1
|
Valentini R, Grant-Kels JM, Falcone M, Stewart CL. Merkel cell carcinoma and the eye. Clin Dermatol 2024; 42:381-389. [PMID: 38325726 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor with a poor five-year survival rate. Yearly cases have risen nearly 350% since the early 1980s, and these are predicted to increase as the overall US population ages. MCC of the eyelid is uncommon and can be misdiagnosed as other benign inflammatory and neoplastic eyelid disorders. Although MCC of the head and neck is often more aggressive than it is at other sites, eyelid MCC shows a lower disease-specific mortality rate. A biopsy is essential for accurate diagnosis, including an immunohistochemical panel of CK20 and TTF-1, although other markers may be necessary. Staging can be assessed clinically through physical examination findings and imaging and/or pathologically with sentinel lymph node biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. Pathologic staging more accurately predicts the prognosis. Eyelid MCC treatments include Mohs micrographic surgery to allow for complete clearance and adequate reconstruction of lost tissue, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. In advanced disease, immunotherapies are preferred over traditional chemotherapy and are a subject of ongoing research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Valentini
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Madina Falcone
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Campbell L Stewart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu Y, Li Y, Zhu H, Wang D, Zhou J, Ni Y, Guo R, Fan B, Li B. In vitro suppression of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by Panax notoginseng saponins: assessing antiviral potential. Arch Virol 2024; 169:89. [PMID: 38565720 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal suckling piglets, leading to significant economic losses to the swine industry. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive extracts derived from the P. notoginseng plant. In this study, we investigated the anti-PEDV effect of PNS by employing various methodologies to assess their impact on PEDV in Vero cells. Using a CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) assay, we found that PNS had no significant cytotoxicity below the concentration of 128 µg/mL in Vero cells. Using immunofluorescence assays (IFAs), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and plaque formation assays, we observed a dose-dependent inhibition of PEDV infection by PNS within 24-48 hours postinfection. PNS exerts its anti-PEDV activity specifically at the genome replication stage, and mRNA-seq analysis demonstrated that treatment with PNS resulted in increased expression of various genes, including IFIT1 (interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1), IFIT3 (interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3), CFH (complement factor H), IGSF10 (immunoglobulin superfamily member 10), ID2 (inhibitor of DNA binding 2), SPP1 (secreted phosphoprotein 1), PLCB4 (phospholipase C beta 4), and FABP4 (fatty acid binding protein 4), but it resulted in decreased expression of IL1A (interleukin 1 alpha), TNFRSF19 (TNF receptor superfamily member 19), CDH8 (cadherin 8), DDIT3 (DNA damage inducible transcript 3), GADD45A (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha), PTPRG (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type G), PCK2 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2), and ADGRA2 (adhesion G protein-coupled receptor A2). This study provides insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the antiviral effects of PNS. Taken together, the results suggest that the PNS might effectively regulate the defense response to the virus and have potential to be used in antiviral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street 50, 210014, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, 225300, Taizhou, China
| | - Yunchuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street 50, 210014, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, 225300, Taizhou, China
| | - Haodan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street 50, 210014, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, 225300, Taizhou, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street 50, 210014, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, 225300, Taizhou, China
| | - Junming Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street 50, 210014, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, 225300, Taizhou, China
| | - Yanxiu Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street 50, 210014, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, 225300, Taizhou, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street 50, 210014, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, 225300, Taizhou, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street 50, 210014, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, 225300, Taizhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street 50, 210014, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China.
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, 225300, Taizhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goolamali SI, Shim TN, Purdie K, Mladkova N, Francis N, Harwood CA, Bunker CB. Is the presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus and human papillomavirus DNA in keratinocyte cancers and precancers associated with HIV status? A case-control study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2024; 49:263-266. [PMID: 37793080 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology and potential pathogenic roles of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) in keratinocyte cancers (KCs) arising in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared with HIV-negative individuals are poorly understood. These issues were investigated by a case-control study in which the presence of MCV and HPV DNA was identified by polymerase chain reaction in microdissected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from PLWH and HIV-negative individuals. The samples comprised 190 cutaneous and genital KCs/precancers (actinic keratoses, n = 43; cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in situ, n = 24; basal cell carcinoma, n = 78; cSCC, n = 34; penile carcinoma in situ, n = 9; penile SCC, n = 2 from 104 individuals (PLWH, n = 51; HIV-negative, n = 53). Almost one-quarter of samples were positive for MCV: this was not significantly associated with either HIV status (P = 0.06) nor lesion type. Overall, 36% (16/44) of MCV-positive lesions were coinfected with HPV; this was also not associated with HIV status. These findings indicate that if these viruses do contribute to the pathogenesis of KCs, it is likely to be independent of HIV status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sacha I Goolamali
- Dermatology Department, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tang N Shim
- Dermatology Department, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Karin Purdie
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Christopher B Bunker
- Dermatology Department, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
- Dermatology Department, University College Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wijaya WA, Liu Y, Qing Y, Li Z. Prevalence of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Normal and Lesional Skin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:868781. [PMID: 35392226 PMCID: PMC8980839 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.868781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus(MCPyV) in Merkel cell carcinoma(MCC) and non-MCC skin lesions and its possible role in the etiology of other skin diseases remain controversial. To systematically assess the association between MCPyV infection and MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin. For this systematic review and meta-analysis, a comprehensive search for eligible studies was conducted using Medline Ovid, Pubmed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases until August 2021; references were searched to identify additional studies. Observational studies that investigated the association between MCPyV infection and MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) as a detection method and provided sufficient data to calculate the prevalence of MCPyV positivity. A total of 50 articles were included in the study after exclusion criteria were applied. Two reviewers independently reviewed and assessed the eligibility of the studies, and all disagreements were resolved by consensus. To determine the association between MCPyV and MCC, overall odds ratio (OR) were calculated with 95% CI using a random-effects model. Single-arm meta-analyses were performed to examine the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin. The primary analysis was the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in MCC. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in non-MCC skin lesions and normal skin. A total of 50 studies involving 5428 patients were reviewed based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Compared with the control group, MCPyV infection was significantly associated with MCC (OR = 3.51, 95% CI = 2.96 - 4.05). The global prevalence of MCPyV+ in MCC, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, actinic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, seborrheic keratosis, and normal skin was 80%, 4%, 15%, 15%, 21%, 6%, 20%, 10%, and 11%, respectively. The current results suggest that MCPyV infection is significantly associated with an increased risk of MCC. However, the low prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in non-MCC skin lesions does not exclude a pathogenic association of this virus with the development of non-MCC skin lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson A Wijaya
