1
|
Satoh H, Arai Y, Furukawa E, Moriguchi T, Hama N, Urushidate T, Totoki Y, Kato M, Ohe Y, Yamamoto M, Shibata T. Genomic landscape of chemical-induced lung tumors under Nrf2 different expression levels. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:613-623. [PMID: 35561328 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 plays a crucial role in the anti-oxidative stress response, protection of DNA from injury, and DNA repair mechanisms. Nrf2 activity reduces cancer initiation, but how Nrf2 affects whole-genome alterations upon carcinogenic stimulus remains unexplored. Although recent genome-wide analysis using next-generation sequencing revealed landscapes of nucleotide mutations and copy number alterations in various human cancers, genomic changes in murine cancer models have not been thoroughly examined. We elucidated the relationship between Nrf2 expression levels and whole exon mutation patterns using an ethyl-carbamate (urethane)-induced lung carcinogenesis model employing Nrf2-deficient and Keap1-kd mice, the latter of which express high levels of Nrf2. Exome analysis demonstrated that single nucleotide and trinucleotide mutation patterns and the Kras mutational signature differed significantly and were dependent on the expression level of Nrf2. The Nrf2-deficient tumors exhibited fewer copy number alterations relative to the Nrf2-wt and Keap1-kd tumors. The observed trend in genomic alterations likely prevented the Nrf2-deficient tumors from progressing into malignancy. For the first time, we present whole-exome sequencing results for chemically-induced lung tumors in the Nrf2 gain or loss of function mouse models. Our results demonstrate that different Nrf2 expression levels lead to distinct gene mutation patterns that underly different oncogenic mechanisms in each tumor genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Satoh
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Pulmonary Center, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Arai
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisaku Furukawa
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Natuko Hama
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Urushidate
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kato
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ohe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Pulmonary Center, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Neuroendocrine Lung Cancer Mouse Models: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010014. [PMID: 33375066 PMCID: PMC7792789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroendocrine lung tumors are a heterogeneous group of malignancies that share a common neuroendocrine nature. They range from low- and intermediate-grade typical and atypical carcinoma, to the highly malignant large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma and small cell carcinoma, with marked differences in incidences and prognosis. This review delineates the current knowledge of the genetic landscape of the human tumors, its influence in the development of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and the molecular imaging tools available to detect and monitor these diseases. While small cell lung carcinoma is one of the diseases best represented by GEMMs, there is a worrying lack of animal models for the other members of the group, these being understudied diseases. Regardless of the incidence and material available, they all are in urgent need of effective therapies. Abstract Neuroendocrine lung tumors comprise a range of malignancies that extend from benign tumorlets to the most prevalent and aggressive Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC). They also include low-grade Typical Carcinoids (TC), intermediate-grade Atypical Carcinoids (AC) and high-grade Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC). Optimal treatment options have not been adequately established: surgical resection when possible is the choice for AC and TC, and for SCLC chemotherapy and very recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors. Some mouse models have been generated based on the molecular alterations identified in genomic analyses of human tumors. With the exception of SCLC, there is a limited availability of (preclinical) models making their development an unmet need for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases. For SCLC, these models are crucial for translational research and novel drug testing, given the paucity of human material from surgery. The lack of early detection systems for lung cancer point them out as suitable frameworks for the identification of biomarkers at the initial stages of tumor development and for testing molecular imaging methods based on somatostatin receptors. Here, we review the relevant models reported to date, their impact on the understanding of the biology of the tumor subtypes and their relationships, as well as the effect of the analyses of the genetic landscape of the human tumors and molecular imaging tools in their development.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Chemical induced carcinogenesis together with genetically engineered mouse models represent important approaches for the study of the complex mechanisms involving genotype and environmental factors in cancer development, including lung cancer. The induction of lung tumor in mice with urethane (ethyl carbamate) is considered a valuable model of Kras-driven lung cancer. However, inbred mouse strains show variable susceptibility to lung tumor formation, with C57BL/6 background, widely used to study many transgenic and null mutations, highly resistant to lung carcinogenesis. Here is described a protocol of urethane-induced lung cancer effective in lung tumor induction in C57BL/6J strain. Multiple urethane injections are needed to overcome genetic resistance and induce in a reproducible manner lung carcinogenesis in C57BL/6J background mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sozio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano-Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schioppa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano-Milano, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano-Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khatri H, Chokshi N, Rawal S, Patel BM, Badanthadka M, Patel MM. Fabrication and in vivo evaluation of ligand appended paclitaxel and artemether loaded lipid nanoparticulate systems for the treatment of NSCLC: A nanoparticle assisted combination oncotherapy. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119386. [PMID: 32376440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to develop folate appended PEGylated solid lipid nanoparticles(SLNs) of paclitaxel(FPS) and artemether(FAS). The SLNs were prepared by employing high pressure homogenization technique. The results of MTT assays revealed better cytotoxicity of FPS when given in combination with FAS on human lung cancer cell line H-1299 as compared to pure drugs, unconjugated SLNs and FPS alone. The cellular uptake of FPS and FAS was confirmed by fluorescence imaging and flow cytometric analysis. In-vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed better absorption and long circulation of FPS and FAS, which further leads to increased relative bioavailability of drugs(13.81-folds and 7.07-folds for PTX and ART, respectively) as compared to their solutions counterpart. In-vivo pharmacodynamic study confirmed tumor regression of developed SLNs formulations, which was observed highest when used in combination of FPS and FAS. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen(BUN), SGOT, albumin and total protein levels revealed that formulated FPS and FAS does not exhibit any renal and hepatic toxicity. It can be concluded that by administering ART-SLNs along with PTX-SLNs via oral route, anticancer potential of PTX was improved without any toxicity (both renal, hepatic), thus, indicating the potential of developed formulations in reducing dose related toxicity of PTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiren Khatri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Nimitt Chokshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Shruti Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Murali Badanthadka
- Deputy Director at NUCARE, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Mayur M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li S, MacAlpine DM, Counter CM. Capturing the primordial Kras mutation initiating urethane carcinogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1800. [PMID: 32286309 PMCID: PMC7156420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental carcinogen urethane exhibits a profound specificity for pulmonary tumors driven by an oncogenic Q61L/R mutation in the gene Kras. Similarly, the frequency, isoform, position, and substitution of oncogenic RAS mutations are often unique to human cancers. To elucidate the principles underlying this RAS mutation tropism of urethane, we adapted an error-corrected, high-throughput sequencing approach to detect mutations in murine Ras genes at great sensitivity. This analysis not only captured the initiating Kras mutation days after urethane exposure, but revealed that the sequence specificity of urethane mutagenesis, coupled with transcription and isoform locus, to be major influences on the extreme tropism of this carcinogen. Why the carcinogen urethane causes only lung tumours driven by a specific oncogenic mutation in just one Ras gene in mice is unclear. Here, the authors capture mutations immediately after urethane exposure and show that the sequence specificity of mutagenesis, transcriptional status, and Ras genetic loci may all contribute to this specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - David M MacAlpine
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Akbay EA, Kim J. Autochthonous murine models for the study of smoker and never-smoker associated lung cancers. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2018; 7:464-486. [PMID: 30225211 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2018.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for the greatest number of cancer deaths in the world. Tobacco smoke-associated cancers constitute the majority of lung cancer cases but never-smoker cancers comprise a significant and increasing fraction of cases. Recent genomic and transcriptomic sequencing efforts of lung cancers have revealed distinct sets of genetic aberrations of smoker and never-smoker lung cancers that implicate disparate biology and therapeutic strategies. Autochthonous mouse models have contributed greatly to our understanding of lung cancer biology and identified novel therapeutic targets and strategies in the era of targeted therapy. With the emergence of immuno-oncology, mouse models may continue to serve as valuable platforms for novel biological insights and therapeutic strategies. Here, we will review the variety of available autochthonous mouse models of lung cancer, their relation to human smoker and never-smoker lung cancers, and their application to immuno-oncology and immune checkpoint blockade that is revolutionizing lung cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esra A Akbay
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA
| | - James Kim
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ablating all three retinoblastoma family members in mouse lung leads to neuroendocrine tumor formation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4373-4386. [PMID: 27966456 PMCID: PMC5354839 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a deadly disease with increasing cases diagnosed worldwide and still a very poor prognosis. While mutations in the retinoblastoma (RB1) tumor suppressor have been reported in lung cancer, mainly in small cell lung carcinoma, the tumor suppressive role of its relatives p107 and p130 is still a matter of debate. To begin to investigate the role of these two Rb family proteins in lung tumorigenesis, we have generated a conditional triple knockout mouse model (TKO) in which the three Rb family members can be inactivated in adult mice. We found that ablation of all three family members in the lung of mice induces tumorlets, benign neuroendocrine tumors that are remarkably similar to their human counterparts. Upon chemical carcinogenesis, DHPN and urethane accelerate tumor development; the TKO model displays increased sensitivity to DHPN, and urethane increases malignancy of tumors. All the tumors developing in TKO mice (spontaneous and chemically induced) have neuroendocrine features but do not progress to fully malignant tumors. Thus, loss of Rb and its family members confers partial tumor susceptibility in neuroendocrine lineages in the lungs of mice. Our data also imply the requirement of other oncogenic signaling pathways to achieve full transformation in neuroendocrine lung lesions mutant for the Rb family.
