1
|
Pallaoro M, Modina SC, Fiorati A, Altomare L, Mirra G, Scocco P, Di Giancamillo A. Towards a More Realistic In Vitro Meat: The Cross Talk between Adipose and Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076630. [PMID: 37047600 PMCID: PMC10095036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
According to statistics and future predictions, meat consumption will increase in the coming years. Considering both the environmental impact of intensive livestock farming and the importance of protecting animal welfare, the necessity of finding alternative strategies to satisfy the growing meat demand is compelling. Biotechnologies are responding to this demand by developing new strategies for producing meat in vitro. The manufacturing of cultured meat has faced criticism concerning, above all, the practical issues of culturing together different cell types typical of meat that are partly responsible for meat’s organoleptic characteristics. Indeed, the existence of a cross talk between adipose and muscle cells has critical effects on the outcome of the co-culture, leading to a general inhibition of myogenesis in favor of adipogenic differentiation. This review aims to clarify the main mechanisms and the key molecules involved in this cross talk and provide an overview of the most recent and successful meat culture 3D strategies for overcoming this challenge, focusing on the approaches based on farm-animal-derived cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Pallaoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorati
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Polytechnic University of Milan, Via Luigi Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Lina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Polytechnic University of Milan, Via Luigi Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mirra
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Paola Scocco
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A review on mechanisms of action of bioactive peptides against glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
3
|
Matsuoka R, Sugano M. Health Functions of Egg Protein. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152309. [PMID: 35954074 PMCID: PMC9368041 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg protein is a remarkably abundant source of protein, with an amino acid score of 100 and the highest net protein utilization rate. However, there have been relatively fewer studies investigating the health benefits of egg protein. In this review, we have summarized the available information regarding the health benefits of egg proteins based on human studies. In particular, studies conducted on the characteristics of egg whites, as they are high in pure protein, have reported their various health functions, such as increases in muscle mass and strength enhancement, lowering of cholesterol, and visceral fat reduction. Moreover, to facilitate and encourage the use of egg white protein in future, we also discuss its health functions. These benefits were determined by developing an egg white hydrolysate and lactic-fermented egg whites, with the latter treatment simultaneously improving the egg flavor. The health benefits of the protein hydrolysates from the egg yolk (bone growth effect) and eggshell membrane (knee join pain-lowering effect) have been limited in animal studies. Therefore, the consumption of egg protein may contribute to the prevention of physical frailty and metabolic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Matsuoka
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Tokyo 182-0002, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5384-7759
| | - Michihiro Sugano
- Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
- Chair of the Japan Egg Science Society, Tokyo 182-0002, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Functional Interplay between Gut Microbiota, Protein Hydrolysates/Bioactive Peptides, and Obesity: A Critical Review on the Study Advances. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020333. [PMID: 35204214 PMCID: PMC8868115 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet is an essential factor determining the ratio of pathogenic and beneficial gut microbiota. Hydrolysates and bioactive peptides have been described as crucial ingredients from food protein that potentially impact human health beyond their roles as nutrients. These compounds can exert benefits in the body, including modulation of the gut microbiota, and thus, they can reduce metabolic disorders. This review summarized studies on the interaction between hydrolysates/peptides, gut microbes, and obesity, focusing on how hydrolysates/peptides influence gut microbiota composition and function that improve body weight. Findings revealed that gut microbes could exert anti-obesity effects by controlling the host’s energy balance and food intake. They also exhibit activity against obesity-induced inflammation by changing the expression of inflammatory-related transcription factors. Protein hydrolysates/peptides can suppress the growth of pro-obesity gut bacteria but facilitate the proliferation of those with anti-obesity effects. The compounds provide growth factors to the beneficial gut bacteria and also improve their resistance against extreme pH. Hydrolysates/peptides are good candidates to target obesity and obesity-related complications. Thus, they can allow the development of novel strategies to fight incidences of obesity. Future studies are needed to understand absorption fate, utilization by gut microbes, and stability of hydrolysates/peptides in the gut under obesity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fu H, Shan D, Li J, Swallah MS, Yang X, Ji L, Wang S, Gong H, Lyu B, Yu H. Potential functionality of β-conglycinin with subunit deficiencies: soy protein may regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Food Funct 2022; 13:12291-12302. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02869g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were used to reveal the impact of subunit-deficient β-conglycinin on cell proliferation, cell adipogenesis, and proteomic expression, and to gain insight into the potential of subunit-deficient β-conglycinin's functional characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Dandan Shan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lei Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Sainan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Bo Lyu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Das D, Kabir ME, Sarkar S, Wann SB, Kalita J, Manna P. Antidiabetic potential of soy protein/peptide: A therapeutic insight. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:276-288. [PMID: 34848240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) harbours high quality proteins which have been evident to exhibit therapeutic properties in alleviating many diseases including but not limited to diabetes and its related metabolic complications. Since diabetes is often manifested with hyperglycemia, impaired energy homeostasis and even low-grade chronic inflammation, plenty of information has raised the suggestion for soy protein supplementation in preventing and controlling these abnormalities. Moreover, clinical intervention studies have established a noteworthy correlation between soy protein intake and lower prevalence of diabetes. Besides soy protein, various soy-derived peptides also have been found to trigger antidiabetic response in different in vitro and in vivo models. Molecular mechanisms underlying the antidiabetic actions of soy protein and peptide have been predicted in many literatures. Results demonstrate that components of soy protein can act in diversified ways and modulate various cell signaling pathways to bring energy homeostasis and to regulate inflammatory parameters associated with diabetic pathophysiology. The main objective of the present review lies in a systemic understanding of antidiabetic role of soy protein and peptide in the context of impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Das
