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Grotewold N, Albin RL. Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 125:107026. [PMID: 38879999 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
We review the epidemiologic literature on potential protective and risk factors in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Prior research identified numerous possible protective and risk factors. Potential protective factors include tobacco abuse, physical activity, urate levels, NSAID use, calcium channel blocker use, statin use, and use of some α1-adrenergic antagonists. Some potential protective factors could be products of reverse causation, including increased serum urate, tobacco abuse, and coffee-tea-caffeine consumption. Potential risk factors include traumatic brain injury, pesticide exposure, organic solvent exposure, lead exposure, air pollution, Type 2 Diabetes, some dairy products, cardiovascular disease, and some infections including Hepatitis C, H. pylori, and COVID-19. Potential non-environmental risk factors include bipolar disorder, essential tremor, bullous pemphigoid, and inflammatory bowel disease. There is an inverse relationship with PD and risk of most cancers. Though many potential protective and risk factors for PD were identified, research has not yet led to unique, rigorous prevention trials or successful disease-modifying interventions. While efforts to reduce exposure to some industrial toxicants are well justified, PD incidence might be most effectively reduced by mitigation of risks, such as Type 2 Diabetes, air pollution, traumatic brain injury, or physical inactivity, that are general public health intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Grotewold
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Roger L Albin
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; GRECC & Neurology Service, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA; University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; University of Michigan Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, USA.
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2
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Fang A, Zhao Y, Yang P, Zhang X, Giovannucci EL. Vitamin D and human health: evidence from Mendelian randomization studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2024; 39:467-490. [PMID: 38214845 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-023-01075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We summarized the current evidence on vitamin D and major health outcomes from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. PubMed and Embase were searched for original MR studies on vitamin D in relation to any health outcome from inception to September 1, 2022. Nonlinear MR findings were excluded due to concerns about the validity of the statistical methods used. A meta-analysis was preformed to synthesize study-specific estimates after excluding overlapping samples, where applicable. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the STROBE-MR checklist. A total of 133 MR publications were eligible for inclusion in the analyses. The causal association between vitamin D status and 275 individual outcomes was examined. Linear MR analyses showed genetically high 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were associated with reduced risk of multiple sclerosis incidence and relapse, non-infectious uveitis and scleritis, psoriasis, femur fracture, leg fracture, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anorexia nervosa, delirium, heart failure, ovarian cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, and bacterial pneumonia, but increased risk of Behçet's disease, Graves' disease, kidney stone disease, fracture of radium/ulna, basal cell carcinoma, and overall cataracts. Stratified analyses showed that the inverse association between genetically predisposed 25(OH)D concentrations and multiple sclerosis risk was significant and consistent regardless of the genetic instruments GIs selected. However, the associations with most of the other outcomes were only pronounced when using genetic variants not limited to those in the vitamin D pathway as GIs. The methodological quality of the included MR studies was substantially heterogeneous. Current evidence from linear MR studies strongly supports a causal role of vitamin D in the development of multiple sclerosis. Suggestive support for a number of other health conditions could help prioritize conditions where vitamin D may be beneficial or harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Fang
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Gagnon E, Daghlas I, Zagkos L, Sargurupremraj M, Georgakis MK, Anderson CD, Cronje HT, Burgess S, Arsenault BJ, Gill D. Mendelian Randomization Applied to Neurology: Promises and Challenges. Neurology 2024; 102:e209128. [PMID: 38261980 PMCID: PMC7615637 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mendelian randomization (MR) paradigm allows for causal inferences to be drawn using genetic data. In recent years, the expansion of well-powered publicly available genetic association data related to phenotypes such as brain tissue gene expression, brain imaging, and neurologic diseases offers exciting opportunities for the application of MR in the field of neurology. In this review, we discuss the basic principles of MR, its myriad applications to research in neurology, and potential pitfalls of injudicious applications. Throughout, we provide examples where MR-informed findings have shed light on long-standing epidemiologic controversies, provided insights into the pathophysiology of neurologic conditions, prioritized drug targets, and informed drug repurposing opportunities. With the ever-expanding availability of genome-wide association data, we project MR to become a key driver of progress in the field of neurology. It is therefore paramount that academics and clinicians within the field are familiar with the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Gagnon
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Iyas Daghlas
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Loukas Zagkos
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Muralidharan Sargurupremraj
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marios K Georgakis
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Helene T Cronje
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephen Burgess
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Dipender Gill
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (E.G., B.J.A.), Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (L.Z., D.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (M.K.G., C.D.A.), Cambridge, MA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) (M.K.G.), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Center for Genomic Medicine (C.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Neurology (C.D.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Public Health (H.T.C.), Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Biostatistics Unit (S.B.), and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit (S.B.), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine (B.J.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Duque KR, Vizcarra JA, Hill EJ, Espay AJ. Disease-modifying vs symptomatic treatments: Splitting over lumping. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:187-209. [PMID: 36803811 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials of putative disease-modifying therapies in neurodegeneration have obeyed the century-old principle of convergence, or lumping, whereby any feature of a clinicopathologic disease entity is considered relevant to most of those affected. While this convergent approach has resulted in important successes in trials of symptomatic therapies, largely aimed at correcting common neurotransmitter deficiencies (e.g., cholinergic deficiency in Alzheimer's disease or dopaminergic deficiency in Parkinson's disease), it has been consistently futile in trials of neuroprotective or disease-modifying interventions. As individuals affected by the same neurodegenerative disorder do not share the same biological drivers, splitting such disease into small molecular/biological subtypes, to match people to therapies most likely to benefit them, is vital in the pursuit of disease modification. We here discuss three paths toward the splitting needed for future successes in precision medicine: (1) encourage the development of aging cohorts agnostic to phenotype in order to enact a biology-to-phenotype direction of biomarker development and validate divergence biomarkers (present in some, absent in most); (2) demand bioassay-based recruitment of subjects into disease-modifying trials of putative neuroprotective interventions in order to match the right therapies to the right recipients; and (3) evaluate promising epidemiologic leads of presumed pathogenetic potential using Mendelian randomization studies before designing the corresponding clinical trials. The reconfiguration of disease-modifying efforts for patients with neurodegenerative disorders will require a paradigm shift from lumping to splitting and from proteinopathy to proteinopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Duque
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joaquin A Vizcarra
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Emily J Hill
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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5
