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Franzese O, Palermo B, Frisullo G, Panetta M, Campo G, D’Andrea D, Sperduti I, Taje R, Visca P, Nisticò P. ADA/CD26 axis increases intra-tumor PD-1 +CD28 +CD8 + T-cell fitness and affects NSCLC prognosis and response to ICB. Oncoimmunology 2024; 13:2371051. [PMID: 38915783 PMCID: PMC11195478 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2024.2371051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Improving cancer immunotherapy efficacy hinges on identifying key T-cell populations critical for tumor control and response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade (ICB). We have recently reported that while the co-expression of PD-1 and CD28 is associated with impaired functionality in peripheral blood, it significantly enhances T-cell fitness in the tumor site of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. To uncover the underlying mechanisms, we explored the role of CD26, a key player in T-cell activation through its interaction with adenosine deaminase (ADA), a crucial intra/extracellular enzyme able to neutralize local adenosine (ADO). We found that an autocrine ADA/CD26 axis enhances CD8+PD-1+CD28+ T-cell function, particularly within an immunosuppressive environment marked by CD39 expression. Then, we interrogated the TCGA and OAK datasets to gain insight into the prognostic/predictive potential of our findings. We identified a signature predicting overall survival (OS) in LUAD patients and response to atezolizumab in advanced LUAD cases. These findings suggest promising avenues for therapeutic intervention targeting the ADA/CD26 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ”Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Belinda Palermo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Frisullo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Panetta
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Campo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel D’Andrea
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Isabella Sperduti
- Biostatistics and Scientific Direction, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Taje
- Thoracic-Surgery Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Visca
- Pathological Anatomy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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Xu G, Wu L, Yang H, Liu T, Tong Y, Wan J, Han B, Zhou L, Hu X. Eupatilin inhibits xanthine oxidase in vitro and attenuates hyperuricemia and renal injury in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 183:114307. [PMID: 38052408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is the final metabolite of purines in the liver that can cause hyperuricemia at high levels. The kidneys are the main excretory organs for UA. The excessive accumulation of UA in the kidneys causes the development of hyperuricemia that often leads to renal injury. Eupatilin (Eup) is a flavonoid natural product that possesses various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory. We were interested in exploring the potential role of Eup in lowering UA and nephroprotective. We initially investigated the effects of Eup on xanthin oxidase (XOD) activity in vitro, followed by investigating its ability to lower UA levels, anti-inflammatory effects, nephroprotective effects, and the underlying mechanisms using hyperuricemia rats sustained at high UA level. The results showed that Eup had an inhibitory effect on XOD activity in vitro and significantly reduced serum UA, creatinine, BUN, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in hyperuricemic rats, ameliorating inflammation, renal oxidative stress and pathological injury. Furthermore, Eup inhibited ADA and XOD enzyme activities in the liver and serum and modulated GLUT9, URAT1 and ABCG2 protein expression in the kidneys and ileum. Our findings provide a scientific basis for suggesting Eup as an option for a potential treatment for hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guitao Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lele Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hongxuan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Tianfeng Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ying Tong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiliang Wan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Bin Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Xuguang Hu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Li J, Ma S, Pei H, Jiang J, Zou Q, Lv Z. Review of T cell proliferation regulatory factors in treatment and prognostic prediction for solid tumors. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21329. [PMID: 37954355 PMCID: PMC10637962 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell proliferation regulators (Tcprs), which are positive regulators that promote T cell function, have made great contributions to the development of therapies to improve T cell function. CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) -T cell therapy, a type of adoptive cell transfer therapy that targets tumor cells and enhances immune lethality, has led to significant progress in the treatment of hematologic tumors. However, the applications of CAR-T in solid tumor treatment remain limited. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the development of Tcprs for solid tumor therapy and prognostic prediction. We summarize potential strategies for targeting different Tcprs to enhance T cell proliferation and activation and inhibition of cancer progression, thereby improving the antitumor activity and persistence of CAR-T. In summary, we propose means of enhancing CAR-T cells by expressing different Tcprs, which may lead to the development of a new generation of cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Student Innovation Competition Team, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shuhan Ma
- Student Innovation Competition Team, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hongdi Pei
- Student Innovation Competition Team, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jici Jiang
- Student Innovation Competition Team, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Quan Zou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Quzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Zhibin Lv
- Student Innovation Competition Team, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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4
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Cox J, Jennings M, Lenahan C, Manion M, Courville S, Blazeck J. Rational engineering of an improved adenosine deaminase 2 enzyme for weaponizing T-cell therapies. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2023; 19:100394. [PMID: 37519414 PMCID: PMC10374970 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a potent immunosuppressive metabolite that accumulates in the extracellular space within solid tumors and inhibits the antitumor function of native immune cell responses as well as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies. Here, we show that engineered human cells can degrade extracellular adenosine through secretion of adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes-a possible therapeutic enhancement for CAR T cells. We first determine that the high-activity ADA1 isoform is naturally intracellularly restricted and show that the addition of canonical or computationally predicted secretory peptides did not allow for improved secretion. We did, however, determine that the lower-activity ADA2 isoform is naturally secreted. Thus, we utilized phylogenetic-based structural comparisons to guide a mutational survey of ADA2 active site residues, which when coupled with a high-throughput screen for enhanced ADA2-mediated extracellular adenosine rate allowed isolation of the most catalytically efficient ADA2 variant reported to date. When expressed by human cells, this variant exhibits 30× higher extracellular adenosine degradation activity than the wild-type enzyme. Finally, we demonstrate that Jurkat and CAR T cells engineered to express this secreted, high-activity ADA2 variant can degrade significant amounts of extracellular adenosine in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.R. Cox
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - M. Jennings
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - C. Lenahan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - M. Manion
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - S. Courville
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - J. Blazeck
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
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Shi T, Ding Q, Liu X, Ai G, Zhou H, Huang L. Concordance of adenosine deaminase with immunoglobulins and lymphocyte subsets in EBV-related diseases. Ital J Pediatr 2023; 49:49. [PMID: 37095577 PMCID: PMC10127006 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical manifestations of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are diverse. This study aimed to explore the immune response in EBV-related diseases and the correlation between immune cells and adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels. METHODS This study was conducted at the Children's Hospital of Soochow University. In total, 104 patients with EBV-associated respiratory tract infection (EBV-RTI), 32 patients with atypical EBV infection, 54 patients with EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM1, with normal alanine aminotransferase [ALT] levels), 50 patients with EBV-IM2 (with elevated ALT levels), 50 patients with acute respiratory infection (AURI, with other pathogens), and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Indicators of ADA, immunoglobulins (Igs), and lymphocyte subsets were analyzed for EBV-related diseases. RESULTS Differences in the white blood cell, lymphocyte counts, ADA levels, IgA, IgG and IgM titers, percentage of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD16+CD56+, CD3-CD19+, and CD19+CD23+ lymphocytes, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio between EBV-related disease groups were all statistically significant (P < 0.01). ADA levels in the EBV-related disease groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01). The lymphocyte count, ADA levels, IgA and IgG titers, and percentage of CD3+ and CD3+CD8 + lymphocytes in the atypical EBV infection, EBV-IM1, and EBV-IM2 groups were significantly higher than those in the EBV-RTI, AUTI, and control groups (P < 0.01), whereas the percentage of CD3+CD4+, CD3-CD19+, and CD19+CD23+ lymphocytes and CD4+/CD8+ ratio showed the opposite trend. ADA levels were consistent with and closely related to the viral load and cellular and humoral immunity in EBV-related diseases. CONCLUSIONS ADA levels, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity were diverse in EBV-related diseases, and ADA was closely related to Igs and lymphocyte subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, 303 Jingde Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinglou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guo Ai
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, 303 Jingde Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China.
