brucellosis in domestic yak Bos grunniens and their herders in a transhumant pastoralist system of Dolpo, Nepal. Prev Vet Med 2014; 113:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in northern Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Whole-chain traceability, is it possible to trace your hamburger to a particular steer, a U. S. perspective. Meat Sci 2013; 95:137-44. [PMID: 23739263 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Traceability through the entire food supply chain from conception to consumption is a pressing need for the food industry, consumers and government regulators. A robust, whole-chain traceability system is needed that will effectively address food quality, food safety and food defense issues by providing real-time, transparent and reliable information from beef production through slaughter and distribution to the consumer. Traceability is an expanding part of the food safety continuum that minimizes the risk of foodborne diseases, assures quality and cold-chain integrity. Traceability can be a positive competitive marketing edge for beef producers who can verify specific quality attributes such as humane production or grass fed or Certified Organic. In this review we address the benefits as well as the remaining issues for whole-chain traceability in the beef industry, with particular focus on ground beef for the markets in the United States.
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