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Kapoor D, Sharma P, Shukla D. Emerging drugs for the treatment of herpetic keratitis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2024; 29:113-126. [PMID: 38603466 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2024.2339899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herpes simplex keratitis stands as a prominent factor contributing to infectious blindness among developed nations. On a global scale, over 60% of the population tests positive for herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). Despite these statistics, there is currently no vaccine available for the virus. Moreover, the conventional nucleoside drugs prescribed to patients are proving ineffective in addressing issues related to drug resistance, recurrence, latency, and the escalating risk of vision loss. Hence, it is imperative to continually explore all potential avenues to restrict the virus. This review article centers on the present treatment methods for HSV-1 keratitis (HSK), highlighting the ongoing clinical trials. It delves into the emerging drugs, their mode-of-action and future therapeutics. AREAS COVERED The review focuses on the significance of a variety of small molecules targeting HSV-1 lifecycle at multiple steps. Peer-reviewed articles and abstracts were searched in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and clinical trial websites. EXPERT OPINION The exploration of small molecules that target specific pathways within the herpes lifecycle holds the potential for substantial impact on the antiviral pharmaceutical market. Simultaneously, the pursuit of disease-specific biomarkers has the capacity to usher in a transformative era in diagnostics within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Shram SI, Shcherbakova TA, Abramova TV, Baradieva EC, Efremova AS, Smirnovskaya MS, Silnikov VN, Švedas VK, Nilov DK. Natural Guanine Derivatives Exert PARP-Inhibitory and Cytoprotective Effects in a Model of Cardiomyocyte Damage under Oxidative Stress. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:783-791. [PMID: 37748874 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923060068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are considered as promising agents for treatment of cardiovascular, neurological, and other diseases accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress. Previously, the ability of natural compounds 7-methylguanine (7mGua) and 8-hydroxy-7-methylguanine (8h7mGua) to suppress activity of the recombinant PARP protein was demonstrated. In the present work, we have investigated the possibility of PARP-inhibitory and cytoprotective action of 7mGua and 8h7mGua against the rat cardiomyoblast cultures (undifferentiated and differentiated H9c2). It was found that 7mGua and 8h7mGua rapidly penetrate into the cells and effectively suppress the H2O2-stimulated PARP activation (IC50 = 270 and 55 μM, respectively). The pronounced cytoprotective effects of 7mGua and 8h7mGua were shown in a cellular model of oxidative stress, and effectiveness of 8h7mGua exceeded the classic PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide. The obtained data indicate promise for the development of PARP inhibitors based on guanine derivatives and their testing using the models of ischemia-reperfusion tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav I Shram
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Tatyana A Shcherbakova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Abramova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Erzhena C Baradieva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Anna S Efremova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir N Silnikov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vytas K Švedas
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Dmitry K Nilov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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3
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De Castro F, Stefàno E, De Luca E, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. Platinum-Nucleos(t)ide Compounds as Possible Antimetabolites for Antitumor/Antiviral Therapy: Properties and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:941. [PMID: 36986802 PMCID: PMC10058173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues (NAs) are a family of compounds which include a variety of purine and pyrimidine derivatives, widely used as anticancer and antiviral agents. For their ability to compete with physiological nucleosides, NAs act as antimetabolites exerting their activity by interfering with the synthesis of nucleic acids. Much progress in the comprehension of their molecular mechanisms has been made, including providing new strategies for potentiating anticancer/antiviral activity. Among these strategies, new platinum-NAs showing a good potential to improve the therapeutic indices of NAs have been synthesized and studied. This short review aims to describe the properties and future perspectives of platinum-NAs, proposing these complexes as a new class of antimetabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michele Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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4
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The First 5′-Phosphorylated 1,2,3-Triazolyl Nucleoside Analogues with Uracil and Quinazoline-2,4-Dione Moieties: A Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196214. [PMID: 36234748 PMCID: PMC9573387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 5′-phosphorylated (dialkyl phosphates, diaryl phosphates, phosphoramidates, H-phosphonates, phosphates) 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues in which the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranose fragment is attached via a methylene group or a butylene chain to the N-1 atom of the heterocycle moiety (uracil or quinazoline-2,4-dione) was synthesized. All compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity against influenza virus A/PR/8/34/(H1N1). Antiviral assays revealed three compounds, 13b, 14b, and 17a, which showed moderate activity against influenza virus A (H1N1) with IC50 values of 17.9 μM, 51 μM, and 25 μM, respectively. In the first two compounds, the quinazoline-2,4-dione moiety is attached via a methylene or a butylene linker, respectively, to the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranosyl fragment possessing a 5′-diphenyl phosphate substituent. In compound 17a, the uracil moiety is attached via the methylene unit to the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranosyl fragment possessing a 5′-(phenyl methoxy-L-alaninyl)phosphate substituent. The remaining compounds appeared to be inactive against influenza virus A/PR/8/34/(H1N1). The results of molecular docking simulations indirectly confirmed the literature data that the inhibition of viral replication is carried out not by nucleoside analogues themselves, but by their 5′-triphosphate derivatives.
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5
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Zuccarini M, Giuliani P, Ronci M, Caciagli F, Caruso V, Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P. Purinergic Signaling in Oral Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147790. [PMID: 35887132 PMCID: PMC9318746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the purinergic signal has been extensively investigated in many tissues and related organs, including the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and immune systems. Less attention has been paid to the influence of purines in the oral cavity, which is the first part of the digestive apparatus and also acts as the body’s first antimicrobial barrier. In this review, evidence is provided of the presence and possible physiological role of the purinergic system in the different structures forming the oral cavity including teeth, tongue, hard palate, and soft palate with their annexes such as taste buds, salivary glands, and nervous fibers innervating the oral structures. We also report findings on the involvement of the purinergic signal in pathological conditions affecting the oral apparatus such as Sjögren’s syndrome or following irradiation for the treatment of head and neck cancer, and the use of experimental drugs interfering with the purine system to improve bone healing after damage. Further investigations are required to translate the results obtained so far into the clinical setting in order to pave the way for a wider application of purine-based treatments in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Vanni Caruso
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
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6
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Low ZY, Yip AJW, Lal SK. Repositioning anticancer drugs as novel COVID-19 antivirals: targeting structural and functional similarities between viral proteins and cancer. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:1-23. [PMID: 35450545 PMCID: PMC9114731 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic contributed by the SARS-CoV-2 has put in place an urgent need for new and promising antiviral therapeutics. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme plays a vital role in viral replication for all RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, thereby making it a prime and promising candidate for novel antiviral targeting. Interestingly, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), a common catalytic subunit of the telomerase enzyme in many cancers, has also been identified with structural and functional similarities to the viral RdRp. Therefore, it becomes essential to evaluate and consider anticancer drugs that target hTERT towards antiviral RdRp activity, and vice versa. For instance, Floxuridine, an hTERT inhibitor, and VX-222, a hepatitis C virus RdRp inhibitor, are now gaining recognition as a potential antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and anti-hTERT for cancer, simultaneously. While limited studies on hTERT inhibitors for use as viral RdRp, and anti-RdRp inhibitors as hTERT inhibitors are available, in this review, we aim at bringing to light this close structural and functional relationship between both these enzymes. We punctuate this idea with specific examples on how potential anticancer inhibitors can effectively be brought to use as inhibitors against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a relatively new pathogen, compared to the very well-studied field of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
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7