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Ghiazza C, Wagner L, Fernández S, Leutzsch M, Cornella J. Bio-Inspired Deaminative Hydroxylation of Aminoheterocycles and Electron-Deficient Anilines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212219. [PMID: 36479796 PMCID: PMC10107619 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the tools available to chemists for drug design of bioactive compounds, the bioisosteric replacement of atoms or groups of atoms is the cornerstone of modern strategies. Despite the undeniable interest in amino-to-hydroxyl interchange, enzymatic deaminative hydroxylation remains unmatched. Herein, we report a user friendly and safe procedure to selectively convert aminoheterocycles to their hydroxylated analogues by means of a simple pyrylium tetrafluoroborate salt. The hydroxylation step relies on a Lossen-type rearrangement under mild conditions thus avoiding the use of strong hydroxide bases. In addition to biorelevant heterocycles, the deaminative hydroxylation of electron-deficient anilines was also demonstrated. Finally, mechanistic experiments allowed the identification of the key intermediates, thus unveiling a rather unusual mechanism for this formal aromatic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Ghiazza
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der, Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lucas Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der, Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sergio Fernández
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der, Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der, Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der, Ruhr, Germany
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7
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Qi S, Guan H, Wang Y, Fang Q, Cheng X, Liu P, Wei H, Liu W, Wang C. Simultaneous determination of cordycepin and its metabolite 3'-deoxyinosine in rat whole blood by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry and its application to accurate pharmacokinetic studies. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200602. [PMID: 36377517 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin from Cordyceps possesses excellent pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects, therefore representing a potential alternative medicine. However, doubts about the pharmacokinetic results of cordycepin had been raised in the previous study due to its rapid deamination. The organic solvent methanol was immediately added to terminate the degradation of cordycepin in anticoagulated blood samples and enable the accurate evaluation of pharmacokinetics in vivo. A sensitive and selective ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine cordycepin and its deamination metabolite 3'-deoxyinosine using 2-chloroadenosine as an internal standard in rat whole blood. The calibration curves of cordycepin and 3'-deoxyinosine showed excellent linearity within the concentration range of 1.05-10 000.00 ng/ml with acceptable accuracy, precision, selectivity, recovery, matrix effect, and stability. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of cordycepin and its metabolite in rat blood. The effect of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine hydrochloride on the pharmacokinetics of cordycepin was investigated. In summary, the reliable pharmacokinetic parameters of cordycepin and its deamination metabolite 3'-deoxyinosine in rat blood were successfully elucidated. Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine hydrochloride considerably prolonged the half-life of cordycepin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Qi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Fang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hai Wei
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Akintunde JK, Abinu OS, Taiwo KF, Sodiq RA, Folayan AD, Ate AD. Disorders of Hippocampus Facilitated by Hypertension in Purine Metabolism Deficiency is Repressed by Naringin, a Bi-flavonoid in a Rat Model via NOS/cAMP/PKA and DARPP-32, BDNF/TrkB Pathways. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2148-2166. [PMID: 36098940 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who are hypertensive have a higher tendency of predisposition to other genetic diseases including purine metabolism deficiency. Therefore, the search for nontoxic and effective chemo protective agents to abrogate hypertension-mediated genetic disease is vital. This study therefore investigated the repressive effect of naringin (NAR) against disorder of hippocampus facilitated by hypertension in purine metabolism deficiency. Male albino rats randomly assigned into nine groups (n = 7) were treated for 35 days. Group I: control animals, Group II was treated with 100 mg/kg KBrO3, Group III was treated with 250 mg/kg caffeine, and Group IV was treated with 100 mg/kg KBrO3 + 250 mg/kg caffeine. Group V was administered with 100 mg/kg KBrO3 + 100 mg/kg haloperidol. Group VI was administered with 100 mg/kg KBrO3 + 50 mg/kg NAR. Group VII was administered with 250 mg/kg caffeine + 50 mg/kg NAR, and Group VIII was administered with 100 mg/kg KBrO3 + 250 mg/kg caffeine + 50 mg/kg NAR. Finally, group IX was treated with 50 mg/kg NAR. The sub-acute exposure to KBrO3 and CAF induced hypertension and mediated impairment in the hippocampus cells. This was apparent by the increase in PDE-51, arginase, and enzymes of ATP hydrolysis (ATPase and AMPase) with a simultaneous increase in cholinergic (AChE and BuChE) and adenosinergic (ADA) enzymes. The hypertensive-mediated hippocampal impairment was associated to alteration of NO and AC signaling coupled with lower expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor (BDNF-TrkB), down regulation of Bcl11b and DARPP-32 which are neurodevelopmental proteins, and hypoxanthine accumulation. However, these features of CAF-mediated hippocampal damage in KBrO3-induced hypertensive rats were repressed by post-treatment with NAR via production of neuro-inflammatory mediators, attenuation of biochemical alterations, stabilizing neurotransmitter enzymes, regulating NOS/cAMP/PKA and DARPP-32, BDNF/TrkB signaling, and restoring hippocampal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Akintunde
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
| | - O S Abinu
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - K F Taiwo
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - R A Sodiq
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A D Folayan
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A D Ate
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Bjørklund G, Antonyak H, Polishchuk A, Semenova Y, Lesiv M, Lysiuk R, Peana M. Effect of methylmercury on fetal neurobehavioral development: an overview of the possible mechanisms of toxicity and the neuroprotective effect of phytochemicals. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3175-3199. [PMID: 36063174 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a global environmental pollutant with neurotoxic effects. Exposure to MeHg via consumption of seafood and fish can severely impact fetal neurobehavioral development even when MeHg levels in maternal blood are as low as about 5 μg/L, which the mother tolerates well. Persistent motor dysfunctions and cognitive deficits may result from trans-placental exposure. The present review summarizes current knowledge on the mechanisms of MeHg toxicity during the period of nervous system development. Although cerebellar Purkinje cells are MeHg targets, the actions of MeHg on thiol components in the neuronal cytoskeleton as well as on mitochondrial enzymes and induction of disturbances of glutamate signaling can impair extra-cerebellar functions, also at levels well tolerated by adult individuals. Numerous herbal substances possess neuroprotective effects, predominantly represented by natural polyphenolic molecules that might be utilized to develop natural drugs to alleviate neurotoxicity symptoms caused by MeHg or other Hg compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | | | | | | | - Marta Lesiv
- Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemical, Physics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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10
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Monroy-Mora A, de Lourdes Mora-García M, Alheli Monroy Mora K, Hernández-Montes J, García-Rocha R, Don-López CA, Weiss-Steider B, Montesinos-Montesinos JJ, Monroy-García A. Inhibition of adenosine deaminase activity reverses resistance to the cytotoxic effect of high adenosine levels in cervical cancer cells. Cytokine 2022; 158:155977. [PMID: 35933851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) generation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays important roles in the promotion of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis and in suppression of the antitumor immune response. Recently, adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in the TME has been proposed to be a compensatory mechanism against toxic accumulation of ADO in cancerous tissues. In the present study, the expression and functional activity of ADA in cervical cancer (CeCa) tumor cells were analyzed: C33A (HPV-), CaSki (HPV + ), and HeLa (HPV + ) cells. CeCa tumor cells, as well as activated T lymphocytes (ATLs), which were used as a positive control, showed different ADA contents in the membrane and intracellularly and a strong ability to convert ADO into inosine (INO). Treatment of tumor cells with EHNA, a specific ADA inhibitor, decreased the viability of CeCa tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. In C33A (EHNA half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 374 μM), CaSki (EHNA IC50 = 273.6 μM), and HeLa (EHNA IC50 = 252.2 μM) cells, EHNA strongly reversed the resistance of tumor cells to the cytotoxic effect of high concentrations of ADO; 38.82 ± 3.1%, 47.18 ± 4.7%, and 71.63 ± 6.9% of the cells were apoptotic, and 40 ± 4.8%, 52 ± 5.3% and 70 ± 6.8% of the cells had mitochondrial membrane damage, respectively. In ATLs (EHNA IC50 = 391.8 μM) treated with EHNA, 32.4 ± 4.4% were apoptotic, and 32 ± 4.3% had mitochondrial membrane damage. These results suggest that the presence and activity of ADA in CeCa tumor cells can provide protection against the cytotoxic effect of high ADO contents in the TME. Therefore, the inhibition of ADA could be a strategy for the treatment of CeCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Monroy-Mora
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, UIDCC-UMIEZ, FES-Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Katia Alheli Monroy Mora
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, UIDCC-UMIEZ, FES-Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Hernández-Montes
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, UIDCC-UMIEZ, FES-Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rosario García-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, UIDCC-UMIEZ, FES-Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Benny Weiss-Steider
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, UIDCC-UMIEZ, FES-Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan José Montesinos-Montesinos
- Laboratorio de Células Troncales Mesenquimales, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Monroy-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, UIDCC-UMIEZ, FES-Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Laboratorio de Inmunología y Cáncer, UIMEO, H Oncología, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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11
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Yegutkin GG, Boison D. ATP and Adenosine Metabolism in Cancer: Exploitation for Therapeutic Gain. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:797-822. [PMID: 35738682 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an evolutionary ancient metabolic regulator linking energy state to physiologic processes, including immunomodulation and cell proliferation. Tumors create an adenosine-rich immunosuppressive microenvironment through the increased release of ATP from dying and stressed cells and its ectoenzymatic conversion into adenosine. Therefore, the adenosine pathway becomes an important therapeutic target to improve the effectiveness of immune therapies. Prior research has focused largely on the two major ectonucleotidases, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1/cluster of differentiation (CD)39 and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, which catalyze the breakdown of extracellular ATP into adenosine, and on the subsequent activation of different subtypes of adenosine receptors with mixed findings of antitumor and protumor effects. New findings, needed for more effective therapeutic approaches, require consideration of redundant pathways controlling intratumoral adenosine levels, including the alternative NAD-inactivating pathway through the CD38-ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase (ENPP)1-CD73 axis, the counteracting ATP-regenerating ectoenzymatic pathway, and cellular adenosine uptake and its phosphorylation by adenosine kinase. This review provides a holistic view of extracellular and intracellular adenosine metabolism as an integrated complex network and summarizes recent data on the underlying mechanisms through which adenosine and its precursors ATP and ADP control cancer immunosurveillance, tumor angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, cancer-associated thrombosis, blood flow, and tumor perfusion. Special attention is given to differences and commonalities in the purinome of different cancers, heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, subcellular compartmentalization of the adenosine system, and novel roles of purine-converting enzymes as targets for cancer therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The discovery of the role of adenosine as immune checkpoint regulator in cancer has led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting extracellular adenosine metabolism and signaling in multiple clinical trials and preclinical models. Here we identify major gaps in knowledge that need to be filled to improve the therapeutic gain from agents targeting key components of the adenosine metabolic network and, on this basis, provide a holistic view of the cancer purinome as a complex and integrated network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y.); Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.); and Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.)