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Qing
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gujar H, Mehta A, Li HT, Tsai YC, Qiu X, Weisenberger DJ, Jasiulionis MG, In GK, Liang G. Characterizing DNA methylation signatures and their potential functional roles in Merkel cell carcinoma. Genome Med 2021; 13:130. [PMID: 34399838 PMCID: PMC8365948 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive skin cancer with limited treatment possibilities. Merkel cell tumors display with neuroendocrine features and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infection in the majority (80%) of patients. Although loss of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) has been shown during MCC tumorigenesis, epigenetic dysregulation has largely been overlooked. METHODS We conducted global DNA methylation profiling of clinically annotated MCC primary tumors, metastatic skin tumors, metastatic lymph node tumors, paired normal tissues, and two human MCC cell lines using the Illumina Infinium EPIC DNA methylation BeadArray platform. RESULTS Significant differential DNA methylation patterns across the genome are revealed between the four tissue types, as well as based on MCPyV status. Furthermore, 964 genes directly regulated by promoter or gene body DNA methylation were identified with high enrichment in neuro-related pathways. Finally, our findings suggest that loss of H3K27me3 occupancy in MCC is attributed to KDM6B and EZHIP overexpression as a consequence of promoter DNA hypomethylation. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated specific DNA methylation patterns for primary MCC tumors, metastatic MCCs, and adjacent-normal tissues. We have also identified DNA methylation markers that not only show potential diagnostic or prognostic utility in MCC management, but also correlate with MCC tumorigenesis, MCPyV expression, neuroendocrine features, and H3K27me3 status. The identification of DNA methylation alterations in MCC supports the need for further studies to understand the clinical implications of epigenetic dysregulation and potential therapeutic targets in MCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Gujar
- Department of Urology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Arjun Mehta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Department of Urology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yvonne C. Tsai
- Department of Urology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Xiangning Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Daniel J. Weisenberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669 5 andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04039032 Brazil
| | - Gino K. In
- Department of Dermatology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Role of Virus-Induced Host Cell Epigenetic Changes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158346. [PMID: 34361112 PMCID: PMC8346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor viruses human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) account for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Although the oncoproteins of these tumor viruses display no sequence similarity to one another, they use the same mechanisms to convey cancer hallmarks on the infected cell. Perturbed gene expression is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA affect gene expression without introducing changes in the DNA sequence. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oncoviruses cause epigenetic modifications, which play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this review, recent advances in the role of host cell epigenetic changes in virus-induced cancers are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Harms PW, Harms KL, Moore PS, DeCaprio JA, Nghiem P, Wong MKK, Brownell I. The biology and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: current understanding and research priorities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 15:763-776. [PMID: 30287935 PMCID: PMC6319370 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive skin cancer associated with advanced age and immunosuppression. Over the past decade, an association has been discovered between MCC and either integration of the Merkel cell polyomavirus, which likely drives tumorigenesis, or somatic mutations owing to ultraviolet-induced DNA damage. Both virus-positive and virus-negative MCCs are immunogenic, and inhibition of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)–programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint has proved to be highly effective in treating patients with metastatic MCC; however, not all patients have a durable response to immunotherapy. Despite these rapid advances in the understanding and management of patients with MCC, many basic, translational and clinical research questions remain unanswered. In March 2018, an International Workshop on Merkel Cell Carcinoma Research was held at the US National Cancer Institute, at which academic, government and industry experts met to identify the highest-priority research questions. Here, we review the biology and treatment of MCC and report the consensus-based recommendations agreed upon during the workshop. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive form of nonmelanoma skin cancer. The availability of immune checkpoint inhibition has improved the outcomes of a subset of patients with MCC, although many unmet needs continue to exist. In this Consensus Statement, the authors summarize developments in our understanding of MCC while also providing consensus recommendations for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kelly L Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James A DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael K K Wong
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isaac Brownell
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Charostad J, Astani A, Goudarzi H, Faghihloo E. DNA methyltransferases in virus-associated cancers. Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2022. [PMID: 30511446 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human tumor viruses are either casually linked or contribute in the development of human cancers. Viruses can stimulate oncogenesis through affecting diverse biological pathways in human cells. Growing data have demonstrated frequent involvement of one of the most characteristic parts of cellular epigenetic machinery, DNA methylation, in the oncogenesis. DNA methylation of cellular genes is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) as a key effector enzyme in this process. Dysregulation of DNMTs can cause aberrant gene methylation in promoter of cancer-related genes including tumor suppressor genes, resulting in gene silencing. In this regard, the role of tumor viruses is remarkable. Here, in this review, we used published information to elucidate whether tumor viruses are able to manipulate DNMT regulation, and if so, what are its consequences in the process of oncogenesis. This essay also aims to shed light on which cellular pathways have been engaged by viruses to induce DNMTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Charostad
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Akram Astani
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Sahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
DNA Tumor Virus Regulation of Host DNA Methylation and Its Implications for Immune Evasion and Oncogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020082. [PMID: 29438328 PMCID: PMC5850389 DOI: 10.3390/v10020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved various mechanisms to evade host immunity and ensure efficient viral replication and persistence. Several DNA tumor viruses modulate host DNA methyltransferases for epigenetic dysregulation of immune-related gene expression in host cells. The host immune responses suppressed by virus-induced aberrant DNA methylation are also frequently involved in antitumor immune responses. Here, we describe viral mechanisms and virus–host interactions by which DNA tumor viruses regulate host DNA methylation to evade antiviral immunity, which may contribute to the generation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment during cancer development. Recent trials of immunotherapies have shown promising results to treat multiple cancers; however, a significant number of non-responders necessitate identifying additional targets for cancer immunotherapies. Thus, understanding immune evasion mechanisms of cancer-causing viruses may provide great insights for reversing immune suppression to prevent and treat associated cancers.