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Li R, Mak WWS, Li J, Zheng C, Shiu PHT, Seto SW, Lee SMY, Leung GPH. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of 4-((4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-6-imino-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (FPMINT) Analogues as Inhibitors of Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837555. [PMID: 35264969 PMCID: PMC8899516 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) play a vital role in nucleotide synthesis, regulation of adenosine function and chemotherapy. Current inhibitors of ENTs are mostly ENT1-selective. Our previous study has demonstrated that 4-((4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-6-imino-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (FPMINT) is a novel inhibitor of ENTs, which is more selective to ENT2 than to ENT1. The present study aimed to screen a series of FPMINT analogues and study their structure-activity relationship. Nucleoside transporter-deficient cells transfected with cloned human ENT1 and ENT2 were used as in vitro models. The results of the [3H]uridine uptake study showed that the replacement of the naphthalene moiety with the benzene moiety could abolish the inhibitory effects on ENT1 and ENT2. The addition of chloride to the meta position of this benzene moiety could restore only the inhibitory effect on ENT1 but had no effect on ENT2. However, the addition of the methyl group to the meta position or the ethyl or oxymethyl group to the para position of this benzene moiety could regain the inhibitory activity on both ENT1 and ENT2. The presence of a halogen substitute, regardless of the position, in the fluorophenyl moiety next to the piperazine ring was essential for the inhibitory effects on ENT1 and ENT2. Among the analogues tested, compound 3c was the most potent inhibitor. Compound 3c reduced V max of [3H]uridine uptake in ENT1 and ENT2 without affecting K m. The inhibitory effect of compound 3c could not be washed out. Compound 3c did not affect cell viability, protein expression and internalization of ENT1 and ENT2. Therefore, similar to FPMINT, compound 3c was an irreversible and non-competitive inhibitor. Molecular docking analysis also showed that the binding site of compound 3c in ENT1 may be different from that of other conventional inhibitors. It is expected that structural modification may further improve its potency and selectivity and lead to the development of useful pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renkai Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Winston Wing-Shum Mak
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Polly Ho-Ting Shiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sai-Wang Seto
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, China
| | - George Pak-Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Hermann R, Krajcsi P, Fluck M, Seithel-Keuth A, Bytyqi A, Galazka A, Munafo A. Review of Transporter Substrate, Inhibitor, and Inducer Characteristics of Cladribine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1509-1535. [PMID: 34435310 PMCID: PMC8613159 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) to its active adenosine triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®) administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. The ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and nucleoside transporter substrate, inhibitor, and inducer characteristics of cladribine are reviewed in this article. Available evidence suggests that the distribution of cladribine across biological membranes is facilitated by a number of uptake and efflux transporters. Among the key ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters, only breast cancer resistance protein has been shown to be an efficient transporter of cladribine, while P-glycoprotein does not transport cladribine well. Intestinal absorption, distribution throughout the body, and intracellular uptake of cladribine appear to be exclusively mediated by equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters, specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Renal excretion of cladribine appears to be most likely driven by breast cancer resistance protein, ENT1, and P-glycoprotein. The latter may play a role despite its poor cladribine transport efficiency in view of the renal abundance of P-glycoprotein. There is no evidence that solute carrier uptake transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptides, organic anion transporters, and organic cation transporters are involved in the transport of cladribine. Available in vitro studies examining the inhibitor characteristics of cladribine for a total of 13 major ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and CNT transporters indicate that in vivo inhibition of any of these transporters by cladribine is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermann
- Clinical Research Appliance (cr.appliance), Heinrich-Vingerhut-Weg 3, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Munafo
- Institute of Pharmacometrics, an Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bendova P, Pardini B, Susova S, Rosendorf J, Levy M, Skrobanek P, Buchler T, Kral J, Liska V, Vodickova L, Landi S, Soucek P, Naccarati A, Vodicka P, Vymetalkova V. Genetic variations in microRNA-binding sites of solute carrier transporter genes as predictors of clinical outcome in colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:378-394. [PMID: 33319241 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the principal mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in highly frequent solid tumors, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), is the decreased activity of drug transport into tumor cells due to low expression of important membrane proteins, such as solute carrier (SLC) transporters. Sequence complementarity is a major determinant for target gene recognition by microRNAs (miRNAs). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in target sequences transcribed into messenger RNA may therefore alter miRNA binding to these regions by either creating a new site or destroying an existing one. miRSNPs may explain the modulation of expression levels in association with increased/decreased susceptibility to common diseases as well as in chemoresistance and the consequent inter-individual variability in drug response. In the present study, we investigated whether miRSNPs in SLC transporter genes may modulate CRC susceptibility and patient's survival. Using an in silico approach for functional predictions, we analyzed 26 miRSNPs in 9 SLC genes in a cohort of 1368 CRC cases and 698 controls from the Czech Republic. After correcting for multiple tests, we found several miRSNPs significantly associated with patient's survival. SNPs in SLCO3A1, SLC22A2 and SLC22A3 genes were defined as prognostic factors in the classification and regression tree analysis. In contrast, we did not observe any significant association between miRSNPs and CRC risk. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating miRSNPs potentially affecting miRNA binding to SLC transporter genes and their impact on CRC susceptibility or patient's prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bendova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Pardini
- IIGM Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Simona Susova
- Biomedical Centre and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jachym Rosendorf
- Biomedical Centre and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Levy
- Department of Surgery, Thomayer University Hospital, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Skrobanek
- Department of Oncology, Thomayer Hospital, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology, Thomayer Hospital, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kral
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, IKEM, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Liska
- Biomedical Centre and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Landi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Biomedical Centre and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- IIGM Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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10
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Kataev VE, Garifullin BF. Antiviral nucleoside analogs. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:326-341. [PMID: 34007086 PMCID: PMC8118684 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The minireview surveys the modification of native nucleosides as a result of which huge libraries of nucleoside analogs of various structures were synthesized. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of the so-called prodrug forms of nucleoside analogs which ensure their penetration into the cell and metabolism to active 5'-triphosphate derivatives. All the best known antiviral cyclic nucleoside analogs approved for the treatment of HIV infections, hepatitis B, C, and influenza since the 1960s, as well as those in various stages of clinical trials in recent years, are listed. Nucleoside analogs that have shown the ability to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are discussed, including remdesivir, approved by the FDA for emergency use in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Kataev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
| | - Bulat F. Garifullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
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11
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Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 2: Properties and Physiological Roles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5197626. [PMID: 33344638 PMCID: PMC7732376 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5197626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2) is a bidirectional transporter embedded in the biological membrane and is ubiquitously found in most tissue and cell types. ENT2 mediates the uptake of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleobase besides transporting a variety of nucleoside-derived drugs, mostly in anticancer therapy. Since high expression of ENT2 has been correlated with advanced stages of different types of cancers, consequently, this has gained significant interest in the role of ENT2 as a potential therapeutic target. Furthermore, ENT2 plays critical roles in signaling pathway and cell cycle progression. Therefore, elucidating the physiological roles of ENT2 and its properties may contribute to a better understanding of ENT2 roles beyond their transportation mechanism. This review is aimed at highlighting the main roles of ENT2 and at providing a brief update on the recent research.