| | - Detlev Boison
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y.); Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.); and Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.)
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12
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Casadó-Anguera V, Casadó V. Unmasking allosteric binding sites: Novel targets for GPCR drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:897-923. [PMID: 35649692 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2085684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unexpected non-apparent and hidden allosteric binding sites are non-classical and non-apparent allosteric centers in 3-D X-ray protein structures until orthosteric or allosteric ligands bind to them. The orthosteric center of one protomer that modulates binding centers of the other protomers within an oligomer is also an unexpected allosteric site. Furthermore, another partner protein can also produce these effects, acting as an unexpected allosteric modulator. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes both classical and non-classical allosterism. The authors focus on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) oligomers as a paradigm of allosteric molecules. Moreover, they show several examples of unexpected allosteric sites such as hidden allosteric sites in a protomer that appear after the interaction with other molecules and the allosterism exerted between orthosteric sites within GPCR oligomer, emphasizing on the allosteric modulations that can occur between binding sites. EXPERT OPINION The study of these new non-classical allosteric sites will expand the diversity of allosteric control on the function of orthosteric sites within proteins, whether GPCRs or other receptors, enzymes or transporters. Moreover, the design of new drugs targeting these hidden allosteric sites or already known orthosteric sites acting as allosteric sites in protein homo- or hetero-oligomers will increase the therapeutic potential of allosterism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Picozza M, Cristofoletti C, Bresin A, Fioretti M, Sambucci M, Scala E, Monopoli A, Cantonetti M, Pilla MA, Accetturi MP, Borsellino G, D’Atri S, Caprini E, Russo G, Narducci MG. Genetically driven CD39 expression affects Sezary cell viability, IL-2 production and detects two patient subsets with distinct prognosis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3009-3019.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Soundararajan R, Varanasi SM, Patil SS, Srinivas S, Hernández-Cuervo H, Czachor A, Bulkhi A, Fukumoto J, Galam L, Lockey RF, Kolliputi N. Lung fibrosis is induced in ADAR2 overexpressing mice via HuR-induced CTGF signaling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22143. [PMID: 34985777 PMCID: PMC10395739 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101511r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 (ADAR2), an RNA editing enzyme is involved in a site-selective modification of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Its role in the lungs is unknown. The phenotypic characterization of Adarb1 mice that lacked ADAR2 auto-regulation due to the deletion of editing complementary sequence (ΔECS mice) determined the functional role of ADAR2 in the lungs. ADAR2 protein expression increased in the ΔECS mice. These mice display immune cell infiltration and alveolar disorganization. The lung wet by dry ratio indicates there is no lung edema in ΔECS mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) analysis of ΔECS mice reveals a significant increase in neutrophils. Interestingly, ΔECS mice spontaneously develop lung fibrosis as indicated by Sirius red staining of collagen fibers in the lung sections and a significant increase in hydroxyproline level in their lungs. ADAR2 expression increased significantly in a bleomycin mouse model, implicating a role of ADAR2 in lung fibrosis. Furthermore, there is a likely possibility that the genetically modified ΔECS mice does not model the physiological or pathophysiological process of lung fibrosis. Nevertheless, this model is useful in interrogating the role of ADAR2 in the lungs. The Ctgf mRNA and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) protein significantly increased in ΔECS lungs and occurs in bronchial epithelial cells. There is a significant increase in Human antigen R (ELAVL1; HuR) protein levels in ΔECS lungs and suggests a role in stabilizing Ctgf mRNA. Lung mechanics such as total respiratory resistance, Newtonian resistance and tissue damping were increased, whereas inspiratory capacity was decreased in the ΔECS mice. Taken together, these data indicate that overexpression of ADAR2 causes spontaneous lung fibrosis via HuR-mediated CTGF signaling and implicate a role for ADAR2 auto-regulation in lung homeostasis. The identification of ADAR2 target genes in ΔECS mice would facilitate a mechanistic understanding of the role of ADAR2 in the lungs and provide a therapeutic strategy for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramani Soundararajan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sai Manasa Varanasi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sahebgowda Sidramagowda Patil
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sriraja Srinivas
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Helena Hernández-Cuervo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alexander Czachor
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adeeb Bulkhi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jutaro Fukumoto
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Lakshmi Galam
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Richard F Lockey
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Narasaiah Kolliputi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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15
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Ma MT, Jennings MR, Blazeck J, Lieberman RL. Catalytically active holo Homo sapiens adenosine deaminase I adopts a closed conformation. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:91-103. [PMID: 34981765 PMCID: PMC8725166 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321011785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Homo sapiens adenosine deaminase 1 (HsADA1; UniProt P00813) is an immunologically relevant enzyme with roles in T-cell activation and modulation of adenosine metabolism and signaling. Patients with genetic deficiency in HsADA1 suffer from severe combined immunodeficiency, and HsADA1 is a therapeutic target in hairy cell leukemias. Historically, insights into the catalytic mechanism and the structural attributes of HsADA1 have been derived from studies of its homologs from Bos taurus (BtADA) and Mus musculus (MmADA). Here, the structure of holo HsADA1 is presented, as well as biochemical characterization that confirms its high activity and shows that it is active across a broad pH range. Structurally, holo HsADA1 adopts a closed conformation distinct from the open conformation of holo BtADA. Comparison of holo HsADA1 and MmADA reveals that MmADA also adopts a closed conformation. These findings challenge previous assumptions gleaned from BtADA regarding the conformation of HsADA1 that may be relevant to its immunological interactions, particularly its ability to bind adenosine receptors. From a broader perspective, the structural analysis of HsADA1 presents a cautionary tale for reliance on homologs to make structural inferences relevant to applications such as protein engineering or drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Thu Ma
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Maria Rain Jennings
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - John Blazeck
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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16
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Garrido-Amaro C, Cardona P, Gassó D, Arias L, Velarde R, Tvarijonativiciute A, Serrano E, Cardona PJ. Protective Effect of Intestinal Helminthiasis Against Tuberculosis Progression Is Abrogated by Intermittent Food Deprivation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:627638. [PMID: 33936040 PMCID: PMC8079633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.627638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major challenge for humankind. Because regions with the highest incidence also have a high prevalence of helminthiasis and nutritional scarcity, we wanted to understand the impact of these on TB progression. Methods We have developed an experimental murine model for active TB in C3HeB/FeJ, coinfected with Trichuris muris and Heligmosomoides polygyrus nematodes, and exposed to an environmental mycobacterium (M. manresensis) and intermittent fasting. Cause-effect relationships among these factors were explored with Partial Least Squares Path modelling (PLSPM). Results Previous parasitization had a major anti-inflammatory effect and reduced systemic levels of ADA, haptoglobin, local pulmonary levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL-1, CXCL-5 and IL-10. Oral administration of heat-killed M. manresensis resulted in a similar outcome. Both interventions diminished pulmonary pathology and bacillary load, but intermittent food deprivation reduced this protective effect increasing stress and inflammation. The PLSPM revealed nematodes might have protective effects against TB progression. Conclusions Significantly higher cortisol levels in food-deprivation groups showed it is a stressful condition, which might explain its deleterious effect. This highlights the impact of food security on TB eradication policies and the need to prioritize food supply over deworming activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garrido-Amaro
