The role of marine omega-3 ( n -3) fatty acids in inflammatory processes, atherosclerosis and plaque stability

Nrf2-Dependent Adaptation to Oxidative Stress Protects Against Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy

Aims: Adaptation to oxidative stress is essential for maintaining protein and redox homeostasis in mammalian cells. Palmitic acid (PA) plays a central role in oxidative stress and immunoproteasome regulation in podocytes and diabetes, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have beneficial impact on diabetes. The role of Nrf2 in adaptation to oxidative stress and regulation of immunoproteasome by PA and EPA/DHA in podocytes and diabetic kidneys is not well defined. The present study describes the effect of PA- and EPA/DHA-induced oxidative stress in regulating Nrf2/immuoproteasome pathway in a model system relevant to diabetic nephropathy (DN). Results: Short PA exposure to podocytes promotes the upregulation of antioxidant proteins and immunoproteasome mediated by Nrf2, leading to acute transient oxidative stress adaptation. Both short- and long-term incubation of EPA or DHA in podocytes induced oxidative stress and activation of Nrf2, causing persistent oxidative stress adaptation. Long PA exposure to podocytes decreased the Nrf2 activity, and EPA/DHA attenuated these effects of PA. In db/db mice, feeding of EPA/DHA-rich fish oil increased oxidative stress in kidneys and induced renal cortical Nrf2 nuclear translocation and immunoproteasome overexpression, inhibiting the progression of DN. Innovation and Conclusion: We demonstrate an oxidative stress adaptation mechanism by PA and EPA/DHA regulated by Nrf2 in podocytes and kidneys of type 2 diabetes. This work provides an important insight into the pathogenetic mechanisms of DN by PA-induced oxidative stress. We conclude that activation of Nrf2-immunoproteasome signaling pathway by EPA/DHA plays a crucial role in abrogating the proteotoxic stress in DN. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.

Integrated multi-omics revealed that dysregulated lipid metabolism played an important role in RA patients with metabolic diseases

OBJECTIVES

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) commonly experience a high prevalence of multiple metabolic diseases (MD), leading to higher morbidity and premature mortality. Here, we aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of MD in RA patients (RA_MD) through an integrated multi-omics approach.

METHODS

Fecal and blood samples were collected from a total of 181 subjects in this study for multi-omics analyses, including 16S rRNA and internally transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequencing, metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and phosphoproteomics. Spearman's correlation and protein-protein interaction networks were used to assess the multi-omics data correlations. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) machine learning algorithm were used to identify disease-specific biomarkers for RA_MD diagnosis.

RESULTS

Our results found that RA_MD was associated with differential abundance of gut microbiota such as Turicibacter and Neocosmospora, metabolites including decreased unsaturated fatty acid, genes related to linoleic acid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, as well as downregulation of proteins and phosphoproteins involved in cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, a multi-omics classifier differentiated RA_MD from RA with high accuracy (AUC: 0.958). Compared to gouty arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, dysregulation of lipid metabolism showed disease-specificity in RA_MD.

CONCLUSIONS

The integration of multi-omics data demonstrates that lipid metabolic pathways play a crucial role in RA_MD, providing the basis and direction for the prevention and early diagnosis of MD, as well as new insights to complement clinical treatment options.

Gene therapy for fat-1 prevents obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction, cellular senescence, and osteoarthritis

Obesity is one of the primary risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA), acting through cross talk among altered biomechanics, metabolism, adipokines, and dietary free fatty acid (FA) composition. Obesity and aging have been linked to cellular senescence in various tissues, resulting in increased local and systemic inflammation and immune dysfunction. We hypothesized that obesity and joint injury lead to cellular senescence that is typically associated with increased OA severity or with aging and that the ratio of omega-6 (ω-6) to omega-3 (ω-3) FAs regulates these pathologic effects. Mice were placed on an ω-6-rich high-fat diet or a lean control diet and underwent destabilization of the medial meniscus to induce OA. Obesity and joint injury significantly increased cellular senescence in subcutaneous and visceral fat as well as joint tissues such as synovium and cartilage. Using adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy for fat-1, a fatty acid desaturase that converts ω-6 to ω-3 FAs, decreasing the serum ω-6:ω-3 FA ratio had a strong senomorphic and therapeutic effect, mitigating metabolic dysfunction, cellular senescence, and joint degeneration. In vitro coculture of bone marrow-derived macrophages and chondrocytes from control and AAV8-fat1-treated mice were used to examine the roles of various FA mediators in regulating chondrocyte senescence. Our results suggest that obesity and joint injury result in a premature "aging" of the joint as measured by senescence markers, and these changes can be ameliorated by altering FA composition using fat-1 gene therapy. These findings support the potential for fat-1 gene therapy to treat obesity- and/or injury-induced OA clinically.

Marine Bioactive Compounds with Functional Role in Immunity and Food Allergy

Food allergy, referred to as the atypical physiological overreaction of the immune system after exposure to specific food components, is considered one of the major concerns in food safety. The prevalence of this emerging worldwide problem has been increasing during the last decades, especially in industrialized countries, being estimated to affect 6-8% of young children and about 2-4% of adults. Marine organisms are an important source of bioactive substances with the potential to functionally improve the immune system, reduce food allergy sensitization and development, and even have an anti-allergic action in food allergy. The present investigation aims to be a comprehensive report of marine bioactive compounds with verified actions to improve food allergy and identified mechanisms of actions rather than be an exhaustive compilation of all investigations searching beneficial effects of marine compounds in FA. Particularly, this research highlights the capacity of bioactive components extracted from marine microbial, animal, algae, and microalgae sources, such as n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), polysaccharide, oligosaccharide, chondroitin, vitamin D, peptides, pigments, and polyphenols, to regulate the immune system, epigenetic regulation, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis that are essential factors in the sensitization and effector phases of food allergy. In conclusion, the marine ecosystem is an excellent source to provide foods with the capacity to improve the hypersensitivity induced against specific food allergens and also bioactive compounds with a potential pharmacological aptitude to be applied as anti-allergenic in food allergy.

Marine algae: A treasure trove of bioactive anti-inflammatory compounds

This comprehensive review examines the diverse classes of pharmacologically active compounds found in marine algae and their promising anti-inflammatory effects. The review covers various classes of anti-inflammatory compounds sourced from marine algae, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, caretenoids, alkaloids, phlorotannins, bromophenols, amino acids, peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. The anti-inflammatory activities of marine algae-derived compounds have been extensively investigated using in vitro and in vivo models, demonstrating their ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes involved in inflammation. Moreover, marine algae-derived compounds have exhibited immunomodulatory properties, regulating immune cell functions and attenuating inflammatory responses. Specific examples of compounds with notable anti-inflammatory activities are highlighted. This review provides valuable insights for researchers in the field of marine anti-inflammatory pharmacology and emphasizes the need for further research to harness the pharmacological benefits of marine algae-derived compounds for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents.