Collapse
|
8
|
Haigis KM. KRAS Alleles: The Devil Is in the Detail. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:686-697. [PMID: 28958387 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer and KRAS mutation is commonly associated with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. Since the KRAS oncoprotein is, as yet, not directly druggable, efforts to target KRAS mutant cancers focus on identifying vulnerabilities in downstream signaling pathways or in stress response pathways that are permissive for strong oncogenic signaling. One aspect of KRAS biology that is not well appreciated is the potential biological differences between the many distinct KRAS activating mutations. This review draws upon insights from both clinical and experimental studies to explore similarities and differences among KRAS alleles. Historical and emerging evidence supports the notion that the specific biology related to each allele might be exploitable for allele-specific therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Haigis
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Onami S, Okubo C, Iwanaga A, Suzuki H, Iida H, Motohashi Y, Tomonari Y, Otake S, Tsuji H, Yoshimura H. Dosimetry for lung tumorigenesis induced by urethane, 4-( N-methyl- N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in A/JJmsSlc mice. J Toxicol Pathol 2017; 30:209-216. [PMID: 28798528 PMCID: PMC5545673 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2017-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Some chemicals are known to be lung carcinogens in rodents. While many studies using two-stage models have administered medium or high doses to mice, few have tested lower doses. The dose dependence of urethane, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), three well-known lung carcinogens at high doses, has not been sufficiently reported in lower dose ranges. Our study evaluated the tumorigenicity of urethane, NNK, and B[a]P at 26 weeks after a single intraperitoneal administration of each compound within medium to low dose in male and/or female A/JJmsSlc (A/J) mice. Dose-dependent tumorigenesis was demonstrated histopathologically for the three compounds. These results suggested that the tumorigenicity of these chemicals is dose dependent in A/J mice, even at lower doses than previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Onami
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Chigusa Okubo
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Asuka Iwanaga
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Hajime Iida
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Yurie Motohashi
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Yuki Tomonari
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Seiji Otake
- Safety Assessment Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshimura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R and D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Malanga D, Belmonte S, Colelli F, Scarfò M, De Marco C, Oliveira DM, Mirante T, Camastra C, Gagliardi M, Rizzuto A, Mignogna C, Paciello O, Papparella S, Fagman H, Viglietto G. AKT1E¹⁷K Is Oncogenic in Mouse Lung and Cooperates with Chemical Carcinogens in Inducing Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147334. [PMID: 26859676 PMCID: PMC4747507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hotspot AKT1E17K mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1 occurs in approximately 0.6-2% of human lung cancers. Recently, we have demonstrated that AKT1E17K transforms immortalized human bronchial cells. Here by use of a transgenic Cre-inducible murine strain in the wild type Rosa26 (R26) locus (R26-AKT1E17K mice) we demonstrate that AKT1E17K is a bona-fide oncogene and plays a role in the development of lung cancer in vivo. In fact, we report that mutant AKT1E17K induces bronchial and/or bronchiolar hyperplastic lesions in murine lung epithelium, which progress to frank carcinoma at very low frequency, and accelerates tumor formation induced by chemical carcinogens. In conclusion, AKT1E17K induces hyperplasia of mouse lung epithelium in vivo and cooperates with urethane to induce the fully malignant phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Malanga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
- * E-mail: (GV); (DM)
| | | | - Fabiana Colelli
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Marzia Scarfò
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Carmela De Marco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Duarte Mendes Oliveira
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Mirante
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Caterina Camastra
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Unità di Anatomia Patologica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Rizzuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Unità di Anatomia Patologica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
- * E-mail: (GV); (DM)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Westcott PMK, Halliwill KD, To MD, Rashid M, Rust AG, Keane TM, Delrosario R, Jen KY, Gurley KE, Kemp CJ, Fredlund E, Quigley DA, Adams DJ, Balmain A. The mutational landscapes of genetic and chemical models of Kras-driven lung cancer. Nature 2014; 517:489-92. [PMID: 25363767 PMCID: PMC4304785 DOI: 10.1038/nature13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing of human tumours has refined our understanding of the mutational processes operative in cancer initiation and progression, yet major questions remain regarding factors that induce driver mutations, and the processes that shape their selection during tumourigenesis. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) on adenomas from three mouse models of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), induced by exposure to carcinogens (Methylnitrosourea (MNU) and Urethane), or by genetic activation of Kras (KrasLA2). Although the MNU-induced tumours carried exactly the same initiating mutation in Kras as seen in the KrasLA2 model (G12D), MNU tumours had an average of 192 non-synonymous, somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs), compared to only 6 in tumours from the KrasLA2 model. In contrast, the KrasLA2 tumours exhibited a significantly higher level of aneuploidy and copy number alterations (CNAs) compared to the carcinogen-induced tumours, suggesting that carcinogen and genetically-engineered models adopt different routes to tumour development. The wild type (WT) allele of Kras has been shown to act as a tumour suppressor in mouse models of NSCLC. We demonstrate that urethane-induced tumours from WT mice carry mostly (94%) Q61R Kras mutations, while those from Kras heterozygous animals carry mostly (92%) Q61L mutations, indicating a major role of germline Kras status in mutation selection during initiation. The exome-wide mutation spectra in carcinogen-induced tumours overwhelmingly display signatures of the initiating carcinogen, while adenocarcinomas acquire additional C>T mutations at CpG sites. These data provide a basis for understanding the conclusions from human tumour genome sequencing that identified two broad categories based on relative frequency of SNVs and CNAs1, and underline the importance of carcinogen models for understanding the complex mutation spectra seen in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M K Westcott
- 1] Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Kyle D Halliwill
- 1] Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Minh D To
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Thomas M Keane
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Reyno Delrosario
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Kuang-Yu Jen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Kay E Gurley
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Erik Fredlund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 21, Sweden
| | - David A Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Allan Balmain
- 1] Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Silica-induced chronic inflammation promotes lung carcinogenesis in the context of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Neoplasia 2014; 15:913-24. [PMID: 23908592 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between inflammation and lung tumor development has been clearly demonstrated. However, little is known concerning the molecular events preceding the development of lung cancer. In this study, we characterize a chemically induced lung cancer mouse model in which lung cancer developed in the presence of silicotic chronic inflammation. Silica-induced lung inflammation increased the incidence and multiplicity of lung cancer in mice treated with N-nitrosodimethylamine, a carcinogen found in tobacco smoke. Histologic and molecular analysis revealed that concomitant chronic inflammation contributed to lung tumorigenesis through induction of preneoplastic changes in lung epithelial cells. In addition, silica-mediated inflammation generated an immunosuppressive microenvironment in which we observed increased expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), transforming growth factor-β1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), as well as the presence of regulatory T cells. Finally, the K-RAS mutational profile of the tumors changed from Q61R to G12D mutations in the inflammatory milieu. In summary, we describe some of the early molecular changes associated to lung carcinogenesis in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment and provide novel information concerning the mechanisms underlying the formation and the fate of preneoplastic lesions in the silicotic lung.