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Paula Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Gassó
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament of Animal Science, Agrifood, Forestry and Veterinary Campus, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lilibeth Arias
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roser Velarde
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonativiciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Malki Y, Martinez J, Masurier N. 1,3-Diazepine: A privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2247-2315. [PMID: 33645848 DOI: 10.1002/med.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures have been widely used as effective templates for drug discovery. While benzo-1,4-diazepine constitutes the first historical example of such a structure, the 1,3 analogue is just as rich in terms of applications in medicinal chemistry. The 1,3-diazepine moiety is present in numerous biological active compounds including natural products, and is used to design compounds displaying a large range of biological activities. It is present in the clinically used anticancer compound pentostatin, in several recent FDA approved β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., avibactam) and also in coformycin, a natural product known as a ring-expanded purine analogue displaying antiviral and anticancer activities. Several other 1,3-diazepine containing compounds have entered into clinical trials. This heterocyclic structure has been and is still widely used in medicinal chemistry to design enzyme inhibitors, GPCR ligands, and so forth. This review endeavours to highlight the main use of the 1,3-diazepine scaffold and its derivatives, and their applications in medicinal chemistry, drug design, and therapy. We will focus more particularly on the development of enzyme inhibitors incorporating this scaffold, with a strong emphasis on the molecular interactions involved in the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Malki
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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18
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Yegutkin GG. Adenosine metabolism in the vascular system. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114373. [PMID: 33340515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of extracellular purinergic signaling was first proposed by Geoffrey Burnstock in the early 1970s. Since then, extracellular ATP and its metabolites ADP and adenosine have attracted an enormous amount of attention in terms of their involvement in a wide range of immunomodulatory, thromboregulatory, angiogenic, vasoactive and other pathophysiological activities in different organs and tissues, including the vascular system. In addition to significant progress in understanding the properties of nucleotide- and adenosine-selective receptors, recent studies have begun to uncover the complexity of regulatory mechanisms governing the duration and magnitude of the purinergic signaling cascade. This knowledge has led to the development of new paradigms in understanding the entire purinome by taking into account the multitude of signaling and metabolic pathways involved in biological effects of ATP and adenosine and compartmentalization of the adenosine system. Along with the "canonical route" of ATP breakdown to adenosine via sequential ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1/CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 activities, it has now become clear that purine metabolism is the result of concerted effort between ATP release, its metabolism through redundant nucleotide-inactivating and counteracting ATP-regenerating ectoenzymatic pathways, as well as cellular nucleoside uptake and phosphorylation of adenosine to ATP through complex phosphotransfer reactions. In this review I provide an overview of key enzymes involved in adenosine metabolic network, with special emphasis on the emerging roles of purine-converting ectoenzymes as novel targets for cancer and vascular therapies.
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19
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Ejaz HW, Wang W, Lang M. Copper Toxicity Links to Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutics Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7660. [PMID: 33081348 PMCID: PMC7589751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, age-related progressive neurological disorder, and the most common type of dementia in aged people. Neuropathological lesions of AD are neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and senile plaques comprise the accumulated amyloid-beta (Aβ), loaded with metal ions including Cu, Fe, or Zn. Some reports have identified metal dyshomeostasis as a neurotoxic factor of AD, among which Cu ions seem to be a central cationic metal in the formation of plaque and soluble oligomers, and have an essential role in the AD pathology. Cu-Aβ complex catalyzes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and results in oxidative damage. Several studies have indicated that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. The connection of copper levels in AD is still ambiguous, as some researches indicate a Cu deficiency, while others show its higher content in AD, and therefore there is a need to increase and decrease its levels in animal models, respectively, to study which one is the cause. For more than twenty years, many in vitro studies have been devoted to identifying metals' roles in Aβ accumulation, oxidative damage, and neurotoxicity. Towards the end, a short review of the modern therapeutic approach in chelation therapy, with the main focus on Cu ions, is discussed. Despite the lack of strong proofs of clinical advantage so far, the conjecture that using a therapeutic metal chelator is an effective strategy for AD remains popular. However, some recent reports of genetic-regulating copper transporters in AD models have shed light on treating this refractory disease. This review aims to succinctly present a better understanding of Cu ions' current status in several AD features, and some conflicting reports are present herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafza Wajeeha Ejaz
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth WA6027, Australia;
| | - Minglin Lang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China;
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
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20
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Adamek RN, Ludford P, Duggan SM, Tor Y, Cohen SM. Identification of Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors by Metal-binding Pharmacophore Screening. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2151-2156. [PMID: 32729197 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a human mononuclear Zn2+ metalloenzyme that converts adenosine to inosine. ADA is a validated drug target for cancer, but there has been little recent work on the development of new therapeutics against this enzyme. The lack of new advancements can be partially attributed to an absence of suitable assays for high-throughput screening (HTS) against ADA. To facilitate more rapid drug discovery efforts for this target, an in vitro assay was developed that utilizes the enzymatic conversion of a visibly emitting adenosine analogue to the corresponding fluorescent inosine analogue by ADA, which can be monitored via fluorescence intensity changes. Utilizing this assay, a library of ∼350 small molecules containing metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) was screened in an HTS format to identify new inhibitor scaffolds against ADA. This approach yielded a new metal-binding scaffold with a Ki value of 26±1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paul Ludford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie M Duggan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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21
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Kutryb-Zajac B, Mierzejewska P, Slominska EM, Smolenski RT. Therapeutic Perspectives of Adenosine Deaminase Inhibition in Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204652. [PMID: 33053898 PMCID: PMC7587364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme of purine metabolism that irreversibly converts adenosine to inosine or 2'deoxyadenosine to 2'deoxyinosine. ADA is active both inside the cell and on the cell surface where it was found to interact with membrane proteins, such as CD26 and adenosine receptors, forming ecto-ADA (eADA). In addition to adenosine uptake, the activity of eADA is an essential mechanism that terminates adenosine signaling. This is particularly important in cardiovascular system, where adenosine protects against endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, or thrombosis. Besides enzymatic function, ADA protein mediates cell-to-cell interactions involved in lymphocyte co-stimulation or endothelial activation. Furthermore, alteration in ADA activity was demonstrated in many cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, hypertension, thrombosis, or diabetes. Modulation of ADA activity could be an important therapeutic target. This work provides a systematic review of ADA activity and anchoring inhibitors as well as summarizes the perspectives of their therapeutic use in cardiovascular pathologies associated with increased activity of ADA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kutryb-Zajac
- Correspondence: (B.K.-Z); (R.T.S.); Tel.: +48-58-349-14-64 (B.K.-Z.); +48-58-349-14-60 (R.T.S.)
| | | | | | - Ryszard T. Smolenski
- Correspondence: (B.K.-Z); (R.T.S.); Tel.: +48-58-349-14-64 (B.K.-Z.); +48-58-349-14-60 (R.T.S.)