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Wang W, Li Y, Meng X. Vitamin D and neurodegenerative diseases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12877. [PMID: 36820164 PMCID: PMC9938420 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, featured by progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, are considered incurable at present. Movement disorders like tremor and postural instability, cognitive or behavioral disorders such as memory impairment are the most common symptoms of them and the growing patient population of neurodegenerative diseases poses a serious threat to public health and a burden on economic development. Hence, it is vital to prevent the occurrence of the diseases and delay their progress. Vitamin D can be transformed into a hormone in vivo with both genomic and non-genomic actions, exerting diverse physiological effects. Cumulative evidence indicates that vitamin D can ameliorate neurodegeneration by regulating pertinent molecules and signaling pathways including maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, suppressing the formation and aggregation of the pathogenic protein, etc. This review updates discoveries of molecular mechanisms underlying biological functions of vitamin D in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and vascular dementia. Clinical trials investigating the influence of vitamin D supplementation in patients with neurodegenerative diseases are also summarized. The synthesized information will probably provoke an enhanced understanding of the neuroprotective roles of vitamin D in the nervous system and provide therapeutic options for patients with neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Kappen S, Bottigliengo D, Caliebe A, Del Greco M F, König IR. Systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies on Parkinson's disease. MED GENET-BERLIN 2022; 34:143-150. [PMID: 38835916 PMCID: PMC11006297 DOI: 10.1515/medgen-2022-2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to be associated with non-genetic factors. To infer causality, Mendelian randomization (MR) studies are increasingly used. Here, genetic variants are used as instrumental variables for the risk factor but have no direct effect on PD themselves. Methods We performed a systematic literature review on MR studies for PD. Studies were identified searching the PubMed database. Upon data extraction, we evaluated the methodological quality and summarized the evidence. Results Twelve articles were included. Most studies showed "good" methodological quality, but most did not report proper power estimations. Twelve analyses yielded nominally significant effects. Conclusions Our systematic review shows that most MR studies were well performed and allow to identify causal exposures, which may inform further studies on the prevention and early intervention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kappen
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Amke Caliebe
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease and affects about 1% of the population over the age of 60 years in industrialised countries. The aim of this review is to examine nutrition in PD across three domains: dietary intake and the development of PD; whole body metabolism in PD and the effects of PD symptoms and treatment on nutritional status. In most cases, PD is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and although there has been much research in the area, evidence suggests that poor dietary intake is not a risk factor for the development of PD. The evidence about body weight changes in both the prodromal and symptomatic phases of PD is inconclusive and is confounded by many factors. Malnutrition in PD has been documented as has sarcopaenia, although the prevalence of the latter remains uncertain due to a lack of consensus in the definition of sarcopaenia. PD symptoms, including those which are gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal, are known to adversely affect nutritional status. Similarly, PD treatments can cause nausea, vomiting and constipation, all of which can adversely affect nutritional status. Given that the prevalence of PD will increase as the population ages, it is important to understand the interplay between PD, comorbidities and nutritional status. Further research may contribute to the development of interventional strategies to improve symptoms, augment care and importantly, enhance the quality of life for patients living with this complex neurodegenerative disease.
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8
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Domenighetti C, Sugier PE, Ashok Kumar Sreelatha A, Schulte C, Grover S, Mohamed O, Portugal B, May P, Bobbili DR, Radivojkov-Blagojevic M, Lichtner P, Singleton AB, Hernandez DG, Edsall C, Mellick GD, Zimprich A, Pirker W, Rogaeva E, Lang AE, Koks S, Taba P, Lesage S, Brice A, Corvol JC, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mutez E, Brockmann K, Deutschländer AB, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Dardiotis E, Stefanis L, Simitsi AM, Valente EM, Petrucci S, Duga S, Straniero L, Zecchinelli A, Pezzoli G, Brighina L, Ferrarese C, Annesi G, Quattrone A, Gagliardi M, Matsuo H, Kawamura Y, Hattori N, Nishioka K, Chung SJ, Kim YJ, Kolber P, van de Warrenburg BPC, Bloem BR, Aasly J, Toft M, Pihlstrøm L, Correia Guedes L, Ferreira JJ, Bardien S, Carr J, Tolosa E, Ezquerra M, Pastor P, Diez-Fairen M, Wirdefeldt K, Pedersen NL, Ran C, Belin AC, Puschmann A, Hellberg C, Clarke CE, Morrison KE, Tan M, Krainc D, Burbulla LF, Farrer MJ, Krüger R, Gasser T, Sharma M, Elbaz A. Dairy Intake and Parkinson's Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Mov Disord 2022; 37:857-864. [PMID: 34997937 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous prospective studies highlighted dairy intake as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in men. It is unclear whether this association is causal or explained by reverse causation or confounding. OBJECTIVE The aim is to examine the association between genetically predicted dairy intake and PD using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS We genotyped a well-established instrumental variable for dairy intake located in the lactase gene (rs4988235) within the Courage-PD consortium (23 studies; 9823 patients and 8376 controls of European ancestry). RESULTS Based on a dominant model, there was an association between genetic predisposition toward higher dairy intake and PD (odds ratio [OR] per one serving per day = 1.70, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-2.60, P = 0.013) that was restricted to men (OR = 2.50 [1.37-4.56], P = 0.003; P-difference with women = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Using MR, our findings provide further support for a causal relationship between dairy intake and higher PD risk, not biased by confounding or reverse causation. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Domenighetti
- UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health," CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Sugier
- UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health," CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Ashwin Ashok Kumar Sreelatha
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Océane Mohamed
- UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health," CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Berta Portugal
- UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health," CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrick May
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Dheeraj R Bobbili
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | | | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center For Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Connor Edsall
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Walter Pirker
- Department of Neurology, Wilhelminenspital, Wien, Austria
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sulev Koks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Neurology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Department of Neurologie, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Department of Neurologie, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Department of Neurologie, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Eugénie Mutez
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-LilNCog-Centre de Recherche Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Angela B Deutschländer
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, München, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Georges M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Efthimos Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Maria Simitsi
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- UOC Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Straniero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Zecchinelli
- Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini/CTO, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Brighina
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Annesi
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Monica Gagliardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pierre Kolber
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Bart P C van de Warrenburg
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonor Correia Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Neurology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea C Belin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Clara Hellberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl E Clarke
- University of Birmingham and Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Morrison
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Matt J Farrer
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg.,Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Parkinson's Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Strassen, Luxembourg.,Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, Heredity, Cancer and Health," CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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9