Collapse
|
13
|
Miller MS, Miller LD. RAS Mutations and Oncogenesis: Not all RAS Mutations are Created Equally. Front Genet 2012; 2:100. [PMID: 22303394 PMCID: PMC3262225 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in RAS proteins is one of the most common genetic alterations observed in human and experimentally induced rodent cancers. In vivo, oncogenic mutations have been shown to occur at exons 12, 13, and 61, resulting in any 1 of 19 possible point mutations in a given tumor for a specific RAS isoform. While some studies have suggested a possible role of different mutant alleles in determining tumor severity and phenotype, no general consensus has emerged on the oncogenicity of different mutant alleles in tumor formation and progression. Part of this may be due to a lack of a single, signature pathway that shows significant alterations between different mutations. Rather, it is likely that subtle differences in the activation, or lack thereof, of downstream effectors by different RAS mutant alleles may determine the eventual outcome in terms of tumor phenotype. This paper reviews our current understanding of the potential role of different RAS mutations on tumorigenesis, highlights studies in model cell culture and in vivo systems, and discusses the potential of expression array and computational network modeling to dissect out differences in activated RAS genes in conferring a transforming phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Steven Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lance D. Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Vinyl carbamate (VC) and ethyl carbamate (EC) induce the formation of lung tumors. The mechanism involves a two-step oxidation of EC to VC and VC to an epoxide, both of which are mediated mainly by CYP2E1. Interaction of the epoxide with DNA leads to the formation of DNA adducts, including 1,N(6)ethenodeoxyadenosine and 1,N(4)-ethenodeoxycytidine. The production of DNA adducts correlated with capacities for the bioactivation of VC, which are higher in the lungs of A/J than in C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, CYP2E1 is higher in the lungs of A/J than in C57BL/6 mice. Studies using F(1) (Big Blue x A/J) transgenic mice revealed the formation of mutations in the lambda cII gene after treatment with VC. Mutations induced by VC were mainly A:T-->G:C transitions and A:T-->T:A transversions, while mutations induced by EC were mainly G:C-->A:T transitions. An EC dose that was 17-fold higher than that for VC was required to produce a similar level of mutant frequency in the lung. Pretreatment of mice with the CYP2E1 inhibitor, diallyl sulfone, significantly inhibited the mutant frequencies induced by VC. Mutations in the endogeneous Kras2 gene were found in codon 61 of exon 2 and were identified as A:T transversions and A-->G transitions in the second base and A-->T transversions in the third base. These mutations were reduced by treatment of mice with diallyl sulfone before VC and coincided with a reduction in the number of lung tumors with Kras2 mutations. These findings affirmed that the metabolism of EC and VC is a prerequisite for, or at least substantially contributes to, initiation of the cascade of events leading to lung tumor formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poh-Gek Forkert
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dwyer-Nield LD, McQuillan J, Hill-Baskin A, Radcliffe RA, You M, Nadeau JH, Malkinson AM. Epistatic interactions govern chemically-induced lung tumor susceptibility and Kras mutation site in murine C57BL/6J-ChrA/J chromosome substitution strains. Int J Cancer 2009; 126:125-32. [PMID: 19609923 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer susceptibility results from interactions between sensitivity and resistance alleles. We employed murine chromosome substitution strains to study how resistance alleles affected sensitive alleles during chemically-induced lung carcinogenesis. The C57BL/6J-Chr#(A/J) strains, constructed by selectively breeding sensitive A/J and resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice, each contain one pair of A/J chromosomes within an otherwise B6 genome. Pas1, the major locus responsible for this differential strain response to urethane carcinogenesis, resides on Chr 6, but C57BL/6J-Chr6(A/J) mice (hereafter CSS-6) developed few tumors following a single urethane injection, which demonstrates epistatic interactions with other B6 alleles. CSS6 mice developed dozens of lung tumors after chronic urethane exposure, however, indicating that these epistatic interactions could be overcome by repeated carcinogen administration. Unlike A/J, but similar to B6 mice, CSS6 mice were resistant to lung carcinogenesis induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA). Tumor multiplicity increased if BHT administration followed urethane exposure, showing that a Chr 6 gene(s) regulates sensitivity to chemically-induced tumor promotion. Unlike A/J tumors (predominantly codon 61 A-->T transversions), Kras mutations in tumors induced by urethane in CSS-6 mice were similar to B6 tumors (codon 61 A-->G transitions). DNA repair genes not located on Chr 6 may determine the nature of Kras mutations. CSS-6 mice are a valuable resource for testing the ability of candidate genes to modulate lung carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori D Dwyer-Nield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hernandez LG, Forkert PG. Inhibition of vinyl carbamate-induced lung tumors and Kras2 mutations by the garlic derivative diallyl sulfone. Mutat Res 2008; 662:16-21. [PMID: 19101575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vinyl carbamate (VC) is derived from ethyl carbamate (EC), a chemical found in alcoholic beverages and fermented foods. The objectives of this study were to characterize the formation of lung tumors induced by VC in F1 (Big BluexA/J) mice, and to identify the mutations formed in the Kras2 gene. In addition, we have tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with diallyl sulfone (DASO2) inhibits the adverse effects of VC. Mice were treated with VC (60 mg/kg, i.p.) or DASO2 (50 mg/kg, p.o.) 2 h prior to VC (DASO2/VC). Lung tumor multiplicity was significantly lower (21%) in mice treated with DASO2/VC than with VC. Lung tumors induced by VC are manifested as solid or papillary tumors, with the latter being regarded as a more malignant phenotype as they demonstrate no growth restrictions. Solid (42%) and papillary tumors (58%) were found in similar proportions in VC-treated mice. The number of papillary tumors was significantly decreased (44.5%) in mice treated with DASO2/VC, while there was a proportional increase (44.5%) in the number of solid tumors. The number of tumors with mutations in the first and second exon of Kras2 was significantly lower after treatment with DASO2/VC (7%) than after treatment with VC (61%). The mutations were mainly found in codon 61, and were identified as A-->T transversions (31%) and A-->G transitions (25%) in the second base, and A-->T transversions (12%) in the third base. All of these mutations were significantly reduced by DASO2 pretreatment. The number of tumors containing Kras2 mutations was highest (38%) in the large papillary tumors. Hence, mice treated with DASO2/VC had decreased frequencies of Kras2 mutations and reduced numbers of small and large papillary tumors, suggesting that activation of the Kras2 gene may be implicated in lung tumor formation and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lya G Hernandez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Minowada G, Miller YE. Overexpression of Sprouty 2 in mouse lung epithelium inhibits urethane-induced tumorigenesis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 40:31-7. [PMID: 18635814 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0147oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Sprouty family encode novel proteins that are thought to function primarily as intracellular antagonists of the Ras-signaling pathway. Increased Ras signaling is a critical characteristic of human lung adenocarcinoma, the most common type of non-small cell lung cancer. Sprouty 2 is expressed in the lung epithelium, the tissue layer from which lung cancers arise. We hypothesized that overexpression of Sprouty 2 in the distal lung epithelium would inhibit lung tumorigenesis. To test the hypothesis, the consequences of overexpressing Sprouty 2 in the distal lung epithelium on urethane-induced mouse lung tumorigenesis were determined. Urethane is a chemical carcinogen found in tobacco smoke that causes activating mutations in Kras and induces lung tumors in mice. Sprouty 2-overexpressor mice developed significantly fewer lung tumors compared with their littermate controls (13.2 +/- 1.1 versus 18.1 +/- 1.3, P = 0.006). Tumor diameter was also significantly smaller in Sprouty 2 overexpressors (0.85 mm +/- 0.03 versus 0.95 mm +/- 0.02, P = 0.005). Sprouty 2 overexpression did not alter Kras mutational frequencies in urethane-induced tumors, suggesting that the tumor-suppressing effect of Sprouty 2 overexpression acts at a stage after Kras mutation, perhaps by interfering with receptor tyrosine kinase-induced signaling. These results demonstrate that Sprouty 2 overexpression inhibited both tumor initiation and subsequent tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Minowada
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Orita H, Coulter J, Tully E, Kuhajda FP, Gabrielson E. Inhibiting fatty acid synthase for chemoprevention of chemically induced lung tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2458-64. [PMID: 18413838 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is overexpressed in lung cancer, and we have investigated the potential use of FAS inhibitors for chemoprevention of lung cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of FAS was evaluated in preinvasive human lung lesions (bronchial squamous dysplasia and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia) and in murine models of lung tumorigenesis [4-(methylnitrosamino)-I-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced and urethane-induced lung tumors in A/J mice]. Then, the ability of pharmacologic inhibitors of FAS to prevent development of the murine tumors was investigated. Finally, the effect of the FAS inhibitor treatment of levels of phosphorylated Akt in the murine tumors was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Immunohistochemical studies show that human bronchial dysplasia and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia express high levels of FAS compared with normal lung tissues, suggesting that FAS might be a target for intervention in lung carcinogenesis. FAS is also expressed at high levels in chemically induced murine lung tumors, and the numbers and sizes of those murine tumors are significantly reduced by treating carcinogen-exposed mice with pharmacologic inhibitors of FAS, C75 and C93. C93 treatment is associated with reduced levels of phosphorylated Akt in tumor tissues, suggesting that inhibition of this signal transduction pathway might be involved in the chemopreventative activity of this compound. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that increased levels of FAS are common in human preinvasive neoplasia of the lung. Based on studies in mouse models, it seems that inhibiting FAS is an effective strategy in preventing and retarding growth of lung tumors that have high expression of this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Orita