Obesity-Associated Breast Cancer: Analysis of Risk Factors and Current Clinical Evaluation

Several studies show that a significantly stronger association is obvious between increased body mass index (BMI) and higher breast cancer incidence. Additionally, obese and postmenopausal women are at higher risk of all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality compared with non-obese women with breast cancer. In this context, increased levels of estrogens, excessive aromatization activity of the adipose tissue, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, adipocyte-derived adipokines, hypercholesterolemia, and excessive oxidative stress contribute to the development of breast cancer in obese women. Genetic evaluation is an integral part of diagnosis and treatment for patients with breast cancer. Despite trimodality therapy, the four-year cumulative incidence of regional recurrence is significantly higher. Axillary lymph nodes as well as primary lesions have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance for the management of breast cancer. In clinical setting, because of the obese population primary lesions and enlarged lymph nodes could be less palpable, the diagnosis may be challenging due to misinterpretation of physical findings. Thereby, a nomogram has been created as the "Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System" (BI-RADS) to increase agreement and decision-making consistency between mammography and ultrasonography (USG) experts. Additionally, the "breast density classification system," "artificial intelligence risk scores," ligand-targeted receptor probes," "digital breast tomosynthesis," "diffusion-weighted imaging," "18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography," and "dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)" are important techniques for the earlier detection of breast cancers and to reduce false-positive results. A high concordance between estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status evaluated in preoperative percutaneous core needle biopsy and surgical specimens is demonstrated. Breast cancer surgery has become increasingly conservative; however, mastectomy may be combined with any axillary procedures, such as sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and/or axillary lymph node dissection whenever is required. As a rule, SLNB-guided axillary dissection in breast cancer patients who have clinically axillary lymph node-positive to node-negative conversion following neoadjuvant chemotherapy is recommended, because lymphedema is the most debilitating complication after any axillary surgery. There is no clear consensus on the optimal treatment of occult breast cancer, which is much discussed today. Similarly, the current trend in metastatic breast cancer is that the main palliative treatment option is systemic therapy.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the Ratio of Omega-3 to Omega-6 Fatty Acids Consumption among Women in the Adventist Health Study-2

OBJECTIVE

To assess the associations of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids consumption, and the ratio between the two, with self-reported doctor told Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) diagnosis. Further, to assess whether initiation of omega-3 supplements intake was related to time/year of SLE diagnosis.

METHODS

Data from 42,398 women in the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort were used for this cross-sectional study. Unconditional logistic regression modeling was used for all analyses with the following candidate covariates: age, race, education, smoking, and body mass index (BMI).

RESULTS

Compared to non-cases, participants with a diagnosis of SLE reported higher intakes of total omega-3 fatty acids and about the same intakes of omega-6 fatty acids. Overall, they had higher ratios of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids. When assessing odds ratios of SLE diagnosis by quartiles of omega-3 to omega-6 and DHA+EPA to omega-6, there was a positive significant trend (p trend = 0.005). Additionally, among those reporting intake of fish oil, 87% had initiated fish oil consumption around the time of SLE diagnosis. SLE was more likely to occur among Black women compared to White women, among ever smokers compared to never smokers, among overweight women compared to women with normal/underweight, and among women 50-59 years compared to those 30-49 year old. When a smaller 6 year follow-up study identified 64 incident SLE cases and assessed their omega-3 intake at baseline (6 years earlier and before the SLE diagnosis) their intake of omega-3 and fish oil was no different than among non-cases.

CONCLUSION

We observed a significant positive association between the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids consumption and prevalence of SLE. Among those with prevalent SLE, their year of starting supplementation of omega-3 and fish oil was closely linked to year of SLE diagnosis. Further, baseline intake of omega-3 fatty acids was not increased among 64 incident SLE cases identified during 6 years of follow-up. Our surprising finding can best be explained by reverse causation. This could be an example of how public health information is assimilated and acted upon by a health conscious public.

Immunomodulatory effect of marine lipids on food allergy

Seafood is highly enriched in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3), in contrast to the ultra-processed foods included in the modern Western diet that have high levels of n-6 linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6), precursor for the pro-inflammatory n-6 arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4 n-6). The capacity of marine lipids to reduce plasmatic triglycerides and blood pressure have been well-described. Moreover, recent studies have also raised evidence of a potential regulatory action of marine lipids on inflammation, the immune system, and food allergy (FA). FA is considered one of the main concerns to become life threatening in food safety. The prevalence of this emerging global problem has been increasing during the last two decades, especially in industrialized countries. About a 6-8% of young children and 2-4% of adults is estimated to be affected by FA. The main objective of the current study is to update the existing knowledge, but also the limitations, on the potential impact of marine lipids and their lipid mediators in regulating immunity, inflammation, and ultimately, food allergies. In particular, the focus is on the effect of marine lipids in modulating the key factors that control the sensitization and effector phases of FA, including gut microbiota (GM), inflammation, and immune system response. Results in animal models highlight the positive effect that consuming marine lipids, whether as a supplement or through seafood consumption, may have a relevant role in improving gut dysbiosis and inflammation, and preventing or reducing the severity of FA. However, more systematic studies in humans are needed to optimize such beneficial actions to each particular FA, age, and medical condition to reach an effective clinical application of marine lipids to improve FAs and their outcomes.

Metabolomic characterization of Liancheng white and Cherry Valley duck breast meat and their relation to meat quality

Liancheng white duck is a typical local duck breed in Fujian Province famous for its meat traits. To better understand how meat quality varies with breed, the chemical composition of breast meats of Liancheng white ducks (LD) and Cherry Valley ducks (CD) were examined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS).The correlation between meat quality and the differential metabolites was further analyzed. The results showed that the effects of breed on duck breast meat were significant for pH, color, cooking loss, and shear force. Liancheng white duck breast meat exhibited a higher shear force and pH, and lower cooking loss and lightness (L*24), redness (a*24), and yellowness (b*24) than CD. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant differences between the meat extracts from the 2 duck breeds. A total of 49 and 57 significantly different metabolites were identified in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. These differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) could be divided into 28 classes, of which the 4 main categories were carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and eicosanoids. Liancheng white duck might have better nutritional and medicinal value considering the higher content of (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and prostaglandinF3α (PGF3α), having anti-inflammatory orantioxidant effects. Carbohydrate concentration negatively correlated with pH24. The 4 metabolites positively correlated with the shear force. These results provide an overall perspective for bridging the gap between variation of duck meat quality and metabolites with respect to breed.

Impact of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on assisted reproductive technology outcomes: a systematic review

This review explores the impact of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) on reproductive outcomes. A systematic search of English peer-reviewed journals was carried out using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify articles published from January 1978 to 2021. The primary outcomes assessed included pregnancy and live birth rates. Secondary outcome measures included: (i) implantation rate; (ii) fertilisation rate; (iii) number of oocytes retrieved; (iv) number of metaphase II (MII) oocytes; (v) blastocyst conversion; and (vi) embryo quality. A total of 4 randomised control trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria. There is a lack of high-quality research to support widespread dietary supplementation with PUFAs in women undergoing ART. Prior to its clinical recommendation, there is a need for well-designed RCTs to facilitate an in-depth understanding of PUFA supplementation in women undergoing ART.

Intake of marine and plant-derived n-3 fatty acids and development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort

PURPOSE

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between intake of seafood and plant-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and development of total atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and acute major ischemic events.

METHODS

A total of 53,909 men and women were enrolled between 1993 and 1997 into the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort and followed through nationwide Danish registries for development of total ASCVD defined as a first registration of myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, or ischemic stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis or small-vessel occlusion. At recruitment, the intake of the major marine n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the plant-derived n-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using sex-stratified multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models.