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12
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Petrykey K, Andelfinger GU, Laverdière C, Sinnett D, Krajinovic M. Genetic factors in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in patients treated for pediatric cancer. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:865-883. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1807937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Petrykey
- Immune Diseases and Cancer, Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Montreal, Canada
| | - Gregor U. Andelfinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Canada
- Fetomaternal and Neonatal Pathologies, Sainte-JustineUniversity Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Laverdière
- Immune Diseases and Cancer, Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Immune Diseases and Cancer, Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- Immune Diseases and Cancer, Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Canada
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13
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Santiago AR, Madeira MH, Boia R, Aires ID, Rodrigues-Neves AC, Santos PF, Ambrósio AF. Keep an eye on adenosine: Its role in retinal inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107513. [PMID: 32109489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside ubiquitously distributed throughout the body that interacts with G protein-coupled receptors, classified in four subtypes: A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R. Among the plethora of functions of adenosine, it has been increasingly recognized as a key mediator of the immune response. Neuroinflammation is a feature of chronic neurodegenerative diseases and contributes to the pathophysiology of several retinal degenerative diseases. Animal models of retinal diseases are helping to elucidate the regulatory roles of adenosine receptors in the development and progression of those diseases. Mounting evidence demonstrates that the adenosinergic system is altered in the retina during pathological conditions, compromising retinal physiology. This review focuses on the roles played by adenosine and the elements of the adenosinergic system (receptors, enzymes, transporters) in the neuroinflammatory processes occurring in the retina. An improved understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the signalling pathways mediated by adenosine underlying the onset and progression of retinal diseases will pave the way towards the identification of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Santiago
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria H Madeira
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Boia
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Dinis Aires
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Fernando Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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14
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Pastuch-Gawołek G, Gillner D, Król E, Walczak K, Wandzik I. Selected nucleos(t)ide-based prescribed drugs and their multi-target activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172747. [PMID: 31634460 PMCID: PMC7173238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues play pivotal roles as antiviral, cytotoxic or immunosuppressive agents. Here, we review recent reports of nucleoside analogues that exhibit broad-spectrum activity towards multiple life-threatening RNA and DNA viruses. We also present a discussion about nucleoside antimetabolites-approved antineoplastic agents-that have recently been shown to have antiviral and/or antibacterial activity. The approved drugs and drug combinations, as well as recently identified candidates for investigation and/or experimentation, are discussed. Several examples of repurposed drugs that have already been approved for use are presented. This strategy can be crucial for the first-line treatment of acute infections or coinfections and for the management of drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pastuch-Gawołek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Danuta Gillner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewelina Król
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Walczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ilona Wandzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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15
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Zeng Q, Bai M, Li C, Lu S, Ma Z, Zhao Y, Zhou H, Jiang H, Sun D, Zheng C. Multiple Drug Transporters Contribute to the Placental Transfer of Emtricitabine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00199-19. [PMID: 31160284 PMCID: PMC6658773 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00199-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emtricitabine (FTC) is a first-line antiviral drug recommended for the treatment of AIDS during pregnancy. We hypothesized that transporters located in the placenta contribute to FTC transfer across the blood-placenta barrier. BeWo cells, cell models with stable or transient expression of transporter genes, primary human trophoblast cells (PHTCs), and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were applied to demonstrate which transporters were involved. FTC accumulation in BeWo cells was reduced markedly by inhibitors of equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs), concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), and organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 (OCTN1) and increased by inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs). ENT1, CNT1, OCTN1, MRP1/2/3, and BCRP, but not ENT2, CNT3, OCTN2, or multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), were found to transport FTC. FTC accumulation in PHTCs was decreased significantly by inhibitors of ENTs and OCTN1. These results suggest that ENT1, CNT1, and OCTN1 probably contribute to FTC uptake from maternal circulation to trophoblasts and that ENT1, CNT1, and MRP1 are likely involved in FTC transport between trophoblasts and fetal blood, whereas BCRP and MRP1/2/3 facilitate FTC transport from trophoblasts to maternal circulation. Coexistence of tenofovir or efavirenz with FTC in the cell medium did not influence FTC accumulation in BeWo cells or PHTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Zeng
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengru Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cui Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuanghui Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunchun Zhao
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongli Sun
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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16
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Mirza AZ. Advancement in the development of heterocyclic nucleosides for the treatment of cancer - A review. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 38:836-857. [PMID: 31135268 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1615623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer diseases are widely recognised as an important medical problem and killing millions of people in a year. Chemotherapeutic drugs are successful against cancer in many cases and different compounds, including the analogues of natural substances, may be used for anticancer agents. Nucleoside analogues also have become a necessity for the treatment of cancer diseases. Nucleoside, nucleotide and base analogues have been utilised for decades for the treatment of viral pathogens, neoplasms and in anticancer chemotherapy. This review focuses on the different types of nucleosides and their potential role as anticancer agents. It also discusses the nucleoside analogues approved by FDA and in process of approval. The effect of the substitution on the nucleoside analogues and their pharmacological role is also discussed in the review. Owing to the advances in computational chemistry, it concludes with the future advancement and possible outcome of the nucleoside analogues. Also, it depicts the development of heterocyclic nucleoside analogues, explores the QSAR of the synthesised compounds and discusses the 3 D QSAR pharmacophore modelling in order to examine their potential anti-cancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agha Zeeshan Mirza
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia.,Research Laboratories Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
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17
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Wevers RA, Christensen M, Engelke UFH, Geuer S, Coene KLM, Kwast JT, Lund AM, Vissers LELM. Functional disruption of pyrimidine nucleoside transporter CNT1 results in a novel inborn error of metabolism with high excretion of uridine and cytidine. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:494-500. [PMID: 30847922 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic defects in the pyrimidine nucleoside transporters of the CNT transporter family have not yet been reported. Metabolic investigations in a patient with infantile afebrile tonic-clonic seizures revealed increased urinary uridine and cytidine excretion. Segregation of this metabolic trait in the family showed the same biochemical phenotype in a healthy older brother of the index. Whole exome sequencing revealed biallelic mutations in SLC28A1 encoding the pyrimidine nucleoside transporter CNT1 in the index and his brother. Both parents and unaffected sibs showed the variant in heterozygous state. The transporter is expressed in the kidneys. Compelling evidence is available for the disrupting effect of the mutation on the transport function thus explaining the increased excretion of the pyrimidine nucleosides. The exome analysis also revealed a pathogenic mutation in PRRT2 in the index, explaining the epilepsy phenotype in infancy. At present, both the index (10 years) and his older brother are asymptomatic. Mutations in SLC28A1 cause a novel inborn error of metabolism that can be explained by the disrupted activity of the pyrimidine nucleoside transporter CNT1. This is the first report describing a defect in the family of CNT concentrative pyrimidine nucleoside transporter proteins encoded by the SLC28 gene family. In all likelihood, the epilepsy phenotype in the index is unrelated to the SLC28A1 defect, as this can be fully explained by the pathogenic PRRT2 variant. Clinical data on more patients are required to prove whether pathogenic mutations in SLC28A1 have any clinical consequences or are to be considered a benign metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wevers
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Christensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - U F H Engelke
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Geuer
- Department Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - K L M Coene