- Department of Pathology and Johns Hopkins Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zerbe LK, Dwyer-Nield LD, Fritz JM, Redente EF, Shroyer RJ, Conklin E, Kane S, Tucker C, Eckhardt SG, Gustafson DL, Iwata KK, Malkinson AM. Inhibition by erlotinib of primary lung adenocarcinoma at an early stage in male mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 62:605-20. [PMID: 18030469 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Erlotinib, a small molecule inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), increases survival of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients who failed standard chemotherapy (Phase III study). We evaluated whether erlotinib is also effective at an early stage of primary lung tumorigenesis in a carcinogen-induced lung tumor model in mice. METHODS Sixteen weeks after carcinogen (urethane) injection, when small self-contained adenomas are evident, male and female A/J mice were treated IP with 10 mg/kg erlotinib or Captisol vehicle daily over 3.5 weeks (15 mice per group). The efficacy, metabolism and mechanism of action of erlotinib were evaluated. RESULTS Erlotinib reduced tumor burden in males by twofold compared to vehicle (12.7 +/- 1.2 vs 26.2 +/- 2.5 mg, respectively; p < 0.0001), while tumor burden in erlotinib-treated females slightly increased compared to vehicle by 21% (15.1 +/- 1.2 vs 11.9 +/- 0.9 mg, respectively; p < 0.05). Tumor multiplicity, in contrast, was unaffected by erlotinib. The levels of erlotinib that accumulated in plasma, lung tumor tissue and adjacent uninvolved (UI) lung were comparable in males and females. Males, however, accumulated more OSI-420, an active and pharmacologically equipotent metabolite of erlotinib, than females in plasma, lung tumors, and UI lung. In both genders, 80% of tumors contained Kras mutations at codon 61, but no EGFR mutations were detected. The cellular distribution and concentration of EGFR were also similar between genders. In control mice, however, phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR) levels were nearly 2.5-fold higher in males compared to females in UI lungs and sevenfold higher in lung tumors. Further, erlotinib decreased the contents of pEGFR in UI lungs and lung tumors, particularly in males. CONCLUSIONS Adenomas from male mice in this early lung cancer model are responsive to erlotinib treatment, possibly because of a greater dependence of male tumor growth on the EGFR pathway compared to females. Importantly, these results indicate that small lung adenomas from male mice that utilize EGFR signaling but also harbor Kras mutations shrink in response to erlotinib, suggesting that erlotinib may be beneficial for some patients very early during lung cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Zerbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Box C238, Denver, CO, 80262, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hisamoto A, Kondo E, Kiura K, Okada T, Hosokawa S, Mimoto J, Takigawa N, Tabata M, Tanimoto M. Point mutation of K-ras gene in cisplatin-induced lung tumours in A/J mice. Lung Cancer 2007; 58:15-20. [PMID: 17604873 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The risks of secondary lung cancer in patients with early stage non-small and small cell lung cancers are estimated to be 1-2% and 2-10% per patient per year, respectively. Surprisingly, the incidence of second primary cancer in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer at 10 years, following cisplatin-based chemotherapy with concurrent radiotherapy, increases to 61%. Those patients, on the road to being cured, cannot overlook the possibility of developing a second primary cancer. We developed a second primary lung cancer model using cisplatin as a carcinogen in A/J mice to screen for chemopreventive agents for a second malignancy. In the primary lung tumour model, 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), urethane induces specific K-ras mutations in codon 12, codon 12, and codon 61, respectively, in the A/J mice. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of carcinogenicity by cisplatin in the A/J mice. In the cisplatin-induced tumours, we found no K-ras codon 12 mutation, which is the major mutation induced by NNK or BaP. K-ras gene mutations in codon 13 and codon 61 were found in one tumour (4%) and five tumours (17.8%), respectively. These findings suggest that cisplatin is partially related to K-ras codon 61 mutations, and that the mechanism of carcinogenicity by cisplatin is different from that by NNK or BaP.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemically induced
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/prevention & control
- Animals
- Benzo(a)pyrene/toxicity
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/prevention & control
- Cisplatin/adverse effects
- Cisplatin/toxicity
- Codon
- Female
- Genes, ras
- Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/genetics
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/prevention & control
- Nitrosamines/toxicity
- Point Mutation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hisamoto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hong HHL, Houle CD, Ton TVT, Sills RC. K-ras mutations in lung tumors and tumors from other organs are consistent with a common mechanism of ethylene oxide tumorigenesis in the B6C3F1 mouse. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:81-5. [PMID: 17325976 PMCID: PMC2099306 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601063839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene oxide is a multisite carcinogen in rodents and classified as a human carcinogen by the National Toxicology Program. In 2-year mouse studies, ethylene oxide (EO) induced lung, Harderian gland (HG), and uterine neoplasms. We evaluated representative EO-induced and equivalent spontaneous neoplasms for K-ras mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61. K-ras mutations were identified in 100% (23/23) of the EO-induced lung neoplasms and 25% (27/108) of the spontaneous lung neoplasms. Codon 12 G to T transversions were common in EO-induced lung neoplasms (21/23) but infrequent in spontaneous lung neoplasms (1/108). K-ras mutations were found in 86% (18/21) of the EO-induced HG neoplasms and 7% (2/27) of the spontaneous HG neoplasms. Codon 13 G to C and codon 12 G to T transversions were predominant in the EO-induced HG neoplasms but absent in spontaneous HG neoplasms (0/27). K-ras mutations occurred in 83% (5/6) of the EO-induced uterine carcinomas and all were codon 13 C to T transitions. These data show a strong predilection for development of K-ras mutations in EO-induced lung, Harderian gland, and uterine neoplasms. This suggests that EO specifically targets the K-ras gene in multiple tissue types and that this event is a critical component of EO-induced tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hue-Hua L Hong
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
BAC Consensus Conference, November 4???6, 2004: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Preclinical Models. J Thorac Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01243894-200611001-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
Christiani DC, Pao W, DeMartini JC, Linnoila RI, Malkinson AM, Onn A, Politi KA, Sharp M, Kim K. BAC Consensus Conference, November 4–6, 2004: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Preclinical Models. J Thorac Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1556-0864(15)30002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
24
|
Jackson MA, Lea I, Rashid A, Peddada SD, Dunnick JK. Genetic alterations in cancer knowledge system: analysis of gene mutations in mouse and human liver and lung tumors. Toxicol Sci 2006; 90:400-18. [PMID: 16410370 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational incidence and spectra for genes examined in both human and mouse lung and liver tumors were analyzed using the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Genetic Alterations in Cancer (GAC) knowledge system. GAC is a publicly available, web-based system for evaluating data obtained from peer-reviewed studies of genetic changes in tumors associated with exposure to chemical, physical, or biological agents, as well as spontaneous tumors. In mice, mutations in Kras2 and Hras-1 were the most common events reported for lung and liver tumors, respectively, whether chemically induced or spontaneous. There was a significant difference in Kras2 mutation incidence for spontaneous versus induced mouse lung tumors and in Hras-1 mutation incidence and spectrum for spontaneous versus induced mouse liver tumors. The major gene changes reported for human lung and liver tumors were in KRAS2 (lung only) and TP53. The KRAS2 mutation incidence was similar for spontaneous and asbestos-induced human lung tumors, while the TP53 mutation incidence differed significantly. Aflatoxin B1, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and vinyl chloride all caused TP53 mutations in human liver tumors, but the mutation spectrum for each agent differed. The incidence of KRAS2 mutations in human compared to mouse lung tumors differed significantly, as did the incidence of Hras and p53 gene mutations in human compared to mouse liver tumors. Differences observed in the mutation spectra for agent-induced compared to spontaneous tumors and similarities in spectra for structurally similar agents support the concept that mutation spectra can serve as a "fingerprint" of exposure based on chemical structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Jackson
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