RESULTS

During a median of 13.5 years of follow-up, 3958 participants developed ASCVD including 3270 patients with an acute major ischemic event. In multivariable analyses including adjustment for established risk factors, we found no associations for intake of ALA, but indications of inverse associations between intake of EPA, DHA and EPA + DHA and the rate of total ASCVD and acute major ischemic events.

CONCLUSIONS

A high intake of marine n-3 PUFA was associated with a lower risk of total ASCVD and acute major ischemic events, whereas no association could be demonstrated for the plant-derived ALA.

Preparation and quality evaluation of sardines sauce rich in omega-3 using the combination of pineapple fruit extracts and fermentation times

A present study aimed at evaluating sardine sauce quality used a treatment combination of pineapple fruit extract, and fermentation times. It used a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern. The results showed a pineapple fruit extracts and fermentation times affected significantly on sardine sauce quality (P < 0.05). There was an interaction between pineapple fruit extract and fermentation times on sardine sauce quality. A pineapple fruit extract of 10% and fermentation times of 13 days produced sardine sauce best quality, with a protein content (17.38%), moisture (74.45%), omega-3 (19.68%), pH (5.23), taste value of 3.68, color of 4.52, and aroma of 2.99, respectively, but, consumers did not like it so much. It has passed a National Standard of Indonesia, which sets the minimum level of protein of 5%, and pH ranges from 5.0 to 6.0.

Comparison of serum copper levels between coronary artery disease patients and normal individuals: a case-control study

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of death in technologically developed and developing countries. Copper, an active redox element, is involved in energy production through various mechanisms. Copper and coronary artery disease can be associated directly, through its direct effect on the vascular endothelium, or indirectly through lipoprotein metabolism. Hence an evaluation of copper in the coronary artery disease individual is important. The aim is to compare the relationship of serum copper levels between coronary artery disease patients and control individuals based on age, sex, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: The study design was a case-control study in which proven coronary artery disease patients attending cardiology OPD were selected as cases. Control individuals were mainly selected from the master health check-up. Serum copper levels, plasma glucose, cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and serum HDL & LDL cholesterol were done. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) was also measured. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software version 24. Result: The correlation of serum copper level with other quantitative parameters is determined by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficient among cases and controls. Conclusion: The serum copper level is significantly (p=0.001) higher in CAD patients than in age, sex, DM, and HT-matched controls. The serum copper level has a significant (p=0.001) effect on disease, and the adjusted odds ratio is 1.032 (CI 1.011–1.054). In addition, the serum copper level has a significant (0.01) negative correlation with LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol.

Feeding Laying Ducks Eucommia ulmoides oliv. Leaves Increases the n-3 Fatty Acids Content and Decreases the n-6: n-3 PUFA Ratio in Egg Yolk without Affecting Laying Performance or Egg Quality

The objective was to determine the effects of supplementing duck diets with Eucommia ulmoides oliv. leaf powder (EUL). Laying ducks (n = 480) were randomly allocated into 4 experimental treatments and fed diets containing 0, 1, 2, or 4% EUL. Dietary inclusion of EUL had no effect (p > 0.05) on laying performance or egg quality, but linearly increased (p < 0.05) total plasma protein, globulin, and HDL-C concentrations with concurrent reductions (p < 0.05) in plasma concentrations of cholesterol and LDL-C. Eggs laid by ducks receiving EUL had yolks with linearly higher phenolic concentrations (p < 0.05) but lower cholesterol concentrations (p < 0.05). EUL supplementation in duck diets significantly reduced n-6: n-3 PUFA ratio by enriching n-3 fatty acids in yolks (p < 0.05) with no changes in n-6 PUFA (p >0.05).

The Beneficial Effects of Pine Nuts and Its Major Fatty Acid, Pinolenic Acid, on Inflammation and Metabolic Perturbations in Inflammatory Disorders

Inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis are regulated by cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Current treatments for these conditions are associated with significant side effects and do not completely suppress inflammation. The benefits of diet, especially the role of specific components, are poorly understood. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have several beneficial health effects. The majority of studies on PUFAs have been on omega-3 fatty acids. This review will focus on a less studied fatty acid, pinolenic acid (PNLA) from pine nuts, which typically constitutes up to 20% of its total fatty acids. PNLA is emerging as a dietary PUFA and a promising supplement in the prevention of inflammatory disorders or as an alternative therapy. Some studies have shown the health implications of pine nuts oil (PNO) and PNLA in weight reduction, lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic actions as well as in suppression of cell invasiveness and motility in cancer. However, few reviews have specifically focused on the biological and anti-inflammatory effects of PNLA. Furthermore, in recent bioinformatic studies on human samples, the expression of many mRNAs and microRNAs was regulated by PNLA indicating potential transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and metabolic processes. The aim of this review is to summarize, highlight, and evaluate research findings on PNO and PNLA in relation to potential anti-inflammatory benefits and beneficial metabolic changes. In this context, the focus of the review is on the potential actions of PNLA on inflammation along with modulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress based on data from both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and human findings, including gene expression analysis.

Association between Seafood Intake and Cardiovascular Disease in South Korean Adults: A Community-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common non-communicable diseases causing 18.6 million deaths worldwide. Several studies have revealed that seafood consumption has a protective effect against CVD. This study investigated the correlation between CVD and seafood intake based on a 10-year follow-up of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). The study population, which included 6565 adults age, 55.65 (±8.68), was divided into seafood intake-based tertiles. CVD included myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease. At baseline, participants with low seafood intake also had low eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intakes. Prospectively, hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Seafood intake exhibited a significantly inverse relationship with the cumulative CVD incidence over 10 years regardless of sex (women: log-rank test p < 0.001 and men: log-rank test p < 0.0401). The longitudinal association of low seafood intake with the CVD risk was significantly stronger in female participants after adjusting for confounding variables (HR (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 0.718 (0.519−0.993) p-trend = 0.043). These results suggested that seafood consumption potentially ameliorates CVD risk in middle-aged adults.

Asymmetric Synthesis of Methoxylated Ether Lipids: Total Synthesis of n-3 Polyunsaturated Docosahexaenoic Acid-Like Methoxylated Ether Lipid

The first total synthesis of a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-like methoxylated ether lipid (MEL) is reported. This compound constitutes an all-cis methylene skipped hexaene framework identical to that present in DHA, the well-known omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. The polyene C22 hydrocarbon chain, bearing a methoxyl group in the 2-position and R-configuration at the resulting chiral center, is attached by an ether linkage to the pro-S hydroxymethyl group (sn-1 position) of a glycerol backbone. The asymmetric synthesis is highly convergent and based on the polyacetylene approach involving iterative copper-promoted coupling reactions of propargyl bromides with terminal alkynes and semihydrogenation of the resulting hexayne. Starting from enantiopure R-solketal and racemic epichlorohydrin, the targeted MEL was accomplished in an 8.2% yield over eight steps (longest linear sequence) involving an enantio- and diastereopure glyceryl glycidyl ether key C6-building blocks from which the polyynes were constructed.