Collapse
|
10
|
Impact of Natural Compounds on DNA Methylation Levels of the Tumor Suppressor Gene RASSF1A in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102160. [PMID: 29039788 PMCID: PMC5666841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) is a fundamental event in the pathogenesis of human cancer. This silencing is accomplished by aberrant chromatin modifications including DNA hypermethylation of the gene promoter. One of the most frequently hypermethylated TSG in human cancer is the Ras Association Domain Family 1A (RASSF1A) gene. Aberrant methylation of RASSF1A has been reported in melanoma, sarcoma and carcinoma of different tissues. RASSF1A hypermethylation has been correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Reactivation of epigenetically silenced TSG has been suggested as a therapy in cancer treatment. In particular, natural compounds isolated from herbal extracts have been tested for their capacity to induce RASSF1A in cancer cells, through demethylation. Here, we review the treatment of cancer cells with natural supplements (e.g., methyl donors, vitamins and polyphenols) that have been utilized to revert or prevent the epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A. Moreover, we specify pathways that were involved in RASSF1A reactivation. Several of these compounds (e.g., reseveratol and curcumin) act by inhibiting the activity or expression of DNA methyltransferases and reactive RASSF1A in cancer. Thus natural compounds could serve as important agents in tumor prevention or cancer therapy. However, the exact epigenetic reactivation mechanism is still under investigation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiménez AP, Traum A, Boettger T, Hackstein H, Richter AM, Dammann RH. The tumor suppressor RASSF1A induces the YAP1 target gene ANKRD1 that is epigenetically inactivated in human cancers and inhibits tumor growth. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88437-88452. [PMID: 29179447 PMCID: PMC5687617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates organ size, growth and comprises several tumor related factors, including the oncoprotein YAP1 and the tumor suppressor RASSF1A. RASSF1A is frequently epigenetically inactivated in cancer. In our study, we analyzed the effect of RASSF1A on the function of YAP1. Expression of YAP1 resulted in the downregulation of several tumor suppressor genes and induction of S-phase. Co-expression with RASSF1A normalized the expression levels of these tumor suppressors and induced a G0-G1 arrest and apoptosis. This effect was associated with the reduction of MDM2 and the increase of p53. These data suggest that the tumor suppressor RASSF1A inhibits the oncogenic potential of YAP1. Additionally, we could show that ANKRD1 is a YAP1 target gene that is induced by RASSF1A. Further analysis revealed that ANKRD1 is epigenetically inactivated in human cancer. ANKRD1 expression induced the expression of TP53 as well as BAX and CDKN1A and reduced colony formation of cancer cells. We found that ANKRD1 interacts with p53 and is involved in the destabilization of MDM2. Additionally, our data indicate that the tumor-suppressive effect of ANKRD1 depends on the presence of p53. These results suggest that ANKRD1 is a tumor-suppressive downstream target of the Hippo pathway that is epigenetically silenced in human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Jiménez
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Annalena Traum
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Boettger
- Department I-Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Clinical Immunology, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Antje M Richter
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard H Dammann
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Expression of MUC1 by Merkel Cell Carcinoma is not Dependent on Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 24:e9-e10. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Haag T, Richter AM, Schneider MB, Jiménez AP, Dammann RH. The dual specificity phosphatase 2 gene is hypermethylated in human cancer and regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:49. [PMID: 26833217 PMCID: PMC4736155 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dual specificity phosphatases are a class of tumor-associated proteins involved in the negative regulation of the MAP kinase pathway. Downregulation of the dual specificity phosphatase 2 (DUSP2) has been reported in cancer. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes by abnormal promoter methylation is a frequent mechanism in oncogenesis. It has been shown that the epigenetic factor CTCF is involved in the regulation of tumor suppressor genes. Methods We analyzed the promoter hypermethylation of DUSP2 in human cancer, including primary Merkel cell carcinoma by bisulfite restriction analysis and pyrosequencing. Moreover we analyzed the impact of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Aza-dC) and CTCF on the epigenetic regulation of DUSP2 by qRT-PCR, promoter assay, chromatin immuno-precipitation and methylation analysis. Results Here we report a significant tumor-specific hypermethylation of DUSP2 in primary Merkel cell carcinoma (p = 0.05). An increase in methylation of DUSP2 was also found in 17 out of 24 (71 %) cancer cell lines, including skin and lung cancer. Treatment of cancer cells with 5-Aza-dC induced DUSP2 expression by its promoter demethylation, Additionally we observed that CTCF induces DUSP2 expression in cell lines that exhibit silencing of DUSP2. This reactivation was accompanied by increased CTCF binding and demethylation of the DUSP2 promoter. Conclusions Our data show that aberrant epigenetic inactivation of DUSP2 occurs in carcinogenesis and that CTCF is involved in the epigenetic regulation of DUSP2 expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2087-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Haag
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Antje M Richter
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Martin B Schneider
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Adriana P Jiménez
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Reinhard H Dammann
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, D-35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Viral and bacterial infections are involved in the development of human cancers, such as liver, nasopharyngeal, cervical, head and neck, and gastric cancers. Aberrant DNA methylation is frequently present in these cancers, and some of the aberrantly methylated genes are causally involved in cancer development and progression. Notably, aberrant DNA methylation can be present even in non-cancerous or precancerous tissues, and its levels correlate with the risk of cancer development, producing a so-called 'epigenetic field for cancerization'. Mechanistically, most viral or bacterial infections induce DNA methylation indirectly via chronic inflammation, but recent studies have indicated that some viruses have direct effects on the epigenetic machinery of host cells. From a translational viewpoint, a recent multicenter prospective cohort study demonstrated that assessment of the extent of alterations in DNA methylation in non-cancerous tissues can be used to predict cancer risk. Furthermore, suppression of aberrant DNA methylation was shown to be a useful strategy for cancer prevention in an animal model. Here, we review the involvement of aberrant DNA methylation in various types of infection-associated cancers, along with individual induction mechanisms, and we discuss the application of these findings for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Hattori
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Minarovits J, Demcsák A, Banati F, Niller HH. Epigenetic Dysregulation in Virus-Associated Neoplasms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 879:71-90. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
16
|
Abstract