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J T Kwast
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A M Lund
- Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L E L M Vissers
- Department Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Arora K, Rai AK. Dependence of Leishmania parasite on host derived ATP: an overview of extracellular nucleotide metabolism in parasite. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:1-13. [PMID: 30956439 PMCID: PMC6423245 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kashika Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Allahabad, 211004 U.P. India
- Present Address: Biomedical Research Center, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985 South Korea
| | - Ambak Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Allahabad, 211004 U.P. India
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19
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Gorzkiewicz M, Deriu MA, Studzian M, Janaszewska A, Grasso G, Pułaski Ł, Appelhans D, Danani A, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Fludarabine-Specific Molecular Interactions with Maltose-Modified Poly(propyleneimine) Dendrimer Enable Effective Cell Entry of the Active Drug Form: Comparison with Clofarabine. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1429-1442. [PMID: 30707833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fludarabine is an anticancer antimetabolite essential for modern chemotherapy, but its efficacy is limited due to the complex pharmacokinetics. We demonstrated the potential use of maltose-modified poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer as drug delivery agent to improve the efficiency of therapy with fludarabine. In this study, we elaborated a novel synthesis technique for radioactively labeled fludarabine triphosphate to prove for the first time the direct ability of nucleotide-glycodendrimer complex to enter and kill leukemic cells, without the involvement of membrane nucleoside transporters and intracellular kinases. This will potentially allow to bypass the most common drug resistance mechanisms observed in the clinical setting. Further, we applied surface plasmon resonance and molecular modeling to elucidate the properties of the drug-dendrimer complexes. We showed that clofarabine, a more toxic nucleoside analogue drug, is characterized by significantly different molecular interactions with poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers than fludarabine, leading to different cellular outcomes (decreased rather than increased treatment efficiency). The most probable mechanistic explanation of uniquely dendrimer-enhanced fludarabine toxicity points to a crucial role of both an alternative cellular uptake pathway and the avoidance of intracellular phosphorylation of nucleoside drug form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gorzkiewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , 141/143 Pomorska Street , 90-236 Lodz , Poland
| | - Marco A Deriu
- SUPSI-DTI IDSIA-Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence , CH-6928 Manno , Switzerland
| | - Maciej Studzian
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , 141/143 Pomorska Street , 90-236 Lodz , Poland.,Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , 141/143 Pomorska Street , 90-236 Lodz , Poland
| | - Anna Janaszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , 141/143 Pomorska Street , 90-236 Lodz , Poland
| | - Gianvito Grasso
- SUPSI-DTI IDSIA-Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence , CH-6928 Manno , Switzerland
| | - Łukasz Pułaski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , 141/143 Pomorska Street , 90-236 Lodz , Poland.,Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation , Institute of Medical Biology PAS , 106 Lodowa Street , 93-232 Lodz , Poland
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Straße 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andrea Danani
- SUPSI-DTI IDSIA-Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence , CH-6928 Manno , Switzerland
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , 141/143 Pomorska Street , 90-236 Lodz , Poland.,Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Straße 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
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20
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Moketla MB, Wadley AL, Kamerman P, de Assis Rosa D. Pharmacogenetic variation influences sensory neuropathy occurrence in Southern Africans treated with stavudine-containing antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204111. [PMID: 30273369 PMCID: PMC6166924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of the HIV antiretroviral drug stavudine (d4T), a thymidine analogue, is associated with the development of mitochondrial toxicities such as sensory neuropathy (SN). Genetic variation in genes relating to d4T transport and metabolism, as well as genetic variation in the thymidine synthesis pathway, could influence occurrence of d4T-related toxicity. METHODS We examined this hypothesis in a cohort of HIV-positive South African adults exposed to d4T, including 143 cases with SN and 120 controls without SN. Ten SNPs in four genes associated with stavudine transport, and 16 SNPs in seven genes of the thymidine synthesis / phosphorylation pathway were genotyped using Agena mass spectrometry methods. Associations between sensory neuropathy and genetic variants were evaluated using PLINK by univariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS Age and height were significantly associated with SN occurrence. Using logistic regression with age and height as covariates, and uncorrected empirical p-values, genetic variation in SLC28A1, SAMHD1, MTHFR and RRM2B was associated with SN in South Africans using d4T. CONCLUSION Variation in genes relating to d4T transport and metabolism, as well as genetic variation in the thymidine synthesis pathway may influence occurrence of d4T-related SN. These data contribute to the characterisation of African pharmacogenetic variation and its role in adverse response to antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Blessings Moketla
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Antonia L. Wadley
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter Kamerman
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Debra de Assis Rosa
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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21
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Vaskó B, Juhász V, Tóth B, Kurunczi A, Fekete Z, Krisjanis Zolnerciks J, Kis E, Magnan R, Bidon-Chanal Badia A, Pastor-Anglada M, Hazai E, Bikadi Z, Fülöp F, Krajcsi P. Inhibitor selectivity of CNTs and ENTs. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:840-851. [PMID: 30022699 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1501832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT; solute carrier family 28 (SLC28)) and the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT; solute carrier family 29 (SLC29)) are important therapeutic targets but may also mediate toxicity or adverse events. To explore the relative role of the base and the monosaccharide moiety in inhibitor selectivity we selected compounds that either harbor an arabinose moiety or a cytosine moiety, as these groups had several commercially available drug members. The screening data showed that more compounds harboring a cytosine moiety displayed potent interactions with the CNTs than compounds harboring the arabinose moiety. In contrast, ENTs showed a preference for compounds with an arabinose moiety. The correlation between CNT1 and CNT3 was good as five of six compounds displayed IC50 values within the threefold threshold and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. For CNT1 and CNT2 as well as for CNT2 and CNT3 only two of six IC50 values correlated and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. Interestingly, of the six compounds that potently interacted with both ENT1 and ENT2 only nelarabine displayed selectivity. Our data show differences between inhibitor selectivities of CNTs and ENTs as well as differences within the CNT family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beáta Tóth
- b SOLVO Biotechnology , Budaörs , Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Emese Kis
- a SOLVO Biotechnology , Szeged , Hungary
| | | | - Axel Bidon-Chanal Badia
- c Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera , Universitat de Barcelona , Santa Coloma de Gramenet , Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- d Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,e Oncology Program , National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | | | | | - Ferenc Fülöp
- g Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Peter Krajcsi
- a SOLVO Biotechnology , Szeged , Hungary.,h Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.,i Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics , Pázmány Péter Catholic University , Budapest , Hungary
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22
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Arimany-Nardi C, Claudio-Montero A, Viel-Oliva A, Schmidtke P, Estarellas C, Barril X, Bidon-Chanal A, Pastor-Anglada M. Identification and Characterization of a Secondary Sodium-Binding Site and the Main Selectivity Determinants in the Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 3. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1980-1987. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Arimany-Nardi
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Claudio-Montero
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Viel-Oliva
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Schmidtke
- Departament
de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Estarellas
- Departament
de Nutrició, Ciències de l′Alimentació
i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l′Alimentació
de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma
de Gramenet, Spain
| | - X. Barril
- Departament
de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Bidon-Chanal
- Departament
de Nutrició, Ciències de l′Alimentació
i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l′Alimentació
de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma
de Gramenet, Spain
| | - M. Pastor-Anglada