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Lv L, Zhang H, Tan X, Qin L, Peng X, Bai R, Xiao Q, Tan C, Liao H, Yan W, Tan J, Tang B, Wang C. Assessing the Effects of Vitamin D on Neural Network Function in Patients With Parkinson's Disease by Measuring the Fraction Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:763947. [PMID: 34987377 PMCID: PMC8721225 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.763947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, many studies have shown that low vitamin D (VD) levels may be related to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Objective: To explore the relationship between PD and VD levels, as well as to analyze the effects of VD on spontaneous brain activity and explore the possible mechanism of its involvement in PD risk. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we quantified the difference in VD levels between 330 PD patients and 209 healthy controls (HC) to explore the correlation between VD and PD risk. We also acquired resting-state Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rs-fMRI) data from 46 PD patients and 21 HC. The PD patients were divided into three groups according to 25(OH)D levels: PD patients with VD deficiency (PD + VDD), PD patients with VD insufficiency (PD + VDI), and PD patients with normal VD (PD + NVD). The effect of VD status on spontaneous neuronal activity in the whole brain was analyzed by measuring the fraction amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF). Results: Compared with HC, the PD patients had lower serum 25(OH)D levels (23.60 ± 7.27 vs. 25.60 ± 5.78, P < 0.001). The 25(OH)D level may have a potential dose-dependent effect on the risk of PD (P trend = 0.007). A high risk of PD was associated with VD deficiency [25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL, OR = 2.319], and the lowest quartile of 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a high risk of PD (OR = 1.941). In the rs-fMRI study, PD + VDD patients had wider brain regions with altered fALFF than other PD groups when compared with the corresponding HC groups. Both PD + VDD and PD + VDI showed higher fALFF in the cuneus, left precuneus, calcarine cortex and right lingual, as well as lower fALFF in the left middle temporal gyrus. PD + VDD patients also showed higher fALFF in the left superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri, as well as the left precentral gyrus than HC. Among PD patients, there was only a statistically significant difference in fALFF between the PD + VDD and PD + NVD groups. Compared with the PD + NVD group, PD + VDD patients exhibited higher fALFF in the left precentral and left postcentral gyrus, as well as the left inferior parietal lobule. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that PD patients had lower serum VD levels than HC, and VD may have a potential dose-dependent effect on PD risk. Lower serum VD levels can affect the spontaneous neuronal activity of default-mode network (DMN) and visual pathway neurons in PD patients, providing a possible mechanism for its effect on PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuling Tan
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lixia Qin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinke Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rongrong Bai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qile Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changlian Tan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiyan Liao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiqian Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Ritz BR, Kusters CDJ. The Promise of Mendelian Randomization in Parkinson's Disease: Has the Smoke Cleared Yet for Smoking and Parkinson's Disease Risk? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:807-812. [PMID: 35213390 PMCID: PMC10564582 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This commentary discusses the strengths and limitations of utilizing the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach in Parkinson's disease (PD) studies. Epidemiologists proposed to employ MR when genetic instruments are available that represent reliable proxies for modifiable lifelong exposures which elude easy measurement in studies of late onset diseases like PD. Here, we are using smoking as an example. The great promise of the MR approach is its resilience to confounding and reverse causation. Nevertheless, the approach has some drawbacks such as being liable to selection- and survival-bias, it makes some strong assumptions about the genetic instruments employed, and requires very large sample sizes. When interpreted carefully and put into the context of other studies that take both genetics and the environment into consideration, MR studies help us to not only ask interesting questions but also can support causal inference and provide novel insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate R. Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia DJ Kusters
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Wei YX, Liu BP, Qiu HM, Zhang JY, Wang XT, Jia CX. Effects of vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms on attempted suicide. Psychiatr Genet 2021; 31:230-238. [PMID: 34412081 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D might protect from attempted suicide. The study aimed to investigate the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to vitamin D levels identified in a large genome-wide association study and attempted suicide in rural China. METHODS This 1:1 matched case-control study included altogether 510 suicide attempters and 510 community controls. Genotypes of four target SNPs (DHCR7-rs12785878, CYP2R1-rs10741657, GC-rs2282679, and CYP24A1-rs6013897) were determined, and a genetic risk score (GRS) was constructed to evaluate the combined effect of them. Demographic and psychological information was acquired through face-to-face interviews. RESULTS The A allele of CYP24A1-rs6013897 was significantly associated with attempted suicide (OR = 1.27, 95% CI, 1.03-1.58, P = 0.029), even after adjusting for demographic and psychological confounders (adjusted OR = 1.53, 95% CI, 1.01-2.30, P = 0.043). The GRS analyses revealed a significantly higher risk of attempted suicide with a greater number of low vitamin D alleles (adjusted OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 1.13-1.58, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses stratified by sex indicated that the genetic associations were only significant among males with adjusted ORs of 3.77 (95% CI, 1.56-9.10) for the A allele of rs6013897 and 2.04 (95% CI, 1.32-3.17) for GRS. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identity CYP24A1-rs6013897 as a potential biomarker for attempted suicide and indicate that a genetic predisposition to lower vitamin D levels may contribute to attempted suicide. It suggests the possibility that vitamin D may have the preventive potential for attempted suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xin Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
- Shandong University Center for Suicide Prevention Research
| | - Bao-Peng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
- Shandong University Center for Suicide Prevention Research
| | - Hui-Min Qiu
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Provincial Center for Mental Health
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Department of Business Management, Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin-Ting Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
- Shandong University Center for Suicide Prevention Research
| | - Cun-Xian Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
- Shandong University Center for Suicide Prevention Research
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12
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Liu D, Meng X, Tian Q, Cao W, Fan X, Wu L, Song M, Meng Q, Wang W, Wang Y. Vitamin D and Multiple Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Observational Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials, and Mendelian Randomization Studies. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:1044-1062. [PMID: 34999745 PMCID: PMC9340982 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have yielded inconsistent results on the associations of vitamin D concentrations with multiple health outcomes. In the present umbrella review we aimed to evaluate the effects of low vitamin D concentrations and vitamin D supplementation on multiple health outcomes. We summarized current evidence obtained from meta-analyses of observational studies that examined associations between vitamin D concentrations and multiple health outcomes, meta-analyses of RCTs that investigated the effect of vitamin D supplementation on multiple health outcomes, and MR studies that explored the causal associations of vitamin D concentrations with various diseases (international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO registration number CRD42018091434). A total of 296 meta-analyses of observational studies comprising 111 unique outcomes, 139 meta-analyses of RCTs comprising 46 unique outcomes, and 73 MR studies comprising 43 unique outcomes were included in the present umbrella review. Twenty-eight disease outcomes were identified by both meta-analyses of observational studies and MR studies. Seventeen of these reported disease outcomes had consistent results, demonstrating that lower concentrations of vitamin D were associated with a higher risk for all-cause mortality, Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, schizophrenia, and type 2 diabetes. The combinations of consistent evidence obtained by meta-analyses of observational studies and MR studies together with meta-analyses of RCTs showed that vitamin D supplementation was associated with a decreased risk for all-cause mortality but not associated with the risk for Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, schizophrenia, or type 2 diabetes. The results indicated that vitamin D supplementation is a promising strategy with long-term preventive effects on multiple chronic diseases and thus has the potential to decrease all-cause mortality. However, the current vitamin D supplementation strategy might not be an efficient intervention approach for these diseases, suggesting that new strategies are highly needed to improve the intervention outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Centre for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoni Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Manshu Song
- Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Qun Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia,School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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13
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Alaylıoğlu M, Dursun E, Genç G, Şengül B, Bilgiç B, Gündüz A, Apaydın H, Kızıltan G, Gürvit H, Hanağası H, Öztop Çakmak Ö, Ertan S, Yılmazer S, Gezen-Ak D. Genetic variants of vitamin D metabolism-related DHCR7/NADSYN1 locus and CYP2R1 gene are associated with clinical features of Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:439-449. [PMID: 32938288 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1820502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Vitamin D deficiency is suggested to be related to PD. A genome-wide association study indicated that genes involved in vitamin D metabolism affect vitamin D levels. Among these genes, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP/GC) genes have also been demonstrated to be associated with PD risk. Our aim was to investigate the relevance of SNPs within the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase 1 (DHCR7/NADSYN1) locus and vitamin D 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1) gene, which encode important enzymes that play a role in the vitamin D synthesis pathway, with PD and its clinical features. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genotypes of 382 PD patients and 240 cognitively healthy individuals were evaluated by a LightSNiP assay for a total of 10 SNPs within the DHCR7/NADSYN1 locus and CYP2R1 gene. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the allele and genotype distributions of any of the SNPs between any patient groups and healthy subjects. However, our results indicated that all of the SNPs within the DHCR7/NADSYN1 locus and CYP2R1 gene, except rs1993116, were associated with clinical motor features of PD including initial predominant symptom, freezing of gait (FoG) and falls as well as disease stage and duration of the disease. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, genetic variants of the DHCR7/NADSYN1 locus and the CYP2R1 gene might be related to the inefficient utilization of vitamin D independent from vitamin D levels, and it might result in differences in the clinical features of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Alaylıoğlu
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdinç Dursun
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gençer Genç
- Department of Neurology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Şengül
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Başar Bilgiç
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Gündüz
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hülya Apaydın
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Güneş Kızıltan
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gürvit
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haşmet Hanağası
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Sibel Ertan
- Department of Neurology, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selma Yılmazer
- Department of Medical Biology, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Bayo-Olugbami A, Nafiu AB, Amin A, Ogundele OM, Lee CC, Owoyele BV. Vitamin D attenuated 6-OHDA-induced behavioural deficits, dopamine dysmetabolism, oxidative stress, and neuro-inflammation in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:823-834. [PMID: 32912107 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1815331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: L-DOPA, the predominant therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with motor deficits after prolonged use. The nigrostriatal tract, a primary target of neurodegeneration in PD, contains abundant Vitamin-D receptors, suggesting a potential role for VD in the disease. Therefore, we tested the impact of Vitamin D3 (VD3) in a mouse model of PD.Methods: PD was induced in adult male C57BL6 mice by a single intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Two weeks post lesion, these mice received injections of a vehicle, VD3, L-DOPA, or a combination of VD3/L-DOPA and compared with sham controls. Treatment lasted three weeks, during which motor-cognitive neurobehaviour was assessed. Five weeks post lesion, brains were collected and striatal levels of the following proteins assessed: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine decarboxylase (DDC), monoamine oxidase (MAO-B), Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), dopamine transporter (DAT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), microglia marker (CD11b), inflammation (IL-1β), apoptotic signaling (BAX) and oxidative stress (p47phox).Results: Treatment with VD3 attenuated behavioural deficits induced by 6-OHDA, protein associated with dopamine metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress. VD3 significantly increased contralateral wall touches, exploratory motor and cognitive activities. VD3 significantly enhanced the expression of TH, DAT, BDNF, while significantly reducing expression of MAO-B, CD11b, IL-I β and p47phox.Conclusion: VD3 reversed some of the 6-OHDA induced changes in proteins involved in modulating the dopamine system, behavioural deficits and oxidative stress biomarkers. The data suggests that VD3 might be beneficial in reducing L-DOPA dosage, thereby reducing problems associated with dosage and prolonged use of L-DOPA in PD management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdulbasit Amin
- Neuroscience & Inflammation unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan Michael Ogundele
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Charles C Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Bamidele Victor Owoyele
- Neuroscience & Inflammation unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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15
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Lv L, Tan X, Peng X, Bai R, Xiao Q, Zou T, Tan J, Zhang H, Wang C. The relationships of vitamin D, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and vitamin D supplementation with Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:34. [PMID: 32867847 PMCID: PMC7460797 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have investigated the correlations between Parkinson's disease (PD) and vitamin D status, but the conclusion remains elusive. The present review focuses on the associations between PD and serum vitamin D levels by reviewing studies on the associations of PD with serum vitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases. We found that PD patients have lower vitamin D levels than healthy controls and that the vitamin D concentrations are negatively correlated with PD risk and severity. Furthermore, higher vitamin D concentrations are linked to better cognitive function and mood in PD patients. Findings on the relationship between VDR gene polymorphisms and the risk of PD are inconsistent, but the FokI (C/T) polymorphism is significantly linked with PD. The occurrence of FokI (C/T) gene polymorphism may influence the risk, severity, and cognitive ability of PD patients, while also possibly influencing the effect of Vitamin D3 supplementation in PD patients. In view of the neuroprotective effects of vitamin D and the close association between vitamin D and dopaminergic neurotransmission, interventional prospective studies on vitamin D supplementation in PD patients should be conducted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Xuling Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Xinke Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Rongrong Bai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Qile Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
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16
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Heiskanen V, Pfiffner M, Partonen T. Sunlight and health: shifting the focus from vitamin D3 to photobiomodulation by red and near-infrared light. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 61:101089. [PMID: 32464190 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both sun exposure and serum vitamin D levels have been associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality and chronic age-related diseases, e.g., cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, in epidemiological studies. These associations have mainly been ascribed to beneficial effects of vitamin D. However, a vast body of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and Mendelian randomization studies have failed to confirm any major health benefits from vitamin D supplementation. In this review, we present tentative evidence showing that red and near-infrared light, both being present in sunlight, could explain the associations between sunlight exposure and better health status. Body irradiation with red and near-infrared light, usually termed as photobiomodulation (PBM), has demonstrated beneficial effects in animal models of chronic diseases. Beyond this, preliminary evidence from RCTs suggest potential clinical benefit from PBM for chronic diseases. PBM is currently being investigated in many pre-registered clinical trials, results of which will eventually clarify the role of red and near-infrared light in the prevention and treatment of common age-related chronic diseases.