DNA tumor viruses including members of the polyomavirus, adenovirus, papillomavirus, and herpes virus families are presently the subject of intense interest with respect to the role that epigenetics plays in control of the virus life cycle and the transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell. To date, these studies have primarily focused on the role of histone modification, nucleosome location, and DNA methylation in regulating the biological consequences of infection. Using a wide variety of strategies and techniques ranging from simple ChIP to ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq to identify histone modifications, nuclease digestion to genome wide next generation sequencing to identify nucleosome location, and bisulfite treatment to MeDIP to identify DNA methylation sites, the epigenetic regulation of these viruses is slowly becoming better understood. While the viruses may differ in significant ways from each other and cellular chromatin, the role of epigenetics appears to be relatively similar. Within the viral genome nucleosomes are organized for the expression of appropriate genes with relevant histone modifications particularly histone acetylation. DNA methylation occurs as part of the typical gene silencing during latent infection by herpesviruses. In the simple tumor viruses like the polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, and papillomaviruses, transformation of the cell occurs via integration of the virus genome such that the virus's normal regulation is disrupted. This results in the unregulated expression of critical viral genes capable of redirecting cellular gene expression. The redirected cellular expression is a consequence of either indirect epigenetic regulation where cellular signaling or transcriptional dysregulation occurs or direct epigenetic regulation where epigenetic cofactors such as histone deacetylases are targeted. In the more complex herpersviruses transformation is a consequence of the expression of the viral latency proteins and RNAs which again can have either a direct or indirect effect on epigenetic regulation of cellular expression. Nevertheless, many questions still remain with respect to the specific mechanisms underlying epigenetic regulation of the viruses and transformation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Santos-Juanes J, Fernández-Vega I, Fuentes N, Galache C, Coto-Segura P, Vivanco B, Astudillo A, Martínez-Camblor P. Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:42-9. [PMID: 25919492 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several observational studies have assessed the correlation between Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus with variable results. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether there is a correlation between Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Studies assessing the relationship between Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus from January 2008 to August 2014 were pooled from Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews and Google Scholar. From each study we collected the first author's last name, publication year, country of origin, type of study design, characteristics of participants, possible variables incorporated into the multivariable analyses and the risk ratio (RR) for Merkel cell carcinoma associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus combined with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Methodological assessment of the study was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Crude RR was calculated from the data provided in each article. Meta-analyses for the global RR and for the proportion of positives in both case and control samples were performed. In addition, in order to explore the sources of heterogeneity among the studies, meta-regression and sensitivity analyses are also provided. A total of 22 studies were identified for the analysis. The pooled RR from random-effects analysis was determined to be 6.32 (95% CI, 4.02-9.93). Global proportions of positive samples were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72-0.84) and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.08-0.19) in the case and control groups, respectively. The findings support the association between Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus. However, a non-negligible percentage of positive results have been identified in controls. Some caution must be taken in the interpretation of these results because heterogeneity between studies was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Santos-Juanes
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - I Fernández-Vega
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Araba, Álava, Spain
| | - N Fuentes
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - C Galache
- Departamento de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P Coto-Segura
- Dermatology II, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - B Vivanco
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Astudillo
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - P Martínez-Camblor
- Oficina de Investigación Biosanitaria de Asturias (OIB-FICYT), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Because of the large number of different tissues making up the distal phalanx of fingers and toes, a large variety of malignant tumors can be found in and around the nail apparatus. Bowen disease is probably the most frequent nail malignancy. It is usually seen as a verrucous plaque of the nail fold and nail bed in persons above the age of 40 years. It slowly grows over a period of years or even decades before degenerating to an invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The latter may also occur primarily often as a weeping onycholysis. The next most frequent nail malignancy is ungual melanoma. Those arising from the matrix are usually pigmented and often start with a longitudinal melanonychia whereas those originating from the nail bed remain amelanotic, are often nodular and mistaken for an ingrown nail in an elderly person. The treatment of choice for in situ and early invasive subungual melanomas is generous extirpation of the nail apparatus whereas distal amputation is only indicated for advanced melanomas. In addition to these frequent nail malignancies, nail-specific carcinomas, malignant vascular and osseous tumors, other sarcomas, nail involvement in malignant systemic disorders and metastases may occur. In most cases, they cannot be diagnosed accurately on clinical grounds. Therefore, a high degree of suspicion is necessary in all isolated or single-digit proliferations that do not respond to conservative treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Haneke
- Dermaticum Freiburg, Schlippehof 5, 79110, Freiburg, Deutschland,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cardoso JC, Teixeira V, Tchernev G, Wollina U. Merkel cell carcinoma: a review and update on aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment approaches. Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 163:359-67. [PMID: 23797682 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-013-0218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) or primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma is a relatively uncommon form of skin cancer. It is an aggressive neoplasm with high tendency for local recurrence and lymph node and distant metastasis, whose incidence has been rising in the last 2 decades.A novel polyomavirus (MCPyV) has been found in a significant proportion of MCCs, and this finding significantly contributed to the understanding of its pathogenesis.It is fairly consensual at the current state of know-ledge that appropriate staging, including sentinel lymph node biopsy, is very important in order to plan adequate treatment. Treatment includes aggressive surgery of the primary tumour and lymph node basin, commonly combined with adjuvant radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is usually reserved for distant metastasis.In the present article, the authors review the current knowledge about MCC with special emphasis on the new pathogenetic findings and current recommendations regarding management.