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Gorzkiewicz M, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Dendrimers as nanocarriers for nucleoside analogues. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 114:43-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Kumar Deokar H, Barch HP, Buolamwini JK. Homology Modeling of Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters (hCNTs) and Validation by Virtual Screening and Experimental Testing to Identify Novel hCNT1 Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6. [PMID: 29167753 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0138.1000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective The nucleoside transporter family is an emerging target for cancer, viral and cardiovascular diseases. Due to the difficulty in the expression, isolation and crystallization of membrane proteins, there is a lack of structural information on any of the mammalian and for that matter the human proteins. Thus the objective of this study was to build homology models for the three cloned concentrative nucleoside transporters hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3 and validate them for screening towards the discovery of much needed inhibitors and probes. Methods The recently reported crystal structure of the Vibrio cholerae concentrative nucleoside transporter (vcCNT), has satisfactory similarity to the human CNT orthologues and was thus used as a template to build homology models of all three hCNTs. The Schrödinger modeling suite was used for the exercise. External validation of the homology models was carried out by docking a set of recently reported known hCNT1 nucleoside class inhibitors at the putative binding site using induced fit docking (IDF) methodology with the Glide docking program. Then, the hCNT1 homology model was subsequently used to conduct a virtual screening of a 360,000 compound library, and 172 compounds were obtained and biologically evaluated for hCNT 1, 2 and 3 inhibitory potency and selectivity. Results Good quality homology models were obtained for all three hCNTs as indicated by interrogation for various structural parameters and also external validated by docking of known inhibitors. The IDF docking results showed good correlations between IDF scores and inhibitory activities; particularly for hCNT1. From the top 0.1% of compounds ranked by virtual screening with the hCNT1 homology model, 172 compounds selected and tested for against hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3, yielded 14 new inhibitors (hits) of (i.e., 8% success rate). The most active compound exhibited an IC50 of 9.05 μM, which shows a greater than 25-fold higher potency than phlorizin the standard CNT inhibitor (IC50 of 250 μM). Conclusion We successfully undertook homology modeling and validation for all human concentrative nucleoside transporters (hCNT 1, 2 and 3). The proof-of-concept that these models are promising for virtual screening to identify potent and selective inhibitors was also obtained using the hCNT1 model. Thus we identified a novel potent hCNT1 inhibitor that is more potent and more selective than the standard inhibitor phlorizin. The other hCNT1 hits also mostly exhibited selectivity. These homology models should be useful for virtual screening to identify novel hCNT inhibitors, as well as for optimization of hCNT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar Deokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Hilaire Playa Barch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
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25
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Grixti JM, O'Hagan S, Day PJ, Kell DB. Enhancing Drug Efficacy and Therapeutic Index through Cheminformatics-Based Selection of Small Molecule Binary Weapons That Improve Transporter-Mediated Targeting: A Cytotoxicity System Based on Gemcitabine. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:155. [PMID: 28396636 PMCID: PMC5366350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of drug molecules is mainly determined by the distribution of influx and efflux transporters for which they are substrates. To enable tissue targeting, we sought to develop the idea that we might affect the transporter-mediated disposition of small-molecule drugs via the addition of a second small molecule that of itself had no inhibitory pharmacological effect but that influenced the expression of transporters for the primary drug. We refer to this as a “binary weapon” strategy. The experimental system tested the ability of a molecule that on its own had no cytotoxic effect to increase the toxicity of the nucleoside analog gemcitabine to Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells. An initial phenotypic screen of a 500-member polar drug (fragment) library yielded three “hits.” The structures of 20 of the other 2,000 members of this library suite had a Tanimoto similarity greater than 0.7 to those of the initial hits, and each was itself a hit (the cheminformatics thus providing for a massive enrichment). We chose the top six representatives for further study. They fell into three clusters whose members bore reasonable structural similarities to each other (two were in fact isomers), lending strength to the self-consistency of both our conceptual and experimental strategies. Existing literature had suggested that indole-3-carbinol might play a similar role to that of our fragments, but in our hands it was without effect; nor was it structurally similar to any of our hits. As there was no evidence that the fragments could affect toxicity directly, we looked for effects on transporter transcript levels. In our hands, only the ENT1-3 uptake and ABCC2,3,4,5, and 10 efflux transporters displayed measurable transcripts in Panc1 cultures, along with a ribonucleoside reductase RRM1 known to affect gemcitabine toxicity. Very strikingly, the addition of gemcitabine alone increased the expression of the transcript for ABCC2 (MRP2) by more than 12-fold, and that of RRM1 by more than fourfold, and each of the fragment “hits” served to reverse this. However, an inhibitor of ABCC2 was without significant effect, implying that RRM1 was possibly the more significant player. These effects were somewhat selective for Panc cells. It seems, therefore, that while the effects we measured were here mediated more by efflux than influx transporters, and potentially by other means, the binary weapon idea is hereby fully confirmed: it is indeed possible to find molecules that manipulate the expression of transporters that are involved in the bioactivity of a pharmaceutical drug. This opens up an entirely new area, that of chemical genomics-based drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Grixti
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Steve O'Hagan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Philip J Day
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
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26
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Torres RJ, Prior C, Garcia MG, Puig JG. A review of the implication of hypoxanthine excess in the physiopathology of Lesch-Nyhan disease. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 35:507-516. [PMID: 27906640 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1147579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease is caused by HGprt deficiency, however, the mechanism by which enzyme deficiency leads to the severe neurological manifestations is still unknown. We hypothesized that hypoxanthine excess leads, directly or indirectly, through its action in adenosine transport, to aberrations in neuronal development. We found that hypoxanthine diminishes adenosine transport and enhances stimulation of adenosine receptors. These effects cause an imbalance between adenosine, dopamine, and serotonin receptors in HGprt deficient cells, and cells differentiated with hypoxanthine showed an increase in dopamine, adenosine and serotonin receptors expression. Hypoxanthine deregulates early neuronal differentiation increasing WNT4 and EN1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Torres
- a Department of Biochemistry , La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII , Spain
| | - C Prior
- a Department of Biochemistry , La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII , Spain
| | - M G Garcia
- a Department of Biochemistry , La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII , Spain
| | - J G Puig
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Metabolic-Vascular Unit, La Paz University Hospital , IdiPaz , Madrid , Spain
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27
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Mohelnikova-Duchonova B, Strouhal O, Hughes DJ, Holcatova I, Oliverius M, Kala Z, Campa D, Rizzato C, Canzian F, Pezzilli R, Talar-Wojnarowska R, Malecka-Panas E, Sperti C, Federico Zambon C, Pedrazzoli S, Fogar P, Milanetto AC, Capurso G, Delle Fave G, Valente R, Gazouli M, Malleo G, Teresa Lawlor R, Strobel O, Hackert T, Giese N, Vodicka P, Vodickova L, Landi S, Tavano F, Gioffreda D, Piepoli A, Pazienza V, Mambrini A, Pedata M, Cantore M, Bambi F, Ermini S, Funel N, Lemstrova R, Soucek P. SLC22A3 polymorphisms do not modify pancreatic cancer risk, but may influence overall patient survival. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43812. [PMID: 28272475 PMCID: PMC5341046 DOI: 10.1038/srep43812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the solute carrier (SLC) transporter SLC22A3 gene is associated with overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients. This study tested whether genetic variability in SLC22A3 associates with pancreatic cancer risk and prognosis. Twenty four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging the SLC22A3 gene sequence and regulatory elements were selected for analysis. Of these, 22 were successfully evaluated in the discovery phase while six significant or suggestive variants entered the validation phase, comprising a total study number of 1,518 cases and 3,908 controls. In the discovery phase, rs2504938, rs9364554, and rs2457571 SNPs were significantly associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Moreover, rs7758229 associated with the presence of distant metastases, while rs512077 and rs2504956 correlated with overall survival of patients. Although replicated, the association for rs9364554 did not pass multiple testing corrections in the validation phase. Contrary to the discovery stage, rs2504938 associated with survival in the validation cohort, which was more pronounced in stage IV patients. In conclusion, common variation in the SLC22A3 gene is unlikely to significantly contribute to pancreatic cancer risk. The rs2504938 SNP in SLC22A3 significantly associates with an unfavorable prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. Further investigation of this SNP effect on the molecular and clinical phenotype is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Mohelnikova-Duchonova
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Oncology, Palacky University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Strouhal
- Department of Oncology, Palacky University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David J Hughes
- Department of Physiology &Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ivana Holcatova
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Oliverius
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kala
- Department of Surgery, The University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Brno Bohunice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniele Campa