Association of Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Middle-Aged to Elderly Japanese Men and Women: The Toon Health Study

Fish and omega-3 fatty acid consumption is known to be beneficial for cardiometabolic health. However, the related evidence for individuals with a relatively higher intake of fish or omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, e.g., Japanese individuals, is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association of fish and omega-3 fatty acid intakes with the carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) in the Japanese population. In total, 1803 Japanese men and women aged 30–84 years without a history of myocardial infarction or angina pectoris were included in the study. The fish and omega-3 fatty acid intakes were estimated using food frequency questionnaires. The C-IMT was measured using ultrasound imaging, and the participants were classified into three groups: normal, moderate (1.1 to 1.4 mm of maximum C-IMT), and severely increased C-IMT (≥1.5 mm). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the presence of moderately and severely increased C-IMT. The omega-3 fatty acid intake was shown to be associated with lower odds of severely increased C-IMT. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95%CI) was 0.55 (0.31–0.97; p for trend = 0.04). We also found a borderline significant negative association between fish intake and the presence of severely increased C-IMT. In conclusion, omega-3 fatty acid intake might protect against the development of atherosclerosis in the Japanese population.

Lipid Metabolism and Cancer

Lipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of numerous cellular processes, such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, inflammation, movement, membrane homeostasis, chemotherapy response, and drug resistance. Reprogramming of lipid metabolism is a typical feature of malignant tumors. In a variety of cancers, fat uptake, storage and fat production are up-regulated, which in turn promotes the rapid growth, invasion, and migration of tumors. This paper systematically summarizes the key signal transduction pathways and molecules of lipid metabolism regulating tumors, and the role of lipid metabolism in programmed cell death. In conclusion, understanding the potential molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism and the functions of different lipid molecules may facilitate elucidating the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of cancer in order to discover new potential targets for the development of effective antitumor drugs.

Cardiometabolic Effects of Postnatal High-Fat Diet Consumption in Offspring Exposed to Maternal Protein Restriction In Utero

In recent decades, the high incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases has been replaced by a high prevalence of chronic and degenerative diseases. Concomitantly, there have been profound changes in the behavior and eating habits of families around the world, characterizing a "nutritional transition" phenomenon, which refers to a shift in diet in response to modernization, urbanization, or economic development from undernutrition to the excessive consumption of hypercaloric and ultra-processed foods. Protein malnutrition that was a health problem in the first half of the 20th century has now been replaced by high-fat diets, especially diets high in saturated fat, predisposing consumers to overweight and obesity. This panorama points us to the alarming coexistence of both malnutrition and obesity in the same population. In this way, individuals whose mothers were undernourished early in pregnancy and then exposed to postnatal hyperlipidic nutrition have increased risk factors for developing metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Thus, our major aim was to review the cardiometabolic effects resulting from postnatal hyperlipidic diets in protein-restricted subjects, as well as to examine the epigenetic repercussions occasioned by the nutritional transition.

Coagulation and Endothelial Dysfunction Associated with NAFLD: Current Status and Therapeutic Implications

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. It is considered a multisystem disease and there is a strong association with cardiovascular disease and arterial hypertension, which interfere with changes in the coagulation system. Coagulation disorders are common in patients with hepatic impairment and are dependent on the degree of liver damage. Through a review of the literature, we consider and discuss possible disorders in the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis, endothelial dysfunction and platelet abnormalities in patients with NAFLD.

Relations between the Consumption of Fatty or Lean Fish and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Fish consumption is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) partly ascribed to the high content of long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFAs; however, not all fish types are equally rich in these components. To date, it is not clear whether the beneficial effects of fish consumption are shared by fatty and lean fish. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to synthesize knowledge regarding the relation between the intake of fatty fish or lean fish and the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase until May 2021 for full text with a prospective design involving humans providing data for the highest compared with the lowest fish consumption categories. Summary risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using a random-effects model. Out of 1902 articles retrieved from the literature search, 19 reports met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Altogether, studies on fatty fish comprised 1,320,596 person-years of follow-up, 20,531 incident coronary heart disease (CHD) cases, 9256 incident CVD cases, and 104,763 total deaths. Studies on lean fish comprised 937,362 person-years of follow-up, 21,636 incident CHD cases, 7315 incident CVD cases, and 16,831 total deaths. An inverse association was present for fatty fish with CHD incidence (RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.97), CHD mortality (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.98), and total mortality (RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.99). This was not the case for lean fish. The summary estimates for CVD incidence and mortality did not show significant association with both fatty fish and lean fish consumption. The study findings are innovative in highlighting that the health benefits so far linked to fish consumption are, in fact, driven by fatty fish.

A comparative study on fatty acid profile in selected vessels of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Atherosclerosis is one of the leading non-communicable diseases in Sri Lanka. Analysis of fatty acid composition in blood vessels is important in understanding the development of atherosclerosis. Here, analyses of fatty acid profiles in major arteries which are commonly used in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery (CABG) were subjected to investigation. Patients (n = 27) undergoing elective CABG were enrolled in the study. A small biopsy segment of the saphenous vein (SV), radial artery (RA), and left internal mammary artery (LIMA) of patients was obtained during the surgery. The fatty acid (FA) profile of tissue samples was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). Among the different arteries tested, palmitic acid and stearic acid were the predominant fatty acids. As far as monounsaturated FA (MUFA) are concerned, oleic acid was found to be the most abundant MUFA in vessels. The FA profile of LIMA samples had a higher SFA percentage and lower unsaturated FA percentage compared to other vessels. Furthermore, the vessel samples of RA indicated the highest percentage of pro-inflammatory ω -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as well as a higher percentage ratio between ω -6: ω -3 PUFA. The fatty acid composition and ω -6: ω -3 PUFA ratio suggests that LIMA graft is preferred for CABG over RA and SV.

Comparative Study of Astaxanthin, Cholesterol, Fatty Acid Profiles, and Quality Indices Between Shrimp Oil Extracted From Hepatopancreas and Cephalothorax

Shrimp oil from two different portions of Pacific white shrimp including cephalothorax and hepatopancreas was extracted using the mixture of hexane/isopropanol (1:1). The extracted oils from the cephalothorax (CPO) and hepatopancreas (HPO) were characterized for astaxanthin content, cholesterol levels, and fatty acid profiles. Nutrition indices of CPO and HPO were also compared. CPO had lower extraction yield (3.2 ± 0.1%, wet weight basis) than HPO (11.1 ± 0.5%, wet weight basis). High-performance liquid chromatography results indicated that the astaxanthin content in HPO was higher, compared to that of CPO. Nevertheless, the cholesterol level in HPO was 70% lower than that of CPO. Fatty acid profiles of HPO and CPO demonstrated that the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in HPO was higher than that of CPO. The amount of docosahexaenoic acid in the former was ~2 times higher than that of the latter. HPO contained 42.76 ± 0.36% PUFA, whereas PUFA content of CPO was 35.27 ± 0.19%. On the other hand, saturated fatty acids (SFA) were more pronounced in CPO (38.44 ± 0.26%) than HPO (30.82 ± 0.55%). Based on nutrition indices, namely, atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio, and PUFA/SFA ratio, HPO possessed higher health benefit than CPO. The oxidation status of CPO and HPO measured in terms of peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, anisidine value, and conjugated dienes indicated that higher primary oxidation products were present in CPO, whereas HPO exhibited more secondary oxidation compounds. Fourier transform infrared spectra further substantiated the presence of oxidation products in CPO and HPO. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identification showed the enhanced levels of phospholipids and glycolipids in the ethanolic fraction of CPO. Overall, HPO with a higher yield was more beneficial in terms of health benefits than CPO.