Collapse
|
20
|
Richter AM, Haag T, Walesch S, Herrmann-Trost P, Marsch WC, Kutzner H, Helmbold P, Dammann RH. Aberrant Promoter Hypermethylation of RASSF Family Members in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1566-76. [PMID: 24252868 PMCID: PMC3875954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers of the skin. RASSFs are a family of tumor suppressors that are frequently inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in various cancers. We studied CpG island promoter hypermethylation in MCC of RASSF2, RASSF5A, RASSF5C and RASSF10 by combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) in MCC samples and control tissue. We found RASSF2 to be methylated in three out of 43 (7%), RASSF5A in 17 out of 39 (44%, but also 43% in normal tissue), RASSF5C in two out of 26 (8%) and RASSF10 in 19 out of 84 (23%) of the cancer samples. No correlation between the methylation status of the analyzed RASSFs or between RASSF methylation and MCC characteristics (primary versus metastatic, Merkel cell polyoma virus infection, age, sex) was found. Our results show that RASSF2, RASSF5C and RASSF10 are aberrantly hypermethylated in MCC to a varying degree and this might contribute to Merkel cell carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje M. Richter
- Institute for Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen D-35392, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.R.); (T.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Tanja Haag
- Institute for Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen D-35392, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.R.); (T.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Sara Walesch
- Institute for Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen D-35392, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.R.); (T.H.); (S.W.)
| | | | - Wolfgang C. Marsch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Halle, Halle D-06120, Germany; E-Mail:
| | | | - Peter Helmbold
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany; E-Mail: Peter.
| | - Reinhard H. Dammann
- Institute for Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen D-35392, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.R.); (T.H.); (S.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Leitz M, Stieler K, Grundhoff A, Moll I, Brandner JM, Fischer N. Merkel cell polyomavirus detection in Merkel cell cancer tumors in Northern Germany using PCR and protein expression. J Med Virol 2013; 86:1813-9. [PMID: 24307009 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is a highly malignant skin cancer which predominantly occurs in elderly and immunocompromised persons. The identification of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has inaugurated a new understanding of Merkel cell carcinoma pathogenesis. The frequent detection of the virus in Merkel cell carcinoma tissue (70-90%), its monoclonal integration in the tumor cells and the expression of viral oncogenes highly suggest that MCPyV is causally linked to the pathogenesis of the majority of Merkel cell cancer (MCC) cases. Using qualitative and quantitative PCR together with immunohistochemical staining this study aimed at characterizing the presence of MCPyV sequences and viral early gene expression in a cohort of MCC cases (n = 32) selected in Northern Germany. 40-57% of the cases were identified as MCPyV positive with 40.6% of the cases positive by immunohistochemical staining and 51.6-57.6% positive by PCR. Interestingly, in the majority (64%) of LT-Antigen positive tumors only 25-50% of tumor cells express LT-Antigen. These data are in accord with published studies describing heterogeneity in MCPyV viral loads and suggest that detection of MCPyV in Merkel cell carcinoma by PCR should be undertaken using multiple primer pairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Leitz
- Institute for Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Martin B, Poblet E, Rios JJ, Kazakov D, Kutzner H, Brenn T, Calonje E. Merkel cell carcinoma with divergent differentiation: histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 15 cases with PCR analysis for Merkel cell polyomavirus. Histopathology 2013; 62:711-22. [PMID: 23530585 DOI: 10.1111/his.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To report on 15 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) with divergent differentiation, to characterize its clinicopathological spectrum and its relationship with Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV). METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen patients with a mean age of 81 years were included. Follow-up was available for 13 cases (range 12 days to 6 years; median 6 months). Recurrence, metastasis and mortality rates were 15.4%, 53.8% and 61.5%, respectively. All tumours showed the typical histological and immunohistochemical features of MCC, with at least one additional divergent component. Eight cases had a single aberrant component (squamous in six cases, follicular in one case, and porocarcinoma in one case), six cases had two aberrant components (squamous and sarcomatous in three cases, glandular and squamous in two cases, and sarcomatous and neuroblastic in one case), and one case had three aberrant components (glandular, squamous, and sarcomatous). All cases had dysplastic changes in the overlying epithelium, and four of 15 showed epidermotropism. PCR analysis for Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) gave negative results in all 12 cases tested. CONCLUSIONS Merkel cell carcinoma with divergent differentiation is a highly aggressive tumour that might be difficult to recognize, owing to its wide histological variability. Negativity for MCV suggests that the virus is not implicated in the development of this subtype of MCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Martin
- Dermatopathology Department, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, clinically aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine neoplasm with a high mortality rate. Though the etiology is not precisely known, Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA has been found recently in a large percentage of MCC tumors. Other suggested risk factors include sun exposure, immunosuppression, and a history of prior malignancy. Work up of patients with MCC most notably includes nodal staging via clinical examination or sentinel lymph node biopsy. The prognosis for most patients with MCC is poor, and the rarity of MCC precludes the prospective, randomized clinical trials necessary to elucidate optimum treatment protocols. Most published data support the use of a multimodality approach centered around surgical excision with negative margins, sentinel lymph node biopsy to establish the presence or absence of nodal metastases, adjuvant radiothearpy to decrease the risk of recurrence, and systemic chemotherapy in the case of widespread disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The field of epigenetics has evolved rapidly over recent years providing insight into the tumorigenesis of many solid and haematological malignancies. Determination of epigenetic modifications in neuroendocrine tumour (NET) development is imperative if we are to improve our understanding of the biology of this heterogenous group of tumours. Epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation at RASSF1A are frequent findings in NETs of all origins and may be associated with worse prognosis. MicroRNA signatures and histone modifications have been identified which can differentiate subtypes of NET and distinguish NET from adenocarcinoma in cases of diagnostic uncertainty. Historically, candidate gene-driven approaches have yielded limited insight into the epigenetics of NET. Recent progress has been facilitated by development of high-throughput tools including second-generation sequencing and arrays for analysis of the 'epigenome' of tumour and normal tissue, permitting unbiased approaches such as exome sequencing that identified mutations of chromatin-remodelling genes ATRX/DAXX in 44% of pancreatic NETs. Epigenetic changes are reversible and therefore represent an attractive therapeutic target; to date, clinical outcomes of epigenetic therapies in solid tumours have been disappointing; however, in vitro studies on NETs are promising and further clinical trials are required to determine utility of this class of novel agents. In this review, we perform a comprehensive evaluation of epigenetic changes found in NETs to date, including rare NETs such as phaeochromocytoma and adrenocortical tumours. We suggest priorities for future research and discuss potential clinical applications and novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Karpathakis
- University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
An update on viral association of human cancers. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1433-43. [PMID: 23417394 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, seven viruses that infect humans have been identified as oncogenic and are closely associated with different human cancers. Most of them encode oncogenes whose products play important roles in the development of cancers in the context of environmental and genetic factors; others may act via indirect mechanisms. The transforming activities of the human oncogenic viruses have much in common with the well-studied tumorigenic processes elicited by the acutely transforming murine retroviruses. Many of these mechanisms have been elucidated for or are represented in the successive steps leading to the efficient in vitro immortalization by the lymphotropic herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus, although the establishment of malignancy in vivo takes longer. The development of cancer is a complicated process involving multiple factors, from the host and the environment. Although any one of these etiologic factors may exert an effect on the carcinogenic process, vaccination against the viral pathogen in several cases has shown efficacy in preventing the spread of the virus and, in turn, the development of the associated cancers. Modern laboratory techniques can be expected to facilitate the identification of new emerging viruses whose association with malignancies is suggested by epidemiologic and clinical data.