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cosmeri Rizzato
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raffaele Pezzilli
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ewa Malecka-Panas
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Cosimo Sperti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology -DiSCOG, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Fogar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Capurso
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Delle Fave
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Valente
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giuseppe Malleo
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rita Teresa Lawlor
- ARC-NET Applied research on Cancer Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalia Giese
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Science of Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Science of Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Landi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Tavano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Domenica Gioffreda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Ada Piepoli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Andrea Mambrini
- Department of Oncology, Azienda USL 1 Massa Carrara, Massa Carrara, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pedata
- Department of Oncology, Azienda USL 1 Massa Carrara, Massa Carrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cantore
- Department of Oncology, Azienda USL 1 Massa Carrara, Massa Carrara, Italy
| | - Franco Bambi
- Blood Transfusion Service, Children's Hospital Meyer, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Ermini
- Blood Transfusion Service, Children's Hospital Meyer, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccola Funel
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Radmila Lemstrova
- Department of Oncology, Palacky University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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28
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Boswell-Casteel RC, Hays FA. Equilibrative nucleoside transporters-A review. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 36:7-30. [PMID: 27759477 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1210805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are polytopic integral membrane proteins that mediate the transport of nucleosides, nucleobases, and therapeutic analogs. The best-characterized ENTs are the human transporters hENT1 and hENT2. However, non-mammalian eukaryotic ENTs have also been studied (e.g., yeast, parasitic protozoa). ENTs are major pharmaceutical targets responsible for modulating the efficacy of more than 30 approved drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms and chemical determinants of ENT-mediated substrate recognition, binding, inhibition, and transport are poorly understood. This review highlights findings on the characterization of ENTs by surveying studies on genetics, permeant and inhibitor interactions, mutagenesis, and structural models of ENT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebba C Boswell-Casteel
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Franklin A Hays
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,b Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,c Harold Hamm Diabetes Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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29
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Wang L, Yu DL, Zhang HW, He LY, Wu L. Ortho-topolin riboside induces apoptosis in Acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Boëns B, Ouk TS, Champavier Y, Zerrouki R. Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Click-Generated Nitrogen Mustards. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 34:500-14. [PMID: 26158568 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1017580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of new click-generated nitrogen mustards and their biological evaluation. By using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, we managed to synthesize eight new nitrogen mustards. This strategy paves the way for the synthesis of a new family of nitrogen mustard, with an important structural variability. Furthermore, we studied the biological activity of synthesized compounds by testing their cytotoxicity on four representative cancer cell lines A431, JURKAT, K562, and U266. One structure, 1-benzyl-4-(N,N-di-2-chloroethylaminomethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, showed an interesting cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Boëns
- a Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , Albert Thomas , Limoges , France
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31
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Bicket A, Mehrabi P, Naydenova Z, Wong V, Donaldson L, Stagljar I, Coe IR. Novel regulation of equlibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) by receptor-stimulated Ca2+-dependent calmodulin binding. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C808-20. [PMID: 27009875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00243.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) facilitate the flux of nucleosides, such as adenosine, and nucleoside analog (NA) drugs across cell membranes. A correlation between adenosine flux and calcium-dependent signaling has been previously reported; however, the mechanistic basis of these observations is not known. Here we report the identification of the calcium signaling transducer calmodulin (CaM) as an ENT1-interacting protein, via a conserved classic 1-5-10 motif in ENT1. Calcium-dependent human ENT1-CaM protein interactions were confirmed in human cell lines (HEK293, RT4, U-87 MG) using biochemical assays (HEK293) and the functional assays (HEK293, RT4), which confirmed modified nucleoside uptake that occurred in the presence of pharmacological manipulations of calcium levels and CaM function. Nucleoside and NA drug uptake was significantly decreased (∼12% and ∼39%, respectively) by chelating calcium (EGTA, 50 μM; BAPTA-AM, 25 μM), whereas increasing intracellular calcium (thapsigargin, 1.5 μM) led to increased nucleoside uptake (∼26%). Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (in U-87 MG) by glutamate (1 mM) and glycine (100 μM) significantly increased nucleoside uptake (∼38%) except in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (50 μM), or CaM antagonist, W7 (50 μM). These data support the existence of a previously unidentified novel receptor-dependent regulatory mechanism, whereby intracellular calcium modulates nucleoside and NA drug uptake via CaM-dependent interaction of ENT1. These findings suggest that ENT1 is regulated via receptor-dependent calcium-linked pathways resulting in an alteration of purine flux, which may modulate purinergic signaling and influence NA drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bicket
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pedram Mehrabi
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zlatina Naydenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Victoria Wong
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Imogen R Coe
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada;
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32
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Mandíková J, Volková M, Pávek P, Navrátilová L, Hyršová L, Janeba Z, Pavlík J, Bárta P, Trejtnar F. Entecavir Interacts with Influx Transporters hOAT1, hCNT2, hCNT3, but Not with hOCT2: The Potential for Renal Transporter-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Drug-Drug Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:304. [PMID: 26779022 PMCID: PMC4700268 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Entecavir (ETV) is one of the most potent agents for the treatment of the hepatitis B viral infection. The drug is principally eliminated by the kidney. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of ETV to interact in vitro with the renal SLC transporters hOAT1, hOCT2, hCNT2 and hCNT3. Potential drug–drug interactions of ETV at the renal transporters with antiviral drugs known to be excreted by the kidney (adefovir, tenofovir, cidofovir) as well as transporter-dependent cytotoxicity were also examined. Interactions with the selected transporters along with cytotoxicity were studied in several transiently transfected cellular models using specific substrates and inhibitors. ETV was found to be both a substrate and inhibitor of hOAT1 (IC50 = 175.3 μM), hCNT2 (IC50 = 241.9 μM) and hCNT3 (IC50 = 278.4 μM) transporters, although it interacted with the transporters with relatively low affinities. ETV inhibited the cellular uptake of adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir by hOAT1; however, effective inhibition was shown at ETV concentrations exceeding therapeutic levels. In comparison with adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir, ETV displayed no transporter-mediated cytotoxicity in cells transfected with hOAT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3. No significant interaction of ETV with hOCT2 was detected. The study demonstrates interactions of ETV with several human renal transporters. For the first time, an interaction of ETV with the hCNTs was proved. We show that the potency of ETV to cause nephrotoxicity and/or clinically significant drug-drug interactions related to the tested transporters is considerably lower than that of adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Mandíková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Volková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Navrátilová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Hyršová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pavlík
- Cayman Pharma Ltd. Neratovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bárta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Trejtnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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33
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Visscher H, Rassekh SR, Sandor GS, Caron HN, van Dalen EC, Kremer LC, van der Pal HJ, Rogers PC, Rieder MJ, Carleton BC, Hayden MR, Ross CJ. Genetic variants in SLC22A17 and SLC22A7 are associated with anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1065-76. [PMID: 26230641 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify novel variants associated with anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and to assess these in a genotype-guided risk prediction model. PATIENTS & METHODS Two cohorts treated for childhood cancer (n = 344 and 218, respectively) were genotyped for 4578 SNPs in drug ADME and toxicity genes. RESULTS Significant associations were identified in SLC22A17 (rs4982753; p = 0.0078) and SLC22A7 (rs4149178; p = 0.0034), with replication in the second cohort (p = 0.0071 and 0.047, respectively). Additional evidence was found for SULT2B1 and several genes related to oxidative stress. Adding the SLC22 variants to the prediction model improved its discriminative ability (AUC 0.78 vs 0.75 [p = 0.029]). CONCLUSION Two novel variants in SLC22A17 and SLC22A7 were significantly associated with anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and improved a genotype-guided risk prediction model, which could improve patient risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Visscher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - S Rod Rassekh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - George S Sandor