O'Donnell EP, Zerbe LK, Dwyer-Nield LD, Kisley LR, Malkinson AM. Quantitative analysis of early chemically-induced pulmonary lesions in mice of varying susceptibilities to lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2005; 241:197-202. [PMID: 16337739 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inbred mice vary in their susceptibility to develop macroscopic, chemically-induced, pulmonary neoplasias. It is not known, however, whether microscopic lesions appear in resistant strains but do not grow or if no early lesions arise at all. We show herein that resistant C57BL/6J (B6) and intermediately resistant BALB/cByJ (BALB) mice form very few urethane-induced early microadenomas (i.e. adenomas larger than hyperplasic foci, but detectable only by light microscopy). Additionally, while all urethane-induced microadenomas in sensitive A/J mice gave rise to adenomas, most microscopic tumors induced in BALB mice by 2-stage, 3-methylcholanthrene/butylated hydroxytoluene carcinogenesis spontaneously regressed. The formation of microscopic lesions is thus genetically dependent, but whether they continue to grow or regress depends on how they were induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Paul O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Box C238, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Friday BB, Adjei AA. K-ras as a target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1756:127-44. [PMID: 16139957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The central role K-, H- and N-Ras play in regulating diverse cellular pathways important for cell growth, differentiation and survival is well established. Dysregulation of Ras proteins by activating mutations, overexpression or upstream activation is common in human tumors. Of the Ras proteins, K-ras is the most frequently mutated and is therefore an attractive target for cancer therapy. The complexity of K-ras signaling presents many opportunities for therapeutic targeting. A number of different approaches aimed at abrogating K-ras activity have been explored in clinical trials. Several of the therapeutic agents tested have demonstrated clinical activity, supporting ongoing development of K-ras targeted therapies. However, many of the agents currently being evaluated have multiple targets and their antitumor effects may not be due to K-Ras inhibition. To date, no selective, specific inhibitor of K-ras is available for routine clinical use. In this review, we will summarize the structure and function of K-ras with attention to its role in tumorigenesis and discuss the successes and failures of the various strategies designed to therapeutically target this important oncogene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bret B Friday
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Floyd HS, Farnsworth CL, Kock ND, Mizesko MC, Little JL, Dance ST, Everitt J, Tichelaar J, Whitsett JA, Miller MS. Conditional expression of the mutant Ki-rasG12C allele results in formation of benign lung adenomas: development of a novel mouse lung tumor model. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:2196-206. [PMID: 16051643 PMCID: PMC1351110 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of expression of mutant Ki-ras on lung tumorigenesis, we developed a bitransgenic mouse model that expresses the human Ki-ras(G12C) allele in alveolar type II and/or Clara cells in a tetracycline-inducible, lung-specific manner. Expression of Ki-ras(G12C) caused multiple, small lung tumors over a 12-month time period. Although tumor multiplicity increased upon continued Ki-ras expression, most lung lesions were hyperplasias or well-differentiated adenomas. This is in contrast to the more severe phenotypes observed in other transgenic mouse models in which different mutant Ki-ras alleles were expressed in the lung. Expression of Ki-ras(G12C) was associated with a 2-fold increase in the activation of the Ras and Ral signaling pathways and increased phosphorylation of Ras downstream effectors, including Erk, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase, ribosomal S6 protein, p38 and MAPKAPK-2. In contrast, expression of the transgene had no effect on the activation of the JNK and Akt signaling pathways. Withdrawal of doxycycline for 1 month resulted in almost a complete absence of proliferative pulmonary lesions, suggesting tumor regression in the absence of Ki-ras expression. Mutant Ki-ras(G12C) expression was sufficient for initial lung tumor transformation, required for maintenance of tumor phenotype, and induced transformation of lung epithelial cells by the activation of multiple effector pathways. These results describe a novel mouse lung tumor model demonstrating benign tumor development in the absence of tumor progression, which will provide a new tool for understanding the early stages of lung tumor pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Floyd
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Franzusoff A, Duke RC, King TH, Lu Y, Rodell TC. Yeasts encoding tumour antigens in cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5:565-75. [PMID: 15934834 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.4.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy for cancer represents an attractive therapeutic target because of its specificity and lack of toxicity, but products investigated so far have been limited by neutralisation, complexity of manufacturing and requirement for patient-specific products. Recombinant yeast cells are capable of stimulating the immune system to produce highly specific and potent cellular responses against target protein antigens with little toxicity. Data from animal models suggest that Tarmogens (yeast-based immunotherapeutics) can elicit protective immunity against xenografted and chemically induced tumours. This concept is now being tested in a Phase I trial in patients with colorectal, pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Franzusoff
- GlobeImmune, Inc., 12635 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80010, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lu Y, Bellgrau D, Dwyer-Nield LD, Malkinson AM, Duke RC, Rodell TC, Franzusoff A. Mutation-Selective Tumor Remission with Ras-Targeted, Whole Yeast-Based Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5084-8. [PMID: 15289309 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in Ras oncoproteins represent attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy, but few vectors capable of generating immune responses required for tumor killing without vector neutralization have been described. Whole recombinant yeast heterologously expressing mammalian mutant Ras proteins were used to immunize mice in a carcinogen-induced lung tumor model. Therapeutic immunization with the whole recombinant yeast caused complete regression of established Ras mutation-bearing lung tumors in a dose-dependent, antigen-specific manner. In combination with the genomic sequencing of tumors in patients, the yeast-based immunotherapeutic approach could be applied to treat Ras mutation-bearing human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingnian Lu
- GlobeImmune Inc., 12635 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jackson RJ, Adnane J, Coppola D, Cantor A, Sebti SM, Pledger WJ. Loss of the cell cycle inhibitors p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) enhances tumorigenesis in knockout mouse models. Oncogene 2002; 21:8486-97. [PMID: 12466968 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2002] [Revised: 07/31/2002] [Accepted: 08/07/2002] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Events that contribute to tumor formation include mutations in the ras gene and loss or inactivation of cell cycle inhibitors such as p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1). In our previous publication, we showed that mice expressing the MMTV/v-Ha-ras transgene developed tumors earlier and at higher multiplicities in the absence than in the presence of p21(Cip1). To further evaluate the combinatorial role of genetic alterations and loss of cell cycle inhibitors in tumorigenesis, we performed two companion studies. In the first study, wild type and p21(Cip1)-null mice were exposed to the chemical carcinogen, urethane. Similar to its effects in v-Ha-ras mice, loss of p21(Cip1) accelerated tumor onset and increased tumor multiplicity in urethane-treated mice. Lung tumors were the predominant tumor type in urethane-treated mice regardless of p21(Cip1) status. In the second study, tumor formation was monitored in v-Ha-ras mice expressing or lacking p27(Kip1). Unlike p21(Cip1), the absence of p27(Kip1) had no effect on the timing or multiplicity of tumor formation, which was largely restricted to mammary and salivary glands. However, once tumors appeared, they grew faster in p27(Kip1)-null mice than in p27(Kip1)-wild type mice. Increases in growth rate were particularly striking for salivary tumors in ras/p27(-/-) mice. Loss of p21(Cip1), on the other hand, had no effect on tumor growth rate in v-Ha-ras mice. Collectively, our data suggest that p21(Cip1) suppresses tumor formation elicited by multiple agents and that p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) suppress tumor formation in different ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind J Jackson
- Molecular Oncology Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mizesko MC, Grewe C, Grabner A, Miller MS. Alterations at the Ink4a locus in transplacentally induced murine lung tumors. Cancer Lett 2001; 172:59-66. [PMID: 11595130 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The malignant phenotype results from multiple genetic alterations, including the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Activation of the Ki-ras oncogene has been implicated as an early event in the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinomas in humans and experimental animal models. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that, following treatment of pregnant [D2 x B6D2F(1)]F(2) or Balb/c mice with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), lung tumors from the transplacentally exposed offspring exhibited a high incidence of mutations in the Ki-ras gene. The role of genetic alterations at other oncogenic or tumor suppressor loci that can mediate lung tumor initiation and/or progression have not been well characterized in either human or murine models. Using the transplacental carcinogenesis model, which results in the induction of both lung and liver tumors following in utero exposure to MC, the results of this and our previous studies show that alterations in the Ink4a locus occur in only 15 and 27% of the lung and liver tumors, respectively. Preliminary data also suggests that the type of mutation induced in the Ki-ras gene following the initial exposure to MC may influence lung tumor progression. These results imply that damage to the Ink4a gene is not a frequent pathway to malignant progression in mouse lung and liver tumors following in utero exposure to environmental carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Mizesko