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Sánchez-Melgar A, Albasanz JL, Pallàs M, Martín M. Adenosine Metabolism in the Cerebral Cortex from Several Mice Models during Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197300. [PMID: 33023260 PMCID: PMC7582336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuromodulator that has been involved in aging and neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present work, we analyzed the possible modulation of purine metabolites, 5’nucleotidase (5′NT) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its phosphorylated form during aging in the cerebral cortex. Three murine models were used: senescence-accelerated mouse-resistant 1 (SAMR1, normal senescence), senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8, a model of AD), and the wild-type C57BL/6J (model of aging) mice strains. Glutamate and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) levels were also measured in these animals. HPLC, Western blotting, and enzymatic activity evaluation were performed to this aim. 5′-Nucleotidase (5′NT) activity was decreased at six months and recovered at 12 months in SAMP8 while opposite effects were observed in SAMR1 at the same age, and no changes in C57BL/6J mice. ADA activity significantly decreased from 3 to 12 months in the SAMR1 mice strain, while a significant decrease from 6 to 12 months was observed in the SAMP8 mice strain. Regarding purine metabolites, xanthine and guanosine levels were increased at six months in SAMR1 without significant differences in SAMP8 mice. In C57BL/6J mice, inosine and xanthine were increased, while adenosine decreased, from 4 to 24 months. The AMPK level was decreased at six months in SAMP8 without significant changes nor in SAMR1 or C57BL/6J strains. Glutamate and EAAT2 levels were also modulated during aging. Our data show a different modulation of adenosine metabolism participants in the cerebral cortex of these animal models. Interestingly, the main differences between SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice were found at six months of age, SAMP8 being the most affected strain. As SAMP8 is an AD model, results suggest that adenosinergic metabolism is involved in the neurodegeneration of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Melgar
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Regional Center of Biomedical Research (CRIB), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - José Luis Albasanz
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Regional Center of Biomedical Research (CRIB), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mairena Martín
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Regional Center of Biomedical Research (CRIB), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (M.M.)
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23
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Ludford PT, Tor Y. Ascertaining the activity and inhibition of adenosine deaminase via fluorescence-based assays. Methods Enzymol 2020; 639:71-90. [PMID: 32475413 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescence-based assay for adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and inhibition, which may also be formatted as an inhibitor discovery assay, is described. It relies on differences in fluorescence between an isothiazolo-based adenosine analogs (tzA) and its deaminated product, the corresponding inosine derivative (tzI), which facilitates a real-time monitoring of enzymatic activity. Inhibitors are added to the enzyme-substrate reaction mixture at various concentrations and the fluorescence signal is recorded over 10min. The percent inhibition is calculated from the signal change at 10min relative to the uninhibited reaction. The percent inhibition is plotted against inhibitor concentration and fitted to a Hill curve. IC50 values are then calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Ludford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Dal Ben D, Antonioli L, Lambertucci C, Spinaci A, Fornai M, D'Antongiovanni V, Pellegrini C, Blandizzi C, Volpini R. Approaches for designing and discovering purinergic drugs for gastrointestinal diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:687-703. [PMID: 32228110 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1743673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Purines finely modulate physiological motor, secretory, and sensory functions in the gastrointestinal tract. Their activity is mediated by the purinergic signaling machinery, including receptors and enzymes regulating their synthesis, release, and degradation. Several gastrointestinal dysfunctions are characterized by alterations affecting the purinergic system. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an overview on the purinergic receptor signaling machinery, the molecules and proteins involved, and a summary of medicinal chemistry efforts aimed at developing novel compounds able to modulate the activity of each player involved in this machinery. The involvement of purinergic signaling in gastrointestinal motor, secretory, and sensory functions and dysfunctions, and the potential therapeutic applications of purinergic signaling modulators, are then described. EXPERT OPINION A number of preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that the pharmacological manipulation of purinergic signaling represents a viable way to counteract several gastrointestinal diseases. At present, the paucity of purinergic therapies is related to the lack of receptor-subtype-specific agonists and antagonists that are effective in vivo. In this regard, the development of novel therapeutic strategies should be focused to include tools able to control the P1 and P2 receptor expression as well as modulators of the breakdown or transport of purines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino , Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino , Camerino, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino , Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Vanessa D'Antongiovanni
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino , Camerino, Italy
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Arun KG, Sharanya CS, Abhithaj J, Sadasivan C. Repurposing of Streptomyces antibiotics as adenosine deaminase inhibitors by pharmacophore modeling, docking, molecular dynamics, and in vitrostudies. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:77-88. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1715432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Arun
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Kannur, Kerala, India
| | - C. S. Sharanya
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Kannur, Kerala, India
| | - J. Abhithaj
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Kannur, Kerala, India
| | - C. Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Kannur, Kerala, India
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26
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Tomovic K, Ilic BS, Smelcerovic Z, Miljkovic M, Yancheva D, Kojic M, Mavrova AT, Kocic G, Smelcerovic A. Benzimidazole-based dual dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 315:108873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Bagheri S, Saboury AA, Haertlé T. Adenosine deaminase inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:1246-1257. [PMID: 31520704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase is a critical enzyme in purine metabolism that regulates intra and extracellular adenosine concentrations by converting it to inosine. Adenosine is an important purine that regulates numerous physiological functions by interacting with its receptors. Adenosine and consequently adenosine deaminase can have pro or anti-inflammatory effects on tissues depending on how much time has passed from the start of the injury. In addition, an increase in adenosine deaminase activity has been reported for various diseases and the significant effect of deaminase inhibition on the clinical course of different diseases has been reported. However, the use of inhibitors is limited to only a few medical indications. Data on the increase of adenosine deaminase activity in different diseases and the impact of its inhibition in various cases have been collected and are discussed in this review. Overall, the evidence shows that many studies have been done to introduce inhibitors, however, in vivo studies have been much less than in vitro, and often have not been expanded for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bagheri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - A A Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - T Haertlé
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
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28
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Biochemical and computational insights of adenosine deaminase inhibition by Epigallocatechin gallate. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107111. [PMID: 31445420 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate, a flavonoid from Camellia sinensis possess various pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant etc. Adenosine deaminase, (ADA), is a key enzyme involved in the purine metabolism, the inhibitors of which is being considered as highly promising candidate for the development of anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this work we studied adenosine deaminase inhibitory activity of epigallocatechin gallate by using biophysical and computational methods. The enzyme inhibition study result indicated that epigallocatechin gallate possess strong inhibitory activity on ADA. ITC study revealed the energetics of binding. Also the binding is confirmed by using fluorescence spectroscopy. The structural details of binding are obtained from molecular docking and MD simulation studies.
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29
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Eguchi R, Yamaguchi S, Otsuguro KI. Fibroblast growth factor 2 modulates extracellular purine metabolism by upregulating ecto-5′-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase in cultured rat spinal cord astrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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30
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Mutations in the Spike Protein of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmitted in Korea Increase Resistance to Antibody-Mediated Neutralization. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01381-18. [PMID: 30404801 PMCID: PMC6321919 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01381-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MERS-CoV has pandemic potential, and it is important to identify mutations in viral proteins that might augment viral spread. In the course of a large hospital outbreak of MERS in the Republic of Korea in 2015, the spread of a viral variant that contained mutations in the viral spike protein was observed. These mutations were found to reduce receptor binding and viral infectivity. However, it remained unclear whether they also exerted proviral effects. We demonstrate that these mutations reduce sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization and are compatible with robust infection of target cells expressing large amounts of the viral receptor DPP4. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) poses a threat to public health. The virus is endemic in the Middle East but can be transmitted to other countries by travel activity. The introduction of MERS-CoV into the Republic of Korea by an infected traveler resulted in a hospital outbreak of MERS that entailed 186 cases and 38 deaths. The MERS-CoV spike (S) protein binds to the cellular protein DPP4 via its receptor binding domain (RBD) and mediates viral entry into target cells. During the MERS outbreak in Korea, emergence and spread of viral variants that harbored mutations in the RBD, D510G and I529T, was observed. Counterintuitively, these mutations were found to reduce DPP4 binding and viral entry into target cells. In this study, we investigated whether they also exerted proviral effects. We confirm that changes D510G and I529T reduce S protein binding to DPP4 but show that this reduction only translates into diminished viral entry when expression of DPP4 on target cells is low. Neither mutation modulated S protein binding to sialic acids, S protein activation by host cell proteases, or inhibition of S protein-driven entry by interferon-induced transmembrane proteins. In contrast, changes D510G and I529T increased resistance of S protein-driven entry to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and sera from MERS patients. These findings indicate that MERS-CoV variants with reduced neutralization sensitivity were transmitted during the Korean outbreak and that the responsible mutations were compatible with robust infection of cells expressing high levels of DPP4. IMPORTANCE MERS-CoV has pandemic potential, and it is important to identify mutations in viral proteins that might augment viral spread. In the course of a large hospital outbreak of MERS in the Republic of Korea in 2015, the spread of a viral variant that contained mutations in the viral spike protein was observed. These mutations were found to reduce receptor binding and viral infectivity. However, it remained unclear whether they also exerted proviral effects. We demonstrate that these mutations reduce sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization and are compatible with robust infection of target cells expressing large amounts of the viral receptor DPP4.