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Huib N Caron
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira C van Dalen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leontien C Kremer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helena J van der Pal
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Rogers
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael J Rieder
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital/London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce C Carleton
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Colin J Ross
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Arimany-Nardi C, Errasti-Murugarren E, Minuesa G, Martinez-Picado J, Gorboulev V, Koepsell H, Pastor-Anglada M. Nucleoside transporters and human organic cation transporter 1 determine the cellular handling of DNA-methyltransferase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3868-80. [PMID: 24780098 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), such as azacytidine, decitabine and zebularine, are used for the epigenetic treatment of cancer. Their action may depend upon their translocation across the plasma membrane. The aim of this study was to identify transporter proteins contributing to DNMT inhibitor action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Drug interactions with selected hCNT and hENT proteins were studied in transiently transfected HeLa and MDCK cells. Interaction with human organic cation transporters (hOCTs) was assessed in transiently transfected HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes. KEY RESULTS Zebularine uptake was mediated by hCNT1, hCNT3 and hENT2. Decitabine interacted with but was not translocated by any nucleoside transporter (NT) type. hCNT expression at the apical domain of MDCK cells promoted net vectorial flux of zebularine. Neither hOCT1 nor hOCT2 transported decitabine, but both were involved in the efflux of zebularine, suggesting these proteins act as efflux transporters. hOCT1 polymorphic variants, known to alter function, decreased zebularine efflux. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study highlights the influence of human NTs and hOCTs on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selected DNMT inhibitors. As hOCTs may also behave as efflux transporters, they could contribute either to chemoresistance or to chemosensitivity, depending upon the nature of the drug or combination of drugs being used in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arimany-Nardi
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) & National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseaes (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Nucleoside transporter proteins as biomarkers of drug responsiveness and drug targets. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25713533 PMCID: PMC4322540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleobase analogs are currently used in the treatment of solid tumors, lymphoproliferative diseases, viral infections such as hepatitis and AIDS, and some inflammatory diseases such as Crohn. Two gene families are implicated in the uptake of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs into cells, SCL28 and SLC29. The former encodes hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3 proteins. They translocate nucleosides in a Na+ coupled manner with high affinity and some substrate selectivity, being hCNT1 and hCNT2 pyrimidine- and purine-preferring, respectively, and hCNT3 a broad selectivity transporter. SLC29 genes encode four members, being hENT1 and hENT2 the only two which are unequivocally implicated in the translocation of nucleosides and nucleobases (the latter mostly via hENT2) at the cell plasma membrane. Some nucleoside-derived drugs can also interact with and be translocated by members of the SLC22 gene family, particularly hOCT and hOAT proteins. Inter-individual differences in transporter function and perhaps, more importantly, altered expression associated with the disease itself might modulate the transporter profile of target cells, thereby determining drug bioavailability and action. Drug transporter pharmacology has been periodically reviewed. Thus, with this contribution we aim at providing a state-of-the-art overview of the clinical evidence generated so far supporting the concept that these membrane proteins can indeed be biomarkers suitable for diagnosis and/or prognosis. Last but not least, some of these transporter proteins can also be envisaged as drug targets, as long as they can show “transceptor” functions, in some cases related to their role as modulators of extracellular adenosine levels, thereby providing a functional link between P1 receptors and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain ; Oncology Program, CIBER ehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain ; Oncology Program, CIBER ehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona Spain
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Huynh N, Dickson C, Zencak D, Hilko DH, Mackay-Sim A, Poulsen SA. Labeling of Cellular DNA with aCyclosal Phosphotriester Pronucleotide Analog of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:400-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Huynh
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
| | - Charlotte Dickson
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
| | - Dusan Zencak
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
| | - David H. Hilko
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
| | - Sally-Ann Poulsen
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
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Aronsen L, Orvoll E, Lysaa R, Ravna AW, Sager G. Modulation of high affinity ATP-dependent cyclic nucleotide transporters by specific and non-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 745:249-53. [PMID: 25445042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular cyclic nucleotides are eliminated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and by ATP Binding cassette transporters such as ABCC4 and ABCC5. PDE5 and ABCC5 have similar affinity for cGMP whereas ABCC5 has much higher affinity for cGMP compared with cAMP. Since the substrate (cGMP) is identical for these two eliminatory processes it is conceivable that various PDE inhibitors also modulate ABCC5-transport. Cyclic GMP is also transported by ABBC4 but the affinity is much lower with a Km 50-100 times higher than for that of ABBCC5. The present study aimed to determine Ki-values for specific or relative specific PDE5 inhibitors (vardenafil, tadalafil, zaprinast and dipyridamole) and the non-specific PDE inhibitors (IBMX, caffeine and theophylline) for ABCC5 and ABCC4 transport. The transport of [(3)H]-cGMP (2 µM) was concentration-dependently inhibited with the following Ki-values: vardenafil (0.62 µM), tadalafil (14.1 µM), zaprinast (0.68 µM) and dipyridamole (1.2 µM), IBMX (10 µM), caffeine (48 µM) and theophylline (69 µM). The Ki-values for the inhibition of the [(3)H]-cAMP (2 µM) transport were: vardenafil (3.4 µM), tadalafil (194 µM), zaprinast (2.8 µM), dipyridamole (5.5 µM), IBMX (16 µM), caffeine (41 µM) and theophylline (85 µM). The specificity for ABCC5 we defined as ratio between Ki-values for inhibition of [(3)H]-cGMP and [(3)H]-cAMP transport. Tadalafil showed the highest specificity (Ki-ratio: 0.073) and caffeine the lowest (Ki-ratio: 1.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Aronsen
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway; Clinical pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Diagnostic services, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elin Orvoll
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Roy Lysaa
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Aina W Ravna
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Georg Sager
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway; Clinical pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Diagnostic services, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Hagos Y, Wegner W, Kuehne A, Floerl S, Marada VV, Burckhardt G, Henjakovic M. HNF4α Induced Chemosensitivity to Oxaliplatin and 5-FU Mediated by OCT1 and CNT3 in Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3326-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Deletion of the uracil permease gene confers cross-resistance to 5-fluorouracil and azoles in Candida lusitaniae and highlights antagonistic interaction between fluorinated nucleotides and fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4476-85. [PMID: 24867971 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00009-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized two additional membrane transporters (Fur4p and Dal4p) of the nucleobase cation symporter 1 (NCS1) family involved in the uptake transport of pyrimidines and related molecules in the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida lusitaniae. Simple and multiple null mutants were constructed by gene deletion and genetic crosses. The function of each transporter was characterized by supplementation experiments, and the kinetic parameters of the uptake transport of uracil were measured using radiolabeled substrate. Fur4p specifically transports uracil and 5-fluorouracil. Dal4p is very close to Fur4p and transports allantoin (glyoxyldiureide). Deletion of the FUR4 gene confers resistance to 5-fluorouracil as well as cross-resistance to triazoles and imidazole antifungals when they are used simultaneously with 5-fluorouracil. However, the nucleobase transporters are not involved in azole uptake. Only fluorinated pyrimidines, not pyrimidines themselves, are able to promote cross-resistance to azoles by both the salvage and the de novo pathway of pyrimidine synthesis. A reinterpretation of the data previously obtained led us to show that subinhibitory doses of 5-fluorocytosine, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-fluorouridine also were able to trigger resistance to fluconazole in susceptible wild-type strains of C. lusitaniae and of different Candida species. Our results suggest that intracellular fluorinated nucleotides play a key role in azole resistance, either by preventing azoles from targeting the lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase or its catalytic site or by acting as a molecular switch for the triggering of efflux transport.