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mir Ekbal Kabir
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sanjib Sarkar
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sawlang Borsingh Wann
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Center for Infectious Diseases, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Jatin Kalita
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Research Planning and Business Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Center for Infectious Diseases, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Prasenjit Manna
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Center for Infectious Diseases, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kawarasaki S, Matsuo K, Kuwata H, Zhou L, Kwon J, Ni Z, Takahashi H, Nomura W, Kenmotsu H, Inoue K, Kawada T, Goto T. Screening of flavor compounds using Ucp1-luciferase reporter beige adipocytes identified 5-methylquinoxaline as a novel UCP1-inducing compoundsss. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:380-389. [PMID: 34935880 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown or beige adipocytes is a mitochondrial protein that is expected to enhance whole-body energy expenditure. For the high-throughput screening of UCP1 transcriptional activity regulator, we established a murine inguinal white adipose tissue-derived Ucp1-luciferase reporter preadipocyte line. Using this reporter preadipocyte line, 654 flavor compounds were screened, and a novel Ucp1 expression-inducing compound, 5-methylquinoxaline, was identified. Adipocytes treated with 5-methylquinoxaline showed increased Ucp1 mRNA expression levels and enhanced oxygen consumption. 5-methylquinoxaline induced Ucp1 expression through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), and 5-methylquinoxaline-induced PGC1α activation seemed to be partially regulated by its phosphorylation or deacetylation. Thus, our Ucp1-luciferase reporter preadipocyte line is a useful tool for screening of Ucp1 inductive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawarasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kuwata
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lanxi Zhou
- Ogawa & Co. Ltd., Chidori 15-7, 279-0032, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jungin Kwon
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Zheng Ni
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim IS, Yang WS, Kim CH. Beneficial Effects of Soybean-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8570. [PMID: 34445273 PMCID: PMC8395274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides present in foods are involved in nutritional functions by supplying amino acids; sensory functions related to taste or solubility, emulsification, etc.; and bioregulatory functions in various physiological activities. In particular, peptides have a wide range of physiological functions, including as anticancer agents and in lowering blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels, enhancing immunity, and promoting calcium absorption. Soy protein can be partially hydrolyzed enzymatically to physiologically active soy (or soybean) peptides (SPs), which not only exert physiological functions but also help amino acid absorption in the body and reduce bitterness by hydrolyzing hydrophobic amino acids from the C- or N-terminus of soy proteins. They also possess significant gel-forming, emulsifying, and foaming abilities. SPs are expected to be able to prevent and treat atherosclerosis by inhibiting the reabsorption of bile acids in the digestive system, thereby reducing blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and fat levels. In addition, soy contains blood pressure-lowering peptides that inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity and antithrombotic peptides that inhibit platelet aggregation, as well as anticancer, antioxidative, antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, opiate-like, hypocholesterolemic, and antihypertensive activities. In animal models, neuroprotective and cognitive capacity as well as cardiovascular activity have been reported. SPs also inhibit chronic kidney disease and tumor cell growth by regulating the expression of genes associated with apoptosis, inflammation, cell cycle arrest, invasion, and metastasis. Recently, various functions of soybeans, including their physiologically active functions, have been applied to health-oriented foods, functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. This review introduces some current results on the role of bioactive peptides found in soybeans related to health functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Il-Sup Kim
- Advanced Bioresource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | | | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoul 16419, Gyunggi-Do, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Seoul 16419, Gyunggi-Do, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nagaoka S, Takeuchi A, Banno A. Plant-derived peptides improving lipid and glucose metabolism. Peptides 2021; 142:170577. [PMID: 34033874 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant protein-derived peptides, focusing especially on soybean protein-derived peptides have considerable effects on metabolic regulation and modulation such as cholesterol lowering, triglyceride lowering, anti-obesity, inhibition of fatty acid synthase, and antidiabetic effects. The molecules targeted to study the metabolic regulatory functions of the peptides included the following: intestinal cholesterol micelle, cholesterol metabolism-related genes for cholesterol lowering, triglyceride metabolism-related genes for triglyceride lowering and anti-obesity, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, or glucose metabolism-related genes for lowering blood glucose levels. This review article outlines the physiological functions of plant protein-derived peptides for the improvement of lipid and glucose metabolism in vitro or in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nagaoka