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31
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Horenstein AL, Morandi F, Bracci C, Pistoia V, Malavasi F. Functional insights into nucleotide-metabolizing ectoenzymes expressed by bone marrow-resident cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Immunol Lett 2018; 205:40-50. [PMID: 30447309 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human myeloma cells grow in a hypoxic acidic niche in the bone marrow. Cross talk among cellular components of this closed niche generates extracellular adenosine, which promotes tumor cell survival. This is achieved through the binding of adenosine to purinergic receptors into complexes that function as an autocrine/paracrine signal factor with immune regulatory activities that i) down-regulate the functions of most immune effector cells and ii) enhance the activity of cells that suppress anti-tumor immune responses, thus facilitating the escape of malignant myeloma cells from immune surveillance. Here we review recent findings confirming that the dominant phenotype for survival of tumor cells is that where the malignant cells have been metabolically reprogrammed for the generation of lactic acidosis in the bone marrow niche. Adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide extruded from tumor cells, along with cyclic adenosine monophosphate, are the main intracellular energetic/messenger molecules that serve as leading substrates in the extracellular space for membrane-bound ectonucleotidases metabolizing purine nucleotides to signaling adenosine. Within this mechanistic framework, the adenosinergic substrate conversion can vary significantly according to the metabolic environment. Indeed, the neoplastic expansion of plasma cells exploits both enzymatic networks and hypoxic acidic conditions for migrating and homing to a protected niche and for evading the immune response. The expression of multiple specific adenosine receptors in the niche completes the profile of a complex regulatory framework whose signals modify multiple myeloma and host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - F Morandi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - C Bracci
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - V Pistoia
- Immunology Area, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - F Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Bagatini MD, dos Santos AA, Cardoso AM, Mânica A, Reschke CR, Carvalho FB. The Impact of Purinergic System Enzymes on Noncommunicable, Neurological, and Degenerative Diseases. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4892473. [PMID: 30159340 PMCID: PMC6109496 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4892473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidences show that purinergic signaling is involved in processes associated with health and disease, including noncommunicable, neurological, and degenerative diseases. These diseases strike from children to elderly and are generally characterized by progressive deterioration of cells, eventually leading to tissue or organ degeneration. These pathological conditions can be associated with disturbance in the signaling mediated by nucleotides and nucleosides of adenine, in expression or activity of extracellular ectonucleotidases and in activation of P2X and P2Y receptors. Among the best known of these diseases are atherosclerosis, hypertension, cancer, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The currently available treatments present limited effectiveness and are mostly palliative. This review aims to present the role of purinergic signaling highlighting the ectonucleotidases E-NTPDase, E-NPP, E-5'-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase in noncommunicable, neurological, and degenerative diseases associated with the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and cancer. In conclusion, changes in the activity of ectonucleotidases were verified in all reviewed diseases. Although the role of ectonucleotidases still remains to be further investigated, evidences reviewed here can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of highly complex diseases, which majorly impact on patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Dulce Bagatini
- Coordenação Acadêmica, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Coordenação Acadêmica, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Mânica
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ruedell Reschke
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fabiano Barbosa Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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33
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Vaisitti T, Arruga F, Deaglio S. Targeting the Adenosinergic Axis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Way to Disrupt the Tumor Niche? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041167. [PMID: 29649100 PMCID: PMC5979564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism and adenosinergic signaling in cancer is gaining momentum, as increasing evidence is showing their relevance in tumor immunology and biology. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) results from the expansion of a population of mature B cells that progressively occupies the bone marrow (BM), the blood, and peripheral lymphoid organs. Notwithstanding significant progress in the treatment of these patients, the cure remains an unmet clinical need, suggesting that novel drugs or drug combinations are needed. A unique feature of CLL is its reliance on micro-environmental signals for proliferation and cell survival. We and others have shown that the lymphoid niche, an area of intense interactions between leukemic and bystander non-tumor cells, is a typically hypoxic environment. Here adenosine is generated by leukemic cells, as well as by cells of myeloid origin, acting through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, ultimately affecting tumor growth, limiting drug responses, and skewing the immune cells towards a tolerant phenotype. Hence, understanding the mechanisms through which this complex network of enzymes, receptors, and metabolites functions in CLL, will pave the way to the use of pharmacological agents targeting the system, which, in combination with drugs targeting leukemic cells, may get us one step closer to curing these patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Gene Regulatory Networks/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypoxia
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stem Cell Niche
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin School of Medicine & Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), via Nizza, 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Arruga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin School of Medicine & Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), via Nizza, 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin School of Medicine & Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), via Nizza, 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Abstract
Several physiological functions of adenosine (Ado) appear to be mediated by four G protein-coupled Ado receptors. Ado is produced extracellularly from the catabolism of the excreted ATP, or intracellularly from AMP, and then released through its transporter. High level of intracellular Ado occurs only at low energy charge, as an intermediate of ATP breakdown, leading to hypoxanthine production. AMP, the direct precursor of Ado, is now considered as an important stress signal inside cell triggering metabolic regulation through activation of a specific AMP-dependent protein kinase. Intracellular Ado produced from AMP by allosterically regulated nucleotidases can be regarded as a stress signal as well. To study the receptor-independent effects of Ado, several experimental approaches have been proposed, such as inhibition or silencing of key enzymes of Ado metabolism, knockdown of Ado receptors in animals, the use of antagonists, or cell treatment with deoxyadenosine, which is substrate of the enzymes acting on Ado, but is unable to interact with Ado receptors. In this way, it was demonstrated that, among other functions, intracellular Ado modulates angiogenesis by regulating promoter methylation, induces hypothermia, promotes apoptosis in sympathetic neurons, and, in the case of oxygen and glucose deprivation, exerts a cytoprotective effect by replenishing the ATP pool.