Higher-Dose DHA Supplementation Modulates Immune Responses in Pregnancy and Is Associated with Decreased Preterm Birth

Pregnancy and parturition involve extensive changes in the maternal immune system. In our randomized, multi-site, double-blind superiority trial using a Bayesian adaptive design, we demonstrated that 1000 mg/day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was superior to 200 mg/day in preventing both early preterm birth (less than 34 weeks' gestation) and preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation). The goal of this secondary study is to compare the effects of 1000 mg/day versus 200 mg/day on maternal inflammation, a possible mechanism by which DHA may prevent preterm birth. Maternal blood samples were collected at enrollment (12-20 weeks' gestation) and at delivery. Red blood cell DHA levels were measured by gas chromatography, and plasma concentrations of sRAGE, IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, and INFγ were measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed for associations with the DHA dose, gestational age at birth, and preterm birth (<37 weeks). Higher baseline and lower delivery levels of maternal sRAGE were associated with a greater probability of longer gestation and delivery at term gestation. Higher-dose DHA supplementation increased the probability of a smaller decrease in delivery sRAGE levels. Higher IL-6 concentrations at delivery were associated with the probability of delivering after 37 weeks, and higher-dose DHA supplementation increased the probability of greater increases in IL-6 concentrations between enrollment and delivery. These data provide a proposed mechanistic explanation of how a higher dose of DHA during pregnancy provides immunomodulatory regulation in the initiation of parturition by influencing sRAGE and IL-6 levels, which may explain its ability to reduce the risk of preterm birth.

Anti-inflammatory effects of artesunate on atherosclerosis via miR-16-5p and TXNIP regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome

Background

Atherosclerosis (AS) is chronic inflammatory arterial disorder. Artesunate could exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in AS, but its role in AS is still in its incipient stage. In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory effect of artesunate in AS and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

We isolated CD14⁺ monocytes from peripheral blood (PB) of 115 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and 33 non-CHD patients confirmed by coronary angiography. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was used to induce the differentiation of THP-1 monocytes to macrophages. Cells were treated with artesunate at a final concentration of 2.5, 5 or 10 µmol/L. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was assessed by immunoblotting of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain (ASC). The expression of pro-caspase-1/pro-interleukin (IL)-1β/pro-IL-18 and their mature forms was measured using immunoblotting. A rat model of AS was induced by vitamin D3 (VD3) and a 21-day high-fat diet.

Results

Downregulated miR-16-5p and upregulated thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) was determined in CD14⁺ monocytes from CHD patients and associated with disease severity. Artesunate abrogated the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the presence of inflammasome activators in cultured macrophages. Artesunate reduced TXNIP expression and impaired the interaction between TXNIP and NLRP3, thereby inhibiting release of inflammatory cytokines and ASC production in cultured macrophages. In addition, miR-16-5p negatively regulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) of TXNIP. Artesunate increased the expression of miR-16-5p in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibition of miR-16-5p enhanced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Our in vivo experiments also demonstrated that artesunate reduced lipid accumulation, atherosclerotic plaque formation, and antagonized inflammation in a dose-dependent manner by upregulating miR-16-5p.

Conclusions

In summary, the present study unveiled a mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory role of artesunate in AS.

Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on indirect blood markers of exercise-induced muscle damage: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Omega 3 fatty acids supplementation may have an attenuative effect on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) through the cell membrane stabilization. The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of omega 3 fatty acids supplementation, on indirect blood markers of muscle damage following EIMD in trained and untrained individuals.

METHODS

Scopus, Medline, and Google scholar systematically searched up to January 2021. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used for the quality of studies. Random-effects model, weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied for the overall effect estimating. The heterogeneity between studies was evaluated applying the chi-squared and I2 statistic.

RESULTS

The outcomes showed a significant effect of omega 3 supplementation on reducing creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and myoglobin (Mb) concentrations. In addition, a subgroup analysis indicated a significant reduction in CK, LDH, and Mb concentrations, based on follow-ups after exercise, studies duration, time of supplementation, and training status.

CONCLUSION

The current meta-analysis indicated an efficacy of omega 3 in reducing CK, LDH, and Mb serum concentration among healthy individuals, overall and in subgroups analysis. Thus, omega 3 should be considered as a priority EIMD recovery agent in interventions.

Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have distinct effects on endothelial fatty acid content and nitric oxide bioavailability

Treatment with high dose icosapent ethyl (IPE), an ethyl ester of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), significantly reduced ischemic events in patients with either cardiovascular disease (CV) or diabetes plus other risk factors (REDUCE-IT) but the mechanism is not well understood.  We compared the effects of EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) on bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and fatty acid composition. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pretreated with EPA, DHA, or AA (10 µM). Cells were stimulated with calcium ionophore and NO and peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) were measured using porphyrinic nanosensors. Levels of EPA, DHA, AA and other fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography (GC). EPA treatment caused the greatest NO release (18%, p < 0.001) and reduction in ONOO^- (13%, p < 0.05) compared to control; the [NO]/[ ONOO^-] ratio increased by 35% (p < 0.001). DHA treatment increased NO levels by 12% (p < 0.01) but had no effect on ONOO^- release. AA did not affect either NO or ONOO^- release.  Fatty acid treatments increased their respective levels in endothelial cells.  EPA levels increased 10-fold to 4.59 mg/g protein (p < 0.001) with EPA treatment and the EPA/AA ratio increased by 10-fold (p < 0.001) compared to vehicle.  Only EPA increased docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, omega-3) levels by 2-fold (p < 0.001). AA alone decreased the EPA/AA ratio 4-fold (p<0.001). These findings support a preferential benefit of EPA on endothelial function and omega-3 fatty acid content.

Intake of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of incident peripheral artery disease

BACKGROUND

A high intake of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may lower the risk of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. The association between intake of marine n-3 PUFAs and development of peripheral artery disease (PAD), however, remains unexplored. We hypothesised that intake of marine n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the sum of EPA + DHA was associated with a lower risk of incident PAD.

METHODS

We used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort and investigated the associations between intake of EPA, DHA and EPA + DHA and development of PAD. Information on intake of n-3 PUFAs was obtained through a validated food frequency questionnaire. Potential PAD cases were identified through linkage to the Danish National Patient Register and subsequently, all cases were validated.

RESULTS

Data were available from 55,248 participants and during a median of 13.6 years of follow-up, 950 cases of PAD were identified. Multivariate Cox regression analyses with adjustments for established risk factors showed no statistically significant associations between intake of EPA (p = 0.255), DHA (p = 0.071) or EPA + DHA (p = 0.168) and the rate of incident PAD.

CONCLUSIONS

We did not confirm our hypothesis that intake of EPA, DHA or EPA + DHA was associated with a lower risk of incident PAD.