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17
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Fullard ME, Duda JE. A Review of the Relationship Between Vitamin D and Parkinson Disease Symptoms. Front Neurol 2020; 11:454. [PMID: 32536905 PMCID: PMC7267215 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroid that exerts its effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), through which it directly and indirectly modulates the expression of hundreds to thousands of genes. While originally known for its role in regulating calcium homeostasis and metabolism, vitamin D is now associated with many other health conditions, including Parkinson's disease (PD). A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been noted in PD for at least the past two decades. These findings, along with the discovery that the VDR and 1α-hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts vitamin D to its active form, are highly expressed in the substantia nigra, led to the hypothesis that inadequate levels of circulating vitamin D may lead to dysfunction or cell death within the substantia nigra. Studies investigating the relationship between vitamin D status and PD, however, have been inconsistent. Two prospective studies examined the association between mid-life vitamin D levels and risk of PD and produced conflicting results-one demonstrated an increased risk for PD with lower mid-life vitamin D levels, and the other showed no association between vitamin D and PD risk. One of the most consistent findings in the literature is the inverse association between serum vitamin D level and motor symptom severity in cross-sectional studies. While these data suggest that vitamin D may modify the disease, another likely explanation is confounding due to limited mobility. Fall risk has been associated with vitamin D in PD, but more study is needed to determine if supplementation decreases falls, which has been demonstrated in the general population. The association between vitamin D and non-motor symptoms is less clear. There is some evidence that vitamin D is associated with verbal fluency and verbal memory in PD. Studies in PD have also shown associations between vitamin D status and mood, orthostatic hypotension and olfactory impairment in PD. While more research is needed, given the numerous potential benefits and limited risks, vitamin D level assessment in PD patients and supplementation for those with deficiency and insufficiency seems justified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E. Duda
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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18
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Zhang H, Wang T, Han Z, Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang L, Liu G. Impact of Vitamin D Binding Protein Levels on Alzheimer's Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 74:991-998. [PMID: 32116251 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Until now, observational studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have explored the impact of vitamin D on Alzheimer's disease (AD), and reported inconsistent findings. In MR studies, the sensitivity analysis by removing GC rs2282679 variant highlighted no association of 25OHD levels with AD risk, which indicates that vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) encoded by GC may have distinct effects on AD risk. Here, we aim to clarify this assumption. We selected the GC rs2282679 variant associated with DBP levels (p = 3.30E-76) as the instrumental variable, and extracted the summary statistics of rs2282679 variant in multiple AD GWAS datasets from IGAP, Complex Trait Genetics (CTG) lab, and UK Biobank. We then performed a MR study to investigate the causal association between DBP levels and AD. In IGAP, MR analysis showed that the genetically DBP levels (per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase 50 mg/L) were significantly associated with reduced AD risk (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.45-0.89, p = 0.009). Importantly, the estimates from two sensitivity analyses were consistent with the main estimate in terms of direction and magnitude. Meanwhile, we found no causal association between DBP levels and other four AD phenotypes in CTG lab and UK Biobank. In summary, we highlight the role of DBP levels in AD risk, and provide strong support evidence that DBP may be the therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD. Meanwhile, our findings clarify the assumption that DBP may drive the observed relationship between 25OHD levels and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Internet Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifa Han
- School of Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Longcai Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China
| | - Guiyou Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Internet Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Ten Years of the International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium: Progress and Next Steps. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2020; 10:19-30. [PMID: 31815703 PMCID: PMC7029327 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In June 2009 a small group of investigators met at the annual Movement Disorders Society meeting in Paris. The explicit goal of this meeting was to discuss a potential research alliance focused on the genetics of Parkinson disease (PD). The outcome of this informal meeting was the creation of the International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC), a group focused on collaborative genetics research, enabled by trust, sharing, and as little paperwork as possible. The IPDGC has grown considerably since its inception, including over 100 scientists from around the World. The focus has also grown, to include clinical and functional investigation of PD at scale. Most recently, the IPDGC has expanded to initiate major research efforts in East Asia and Africa, and has prioritized collaborations with ongoing major efforts in India and South America. Here we summarize the efforts of the IPDGC thus far and place these in the context of a decade of progress in PD genomics. We also discuss the future direction of IPDGC and our stated research priorities for the next decade.
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20
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Grover S, Lill CM, Kasten M, Klein C, Del Greco M F, König IR. Risky behaviors and Parkinson disease: A mendelian randomization study. Neurology 2019; 93:e1412-e1424. [PMID: 31527283 PMCID: PMC7010323 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine causal associations between risky behavior phenotypes and Parkinson disease using a mendelian randomization approach. Methods We used 2-sample mendelian randomization to generate unconfounded estimates using summary statistics from 2 independent, large meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies on risk-taking behaviors (n = 370,771–939,908) and Parkinson disease (cases n = 9,581, controls n = 33,245). We used the inverse variance weighted method as the main method for judging causality. Results Our results support a strong protective association between the tendency to smoke and Parkinson disease (odds ratio [OR] 0.714 per log odds of ever smoking, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.568–0.897, p = 0.0041, Cochran Q test p = 0.238; I2 index 6.3%). Furthermore, we observed risk association trends between automobile speed propensity and the number of sexual partners and Parkinson disease after removal of overlapping loci with other risky traits (OR 1.986 for each 1-SD increase in normalized automobile speed propensity, 95% CI 1.215–3.243, p = 0.0066; OR 1.635 for each 1-SD increase in number of sexual partners, 95% CI 1.165–2.293, p = 0.0049). Conclusion These findings provide support for a causal relationship between general risk tolerance and Parkinson disease and may provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms leading to the development of Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- From the Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik (S.G., I.R.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group (C.M.L.), Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, Institute of Neurogenetics (M.K.), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Germany; and Institute for Biomedicine (F.D.G.M.), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christina M Lill
- From the Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik (S.G., I.R.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group (C.M.L.), Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, Institute of Neurogenetics (M.K.), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Germany; and Institute for Biomedicine (F.D.G.M.), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Meike Kasten
- From the Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik (S.G., I.R.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group (C.M.L.), Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, Institute of Neurogenetics (M.K.), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Germany; and Institute for Biomedicine (F.D.G.M.), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christine Klein
- From the Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik (S.G., I.R.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group (C.M.L.), Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, Institute of Neurogenetics (M.K.), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Germany; and Institute for Biomedicine (F.D.G.M.), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- From the Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik (S.G., I.R.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group (C.M.L.), Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, Institute of Neurogenetics (M.K.), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Germany; and Institute for Biomedicine (F.D.G.M.), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Inke R König
- From the Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik (S.G., I.R.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group (C.M.L.), Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, Institute of Neurogenetics (M.K.), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K.), Universität zu Lübeck, Germany; and Institute for Biomedicine (F.D.G.M.), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.