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Odagaki Y, Kinoshita M, Ota T, Meana JJ, Callado LF, Matsuoka I, García-Sevilla JA. Functional coupling between adenosine A 1 receptors and G-proteins in rat and postmortem human brain membranes determined with conventional guanosine-5'-O-(3-[ 35S]thio)triphosphate ([ 35S]GTPγS) binding or [ 35S]GTPγS/immunoprecipitation assay. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:177-190. [PMID: 29492786 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine signaling plays a complex role in multiple physiological processes in the brain, and its dysfunction has been implicated in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and affective disorders. In the present study, the coupling between adenosine A1 receptor and G-protein was assessed by means of two [35S]GTPγS binding assays, i.e., conventional filtration method and [35S]GTPγS binding/immunoprecipitation in rat and human brain membranes. The latter method provides information about adenosine A1 receptor-mediated Gαi-3 activation in rat as well as human brain membranes. On the other hand, adenosine-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding determined with conventional assay derives from functional activation of Gαi/o proteins (not restricted only to Gαi-3) coupled to adenosine A1 receptors. The determination of adenosine concentrations in the samples used in the present study indicates the possibility that the assay mixture under our experimental conditions contains residual endogenous adenosine at nanomolar concentrations, which was also suggested by the results on the effects of adenosine receptor antagonists on basal [35S]GTPγS binding level. The effects of adenosine deaminase (ADA) on basal binding also support the presence of adenosine. Nevertheless, the varied patterns of ADA discouraged us from adding ADA into assay medium routinely. The concentration-dependent increases elicited by adenosine were determined in 40 subjects without any neuropsychiatric disorders. The increases in %Emax values determined by conventional assay according to aging and postmortem delay should be taken into account in future studies focusing on the effects of psychiatric disorders on adenosine A1 receptor/G-protein interaction in postmortem human brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Odagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Kinoshita
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Toshio Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Luis F Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Isao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Jesús A García-Sevilla
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, IUNICS/IdISPa, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma, Spain
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Moreno E, Canet J, Gracia E, Lluís C, Mallol J, Canela EI, Cortés A, Casadó V. Molecular Evidence of Adenosine Deaminase Linking Adenosine A 2A Receptor and CD26 Proteins. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:106. [PMID: 29497379 PMCID: PMC5818423 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that acts in all living systems as a homeostatic network regulator through many pathways, which are adenosine receptor (AR)-dependent and -independent. From a metabolic point of view, adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an essential protein in the regulation of the total intracellular and extracellular adenosine in a tissue. In addition to its cytosolic localization, ADA is also expressed as an ecto-enzyme on the surface of different cells. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) and some ARs act as binding proteins for extracellular ADA in humans. Since CD26 and ARs interact with ADA at opposite sites, we have investigated if ADA can function as a cell-to-cell communication molecule by bridging the anchoring molecules CD26 and A2AR present on the surfaces of the interacting cells. By combining site-directed mutagenesis of ADA amino acids involved in binding to A2AR and a modification of the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technique that allows detection of interactions between two proteins expressed in different cell populations with low steric hindrance (NanoBRET), we show direct evidence of the specific formation of trimeric complexes CD26-ADA-A2AR involving two cells. By dynamic mass redistribution assays and ligand binding experiments, we also demonstrate that A2AR-NanoLuc fusion proteins are functional. The existence of this ternary complex is in good agreement with the hypothesis that ADA could bridge T-cells (expressing CD26) and dendritic cells (expressing A2AR). This is a new metabolic function for ecto-ADA that, being a single chain protein, it has been considered as an example of moonlighting protein, because it performs more than one functional role (as a catalyst, a costimulator, an allosteric modulator and a cell-to-cell connector) without partitioning these functions in different subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Júlia Canet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Gracia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Lluís
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
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Bagheri S, Squitti R, Haertlé T, Siotto M, Saboury AA. Role of Copper in the Onset of Alzheimer's Disease Compared to Other Metals. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 9:446. [PMID: 29472855 PMCID: PMC5810277 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by amyloid plaques in patients' brain tissue. The plaques are mainly made of β-amyloid peptides and trace elements including Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+. Some studies have shown that AD can be considered a type of metal dyshomeostasis. Among metal ions involved in plaques, numerous studies have focused on copper ions, which seem to be one of the main cationic elements in plaque formation. The involvement of copper in AD is controversial, as some studies show a copper deficiency in AD, and consequently a need to enhance copper levels, while other data point to copper overload and therefore a need to reduce copper levels. In this paper, the role of copper ions in AD and some contradictory reports are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Bagheri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Thomas Haertlé
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Equipe Fonctions et Interactions des Protéines, Nantes, France
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Ali A. Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Kutryb-Zajac B, Mateuszuk L, Zukowska P, Jasztal A, Zabielska MA, Toczek M, Jablonska P, Zakrzewska A, Sitek B, Rogowski J, Lango R, Slominska EM, Chlopicki S, Smolenski RT. Increased activity of vascular adenosine deaminase in atherosclerosis and therapeutic potential of its inhibition. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 112:590-605. [PMID: 28513806 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Extracellular nucleotides and adenosine that are formed or degraded by membrane-bound ecto-enzymes could affect atherosclerosis by regulating the inflammation and thrombosis. This study aimed to evaluate a relation between ecto-enzymes that convert extracellular adenosine triphosphate to adenine dinucleotide phosphate, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine, and inosine on the surface of the vessel wall with the severity or progression of experimental and clinical atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we tested whether the inhibition of adenosine deaminase will block the development of experimental atherosclerosis. Methods and results Vascular activities of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, and ecto-adenosine deaminase (eADA) were measured in aortas of apolipoprotein E-/- low density lipoprotein receptor (ApoE-/-LDLR-/-) and wild-type mice as well as in human aortas. Plaques were analysed in the entire aorta, aortic root, and brachiocephalic artery by Oil-Red O and Orcein Martius Scarlet Blue staining and vascular accumulation of macrophages. The cellular location of ecto-enzymes was analysed by immunofluorescence. The effect of eADA inhibition on atherosclerosis progression was studied by a 2-month deoxycoformycin treatment of ApoE-/-LDLR-/- mice. The vascular eADA activity prominently increased in ApoE-/-LDLR-/- mice when compared with wild type already at the age of 1 month and progressed along atherosclerosis development, reaching a 10-fold difference at 10 months. The activity of eADA correlated with atherosclerotic changes in human aortas. High abundance of eADA in atherosclerotic vessels originated from activated endothelial cells and macrophages. There were no changes in ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 activity, whereas ecto-5'-nucleotidase was moderately decreased in ApoE-/-LDLR-/- mice. Deoxycoformycin treatment attenuated plaque development in aortic root and brachiocephalic artery of ApoE-/-LDLR-/- mice, suppressed vascular inflammation and improved endothelial function. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine metabolism in the atherosclerotic vessel in both experimental and clinical setting. The increased eADA activity marks an early stage of atherosclerosis, contributes to its progression and could represent a novel target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kutryb-Zajac
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Zukowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena A Zabielska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Toczek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jablonska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zakrzewska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Rogowski
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Romuald Lango
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Chair of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa M Slominska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ryszard T Smolenski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
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Gaded V, Anand R. Nucleobase deaminases: a potential enzyme system for new therapies. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23567-23577. [PMID: 35540270 PMCID: PMC9081823 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an overview of the structure, function and mechanism of CDA deaminases and their potential as enzyme systems for development of new antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Gaded
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Ruchi Anand
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
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40
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Changes in CD73, CD39 and CD26 expression on T-lymphocytes of ANCA-associated vasculitis patients suggest impairment in adenosine generation and turn-over. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11683. [PMID: 28916770 PMCID: PMC5601951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine, generated via the concerted action of CD39 and CD73, contributes to T-cell differentiation and function. Adenosine concentrations are furthermore influenced by adenosine deaminase binding protein CD26. Because aberrant T-cell phenotypes had been reported in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients, an impaired expression of these molecules on T-cells of AAV patients was hypothesized in the present study. While in AAV patients (n = 29) CD26 was increased on CD4+ lymphocytes, CD39 and CD73 were generally reduced on patients’ T-cells. In CD4+ cells significant differences in CD73 expression were confined to memory CD45RA- cells, while in CD4- lymphocytes differences were significant in both naïve CD45RA+ and memory CD45RA- cells. The percentage of CD4-CD73+ cells correlated with micro-RNA (miR)−31 expression, a putative regulator of factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (FIH-1), inversely with serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and positively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). No correlation with disease activity, duration, and ANCA profile was found. It remains to be assessed if a decreased CD73 and CD39 expression underlies functional impairment of lymphocytes in AAV patients. Likewise, the relations between frequencies of CD4-CD73+ cells and serum CRP or eGFR require further functional elucidation.
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41
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Veatch OJ, Keenan BT, Gehrman PR, Malow BA, Pack AI. Pleiotropic genetic effects influencing sleep and neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16:158-170. [PMID: 28102151 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research evidence increasingly points to the large impact of sleep disturbances on public health. Many aspects of sleep are heritable and genes influencing traits such as timing, EEG characteristics, sleep duration, and response to sleep loss have been identified. Notably, large-scale genome-wide analyses have implicated numerous genes with small effects on sleep timing. Additionally, there has been considerable progress in the identification of genes influencing risk for some neurological sleep disorders. For restless legs syndrome, implicated variants are typically in genes associated with neuronal development. By contrast, genes conferring risk for narcolepsy function in the immune system. Many genetic variants associated with sleep disorders are also implicated in neurological disorders in which sleep abnormalities are common; for example, variation in genes involved in synaptic homoeostasis are implicated in autism spectrum disorder and sleep-wake control. Further investigation into pleiotropic roles of genes influencing both sleep and neurological disorders could lead to new treatment strategies for a variety of sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Veatch
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Brendan T Keenan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip R Gehrman
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beth A Malow
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allan I Pack
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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42
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Rovira AR, Fin A, Tor Y. Expanding a fluorescent RNA alphabet: synthesis, photophysics and utility of isothiazole-derived purine nucleoside surrogates. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2983-2993. [PMID: 28451365 PMCID: PMC5380116 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05354h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of emissive ribonucleoside purine mimics, all comprised of an isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine core, was prepared using a divergent pathway involving a key Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization. In addition to an adenosine and a guanosine mimic, analogues of the noncanonical xanthosine, isoguanosine, and 2-aminoadenosine were also synthesized and found to be emissive. Isothiazolo 2-aminoadenosine, an adenosine surrogate, was found to be particularly emissive and effectively deaminated by adenosine deaminase. Competitive studies with adenosine deaminase with each analogue in combination with native adenosine showed preference for the native substrate while still deaminating the isothiazolo analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Rovira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , USA .
| | - Andrea Fin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , USA .