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1082, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Malkinson AM. Primary lung tumors in mice as an aid for understanding, preventing, and treating human adenocarcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer 2001; 32:265-79. [PMID: 11390008 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(00)00232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary lung tumors in mice have morphologic, histogenic, and molecular features similar to human lung adenocarcinoma, and in particular, the bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma subtype. Because of this, and because of the genetic homology between man and mouse and the ease of genetic manipulations in mice, this model system is receiving intense research attention. This review is intended to be informative to clinical investigators, and describes features of this model, how it is being used for translational research, and points out additional avenues of study that could have practical benefits, such as application for identifying novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Malkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mori I, Yasuhara K, Hayashi SM, Nonoyama T, Nomura T, Mitsumori K. Carcinogen dose-dependent variation in the transgene mutation spectrum in urethane-induced lung tumors in transgenic mice carrying the human prototype c-Ha-ras gene. Cancer Lett 2000; 153:199-209. [PMID: 10779650 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Urethane-induced lung tumors and their genetic changes were investigated in transgenic (Tg) mice carrying a human prototype c-Ha-ras gene (rasH2 mice). Male and female rasH2 mice and non-transgenic (non-Tg) littermates were injected intraperitoneally with 1000 mg/kg of urethane once or three times at 2-day intervals. Hyperplasias and adenomas of the lung were observed in all animals of each group from week 10, and carcinomas were observed in male and female rasH2 mice of the triple injection group from week 10 and female non-Tg mice of the single injection group at 15/20 weeks. The multiplicities of lung proliferative lesions including hyperplasias, adenomas and carcinomas, in treated rasH2 mice were significantly higher than those in treated non-Tg mice. CAG to CTG transversions were observed in the c-Ha-ras gene in these lung proliferative lesions of rasH2 mice of the single injection group at high incidence (male: 58.3%, female: 62.5%), but no mutations of the mouse c-Ki-ras gene were evident in either rasH2 or non-Tg mice. In the triple injection group, transgene mutations were detected at a relatively low incidence, and mouse c-Ki-ras gene mutations(CAA to CGA) were observed in both rasH2 and non-Tg mice. These results suggest that the variation of the lesions induced by different doses of urethane was not the cause of the variation of the mutation spectrum and mutations of both transgene and mouse c-K-ras gene are not principal genetic events in urethane-induced lung proliferative lesions in rasH2 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Mori
- Drug Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, C-81, Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd., 2-17-85 Juso Honmachi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tamura T, Yasuhara K, Koujitani T, Onodera H, Takagi H, Takizawa T, Hirose M, Hayashi Y, Mitsumori K. Lack of Modifying Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on Development of Lung Proliferative Lesions Induced by Urethane in Transgenic Mice Carrying the Human Prototype c-Ha-ras Gene. J Toxicol Pathol 2000. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.13.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501
| | - Kazuo Yasuhara
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501
| | - Takatoshi Koujitani
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501
| | - Hiroshi Onodera
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501
| | - Hisayoshi Takagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501
| | - Tamotsu Takizawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501
| | - Masao Hirose
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501
| | - Yuzo Hayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirogane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0072
| | - Kunitoshi Mitsumori
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gressani KM, Leone-Kabler S, O'Sullivan MG, Case LD, Malkinson AM, Miller MS. Strain-dependent lung tumor formation in mice transplacentally exposed to 3-methylcholanthrene and post-natally exposed to butylated hydroxytoluene. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:2159-65. [PMID: 10545420 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.11.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The carcinogenic effects of in utero exposure to 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) have been demonstrated in the tumor-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA (D2) strains of mice. In this study, we determined the effects of in utero exposure to MC in BALB/c mice, a strain which demonstrates greater susceptibility to lung tumor induction, and compared our findings with those previously found in [D2xB6D2F(1)]F(2) mice. In addition, we assessed the molecular pathogenesis of the chemically induced tumors and examined the effects of the putative lung tumor promoter butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice were treated on day 17 of gestation with 5, 15 or 45 mg/kg MC and 6 weeks after birth with BHT for 6 consecutive weeks. Mice were killed at 6 months of age. Ki-ras, p16Ink4a and p19ARF gene loci were amplified from paraffin-embedded lung tumor tissue and screened for the presence of point mutations via allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses. Ki-ras point mutations were found in 56% (20/36) of BALB/c lung tumors, with 33% (2/6) of the hyperplasias, 58% (10/19) of the adenomas and 73% (8/11) of the carcinomas exhibiting point mutations at this gene locus. Similar incidences of Ki-ras mutations were previously found following transplacental exposure of [D2xB6D2F(1)]F(2) mice to MC and treatment of adult A/J mice with urethane. Interestingly, a strain-dependent difference was observed in the mutational spectrum. Sixty-two and 38% of the lung lesions in BALB/c mice exhibited G-->C and G-->T transversions, respectively, in contrast to the 13 and 84% incidences previously observed in [D2xB6D2F(1)]F(2) mice. SSCP analysis of the tumor suppressor gene p16Ink4a showed a 6% incidence of point mutations, consistent with that found in [D2xB6D2F(1)]F(2) mice. No mutations were found in exon 1beta of the p19ARF gene of either strain. BHT, a lung tumor promoter in adult mice, had no statistically significant effects on either tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity or the mutational spectrum produced in the Ki-ras gene by in utero MC treatment. However, though not significant, there was an observable trend in increased tumor multiplicity in mice co-treated with BHT. These data demonstrate the transplacental carcinogenic effect of MC in BALB/c mice and show that mutagenic damage to Ki-ras is a critical early event mediating murine lung tumorigenesis in both the tumor-sensitive and tumor-resistant strains. Unlike what occurs when adult BALB/c mice are treated with MC, BHT does not appear to significantly promote the formation of lung tumors following transplacental exposure to MC, possibly due to the rapid growth and cell proliferation in the developing organism. Strain-dependent differences in the Ki-ras mutational spectrum may be associated with their differential susceptibility to lung tumor initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Gressani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Public Health Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rice PL, Porter SE, Koski KM, Ramakrishna G, Chen A, Schrump D, Kazlauskas A, Malkinson AM. Reduced receptor expression for platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor in dividing mouse lung epithelial cells. Mol Carcinog 1999; 25:285-94. [PMID: 10449035 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199908)25:4<285::aid-mc7>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The roles of growth factors in mouse lung neoplasia were investigated by examining receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in epithelial cell lines. Whereas nontumorigenic lung cells expressed mRNA and protein for PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-alpha, PDGFR-beta, and EGF receptor (EGFR), five of six neoplastic lines did not. Because this exceptional tumorigenic cell line grows slowly, we hypothesized that receptor levels increased with cell stasis. To test this hypothesis, serum concentrations were manipulated, and log-phase and post-confluent cells were compared. Consistent with our hypothesis, PDGFR-alpha and EGFR contents, but not PDGFR-beta contents, increased at stasis. Ki-ras mutation initiates lung tumorigenesis in mice, but activation of Ki-ras did not affect receptor expression. This was determined both by transfecting nontumorigenic cells with activated Ki-ras and neoplastic cells with a Ki-ras antisense construct and by diminishing Ki-ras activation by using a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Stasis-associated upregulation of growth-factor receptor expression suggests a function in lung cell differentiation that is abrogated during neoplastic growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Rice
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bai F, Nakanishi Y, Takayama K, Pei XH, Tokiwa H, Hara N. Ki-ras mutation and cell proliferation of lung lesions induced by 1-nitropyrene in A/J mice. Mol Carcinog 1998; 22:258-64. [PMID: 9726818 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199808)22:4<258::aid-mc7>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, lung lesions were found in male A/J mice 24 wk after intraperitoneal injection of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP). The lesions were classified into three categories: alveolar/bronchiolar hyperplasia, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma. The proliferation kinetics of cells in the lesions were evaluated by assessing proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and silver-staining nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs). Furthermore, the role of the Ki-ras gene in tumorigenesis was studied by detecting point mutations in Ki-ras codons 12, 13, and 61 by polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. The PCNA-positive rates (+/- standard deviations) in various samples were as follows: 0% for specimens from six untreated animals and six uninvolved areas, 4.26 +/- 3.94% for 19 hyperplasias (hyperplasias vs normal lung tissue, P < 0.01), 13.24 +/- 6.35% for 25 adenomas (adenomas vs hyperplasias, P < 0.01), and 38.0 +/- 9.63% for four adenocarcinomas (adenocarcinomas vs adenomas, P < 0.01). The corresponding mean AgNOR scores were as follows: 1.10 +/- 0.05 for the untreated animals, 1.32 +/- 0.09 for the uninvolved areas, 1.72 +/- 0.59 for the hyperplasias (hyperplasias vs normal lung tissue, P > 0.05), 2.74 +/- 0.70 for the adenomas (adenomas vs hyperplasias, P < 0.01), and 5.22 +/- 0.62 for the adenocarcinomas (adenocarcinomas vs adenomas, P < 0.01). Ki-ras gene mutations were identified in three of four (75%) adenocarcinomas, six of 23 (26%) adenomas, and two of 17 (12%) hyperplasias. No mutations were found in normal lung tissue. The most frequent Ki-ras mutation was an arginine (CGA)AT --> GC transition at codon 61 in exon 2. The PCNA-positive rates and AgNOR scores of cases with Ki-ras mutations were higher than those without an identified mutation (P < 0.05). Ki-ras mutations at codon 61 (Arg) may therefore influence the growth or development of 1-NP-induced lung lesions in A/J mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bai