Marine Natural Products and Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease is the major cause of mortality worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income earners. To not only reduce angina symptoms and exercise-induced ischemia but also prevent cardiovascular events, pharmacological intervention strategies, including antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulant drugs, statins, and other lipid-lowering drugs, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, are conducted. However, the existing drugs for coronary artery disease are incomprehensive and have some adverse reactions. Thus, it is necessary to look for new drug research and development. Marine natural products have been considered a valuable source for drug discovery because of their chemical diversity and biological activities. The experiments and investigations indicated that several marine natural products, such as organic small molecules, polysaccharides, proteins, and bioactive peptides, and lipids were effective for treating coronary artery disease. Here, we particularly discussed the functions and mechanisms of active substances in coronary artery disease, including antiplatelet, anticoagulant, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, specialized pro-resolving mediators, and targeting inflammation resolution in the age of precision nutrition

Chronic inflammation contributes toward the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including, but not limited to, obesity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. The discovery of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which are critical for resolving inflammation, has commenced investigation into targeting pathways of inflammation resolution to improve physiological outcomes. SPMs are predominately synthesized from the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Therefore, one viable strategy to promote inflammation resolution would be to increase dietary intake of EPA/DHA, which are deficient in select populations. However, there are inconsistencies between the use of EPA/DHA as dietary or pharmacological supplements and improved inflammatory status. Herein, we review the literature on the relationship between the high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, downstream SPM biosynthesis, and inflammatory endpoints. We highlight key studies that have investigated how dietary intake of EPA/DHA increase tissue SPMs and their effects on inflammation. We also discuss the biochemical pathways by which EPA/DHA drive SPM biosynthesis and underscore mechanistic gaps in knowledge about these pathways which include a neglect for host genetics/ethnic differences in SPM metabolism, sexual dimorphism in SPM levels, and potential competition from select dietary n-6 PUFAs for enzymes of SPM synthesis. Altogether, establishing how dietary PUFAs control SPM biosynthesis in a genetic- and sex-dependent manner will drive new precision nutrition studies with EPA/DHA to prevent chronic inflammation in select populations.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - a procoagulant condition?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with a number of extrahepatic comorbidities and considerable cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which is possibly related to coagulation changes associated with metabolic syndrome. Coagulation disorders are common in patients with liver disease of any etiology, and here we review possible alterations in coagulation cascade specific to NAFLD. We discuss derangements in the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet abnormalities as possible culprits for altered coagulation and explore the significance of these changes for potential treatment targets.

Genetically modified plants are an alternative to oily fish for providing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human diet: A summary of the findings of a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council funded project

The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) present primarily in oily fish, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important components of cell membranes and that are needed for normal development and cell function. Humans have very limited capacity for EPA and DHA synthesis from α-linolenic acid and so they must be obtained pre-formed from the diet. However, perceived unpalatability of oily fish and fish oil concerns about contamination with environmental pollutants, dietary choices that exclude fish and animal products, and price limit the effectiveness of recommendations for EPA and DHA intakes. Moreover, marine sources of EPA and DHA are diminishing in the face of increasing demands. Therefore, an alternative source of EPA and DHA is needed that is broadly acceptable, can be upscaled and is sustainable. This review discusses these challenges and, using findings from recent nutritional trials, explains how they may be overcome by seed oils from transgenic plants engineered to produce EPA and DHA. Trials in healthy men and women assessed the acute uptake and appearance in blood over 8 hours of EPA and DHA from transgenic Camelina sativa compared to fish oil, and the incorporation of these PUFA into blood lipids after dietary supplementation. The findings showed that postprandial EPA and DHA incorporation into blood lipids and accumulation in plasma lipids after dietary supplementation was as good as that achieved with fish oil. The oil derived from this transgenic plant was well tolerated. This review also discusses the implications for human nutrition, marine ecology and agriculture.

Increased Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake Is Inversely Associated with Subclinical Inflammation in Healthy Elderly Men, Based on the 2015-2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

(1) Background: Subclinical inflammation as a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases was clinically measured using C-reactive protein (CRP) level. (2) Methods: This study was cross-sectionally designed based the 2015–2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The ratio of daily omega-3 fatty acids to energy intake (ω3FA ratio) was classified into four quartile groups (Q1, <0.3%; Q2, 0.3%–<0.6%; Q3, 0.6%–<1.0%; and Q4, ≥1.0% in both sexes). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the association between the ω3FA ratio and subclinical inflammation defined as CRP levels ≥3 mg/dL. (3) Results: The ω3FA ratio in subjects without and with subclinical inflammation was 0.8% and 0.7% in men (p-value = 0.001), and 0.8% and 0.8% in women (p-value = 0.491), respectively. The prevalence of subclinical inflammation in males decreased with increasing quartile of ω3FA ratio (12.9%, 9.6%, 7.4%, and 7.7%, p-value = 0.033), while female prevalence was not significant among quartile groups. Compared to Q1, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for subclinical inflammation of Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.740 (0.465–1.177), 0.564 (0.341–0.930), and 0.549 (0.317–0.953) in males, and 1.066 (0.653–1.741), 1.105 (0.600–1.718), and 0.934 (0.556–1.571) in females after full adjustment. (4) Conclusion: The ω3FA ratio is associated with subclinical inflammation in men.

Prevention of Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease by n-3 Fatty Acids-Inhibiting Action on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

BACKGROUND

Prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials have shown the protective effect of n-3 fatty acids against cardiovascular disease (CVD). The effect of n-3 fatty acids on vascular endothelial cells indicates their possible role in CVD prevention.

OBJECTIVE

Here, we describe the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on endothelial dysfunction-caused by inflammation and oxidative stress-and their role in the development of CVD.

METHODS

We reviewed epidemiological studies done on n-3 fatty acids in CVD. The effect of DHA and EPA on vascular endothelial cells was examined with regard to changes in various markers, such as arteriosclerosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, using cell and animal models.

RESULTS

Epidemiological studies revealed that dietary intake of EPA and DHA was associated with a reduced risk of various CVDs. EPA and DHA inhibited various events involved in arteriosclerosis development by preventing oxidative stress and inflammation associated with endothelial cell damage. In particular, EPA and DHA prevented endothelial cell dysfunction mediated by inflammatory responses and oxidative stress induced by events related to CVD. DHA and EPA also increased eNOS activity and induced nitric oxide production.

CONCLUSION

The effects of DHA and EPA on vascular endothelial cell damage and dysfunction may involve the induction of nitric oxide, in addition to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. n-3 fatty acids inhibit endothelial dysfunction and prevent arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the intake of n-3 fatty acids may prevent CVDs, like myocardial infarction and stroke.

Red algae natural products for prevention of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced liver and kidney inflammation and injuries

BACKGROUND

The liver and kidney inflammation due to bacterial infection is one of the most common pathological problems leading to tissue damage or disease. In many liver and kidney disorders, which represent serious global health burden with a high economic cost, oxidative stress-related inflammation and apoptosis are important pathogenic components, finally resulting in acute liver and/or kidney failure. Erythropoietin and its analogues are well known to influence the interaction between apoptosis and inflammation in liver and kidney.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study is to investigate and clarify the effect of Gromphadorhina oblongata red algae on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced acute liver and kidney injury of mice with endotoxemia and associated molecular mechanism from inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress levels.

RESULTS

The current study cleared out that treatment of rats with the G. oblongata extract prior to LPS injection significantly lowered serum cytokines, including NF-κB, MPO and LPO, and improved liver apoptosis through suppressing protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, and that may be due to antibacterial activity as well antioxidant capacity of G. oblongata extract.

CONCLUSION

The present study was cleared out the possibility of administration of G.oblongata red algae as a multi products source for biotechnological, medical, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications due to highly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities even although more investigations are required for separating, purifying and characterizing these bioactive compounds.