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Abstract
Vitamin D plays an essential role in human health as it influences immune function, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with numerous health outcomes, including bone disease, cancer, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular conditions and more. However, the causal role of vitamin D beyond its importance for bone health remains unclear and is under much debate. Twin and familial studies from past decades have demonstrated a nontrivial heritability of circulating vitamin D concentrations. Several large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered associations of GC, NADSYN1/DHCR7, CYP2R1, CYP24A1, SEC23A, AMDHD1 with serum levels of vitamin D. A recent whole genome sequencing (WGS) study, combined with deep imputation of genome-wide genotyping, has identified a low-frequency synonymous coding variant at CYP2R1. Information on these genetic variants can be used as tools for downstream analysis such as Mendelian randomization. Here, we review the genetic determinants of circulating vitamin D levels by focusing on new findings from GWAS and WGS, as well as results from Mendelian randomization analyses conducted so far for vitamin D with various traits and diseases. The amount of variation in vitamin D explained by genetics is still small, and the putative causal relationship between vitamin D and other diseases remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Brookline, Boston 02115, USA; Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels vagen 13, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, 1200 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02131, United States; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02142, United States
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Brookline, Boston 02115, USA
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22
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Bouillon R, Marcocci C, Carmeliet G, Bikle D, White JH, Dawson-Hughes B, Lips P, Munns CF, Lazaretti-Castro M, Giustina A, Bilezikian J. Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1109-1151. [PMID: 30321335 PMCID: PMC6626501 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1,25(OH)2D, the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The effects of the vitamin D endocrine system on bone and its growth plate are primarily indirect and mediated by its effect on intestinal calcium transport and serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Rickets and osteomalacia can be prevented by daily supplements of 400 IU of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <50 nmol/L) accelerates bone turnover, bone loss, and osteoporotic fractures. These risks can be reduced by 800 IU of vitamin D together with an appropriate calcium intake, given to institutionalized or vitamin D-deficient elderly subjects. VDR and vitamin D metabolic enzymes are widely expressed. Numerous genetic, molecular, cellular, and animal studies strongly suggest that vitamin D signaling has many extraskeletal effects. These include regulation of cell proliferation, immune and muscle function, skin differentiation, and reproduction, as well as vascular and metabolic properties. From observational studies in human subjects, poor vitamin D status is associated with nearly all diseases predicted by these extraskeletal actions. Results of randomized controlled trials and Mendelian randomization studies are supportive of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the incidence of some diseases, but, globally, conclusions are mixed. These findings point to a need for continued ongoing and future basic and clinical studies to better define whether vitamin D status can be optimized to improve many aspects of human health. Vitamin D deficiency enhances the risk of osteoporotic fractures and is associated with many diseases. We review what is established and what is plausible regarding the health effects of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John H White
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bess Dawson-Hughes
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Lips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Craig F Munns
- Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marise Lazaretti-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Chair of Endocrinology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - John Bilezikian
- Department of Endocrinology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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Marras C, Canning CG, Goldman SM. Environment, lifestyle, and Parkinson's disease: Implications for prevention in the next decade. Mov Disord 2019; 34:801-811. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Connie Marras
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's DiseaseToronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Colleen G. Canning
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health SciencesThe University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Samuel M. Goldman
- School of MedicineUniversity of California–San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental MedicineSan Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System San Francisco California USA
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Ong JS, Gharahkhani P, An J, Law MH, Whiteman DC, Neale RE, MacGregor S. Vitamin D and overall cancer risk and cancer mortality: a Mendelian randomization study. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:4315-4322. [PMID: 30508204 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable debate regarding the role that 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations play in cancer risk or mortality, with earlier studies drawing mixed conclusions. Using data from the UK Biobank (UKB), we evaluate whether genetically predicted 25(OH)D concentrations are associated with overall cancer susceptibility and cancer mortality using five 25(OH)D genetic markers. Data comprised 438 870 white British UKB participants aged 37-73, including 46 155 cancer cases and 6998 cancer-specific deaths. Participants with keratinocyte cancers and/or benign tumors were excluded from the analysis. Odds ratios were calculated per 20 nmol/L increase in genetically predicted 25(OH)D for cancer risk and cancer mortality. For individual cancer risks, estimates were meta-analyzed with publicly available data using a fixed-effect inverse-variance-weighted model. We demonstrated that genetically low plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were not associated with increased cancer risk nor cancer mortality. Stratification by sex or cancer types did not reveal any meaningful differences albeit wider confidence intervals. Fixed-effect meta-analysis of our individual cancer risk estimates with those derived from publicly available cancer consortia data and previous studies further reinforced our null Mendelian randomization findings on prostate, lung, colorectal and breast cancers with tight confidence intervals; for ovarian and pancreatic cancers, our estimates were less precise despite being not statistically significant. Taken altogether, our results provide no genetic evidence for an association between vitamin D and overall cancer outcomes, with tight confidence intervals to exclude all but very small effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue-Sheng Ong
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Jiyuan An
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew H Law
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Rachel E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Fan HZ, Zhang R, Tian T, Zhong YL, Wu MP, Xie CN, Yang JJ, Huang P, Yu RB, Zhang Y, Wang J. CYP24A1 genetic variants in the vitamin D metabolic pathway are involved in the outcomes of hepatitis C virus infection among high-risk Chinese population. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 84:80-88. [PMID: 31075507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been demonstrated that 1,25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-24-hydroxylase, encoded by CYP24A1 gene, is a key enzyme that neutralizes the active vitamin D3 metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] in response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study aimed to investigate whether CYP24A1 genetic variation is associated with HCV infection outcomes. METHODS 848 HCV chronically infected subjects, 507 natural clearance subjects, and 1017 uninfected controls were enrolled. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in theCYP24A1 gene were genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. RESULTS After adjusting for age, gender, and routes of infection, logistic regression analyses showed that rs6013897-A was associated with an elevated risk of HCV infection (P<0.05). In addition, this study has also demonstrated that rs6068816-T significantly reduced the risk of chronic HCV infection, while rs3787557-C, rs6022999-G, and rs2248359-T significantly increased the risk of chronic HCV infection (all P<0.05). Haplotype analysis suggested that, compared to the most frequent Trs6068816Trs3787557Ars6022999Crs2248359 haplotype, the CTGT haplotype (adjusted OR=1.376, 95% CI=1.092-1.735, P=0.007) and CCAC haplotype (adjusted OR=1.483, 95% CI=1.139-1.929, P=0.003) were associated with an increased risk of chronic HCV infection. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that SNPs in CYP24A1 gene may contribute to the risk of HCV infection and chronic HCV infection among a high-risk Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zhi Fan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Fundamental and Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Tian