Collapse
|
26
|
Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in cervical squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas from Japanese patients. Virol J 2012; 9:154. [PMID: 22876976 PMCID: PMC3545865 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was identified originally in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare form of human skin neuroendocrine carcinoma. Evidence of MCPyV existence in other forms of malignancy such as cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) is growing. Cervical cancers became the focus of our interest in searching for potentially MCPyV-related tumors because: (i) the major histological type of cervical cancer is the SCC; (ii) the uterine cervix is a common site of neuroendocrine carcinomas histologically similar to MCCs; and (iii) MCPyV might be transmitted during sexual interaction as demonstrated for human papillomavirus (HPV). In this study, we aimed to clarify the possible presence of MCPyV in cervical SCCs from Japanese patients. Cervical adenocarcinomas (ACs) were also studied. Results Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 48 cervical SCCs and 16 cervical ACs were examined for the presence of the MCPyV genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analyses. PCR analysis revealed that 9/48 cervical SCCs (19%) and 4/16 cervical ACs (25%) were positive for MCPyV DNA. MCPyV-specific PCR products were sequenced to compare them with reference sequences. The nucleotide sequences in the MCPyV large T (LT)-sequenced region were the same among MCPyV-positive cervical SCCs and AC. Conversely, in the MCPyV viral protein 1 (VP1)-sequenced region, two cervical SCCs and three cervical ACs showed several nucleotide substitutions, of which three caused amino acid substitutions. These sequencing results suggested that three MCPyV variants of the VP1 were identified in our cases. Immunohistochemistry showed that the LT antigen was expressed in tumor cells in MCPyV-positive samples. Genotyping of human HPV in the MCPyV-positive samples revealed that infected HPVs were HPV types 16, 31 and 58 for SCCs and HPV types 16 and 18 for ACs. Conclusions This study provides the first observation that MCPyV coexists in a subset of HPV-associated cervical cancers from Japanese patients. The prevalence of MCPyV in these lesions was close to that observed in the cutaneous SCCs. Further worldwide epidemiological surveys are warranted to determine the possible association of MCPyV with pathogenesis of cervical cancers.
Collapse
|
27
|
Arora R, Chang Y, Moore PS. MCV and Merkel cell carcinoma: a molecular success story. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:489-98. [PMID: 22710026 PMCID: PMC3422445 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), discovered in 2008, is clonally integrated in ~80% Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). MCV is a common skin flora and initiates cancer in susceptible hosts only after it acquires a precise set of mutations that render it replication incompetent. Both MCV large and small T proteins promote cancer cell survival and proliferation. Large T targets pocket proteins regulating cell cycle transit while small T activates cap-dependent translation critical for cancer cell growth. These findings already have led to new diagnostics and clinical trials to target MCV-induced survivin and to promote antitumor immunity. In four years, the cause, diagnosis and therapy for an intractable cancer has been changed due to the molecular discovery of MCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reety Arora
- Molecular Virology program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vlahova L, Doerflinger Y, Houben R, Becker JC, Schrama D, Weiss C, Goebeler M, Helmbold P, Goerdt S, Peitsch WK. P-cadherin expression in Merkel cell carcinomas is associated with prolonged recurrence-free survival. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:1043-52. [PMID: 22283194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive skin cancer, associated with advanced age, immunosuppression and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) infections. As development and progression of cancer can be promoted by changes in cell adhesion proteins, we have previously analysed homo- and heterotypic cell-cell contacts of normal Merkel cells and MCCs and obtained indications for cadherin switching. OBJECTIVES To examine the prevalence and prognostic relevance of E-, N- and P-cadherin in MCCs. METHODS Paraffin-embedded MCC samples (n = 148) from 106 different patients were analysed by double-label immunostaining and immunofluorescence microscopy. MCV status was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The cadherin repertoire and MCV status were correlated to clinical data, including tumour stage and recurrence-free survival. RESULTS Ninety-one per cent of all MCC were positive for N-cadherin whereas only 61·6% and 70·3% expressed E- and P-cadherin, respectively. P-cadherin was significantly more frequent in primary tumours than in lymph node metastases (81·9% vs. 40·9%, P = 0·0002). Patients with P-cadherin-positive primary tumours were in earlier tumour stages at initial diagnosis (P = 0·0046). Both in log-rank tests (P = 0·0474) and in multiple Cox regression analysis including age, sex, immunosuppression, stage at initial diagnosis and MCV status (hazard ratio 0·193, P = 0·0373), patients with P-cadherin-positive primary MCCs had significantly prolonged recurrence-free survival (mean 25·2 vs. 10·6 months; median 9·0 vs. 4·0 months). MCV DNA was detected in 78·2% of all MCC, more frequently in P-cadherin-positive MCC (P = 0·0008). CONCLUSION P-cadherin expression in MCCs predicts prolonged recurrence-free survival and may therefore indicate favourable prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Vlahova
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ota S, Ishikawa S, Takazawa Y, Goto A, Fujii T, Ohashi KI, Fukayama M. Quantitative analysis of viral load per haploid genome revealed the different biological features of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in skin tumor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39954. [PMID: 22768181 PMCID: PMC3386999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has recently been identified in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive cancer that occurs in sun-exposed skin. Conventional technologies, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry, have produced conflicting results for MCPyV infections in non-MCC tumors. Therefore, we performed quantitative analyses of the MCPyV copy number in various skin tumor tissues, including MCC (n = 9) and other sun exposure-related skin tumors (basal cell carcinoma [BCC, n = 45], actinic keratosis [AK, n = 52], Bowen’s disease [n = 34], seborrheic keratosis [n = 5], primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma [n = 5], malignant melanoma [n = 5], and melanocytic nevus [n = 6]). In a conventional PCR analysis, MCPyV DNA was detected in MCC (9 cases; 100%), BCC (1 case; 2%), and AK (3 cases; 6%). We then used digital PCR technology to estimate the absolute viral copy number per haploid human genome in these tissues. The viral copy number per haploid genome was estimated to be around 1 in most MCC tissues, and there were marked differences between the MCC (0.119–42.8) and AK (0.02–0.07) groups. PCR-positive BCC tissue showed a similar viral load as MCC tissue (0.662). Immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody against the MCPyV T antigen (CM2B4) demonstrated positive nuclear localization in most of the high-viral-load tumor groups (8 of 9 MCC and 1 BCC), but not in the low-viral-load or PCR-negative tumor groups. These results demonstrated that MCPyV infection is possibly involved in a minority of sun-exposed skin tumors, including BCC and AK, and that these tumors display different modes of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ota