Hormonal Dysregulation and Unbalanced Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediator Biosynthesis Contribute toward Impaired B Cell Outcomes in Obesity

Diet-induced obesity is associated with impaired B-cell-driven humoral immunity, which coincides with chronic inflammation and has consequences for responses to infections and vaccinations. Key nutritional, cellular, and molecular mechanisms by which obesity may impair aspects of humoral immunity such as B cell development, class switch recombination, and formation of long-lived antibody secreting cells are reviewed. A key theme to emerge is the central role of white adipose tissue on the formation and function of pro-inflammatory B cell subsets that exacerbate insulin resistance. The underlying role of select hormones such as leptin is highlighted, which may be driving the formation of pro-inflammatory B cells in the absence of antigen stimulation. This review also extensively covers the regulatory role of lipid metabolites such as prostaglandins and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Notably, SPM biosynthesis is impaired in obesity and contributes toward impaired antibody production. Future directions for research, including avenues for therapeutic intervention, are included.

Preparation of PLA/chitosan nanoscaffolds containing cod liver oil and experimental diabetic wound healing in male rats study

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders. One of the important metabolic complications in diabetes is diabetic foot ulcer syndrome, which causes delayed and abnormal healing of the wound. The formulation of nanoscaffolds containing cod liver oil by altering the hemodynamic balance toward the vasodilators state, increasing wound blood supply, and altering plasma membrane properties, namely altering the membrane phospholipids composition, can be effective in wound healing. In this study, electrospinning method was used to produce poly lactic acid/chitosan nanoscaffolds as a suitable bio-substitute. After preparing the nanoscaffolds, the products were characterized with dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also optical properties of polymer and comparison between adsorption between single polymer and polymer-drug calculated with UV−Vis spectra. The structure and functional groups of the final products were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX) as elemental analysis. The results showed that the optimum formulation of cod liver oil was 30%, which formed a very thin fiber that rapidly absorbed to the wound and produced significant healing effects. According to the results, poly lactic acid/chitosan nanoscaffolds containing cod liver oil can be a suitable bio-product to be used in treating the diabetic foot ulcer syndrome.

A clinical evaluation of the alterations in the level of serum zinc, copper, iron, and manganese in the ischemic heart disease patients of Bangladesh - A case-control study

Background

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cause of death globally. Countries vary in their rates, and changes have occurred over time. Nowadays, developing countries pose new public health challenges.

Objectives

The objective of the present study was to appraise the alterations in the levels of serum Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn that occur in patients with ischemic heart disease and to depict the correlations of the effects of these changes that lead to the pathogenesis of IHD.

Methods

Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in the IHD patients were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS).

Results

This study evaluated 52 patients with IHD, and 61 healthy volunteers served as controls. The primary outcomes of interest were explored regarding the correlations of the serum levels of these trace elements in patients with IHD. The secondary outcomes were explored in terms of inter-element relations to connect them with the pathogenesis of IHD. Our study found significantly reduced levels of Zn and Cu (2.50 ± 0.19 mg/L and 2.52 ± 0.17 mg/L, respectively) and an elevated level of Fe (148.97 ± 17.25 mg/L) in the patient group with IHD. The level of Mn (7.32 ± 1.23 mg/L) was elevated in the sera of the patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) compared to healthy control subjects.

Conclusion

Our results indicate strong associations of the pathogenesis of IHD with depleted serum levels of Zn and Cu and elevated Fe and Mn levels, which may provide a prognostic tool for the treatment of this concerning the disease.

Time-restricted feeding mice a high-fat diet induces a unique lipidomic profile

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) can reduce adiposity and lessen the co-morbidities of obesity. Mice consuming obesogenic high-fat (HF) diets develop insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis, but have elevated indices of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) that may be beneficial. While TRF impacts lipid metabolism, scant data exist regarding the impact of TRF upon lipidomic composition of tissues. We (1) tested the hypothesis that TRF of a HF diet elevates LCPUFA indices while preventing insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis and (2) determined the impact of TRF upon the lipidome in plasma, liver, and adipose tissue. For 12 weeks, male, adult mice were fed a control diet ad libitum, a HF diet ad libitum (HF-AL), or a HF diet with TRF, 12 hours during the dark phase (HF-TRF). HF-TRF prevented insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis resulting from by HF-AL treatment. TRF-blocked plasma increases in LCPUFA induced by HF-AL treatment but elevated concentrations of triacylglycerols and non-esterified saturated fatty acids. Analysis of the hepatic lipidome demonstrated that TRF did not elevate LCPUFA while reducing steatosis. However, TRF created (1) a separate hepatic lipid signature for triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine species and (2) modified gene and protein expression consistent with reduced fatty acid synthesis and restoration of diurnal gene signaling. TRF increased the saturated fatty acid content in visceral adipose tissue. In summary, TRF of a HF diet alters the lipidomic profile of plasma, liver, and adipose tissue, creating a third distinct lipid metabolic state indicative of positive metabolic adaptations following HF intake.

The effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory factors in HIV-infected patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

High concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and inflammatory markers are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and are associated with non-HIV related comorbidity and mortality. Data on the benefits of omega-3 fatty acid (omega-3 FA) supplementation for improving inflammation status in HIV-infected patients are controversial. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the beneficial effects of omega-3 FAs on controlling inflammation in HIV-infected patients. We conducted a comprehensive search of the major biomedical databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane library, for all potentially relevant studies published without restriction from the beginning of time to June 2020. Overall, nine RCTs were included comprising a total of 427 participants. A random-effects model was used to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CI) and the effect was measured as standardized mean difference (SMD). Supplementation of omega-3 FAs showed a significant reduction of CRP (SMD: -0.27, 95% CI: -0.48 to -0.07, P = 0.007). There was no significant difference in levels of TNF-α (SMD: 0.03, 95% CI: -0.79 to 0.85, P = 0.94, I² = 87%) and IL-6 (SMD: -0.13, 95% CI: -0.59 to 0.32, P = 0.57, I² = 73%, Fig. 3). The results indicate that the supplementation of omega-3 FAs in HIV-infected patients significantly decreases serum CRP levels when compared to the control group, however has no significant effect on IL-6 and TNF-α levels.

Current Research Landscape of Marine-Derived Anti-Atherosclerotic Substances

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation of the arterial wall, which is the pathological basis for coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and thromboembolic disease. Currently, there is a lack of low-cost therapeutic agents that effectively slow the progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the development of new drugs is urgently needed. The research and development of marine-derived drugs have gained increasing interest from researchers across the world. Many marine organisms provide a rich material basis for the development of atherosclerotic drugs. This review focuses on the latest technological advances in the structures and mechanisms of action of marine-derived anti-atherosclerotic substances and the challenges of the application of these substances including marine polysaccharides, proteins and peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids and small molecule compounds. Here, we describe the theoretical basis of marine biological resources in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Lipoic Acid and Fish Oil Combination Potentiates Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress Regulation and Prevents Cognitive Decline of Rats After Sepsis

Sepsis causes organ dysfunction due to an infection, and it may impact the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are related to brain dysfunction after sepsis. Both processes affect microglia activation, neurotrophin production, and long-term cognition. Fish oil (FO) is an anti-inflammatory compound, and lipoic acid (LA) is a universal antioxidant substance. They exert neuroprotective roles when administered alone. We aimed at determining the effect of FO+LA combination on microglia activation and brain dysfunction after sepsis. Microglia cells from neonatal pups were co-treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and FO or LA, alone or combined, for 24 h. Cytokine levels were measured. Wistar rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) and treated orally with FO, LA, or FO+LA. At 24 h after surgery, the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and total cortex were obtained and assayed for levels of cytokines, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, protein carbonyls, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity. At 10 days after surgery, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were determined and behavioral tests were performed. The combination diminished in vitro levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The combination reduced TNF-α in the cortex, IL-1β in the prefrontal cortex, as well as MPO activity, and decreased protein carbonyls formation in all structures. The combination enhanced catalase activity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, elevated BDNF levels in all structures, and prevented behavioral impairment. In summary, the combination was effective in preventing cognitive damage by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and increasing BDNF levels.