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Miller MS, Leone-Kabler S, Rollins LA, Wessner LL, Fan M, Schaeffer DO, McEntee MF, O'Sullivan MG. Molecular pathogenesis of transplacentally induced mouse lung tumors. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24:557-77. [PMID: 9659583 DOI: 10.3109/01902149809087386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from this and other laboratories have shown that treatment of pregnant mice with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) caused lung tumors in the offspring, the incidence of which correlated with fetal inducibility of Cyp1a1. Analysis of paraffin-embedded lung tissue for Ki-ras-2 mutations indicated that 79% of the lesions examined contained point mutations in codons 12 and 13 of the Ki-ras-2 gene locus, the majority of which (84%) were G-->T transversions. The mutational spectrum was dependent on the tumor stage, as both the incidence of mutation and type of mutation produced correlated with malignant progression of the tumor. Mutations occurred in 60% of the hyperplasias, 80% of the adenomas, and 100% of the adenocarcinomas. In the tumors with mutations, GLY12-->CYS12 transversions occurred in 100% of the hyperplasias, 42% of the adenomas, and 14% of the adenocarcinomas. GLY12-->VAL12 transversions were not observed in hyperplasias and occurred in 42% of the adenomas and 57% of the adenocarcinomas. The remaining ASP12 and ARG13 mutations occurred only in adenomas (17%) and adenocarcinomas (29%). The tumors were also analyzed for alterations in the structure or function of the tumor suppressor genes Rb, p53, and Cdkn2a. No mutations were observed in exons 5-8 of the p53 gene. SSCP analysis demonstrated that 2 of 15 lung tumors contained shifted bands at the Cdkn2a gene locus. Sequence analysis had identified these as mutations in exon 2, with a CAC-->TAC transition at base 301 (HIS74-->TYR74) in tumor 23-1 and GGG-->GAG transition at base 350 (GLY90-->GLU90) in tumor 36-1. Northern blot analysis of the larger tumors revealed that 14 of 14 of these large lung tumors exhibited markedly decreased expression of Rb gene transcripts. These results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The larger tumors, which exhibited features of adenocarcinomas, showed a marked reduction or almost complete absence of nuclear pRb staining compared with smaller adenomas and normal lung tissue. The results suggest that Ki-ras-2 mutations are an early and frequent event in lung tumorigenesis, and that the type of mutation produced by environmental chemicals can influence the carcinogenic potential of the tumor. The results obtained with the Cdkn2a and Rb genes suggest that alterations in the Rb regulatory axis may play a key role in the pathogenesis of the pulmonary tumors and appear to occur later in the neoplastic process. It appears from these experiments that the combination of mutated Ki-ras-2 and alterations in the Rb regulatory gene locus, which are frequent alterations in human lung tumors, may be the preferred pathway for lung tumor pathogenesis in mice exposed transplacentally to environmental carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Mice develop lung tumors similar in their histogenesis and molecular features to peripheral adenocarcinomas in humans. The advantage of this model system is that events early in tumorigenesis can be delineated and their biological consequences tested by transgenic and knockout strategies. Both human and murine adenocarcinomas contain Kras mutations; in mice these occur within weeks following carcinogen administration. Decreased expression of similar tumor suppressor genes occur in both species due to mutation, deletion, altered DNA methylation, or unknown mechanisms. These genes include p15, p16, Rb, cyclin D1, p53, Apc, Mcc, and Gjal. Some genes have only been examined in one of these species, such as the deletions in chromosome 3p and the overexpression of bcl 2 in human adenocarcinoma. Not all molecular changes are identical to the two species, however. Quinone oxidoreductase (DT-diaphorase) levels rise in the human tumors but fall in the mouse; the extent of both changes is very dramatic. Similarly, EGF-receptor content often increases in human lung adenocarcinomas but decreases in the mouse tumors. In general, however, the nature of the molecular changes is quite similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Malkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pitot HC. The Progression of Neoplasia, Cell Replication, and Electromagnetic Fields. Int J Toxicol 1998. [DOI: 10.1177/109158189801700308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry C. Pitot
- McArdle Laboratory for Cansor Research, University of Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cazorla M, Hernández L, Fernández PL, Fabra A, Peinado MA, Dasenbrock C, Tillmann T, Kamino K, Campo E, Kohler M, Morawieltz G, Cardesa A, Tomatis L, Mohr U. Ki-ras gene mutations and absence of p53 gene mutations in spontaneous and urethane-induced early lung lesions in CBA/J mice. Mol Carcinog 1998; 21:251-60. [PMID: 9585255 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199804)21:4<251::aid-mc4>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ki-ras and p53 genes are involved in human lung carcinogenesis; however, the role of these genes in experimental lung tumors is not well known. In our study, the CBA/J mouse strain was used to investigate the presence of Ki-ras and p53 alterations in lung carcinogenesis of spontaneous tumors and tumors induced with high and low doses of urethane (ethyl carbamate). To study the presence of these alterations in the early stages of lung carcinogenesis and in very small lung tumors, restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-strand conformation polymorphism analyses were performed on polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA from microdissected tumoral and normal lung samples. Ki-ras gene mutations in codons 12 and 61 were detected in all types of lung lesions, even in small and preneoplastic lesions, and their incidence increased with progression from lung hyperplasias (18%) to adenomas (75%) and to carcinomas (80%). Urethane exposure, in both high and low doses, increased the incidence of Ki-ras mutations in lung tumors, especially in adenomas. The presence of Ki-ras gene mutations in very small urethane-induced lung tumors and the absence of hyperplasias among the treated-group lesions may indicate that urethane accelerates tumoral progression. No p53 mutations were detected in exons 5-8 in any of the epithelium-derived lung tumors. Only one p53 mutation in exon 5 was found in a spontaneous lymphoma. Therefore, p53 mutations do not seem to cooperate with Ki-ras gene mutations or represent an alternative molecular pathway in murine carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cazorla
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínic Provincial, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Malkinson AM, Dwyer-Nield LD, Rice PL, Dinsdale D. Mouse lung epithelial cell lines--tools for the study of differentiation and the neoplastic phenotype. Toxicology 1997; 123:53-100. [PMID: 9347924 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(97)00108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several dozen lung epithelial cell lines have been established in culture over the past 20 years from normal lung explants and their spontaneous transformants, and from lung tumors that arose spontaneously or were induced with chemicals, viruses, or oncogenic transgenes. To provide information from which to choose appropriate lines for investigating problems in lung cell biology and pulmonary neoplasia, this review describes the origins of these lines and some of their characteristics. These include growth, morphology, tumorigenicity, ability to metastasize, xenobiotic metabolism, mutational status, signal transducing activities, cytogenetics, ability to form domes, and electric conductance. In addition to collecting this information in a single place for the first time, we describe previously unpublished apoptosis features of some of these lines. An increasing number of investigations are beginning to use these lines and this review contains references into 1997.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Malkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nomura T, Kurokawa N. Comparative study on germ cell mutation induced by urethane (ethyl carbamate) gas and X-rays in Drosophila melanogaster. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88:461-7. [PMID: 9247602 PMCID: PMC5921453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although its mutagenicity has not been confirmed in mouse germ cells, urethane (ethyl carbamate) gas induces a significant increase of X-linked recessive lethal mutations in the germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster. The mutation frequency increased as the exposure time was changed from 3.5 to 5.5 h. Mutations were also induced by X-rays (20 to 40 Gy) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) (0.06 to 0.10%). However, no significant increase of chromosomal changes (partial loss of the Y chromosome, total loss of X or Y, and translocations) was produced by urethane, although these were readily induced by X-rays. There were large and significant increase in chromosomal changes caused by X-rays (20 Gy) compared to urethane (5.5 h) or MNU (0.06%). In contrast, there were no substantial differences among these three treatments as regards recessive lethal mutations. Urethane-induced DNA lesions detected as recessive lethals appear to be intragenic mutations. Complementation analysis with 15 reference single-site loci (cistrons) in the zeste-white region of the X chromosome revealed that 29 of 723 urethane-induced recessive lethals were located in the zeste-white region and all were restricted to a single locus. However, among 28 of 890 X-ray-induced lethals, 2 were non-complementary to 2 or 3 adjacent loci, indicating deletions encompassing 2 or 3 loci. In addition, 3 of these lethal chromosomes included mutations outside the zeste-white region. Another difference between urethane and X-rays was in the distribution of mutation sites. Urethane-induced mutations were strikingly non-random with two hot spots at zw-1 and zw-2, whereas the distribution of X-ray-induced mutations was more nearly random.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nomura