- Department of Pathology, Chiba University Hospital, University of Chiba, Chuo, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yutaka Takazawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiteru Goto
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Pathology, Toranomon Hospital, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Ohashi
- Department of Pathology, Toranomon Hospital, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Greenberg ES, Chong KK, Huynh KT, Tanaka R, Hoon DSB. Epigenetic biomarkers in skin cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 342:170-7. [PMID: 22289720 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic aberrations have been associated with cutaneous melanoma tumorigenesis and progression including dysregulated DNA gene promoter region methylation, histone modification, and microRNA. Several of these major epigenetic aberrations have been developed into biomarkers. Epigenetic biomarkers can be detected in tissue and in blood as circulating DNA in melanoma patients. There is strong evidence that biomarkers in cutaneous melanoma will have an important role as companions to therapeutics and overall patient management. Important progress has been made in epigenetic melanoma biomarker development and verification of clinical utility, and this review discusses some of the key current developments and existing challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nardi V, Song Y, Santamaria-Barria JA, Cosper AK, Lam Q, Faber AC, Boland GM, Yeap BY, Bergethon K, Scialabba VL, Tsao H, Settleman J, Ryan DP, Borger DR, Bhan AK, Hoang MP, Iafrate AJ, Cusack JC, Engelman JA, Dias-Santagata D. Activation of PI3K signaling in Merkel cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1227-36. [PMID: 22261808 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor, often metastatic at presentation, for which current chemotherapeutic regimens are largely ineffective. As its pathogenesis is still unknown, we hypothesized that deregulation of signaling pathways commonly activated in cancer may contribute to MCC tumorigenesis and may provide insights into targeted therapy approaches for this malignancy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We retrospectively profiled 60 primary MCC samples using a SNaPshot-based tumor genotyping assay to screen for common mutations in 13 cancer genes. RESULTS We identified mutations in 9 (15%) MCC primary tumors, including mutations in TP53 (3 of 60) and activating mutations in the PIK3CA gene (6 of 60). Sanger sequencing of the primary MCC tumors detected one additional PIK3CA mutation (R19K) that had not been previously described in cancer. Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCPyV) was detected in 38 (66%) MCC cases and patients with MCPyV-positive cancers showed a trend toward better survival. With one exception, the presence of MCPyV and activating mutations in PIK3CA appeared mutually exclusive. We observed that signaling through the PI3K/pAKT pathway was active in one MCPyV-positive and in all MCPyV-negative MCC cell lines, as evidenced by AKT phosphorylation. Importantly, the presence of a PIK3CA-activating mutation was associated with sensitivity to treatment with ZST474, a specific phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, and to NVP-BEZ235, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, targeted agents under active clinical development. CONCLUSIONS PI3K pathway activation may drive tumorigenesis in a subset of MCC and screening these tumors for PIK3CA mutations could help identify patients who may respond to treatment with PI3K pathway inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Nardi
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02214, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Merkel cell carcinoma induces lymphatic microvessel formation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 67:215-25. [PMID: 22050913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, highly malignant neuroendocrine tumor of the skin characterized by frequent lymphatic metastasis. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify lymphovascular anatomy and expression profiles of lymphangiogenic cytokines to give an opinion on lymphangiogenesis in MCC. METHODS We studied lymphatic microanatomy and lymphangiogenic cytokines in 27 MCC by immunohistology or immunofluorescence (D2-40, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor [LYVE-1], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] receptor-3, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, Ki67/MiB-1, CD68/PG-M1, CD68/KP1, CD163), Merkel cell polyomavirus-specific polymerase chain reaction, and coanalysis with clinical and histologic data. RESULTS We found a more than 3-fold increase in the mean density of absolute numbers of small lymphatic capillaries (diameter <10 μm) and a more than 8-fold increase in the median ratio of the number of small to large lymphatics (<10/≥10 μm) paratumorally compared with intraindividual controls. VEGF-C(+)CD68(+) CD163(+) cells (interpreted as M2 macrophages) could be identified as an important potentially lymphangiogenesis-inducing cell type. LIMITATIONS Partially lacking follow-up data limited the analysis of the prognostic impact. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly indicate lymphangiogenesis in MCC driven by VEGF-C(+)CD68(+) CD163(+) M2 macrophages.
Collapse
|
33
|
Moens U, Ludvigsen M, Van Ghelue M. Human polyomaviruses in skin diseases. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:123491. [PMID: 21941687 PMCID: PMC3173887 DOI: 10.4061/2011/123491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of small, nonenveloped viruses with a circular double-stranded DNA genome of ∼5,000 base pairs protected by an icosahedral protein structure. So far, members of this family have been identified in birds and mammals. Until 2006, BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), and simian virus 40 (SV40) were the only polyomaviruses known to circulate in the human population. Their occurrence in individuals was mainly confirmed by PCR and the presence of virus-specific antibodies. Using the same methods, lymphotropic polyomavirus, originally isolated in monkeys, was recently shown to be present in healthy individuals although with much lower incidence than BKV, JCV, and SV40. The use of advanced high-throughput sequencing and improved rolling circle amplification techniques have identified the novel human polyomaviruses KI, WU, Merkel cell polyomavirus, HPyV6, HPyV7, trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, and HPyV9. The skin tropism of human polyomaviruses and their dermatopathologic potentials are the focus of this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
[Merkel cell carcinoma revisited: a new example of viro-induced human tumour]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 59:127-30. [PMID: 20817373 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin of poor outcome. A new type of virus, isolated in 2008, was found to be strongly associated with CCM. This virus, belonging to the family of polyomavirus, was called MCPyV for Merkel Carcinoma Polyomavirus. Recent data favour a causative role of MCPyV in oncogenesis. MCC represents thus a new model for the understanding of the mechanisms of oncogenesis. The distinct molecular viral signature in every case of MCC represents an original tool for the follow-up of the disease. New therapeutic perspectives are to be drawn using this model.