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhong
- Department of Fundamental and Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Ping Wu
- Department of Information, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Chao-Nan Xie
- Nanjing Qixia Health Inspection Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Hohai University Hospital, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong-Bin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Fundamental and Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Wang X, Shen N, Lu Y, Tan K. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and the susceptibility of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 699:206-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lima LAR, Lopes MJP, Costa RO, Lima FAV, Neves KRT, Calou IBF, Andrade GM, Viana GSB. Vitamin D protects dopaminergic neurons against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in hemiparkinsonian rats. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:249. [PMID: 30170624 PMCID: PMC6119240 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deficiency in 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) seems to increase the risk for neurodegenerative pathologies, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The majority of its actions are mediated by the transcription factor, VD3 receptor (VD3R). METHODS The neuroprotective effects of VD3 were investigated on a PD model. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: sham-operated (SO), 6-OHDA-lesioned (non-treated), and 6-OHDA-lesioned and treated with VD3 (7 days before the lesion, pre-treatment or for 14 days after the 6-OHDA striatal lesion, post-treatment). Afterwards, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for striatal neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and the Tukey test and considered significant for p < 0.05. RESULTS We showed that pre- or post-treatments with VD3 reversed behavioral changes and improved the decreased DA contents of the 6-OHDA group. In addition, VD3 reduced the oxidative stress, increased (TH and DAT), and reduced (TNF-alpha) immunostainings in the lesioned striata. While significant decreases in VD3R immunoreactivity were observed after the 6-OHDA lesion, these changes were blocked after VD3 pre- or post-treatments. We showed that VD3 offers neuroprotection, decreasing behavioral changes, DA depletion, and oxidative stress. In addition, it reverses partially or completely TH, DAT, TNF-alpha, and VD3R decreases of immunoreactivities in the non-treated 6-OHDA group. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, VD3 effects could result from its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions and from its actions on VD3R. These findings should stimulate translational research towards the VD3 potential for prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A R Lima
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Rua Barbosa de Freitas, 130/1100, Fortaleza, CE, 60170-020, Brazil
| | - Maria Janice P Lopes
- Faculty of Medicine Estácio of Juazeiro do Norte (Estácio/FMJ), Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | - Roberta O Costa
- Faculty of Medicine Estácio of Juazeiro do Norte (Estácio/FMJ), Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | - Francisco Arnaldo V Lima
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Rua Barbosa de Freitas, 130/1100, Fortaleza, CE, 60170-020, Brazil
| | - Kelly Rose T Neves
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Rua Barbosa de Freitas, 130/1100, Fortaleza, CE, 60170-020, Brazil
| | | | - Geanne M Andrade
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Rua Barbosa de Freitas, 130/1100, Fortaleza, CE, 60170-020, Brazil
| | - Glauce S B Viana
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Rua Barbosa de Freitas, 130/1100, Fortaleza, CE, 60170-020, Brazil.
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Larsson SC, Melhus H, Michaëlsson K. Circulating Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Bone Mineral Density: Mendelian Randomization Study. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:840-844. [PMID: 29338102 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable discussion of the importance for increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25OHD) concentration associated with adequacy for bone health. Accordingly, whether long-term high S-25OHD concentration in general positively affects bone mineral density (BMD) is uncertain. We used a Mendelian randomization design to determine the association between genetically increased S-25OHD concentrations and BMD. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near genes encoding enzymes and carrier proteins involved in vitamin D synthesis or metabolism were used as instrumental variables to genetically predict 1 standard deviation increase in S-25OHD concentration. Summary statistics data for the associations of the S-25OHD-associated SNPs with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD were obtained from the Genetic Factors for Osteoporosis (GEFOS) Consortium (32,965 individuals) and ultrasound-derived heel estimated BMD from the UK Biobank (142,487 individuals). None of the SNPs were associated with BMD at Bonferroni-corrected significance level, but there was a suggestive association between rs6013897 near CYP24A1 and femoral neck BMD (p = 0.01). In Mendelian randomization analysis, genetically predicted 1 standard deviation increment of S-25OHD was not associated with higher femoral neck BMD (SD change in BMD 0.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.03 to 0.07; p = 0.37), lumbar spine BMD (SD change in BMD 0.02; 95% CI -0.04 to 0.08; p = 0.49), or estimated BMD (g/cm2 change in BMD -0.03; 95% CI -0.05 to -0.01; p = 0.02). This study does not support a causal association between long-term elevated S-25OHD concentrations and higher BMD in generally healthy populations. These results suggest that more emphasis should be placed on the development of evidence-based cut-off points for vitamin D inadequacy rather than a general recommendation to increase S-25OHD. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Melhus
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Unit of Orthopedics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bais F, Luca RM, Bornman JF, Williamson CE, Sulzberger B, Austin AT, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Bernhard G, McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Madronich S, Neale RE, Yazar S, Young AR, de Gruijl FR, Norval M, Takizawa Y, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Flint SD, Neale PJ, Hylander S, Rose KC, Wängberg SÅ, Häder DP, Worrest RC, Zepp RG, Paul ND, Cory RM, Solomon KR, Longstreth J, Pandey KK, Redhwi HH, Torikai A, Heikkilä AM. Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:127-179. [PMID: 29404558 PMCID: PMC6155474 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp90043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels of experts that inform the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The EEAP focuses on the effects of UV radiation on human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, air quality, and materials, as well as on the interactive effects of UV radiation and global climate change. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously held. Because of the Montreal Protocol, there are now indications of the beginnings of a recovery of stratospheric ozone, although the time required to reach levels like those before the 1960s is still uncertain, particularly as the effects of stratospheric ozone on climate change and vice versa, are not yet fully understood. Some regions will likely receive enhanced levels of UV radiation, while other areas will likely experience a reduction in UV radiation as ozone- and climate-driven changes affect the amounts of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces detailed Quadrennial Reports every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Update Reports of recent and relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2016 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2017, 16, 107-145). The present 2017 Update Report assesses some of the highlights and new insights about the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. A full 2018 Quadrennial Assessment, will be made available in 2018/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bais
- Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R. M. Luca
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National Univ., Canberra, Australia
| | - J. F. Bornman
- Curtin Univ., Curtin Business School, Perth, Australia
| | | | - B. Sulzberger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A. T. Austin
- Univ. of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. R. Wilson
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, Univ. of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - A. L. Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - G. Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - P. J. Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - S. Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - R. E. Neale
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S. Yazar
- Univ. of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | | | - F. R. de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden Univ. Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Norval
- Univ. of Edinburgh Medical School, UK
| | - Y. Takizawa
- Akita Univ. School of Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Nakadai, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P. W. Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola Univ., New Orleans, USA
| | - T. M. Robson
- Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Univ. of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S. A. Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - C. L. Ballaré
- Univ. of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. D. Flint
- Dept of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - P. J. Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - S. Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems, Linnaeus Univ., Kalmar, Sweden
| | - K. C. Rose
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - S.-Å. Wängberg
- Dept Marine Sciences, Univ. of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - D.-P. Häder
- Friedrich-Alexander Univ. Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept of Biology, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - R. C. Worrest
- CIESIN, Columbia Univ., New Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - R. G. Zepp
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - N. D. Paul
- Lanter Environment Centre, Lanter Univ., LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - R. M. Cory
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K. R. Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K. K. Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - H. H. Redhwi
- Chemical Engineering Dept, King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Torikai
- Materials Life Society of Japan, Kayabacho Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A. M. Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute R&D/Climate Research, Helsinki, Finland
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Wang N, Chen C, Zhao L, Chen Y, Han B, Xia F, Cheng J, Li Q, Lu Y. Vitamin D and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Bi-directional Mendelian Randomization Analysis. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:187-193. [PMID: 29339098 PMCID: PMC5835542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in many cross-sectional studies. However, the causality between them has not been established. We used bi-directional mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and NAFLD. Methods 9182 participants were included from a survey in East China from 2014 to 2016. We calculated weighted genetic risk scores (GRS) for 25(OH)D concentration and NAFLD based on 25(OH)D-related and NAFLD-related single nucleotide polymorphisms. Presence of liver steatosis was assessed using ultrasound. Instrumental variable was used to measure the causal relationship between them. Results An SD increase in the 25(OH)D GRS was significantly associated with 25(OH)D (β 1.29, 95%CI − 1.54, − 1.04, P < 0.05) but not with NAFLD (OR 0.97, 95%CI 0.92, 1.01). An SD increase in NAFLD GRS was also strongly associated with NAFLD (OR 1.09, 95%CI 1.04, 1.15, P < 0.05) but not with 25(OH)D (β − 0.15, 95%CI − 0.41, 0.10). Using an instrumental variable estimator, no associations were found for genetically instrumented 25(OH)D with NAFLD and for genetically instrumented NAFLD with 25(OH)D. Conclusion Our results support the conclusion that there is no causal association between vitamin D and NAFLD using a bi-directional MR approach in a Chinese population. The causality between vitamin D and NAFLD was controversial in human beings. Using mendelian randomization analysis, 25(OH)D and NAFLD are not causally associated. Long-term vitamin D deficiency may not affect the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangzhen Xia
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Li
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Vitamin D and Neurological Diseases: An Endocrine View. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112482. [PMID: 29160835 PMCID: PMC5713448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D system comprises hormone precursors, active metabolites, carriers, enzymes, and receptors involved in genomic and non-genomic effects. In addition to classical bone-related effects, this system has also been shown to activate multiple molecular mediators and elicit many physiological functions. In vitro and in vivo studies have, in fact, increasingly focused on the "non-calcemic" actions of vitamin D, which are associated with the maintenance of glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular morbidity, autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer. In parallel, growing evidence has recognized that a multimodal association links vitamin D system to brain development, functions and diseases. With vitamin D deficiency reaching epidemic proportions worldwide, there is now concern that optimal levels of vitamin D in the bloodstream are also necessary to preserve the neurological development and protect the adult brain. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship between vitamin D and neurological diseases.
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Erro R, Brigo F, Tamburin S, Zamboni M, Antonini A, Tinazzi M. Nutritional habits, risk, and progression of Parkinson disease. J Neurol 2017; 265:12-23. [PMID: 29018983 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a multifactorial disease, where a genetic predisposition combines with putative environmental risk factors. Mounting evidence suggests that the initial PD pathological manifestations may be located in the gut to subsequently affect brain areas. Moreover, several lines of research demonstrated that there are bidirectional connections between the central nervous system and the gut, the "gut-brain axis" that influences both brain and gastrointestinal function. This opens a potential therapeutic window suggesting that specific dietary strategies may interact with the disease process and influence the risk of PD or modify its course. Dietary components can also theoretically modulate the chronic activation of the inflammatory response that is associated with aging, the strongest risk factor for PD, that has been suggested to hasten the underlying neurodegenerative process in PD. Here, we reviewed the evidence supporting an association between certain dietary compound and either the risk or progression of PD and have provided an overview of the possible pathomechanisms linking nutrition and neurodegeneration. The results of our review would not support a clear role for any dietary components in reducing the risk or progression of PD. However, the evidence favouring a connection between gut abnormalities, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in PD have become too compelling to be ignored, so that further research, also in the field of nutritional genomics, is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy. .,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson Unit, IRCCS Hospital San Camillo and 1st Neurology Clinic, AO Universitaria Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
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