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Horio Y, Chen A, Rice P, Roth JA, Malkinson AM, Schrump DS. Ki-ras and p53 mutations are early and late events, respectively, in urethane-induced pulmonary carcinogenesis in A/J mice. Mol Carcinog 1996; 17:217-23. [PMID: 8989915 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199612)17:4<217::aid-mc5>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the A/J strain of mice, urethane (ethyl carbamate) induces lung hyperplasia, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma in a time-dependent manner. These distinct morphological stages may correlate with sequential molecular genetic changes in this mouse model. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the presence of mutations involving Ki-ras and p53 in urethane-induced lung lesions in A/J mice at early and late stages of tumorigenesis. We precisely microdissected 40 lung lesions from paraffin-embedded sections. Ki-ras mutations around codon 61 and p53 mutations in exons 5-8 were identified by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing techniques. In 29 early-stage lung lesions classified as hyperplasias (seven) or adenomas (22), we observed 19 Ki-ras mutations (66%), including three silent mutations and one double mutation at different codons, and one silent p53 mutation (3.5%). In 11 late-stage adenomas, we identified nine activating Ki-ras mutations (82%) and four missense p53 mutations (36%). These results indicate that Ki-ras mutations arise early, whereas p53 mutations occur relatively late during the benign stages of urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis in A/J mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Horio
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kawano R, Takeshima Y, Inai K. Effects of K-ras gene mutations in the development of lung lesions induced by 4-(N-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in A/J mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87:44-50. [PMID: 8609047 PMCID: PMC5920973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1996.tb00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the development of peripheral lung lesions induced by tobacco-specific 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and K-ras gene mutation in A/J mice, and the correlations between histological alterations and the course of lung lesion development after NNK treatment and K-ras gene mutation were investigated. The acquisition of a selective growth advantage by the lung lesions with mutations was also examined using immunohistochemical labeling with bromodeoxyuridine. Thirty female 5 weeks old A/J mice were each injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of NNK (100 mg/kg body weight) and subdivided into 6 groups according to the time after NNK treatment. The lung lesions were characterized histologically as alveolar/bronchiolar hyperplasia, adenoma and adenocarcinoma, and point mutations in codons 12 and 61 of the K-ras gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and dideoxy sequencing methods. K-ras gene mutations were identified in 7 (58.3%) of 12 hyperplasias, 42(75.0%) of 56 adenomas and 3 (75.0%) of 4 adenocarcinomas. The most frequent K-ras gene mutation was a G-to-A transition at the second base of codon 12 and this accounted for 86.5% of all the mutations detected. Neither the frequency of activation of this gene nor the specific mutation was affected by the time after NNK treatment and there was no positive correlation between the proliferative activity of lung lesions and the presence of K-ras gene mutations. Thus, K-ras gene mutation is closely associated with the development of NNK-induced peripheral lung lesions in A/J mice, but it plays no role in the selective growth advantage of these lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kawano
- Second Department of Pathology, Hiroshima University School of Medicine
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kawano R, Nishisaka T, Takeshima Y, Yonehara S, Inai K. Role of point mutation of the K-ras gene in tumorigenesis of B6C3F1 mouse lung lesions induced by urethane. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86:802-10. [PMID: 7591956 PMCID: PMC5920935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb03089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to elucidate the role of point mutation of the K-ras gene in the tumorigenetic process of lung tumors, an experimental model of lung lesions in mice induced by the administration of urethane was used. A total of 135 B6C3F1 male mice, 6 weeks old, were given urethane in the drinking water at 0, 6, 60, 600 or 1200 ppm, and were then killed after varying periods of time. The lung lesions were histologically characterized as hyperplasia, adenoma and adenocarcinoma. Point mutations in codons 12 and 61 of the K-ras gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and confirmed by using dideoxy sequencing analysis. K-ras gene mutation was identified in 9 (23.7%) of 38 lesions classified as hyperplasia, 31 (46.3%) of 67 adenomas, and 3 (50%) of 6 adenocarcinomas. The most frequent mutation was an AT-to-TA transversion at the second base of codon 61 and this pattern accounted for 65% of the three mutant forms observed. These results suggest that the point mutation of K-ras gene is involved in all stages of mouse lung tumorigenesis, i.e., activation of this gene can also influence the later stages of lung lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kawano
- Second Department of Pathology, Hiroshima University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li J, Beer DG. Effect of increased glucocorticoid responsiveness in transformed mouse lung cells. Mol Carcinog 1995; 13:135-45. [PMID: 7619216 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940130303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many transformed mouse lung cells, including LM2 cells, contain activating mutations in the Ki-ras gene and show reduced responsiveness to growth inhibition by glucocorticoids. LM2GR cells, which are LM2 cells stably transfected with a rat glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene, were used to determine whether increasing glucocorticoid responsiveness can influence aspects of the transformed phenotype. LM2GR cells grew slower and had a lower final saturation density than the parental LM2 cells. Expression of growth-related genes was examined by northern blot analysis. The cells were serum-deprived and treated with fetal bovine serum (FBS), steroid-stripped FBS (ssFBS), dexamethasone, or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The level and pattern of Ki-ras mRNA expression was similar in both LM2 and LM2GR cells, but histone H4 mRNA was expressed in a more regulated fashion in LM2GR cells. The induction of c-jun and c-fos mRNA expression lasted longer in the LM2GR cells treated with ssFBS; however, the maximal induction was greater in the LM2 cells treated with FBS. LM2GR cells demonstrated similar activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity but higher GR activity than LM2 cells as determined by using AP-1-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and mouse mammary tumor virus-CAT transient transfection assays, consistent with the higher level of GR mRNA in LM2GR cells. Both cell lines exhibited the ability to grow in soft agar and to form tumors in nude mice. These results indicate that introduction of a functional GR transgene into LM2 cells can increase glucocorticoid responsiveness and alter the expression of genes involved in growth regulation but cannot overcome anchorage-independent cell growth or tumorigenicity, apparently because of the presence of an activated Ki-ras gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang X, Witschi H. Mutations of the Ki-ras protooncogene in 3-methylcholanthrene and urethan-induced and butylated hydroxytoluene-promoted lung tumors of strain A/J and SWR mice. Cancer Lett 1995; 91:33-9. [PMID: 7750092 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)03715-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the Ki-ras protooncogene in 190 lung tumors initiated in male A/J and SWR mice by 3-methylcholanthrene(MCA) or urethan and promoted by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), were evaluated by utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analysis. The most common mutation pattern was a GC to CG transversion at the first base of codon 12/13. The predominant mutation pattern at codon 61 was an AT to TA transversion and the next frequent one an AT to GC transition. Mutations of Ki-ras codon 12/13 were found in 44% (A/J) and 13% (SWR) of MCA-induced and in 94% (A/J) and 43% (SWR) of MCA plus BHT-induced lung tumors. Mutations of the Ki-ras codon 61 were found in 31% (A/J) and 13% (SWR) of urethan-induced and 69% (A/J) and 44% (SWR) of urethan plus BHT-induced lung tumors. These data suggest that in strain A/J mice the 2 carcinogens produce Ki-ras mutations and that BHT promotes the activations of Ki-ras protooncogenes in lung tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Stanley LA. Molecular aspects of chemical carcinogenesis: the roles of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Toxicology 1995; 96:173-94. [PMID: 7900159 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(94)02991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The observation that oncogenes are frequently activated in human tumours raises the question of whether these genes are involved in chemical carcinogenesis. H-ras activation is probably an initiating event in mouse skin and rat mammary gland systems. The H-ras oncogene is also important in mouse liver tumours; in mouse lung the K-ras gene is commonly activated. In both, the mutations observed are usually those predicted from the adduct-forming properties of the carcinogen. Among non-ras oncogenes, only raf and neu have been detected in experimental tumours. Tumour suppressor genes are frequently inactivated in human tumours. Searches for such phenomena in animal tumours have generally had disappointing results. p53 and Rb gene alterations are rarely observed in chemically-induced tumours. The reason may be that unknown tumour suppressor genes are involved in animal tumour development. Several novel genes have been identified using animal tumour susceptibility models. Thus, ras genes are important in chemical carcinogenesis, but as the methodology for studying other genes improves, their roles will be seen in perspective.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Codon/chemistry
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/genetics
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- Genes, ras/genetics
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/drug effects
- Mutation/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Oncogenes/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Stanley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- T A Dragani
- Division of Experimental Oncology A, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|