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , USA .
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43
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Adenosine signaling mediates hypoxic responses in the chronic lymphocytic leukemia microenvironment. Blood Adv 2016; 1:47-61. [PMID: 29296695 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) niche is a closed environment where leukemic cells derive growth and survival signals through their interaction with macrophages and T lymphocytes. Here, we show that the CLL lymph node niche is characterized by overexpression and activation of HIF-1α, which increases adenosine generation and signaling, affecting tumor and host cellular responses. Hypoxia in CLL lymphocytes modifies central metabolic pathways, protects against drug-driven apoptosis, and induces interleukin 10 (IL-10) production. In myeloid cells, it forces monocyte differentiation to macrophages expressing IRF4, IDO, CD163, and CD206, hallmarks of the M2 phenotype, which promotes tumor progression. It also induces IL-6 production and enhances nurturing properties. Low oxygen levels decrease T-cell proliferation, promote glycolysis, and cause the appearance of a population of PD-1+ and IL-10-secreting T cells. Blockade of the A2A adenosine receptor counteracts these effects on all cell populations, making leukemic cells more susceptible to pharmacological agents while restoring immune competence and T-cell proliferation. Together, these results indicate that adenosine signaling through the A2A receptor mediates part of the effects of hypoxia. They also suggest that therapeutic strategies to inhibit the adenosinergic axis may be useful adjuncts to chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of CLL patients.
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Arun KG, Sharanya CS, Sandeep PM, Sadasivan C. Inhibitory activity of hibifolin on adenosine deaminase- experimental and molecular modeling study. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:353-358. [PMID: 27591790 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. ADA converts adenosine to inosine and liberates ammonia. Because of their critical role in the differentiation and maturation of cells, the regulation of ADA activity is considered as a potential therapeutic approach to prevent malignant and inflammatory disorders. In the present study, the inhibitory activity of a plant flavonoid, hibifolin on ADA is investigated using enzyme kinetic assay and isothermal titration calorimetry. The inhibitory constant of hibifolin was found to be 49.92μM±3.98 and the mode of binding was reversible. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the compound binds ADA with binding energy of -7.21Kcal/mol. The in silico modeling and docking studies showed that the bound ligand is stabilized by hydrogen bonds with active site residues of the enzyme. The study reveals that hibifolin can act as a potential inhibitor of ADA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Arun
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India; Inter University Centre for Bioscience, KannurUniversity, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India
| | - C S Sharanya
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India; Inter University Centre for Bioscience, KannurUniversity, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India
| | - P M Sandeep
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India; Inter University Centre for Bioscience, KannurUniversity, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India
| | - C Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India; Inter University Centre for Bioscience, KannurUniversity, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India.
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45
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Development of a capillary electrophoresis method for analyzing adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase and its application in inhibitor screening. Anal Biochem 2016; 506:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Maiuolo J, Oppedisano F, Gratteri S, Muscoli C, Mollace V. Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion. Int J Cardiol 2016; 213:8-14. [PMID: 26316329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 665] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purines perform many important functions in the cell, being the formation of the monomeric precursors of nucleic acids DNA and RNA the most relevant one. Purines which also contribute to modulate energy metabolism and signal transduction, are structural components of some coenzymes and have been shown to play important roles in the physiology of platelets, muscles and neurotransmission. All cells require a balanced quantity of purines for growth, proliferation and survival. Under physiological conditions the enzymes involved in the purine metabolism maintain in the cell a balanced ratio between their synthesis and degradation. In humans the final compound of purines catabolism is uric acid. All other mammals possess the enzyme uricase that converts uric acid to allantoin that is easily eliminated through urine. Overproduction of uric acid, generated from the metabolism of purines, has been proven to play emerging roles in human disease. In fact the increase of serum uric acid is inversely associated with disease severity and especially with cardiovascular disease states. This review describes the enzymatic pathways involved in the degradation of purines, getting into their structure and biochemistry until the uric acid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Santo Gratteri
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy.
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Tamura R, Ohta H, Satoh Y, Nonoyama S, Nishida Y, Nibuya M. Neuroprotective effects of adenosine deaminase in the striatum. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:709-20. [PMID: 26746865 PMCID: PMC4821026 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15625077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catabolizes adenosine and deoxyadenosine. During cerebral ischemia, extracellular adenosine levels increase acutely and adenosine deaminase catabolizes the increased levels of adenosine. Since adenosine is a known neuroprotective agent, adenosine deaminase was thought to have a negative effect during ischemia. In this study, however, we demonstrate that adenosine deaminase has substantial neuroprotective effects in the striatum, which is especially vulnerable during cerebral ischemia. We used temporary oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) to simulate ischemia in rat corticostriatal brain slices. We used field potentials as the primary measure of neuronal damage. For stable and efficient electrophysiological assessment, we used transgenic rats expressing channelrhodopsin-2, which depolarizes neurons in response to blue light. Time courses of electrically evoked striatal field potential (eFP) and optogenetically evoked striatal field potential (optFP) were recorded during and after oxygen/glucose deprivation. The levels of both eFP and optFP decreased after 10 min of oxygen/glucose deprivation. Bath-application of 10 µg/ml adenosine deaminase during oxygen/glucose deprivation significantly attenuated the oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced reduction in levels of eFP and optFP. The number of injured cells decreased significantly, and western blot analysis indicated a significant decrease of autophagic signaling in the adenosine deaminase-treated oxygen/glucose deprivation slices. These results indicate that adenosine deaminase has protective effects in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Tamura
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Satoh
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nishida
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Nibuya
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Dahan A, Wolk O, Yang P, Mittal S, Wu Z, Landowski CP, Amidon GL. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV as a potential target for selective prodrug activation and chemotherapeutic action in cancers. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4385-94. [PMID: 25365774 PMCID: PMC4255727 DOI: 10.1021/mp500483v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs is often offset by severe side effects attributable to poor selectivity and toxicity to normal cells. Recently, the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) was considered as a potential target for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of targeting chemotherapeutic drugs to DPPIV as a strategy to enhance their specificity. The expression profile of DPPIV was obtained for seven cancer cell lines using DNA microarray data from the DTP database, and was validated by RT-PCR. A prodrug was then synthesized by linking the cytotoxic drug melphalan to a proline-glycine dipeptide moiety, followed by hydrolysis studies in the seven cell lines with a standard substrate, as well as the glycyl-prolyl-melphalan (GP-Mel). Lastly, cell proliferation studies were carried out to demonstrate enzyme-dependent activation of the candidate prodrug. The relative RT-PCR expression levels of DPPIV in the cancer cell lines exhibited linear correlation with U95Av2 Affymetrix data (r(2) = 0.94), and with specific activity of a standard substrate, glycine-proline-p-nitroanilide (r(2) = 0.96). The significantly higher antiproliferative activity of GP-Mel in Caco-2 cells (GI₅₀ = 261 μM) compared to that in SK-MEL-5 cells (GI₅₀ = 807 μM) was consistent with the 9-fold higher specific activity of the prodrug in Caco-2 cells (5.14 pmol/min/μg protein) compared to SK-MEL-5 cells (0.68 pmol/min/μg protein) and with DPPIV expression levels in these cells. Our results demonstrate the great potential to exploit DPPIV as a prodrug activating enzyme for efficient chemotherapeutic drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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