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Dos Santos-Rodrigues A, Grañé-Boladeras N, Bicket A, Coe IR. Nucleoside transporters in the purinome. Neurochem Int 2014; 73:229-37. [PMID: 24704797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purinome is a rich complex of proteins and cofactors that are involved in fundamental aspects of cellular homeostasis and cellular responses. The purinome is evolutionarily ancient and is made up of thousands of members. Our understanding of the mechanisms linking some parts of this complex network and the physiological relevance of the various connections is well advanced. However, our understanding of other parts of the purinome is less well developed. Our research focuses on the adenosine or nucleoside transporters (NTs), which are members of the membrane purinome. Nucleoside transporters are integral membrane proteins that are responsible for the flux of nucleosides, such as adenosine, and nucleoside analog drugs, used in a variety of anti-cancer, anti-viral and anti-parasite therapies, across cell membranes. Nucleoside transporters form the SLC28 and SLC29 families of solute carriers and the protein members of these families are widely distributed in human tissues including the central nervous system (CNS). NTs modulate purinergic signaling in the CNS primarily through their effects on modulating prevailing adenosine levels inside and outside the cell. By clearing the extracellular milieu of adenosine, NTs can terminate adenosine receptor-dependent signaling and this raises the possibility of regulatory feedback loops that tie together receptor signaling with transporter function. Despite the important role of NTs as modulators of purinergic signaling in the human body, very little is known about the nature or underlying mechanisms of regulation of either the SLC28 or SLC29 families, particularly within the context of the CNS purinome. Here we provide a brief overview of our current understanding of the regulation of members of the SLC29 family and highlight some interesting avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Grañé-Boladeras
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Bicket
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Imogen R Coe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Gundert-Remy U, Bernauer U, Blömeke B, Döring B, Fabian E, Goebel C, Hessel S, Jäckh C, Lampen A, Oesch F, Petzinger E, Völkel W, Roos PH. Extrahepatic metabolism at the body's internal–external interfaces. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:291-324. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Döring B, Petzinger E. Phase 0 and phase III transport in various organs: combined concept of phases in xenobiotic transport and metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:261-82. [PMID: 24483608 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.882353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The historical phasing concept of drug metabolism and elimination was introduced to comprise the two phases of metabolism: phase I metabolism for oxidations, reductions and hydrolyses, and phase II metabolism for synthesis. With this concept, biological membrane barriers obstructing the accessibility of metabolism sites in the cells for drugs were not considered. The concept of two phases was extended to a concept of four phases when drug transporters were detected that guided drugs and drug metabolites in and out of the cells. In particular, water soluble or charged drugs are virtually not able to overcome the phospholipid membrane barrier. Drug transporters belong to two main clusters of transporter families: the solute carrier (SLC) families and the ATP binding cassette (ABC) carriers. The ABC transporters comprise seven families with about 20 carriers involved in drug transport. All of them operate as pumps at the expense of ATP splitting. Embedded in the former phase concept, the term "phase III" was introduced by Ishikawa in 1992 for drug export by ABC efflux pumps. SLC comprise 52 families, from which many carriers are drug uptake transporters. Later on, this uptake process was referred to as the "phase 0 transport" of drugs. Transporters for xenobiotics in man and animal are most expressed in liver, but they are also present in extra-hepatic tissues such as in the kidney, the adrenal gland and lung. This review deals with the function of drug carriers in various organs and their impact on drug metabolism and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Döring
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
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43
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Lee SY, Im SA, Park YH, Woo SY, Kim S, Choi MK, Chang W, Ahn JS, Im YH. Genetic polymorphisms of SLC28A3, SLC29A1 and RRM1 predict clinical outcome in patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving gemcitabine plus paclitaxel chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2013; 50:698-705. [PMID: 24361227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paclitaxel and gemcitabine (PG) combination chemotherapy is effective as a maintenance chemotherapeutic regimen in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients because it increases progression-free survival (PFS), which increases overall survival (OS). The primary purpose of our study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms in the genes involved in PG pathways and clinical outcomes in MBC patients treated with PG chemotherapy. METHODS A total of 324 MBC patients were enrolled in this prospective multicenter trial of PG as the first-line chemotherapy. Eighty-five of the 324 patients from two institutes were available for analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Germline DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Thirty-eight SNPs in 15 candidate genes selected from pathways that may influence the metabolism and transport of, or sensitivity, to PG were analysed. RESULTS The median PFS and OS of all 324 patients were 8.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.5-9.6 months) and 26.9 months (95% CI: 23.6-30.1 months), respectively. An SNP in SLC28A3 (rs7867504, C/T) was associated with OS (CC or CT versus TT: 37 versus 21 months, p = 0.027, hazard ratio [HR] 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1-6.3). SLC29A1 GA haplotype had a significantly shorter OS (p = 0.030, HR 3.391, 95% CI: 1.13-10.19). RRM1 (ribonucleotide reductase large subunit M1) SNP (rs9937), and haplotypes ATAA and ATGA were significantly associated with neurotoxicity. CONCLUSION Genetic polymorphisms in SLC28A3, SLC29A1 and RRM1 can influence the clinical outcome of MBC patients treated with PG chemotherapy. Further studies on the functional mechanisms relating to these germline polymorphisms in these genes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Youn Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sook Young Woo
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonwoo Kim
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Ki Choi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjin Chang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyuck Im
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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The adenosine transporter, ENT1, in cardiomyocytes is sensitive to inhibition by ethanol in a kinase-dependent manner: implications for ethanol-dependent cardioprotection and nucleoside analog drug cytotoxicity. Purinergic Signal 2013; 10:305-12. [PMID: 24163005 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine transporter 1 (ENT1) transports nucleosides, such as adenosine, and cytotoxic nucleoside analog drugs. ENT1 is well established to play a role in adenosinergic signaling in the cardiovascular system by modulating adenosine levels. Moderate ethanol consumption is cardioprotective and underlying mechanisms of action are not clear although adenosinergic signaling has been implicated. Here, we show that ethanol (5-200 mM) significantly reduces ENT1-dependent [(3)H] 2-chloroadenosine uptake (by up to 27 %) in the cardiomyocyte cell line, HL-1. Inhibition or absence of ENT1 is known to be cardioprotective, suggesting that the interaction of ethanol with ENT1 may promote adenosinergic cardioprotective pathways in the cardiovasculature.Ethanol sensitivity of adenosine uptake is altered by pharmacological activation of PKA and PKC. Primary cardiomyocytes from PKCε-null mice have significantly greater sensitivity to inhibition (by approximately 37 %) of adenosine uptake by ethanol than controls. These data suggest that the presence of ethanol may compromise ENT1-dependent nucleoside analog drug cytotoxicity, and indeed, ethanol (5 mM) reduces the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine (2 nM), an anti-cancer drug, in the human cancer cell line, HTB2. Thus, the pharmacological inhibition of ENT1 by ethanol may contribute to ethanol-dependent cardioprotection but compromise gemcitabine cytotoxicity.
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Pastor-Anglada M. Transporter pharmacogenetics: do we need function? Do we need motion? Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:1537-40. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona & Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver & Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Mohelnikova-Duchonova B, Brynychova V, Hlavac V, Kocik M, Oliverius M, Hlavsa J, Honsova E, Mazanec J, Kala Z, Melichar B, Soucek P. The association between the expression of solute carrier transporters and the prognosis of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:669-82. [PMID: 23934321 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of fourteen anticancer drug-relevant solute carrier transporters (SLCs) in pancreatic cancer in the context of clinical-pathological characteristics and the KRAS mutation status of tumors. METHODS Tumors and non-neoplastic pancreatic tissues were obtained from 32 histologically verified patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The transcript profile of SLCs was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR. KRAS mutations in exon 2 were assessed by high-resolution melting analysis and confirmed by sequencing. RESULTS SLC22A3 and SLC22A18 were upregulated and SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A11, SLC28A1, SLC28A3 and SLC29A1 were downregulated when compared with non-neoplastic pancreatic tissues. Moreover, significantly lower levels of SLC22A1, SLC22A11 and SLC29A1 were found in tumors with angioinvasion. There was also a significantly higher transcript level of SLC28A1 in tumors with regional lymph nodes affected by metastasis. The study found that a high expression of SLC28A1 was significantly associated with poor overall survival in unselected patients. In contrast, a high expression of SLC22A3 or SLC29A3 was significantly associated with longer overall survival in patients treated with nucleoside analogs. Protein expression of SLC22A1, SLC22A3 and SLC29A3 in tumor tissues of patients with pancreatic carcinoma was observed by immunoblotting for the first time. Finally, SLC levels were not found to be associated with KRAS mutation status in exon 2. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a number of associations of transcript levels of SLCs with prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients.
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Advances in the development of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues for cancer and viral diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:447-64. [PMID: 23722347 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 823] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have been in clinical use for almost 50 years and have become cornerstones of treatment for patients with cancer or viral infections. The approval of several additional drugs over the past decade demonstrates that this family still possesses strong potential. Here, we review new nucleoside analogues and associated compounds that are currently in preclinical or clinical development for the treatment of cancer and viral infections, and that aim to provide increased response rates and reduced side effects. We also highlight the different approaches used in the development of these drugs and the potential of personalized therapy.
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Advances in the development of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues for cancer and viral diseases. NATURE REVIEWS. DRUG DISCOVERY 2013. [PMID: 23722347 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4010]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have been in clinical use for almost 50 years and have become cornerstones of treatment for patients with cancer or viral infections. The approval of several additional drugs over the past decade demonstrates that this family still possesses strong potential. Here, we review new nucleoside analogues and associated compounds that are currently in preclinical or clinical development for the treatment of cancer and viral infections, and that aim to provide increased response rates and reduced side effects. We also highlight the different approaches used in the development of these drugs and the potential of personalized therapy.
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49
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Minuesa G, Huber-Ruano I, Pastor-Anglada M, Koepsell H, Clotet B, Martinez-Picado J. Drug uptake transporters in antiretroviral therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:268-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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