Effects of Fatty Acid Therapy in Addition to Strong Statin on Coronary Plaques in Acute Coronary Syndrome: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study

BACKGROUND

Vascular healing response associated with adjunctive n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy therapy in patients receiving strong statin therapy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in addition to strong statin therapy on coronary atherosclerotic plaques using optical coherence tomography.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial included 130 patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with strong statins. They were assigned to either statin only (control group, n=42), statin+high‐dose EPA (1800 mg/day) (EPA group, n=40), statin+EPA (930 mg/day)+DHA (750 mg/day) (EPA+DHA group, n=48). Optical coherence tomography was performed at baseline and at the 8‐month follow‐up. The target for optical coherence tomography analysis was a nonculprit lesion with a lipid plaque. Between baseline and the 8‐month follow‐up, fibrous cap thickness (FCT) significantly increased in all 3 groups. There were no significant differences in the percent change for minimum FCT between the EPA or EPA+DHA group and the control group. In patients with FCT <120 µm (median value), the percent change for minimum FCT was significantly higher in the EPA or EPA+DHA group compared with the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

EPA or EPA+DHA therapy in addition to strong statin therapy did not significantly increase FCT in nonculprit plaques compared with strong statin therapy alone, but significantly increased FCT in patients with thinner FCT.

Registration

URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/; Unique identifier: UMIN 000012825.

Blood clearance kinetics and organ delivery of medium-chain triglyceride and fish oil-containing lipid emulsions: Comparing different animal species

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Medium-chain triglycerides (TG) (MCT) and fish oil (FO) TG are incorporated as the core TG component into intravenous (IV) lipid emulsions for infusion in parenteral nutrition. Bolus injections of IV emulsions, on the other hand, have emerged as a novel therapeutic approach to treat various acute disorders. However, intravascular metabolism and organ delivery of acute IV injection of emulsions containing both MCT and FO are not fully defined, nor have they been characterized across common experimental animal models. We characterized and compared blood clearance kinetics and organ distribution of bolus injections of MCT/FO emulsions among different animal species. We also examined whether sex differences or feeding status can affect catabolic properties of MCT/FO lipid emulsions.

DESIGN

Blood clearance rates of lipid emulsions with specific TG composition were compared in rats IV injected with [3H]cholesteryl hexadecyl ether labeled pure n-6 long-chain (LCT) and n-3 FO TG lipid emulsions, or emulsions containing MCT and FO at different ratios (wt/wt), which include 8:2 (80% MCT: 20% FO), 5:4:1 (50% MCT: 40% LCT: 10% FO) and SMOF (30% LCT: 30% MCT: 25% olive oil: 10% FO). Dose-response effects (0.016 mg-1.6 mg TG/g body weight) of the MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions on blood clearance properties and organ delivery were determined in both mice and rats. Blood clearance kinetics and organ uptake of MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions were compared between male and female rats and between fed and fasted rats. Changes in plasma lipid profiles after acute injections of MCT/FO 8:2 lipid emulsion at different doses (0.043, 0.133, and 0.4 mg TG/g body weight) were characterized in non-human primates (Cynomolgus monkeys).

RESULTS

MCT/FO 8:2 emulsion was cleared faster in rats when compared with other emulsions with different TG contents. Mice had faster blood clearance and higher fractional catabolic rates (FCR) when compared with the rats injected with MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions regardless of the injected doses. Mice and rats had similar plasma TG and free fatty acid (FFA) levels after low- or high-dose injections of the MCT/FO emulsion. Tissue distribution of the MCT/FO 8:2 lipid emulsion are comparable between mice and rats, where liver had the highest uptake per recovered dose among all organs (>60%). Feeding status and sex differences did not alter the blood clearance rate of the MCT/FO 8:2 emulsion in rats. In a nonhuman primate model, dose-response increases in plasma TG and FFA were observed after IV injection of MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions within the 1st 10 min.

CONCLUSION

A lipid emulsion containing both MCT and FO TG is cleared rapidly in blood and readily available for organ uptake in rodent and primate animal models. Characterization of the blood clearance properties of the MCT/FO 8:2 emulsion administered in various animal models may provide further insight into the safety and efficacy profiles for future therapeutic use of bolus injections of MCT/FO emulsions in humans.

Food or medication? The therapeutic effects of food on the duration and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections: a Review of the literature

PURPOSE

Upper respiratory tract infections are common in children and adults. Antiviral treatments are only available for specific groups of patients, stimulating the distribution of over-the-counter medication to relieve the symptoms for the other patients. Studies about whole foods and their effect on the incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract infections were reviewed.

METHODS

Randomized controlled trials and case-control studies available on MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase were included.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Thirty-three studies were included. The incidence of respiratory infections or symptoms was shown to be reduced in some studies when probiotics, prebiotics, growing-up milk, fish oil, kiwi, garlic and xylitol were taken. Duration was favorably influenced by the intake of elderberry, kiwi, probiotics and fish oil. When the risk of bias and repetition is taken into account, probiotics and elderberry repeatedly show favorable effects. Prudent conclusions can be made in selective patient groups. However, the studies were diverse and were only performed by a few study groups.

Monoacylglycerol Form of Omega-3s Improves Its Bioavailability in Humans Compared to Other Forms

Numerous benefits are attributed to omega-3 fatty acids (OM3) especially in cardiovascular health. However, bioavailability and clinical efficacy depend on numerous factors, including OM3 form, food matrix effects (especially the lipid content of the diet), and metabolic capacity. Here, we show in humans that a "pre-digested" OM3-sn-1(3)-monoacylglycerol lipid structure (OM3-MAG) has a significantly greater absorption at high therapeutic doses (2.9 g/day) than the most commonly OM3-ethyl ester (3.1 g/day) form (used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia), and a comparable profile to other pre-digested OM3 free fatty acids (OM3-FFA) structure (3.2 g/day). Nutritional supplement doses of MAG resulted in similar increases in OM3 blood level, compared to OM3 triacylglycerols (OM3-TAG) supplements in obese subjects (1.2 g/day) under low fat diet, and in children with cystic fibrosis (1.0 g/day). These results suggest that both forms of pre-digested OM3-MAG and OM3-FFA are effectively absorbed and re-incorporated effectively into triacylglycerols inside the enterocytes, before being exported into the chylomicrons lipid transport system. The pre-digested OM3-MAG might provide a more effective therapy in severe cardiovascular conditions where high doses of OM3 are required and a low-fat diet is indicated, which limited digestive lipase activity.

Deciphering the Riddles in Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading global cause of death in Western countries, and its development is largely associated with unhealthy dietary patterns. A large body of scientific evidence has reported that nutrition might be the most preventive factor of cardiovascular disease death and could even reverse heart disease. Processes of chronic inflammation and oxidative distress share triggers that are modifiable by nutrition. This review aimed to identify potential targets (food patterns, single foods or individual nutrients) for cardiovascular disease prevention, and analyse the mechanisms implicated in their cardioprotective effects.