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Paik JY, Hall G, Clarkson A, Lee L, Toon C, Colebatch A, Chou A, Gill AJ. Immunohistochemistry for Merkel cell polyomavirus is highly specific but not sensitive for the diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma in the Australian population. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1385-90. [PMID: 21453956 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated a high frequency of detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma. However, most of these studies are from European or North American centers that have relatively low sun exposure and may have a higher incidence of virus-driven oncogenesis compared with the highly sun-exposed but predominantly fair-skinned Australian population. We performed immunohistochemistry for Merkel cell polyomavirus on 104 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma and 74 cases of noncutaneous small cell-undifferentiated carcinoma from 3 major Australian centers. Nineteen (18.3%) cases of Merkel cell carcinoma showed positive staining for Merkel cell polyomavirus versus 1 (1.3%) of small cell-undifferentiated carcinoma. All 15 cases (14.3%) of Merkel cell carcinoma with areas of mixed squamous differentiation showed negative staining. We found positive staining in only 3 (7.7%) of 39 Merkel cell carcinoma from the head and neck (the most sun-exposed area) versus 16 (24.6%) of 65 of tumors from other sites (P < .05). Our findings support the concept of a Merkel cell polyomavirus-driven and a non-Merkel cell polyomavirus-driven (primarily sun-dependent) pathway in Merkel cell carcinoma carcinogenesis, with the latter being significantly more frequent in Australia and in mixed squamous-Merkel cell carcinoma (which is also more frequent in Australia). Although immunohistochemistry for Merkel cell polyomavirus seems to be highly specific in all populations, the low incidence of Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma in a highly sun-exposed population limits its diagnostic utility in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Y Paik
- The Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, 2065 Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Toracchio S, Foyle A, Sroller V, Reed JA, Wu J, Kozinetz CA, Butel JS. Lymphotropism of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection, Nova Scotia, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1702-9. [PMID: 21029527 PMCID: PMC3294524 DOI: 10.3201/eid1611.100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) can infect cells of the lymphoid system, we analyzed 353 specimens, including 152 non-Hodgkin lymphomas, 44 Hodgkin lymphomas, 110 benign lymph nodes, 27 lymph nodes with metastasis, and 20 extranodal tissue samples. MCPyV DNA was detected by quantitative PCR in 13 (6.6%) of 196 lymphomas, including 5 (20.8%) of 24 chronic lymphocytic leukemia specimens, and in 11 (10%) of 110 benign lymph nodes, including 8 (13.1%) of 61 samples of reactive hyperplasia and 3 (10.3%) of 29 normal lymph nodes. Other samples were MCPyV negative. Sequence analysis of 9 virus-positive samples confirmed the identity of MCPyV; 3 viral strains were represented. Immunohistochemical testing showed that 1 T-cell lymphoma expressed MCPyV T-antigen. These findings suggest that the lymphoid system plays a role in MCPyV infection and may be a site for MCPyV persistence.
Collapse
|
39
|
Distinct merkel cell polyomavirus molecular features in tumour and non tumour specimens from patients with merkel cell carcinoma. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001076. [PMID: 20865165 PMCID: PMC2928786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) is associated with Merkel Cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare, aggressive skin cancer with neuroendocrine features. The causal role of MCPyV is highly suggested by monoclonal integration of its genome and expression of the viral large T (LT) antigen in MCC cells. We investigated and characterized MCPyV molecular features in MCC, respiratory, urine and blood samples from 33 patients by quantitative PCR, sequencing and detection of integrated viral DNA. We examined associations between either MCPyV viral load in primary MCC or MCPyV DNAemia and survival. Results were interpreted with respect to the viral molecular signature in each compartment. Patients with MCC containing more than 1 viral genome copy per cell had a longer period in complete remission than patients with less than 1 copy per cell (34 vs 10 months, P = 0.037). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) contained MCPyV more frequently in patients sampled with disease than in patients in complete remission (60% vs 11%, P = 0.00083). Moreover, the detection of MCPyV in at least one PBMC sample during follow-up was associated with a shorter overall survival (P = 0.003). Sequencing of viral DNA from MCC and non MCC samples characterized common single nucleotide polymorphisms defining 8 patient specific strains. However, specific molecular signatures truncating MCPyV LT were observed in 8/12 MCC cases but not in respiratory and urinary samples from 15 patients. New integration sites were identified in 4 MCC cases. Finally, mutated-integrated forms of MCPyV were detected in PBMC of two patients with disseminated MCC disease, indicating circulation of metastatic cells. We conclude that MCPyV molecular features in primary MCC tumour and PBMC may help to predict the course of the disease. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a recently discovered virus highly associated with a rare skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). The causal role of MCPyV in cancer is suggested by integration of viral sequences into the cell genome and by a specific molecular signature. We looked for and compared molecular species of MCPyV in tumour and non tumour samples of 33 MCC patients. We showed that a tumour viral load greater than 1 copy per cell was associated with a better outcome, and that detection of the virus in blood but not in urine correlated with a shorter overall survival. A tumour–specific molecular signature was found in the blood of two patients with metastatic disease, but did not occur in their respiratory nor urine samples. We propose that molecular analysis of MCPyV in tumour and blood be used as a biomarker of infection and cancer progression in MCC patients.
Collapse
|
40
|
Agelli M, Clegg LX, Becker JC, Rollison DE. The etiology and epidemiology of merkel cell carcinoma. Curr Probl Cancer 2010; 34:14-37. [PMID: 20371072 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agelli
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|