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Asahi Takeuchi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Arata Banno
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song Y, Yan LC, Xiao WW, Feng L, Jiang WD, Wu P, Liu Y, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhou XQ. Enzyme-treated soy protein supplementation in low protein diet enhanced immune function of immune organs in on-growing grass carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:318-331. [PMID: 32750544 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A 56 days feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of enzyme-treated soy protein (ETSP) supplementation in low protein diets on immune function of immune organs (head kidney, spleen and skin) in on-growing grass carp. A total of 540 on-growing grass carp (initial average weight: 325.72 ± 0.60 g) were fed six diets, which included a normal protein diet (28% crude protein) and five low protein diets (26% crude protein) supplemented with graded levels of ETSP (0.0, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0%). At the end of feeding period, a challenge test was performed by infection with Aeromonas hydrophila for two weeks. The results indicated that (1) reducing dietary protein content from 28 to 26% decreased antibacterial substances and aggravated inflammatory responses of above three immune organs; (2) under the condition of reducing protein level in diet, 0.8-1.2% ETSP supplementation reversed these above adverse effects on immune function of above three immune organs; (3) suitable ETSP supplementation-decreased inflammatory responses were partly associated with [IκB kinase β (IKKβ)/inhibitor of κBα (IκBα)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and p52 or NF-κB p65] signaling and [target of rapamycin (TOR)/(S6K1, 4E-BP)] signaling in above three immune organs. (4) On the basis of C3 content (head kidney), C4 content (spleen) and skin hemorrhage and lesion, the optimal ETSP supplementation levels in low protein diets were estimated to be 1.48%, 1.61% and 1.03%, respectively. In summary, ETSP supplementation in low protein diets improved immune function of head kidney, spleen and skin in on-growing grass carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liang-Chao Yan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Wei Xiao
- Chengdu Mytech Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610222, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; The Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; The Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; The Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; The Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; The Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Soy bioactive peptides and the gut microbiota modulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9009-9017. [PMID: 32945899 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The balance of protein, carbohydrate, and fat affect the composition and functions of the gut microbiota. The complexities involved thereof require insights into the roles and impacts of individual dietary components due to the difficulty of defining such in a group of others. Peptides and proteins from several animal and plant sources have been widely explored in relation to the gut microbiome modulation, but the effects of soy peptides and other soy derivatives on the gut microbiota are largely unexplored. This piece considered an overview of the production and interventions of soy bioactive peptides on gut, as they affect the composition and functions of the gut microorganisms. A mini review on the production of soy protein hydrolysates/peptides and highlights of the most recent knowledge regarding their physiological effects on host's gut microbiota cum health were investigated. Overall deductions and research gaps were critically evaluated for futuristic interventions and relevance. Key points • Diet affects the composition of gut microorganisms. • Modulation of the gut microbiota by soy biopeptides is described. • Critical deductions on personal and commercial use are provided.
Collapse
|
12
|
A Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Seed Vicilins Hydrolysate Exhibits PPARγ Ligand Activity and Modulates Adipocyte Differentiation in a 3T3-L1 Cell Culture Model. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060793. [PMID: 32560200 PMCID: PMC7353609 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Legume consumption has been reported to induce beneficial effects on obesity-associated metabolic disorders, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified. In the current work, pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed meal proteins (albumins, legumins and vicilins) were isolated, submitted to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and the effects of their hydrolysates (pea albumins hydrolysates (PAH), pea legumins hydrolysates (PLH) and pea vicilin hydrolysates (PVH), respectively) on 3T3-L1 murine pre-adipocytes were investigated. The pea vicilin hydrolysate (PVH), but not native pea vicilins, increased lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. PVH also increased the mRNA expression levels of the adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) and decreased that of pre-adipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) (a pre-adipocyte marker gene), suggesting that PVH promotes adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, PVH induced adiponectin and insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and stimulated glucose uptake. The expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation, were up-regulated in 3T3-L1 cells treated with PVH during adipocyte differentiation. Finally, PVH exhibited PPARγ ligand activity. Lactalbumin or other pea hydrolysates (PAH, PLH) did not exhibit such effects. These findings show that PVH stimulates adipocyte differentiation via, at least in part, the up-regulation of PPARγ expression levels and ligand activity. These effects of PVH might be relevant in the context of the beneficial health effects of legume consumption in obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ng SP, Nomura W, Mohri S, Takahashi H, Jheng HF, Ara T, Nagai H, Ito T, Kawada T, Goto T. Soy hydrolysate enhances the isoproterenol-stimulated lipolytic pathway through an increase in β-adrenergic receptor expression in adipocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1782-1789. [PMID: 31045477 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1611413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the adipose lipolytic pathway during lipid metabolism is mediated by protein kinase A (PKA), which responds to β-adrenergic stimulation, leading to increased lipolysis. Soy is well known as a functional food and it is able to affect lipolysis in adipocytes. However, the mechanism by which soy components contribute to the lipolytic pathway remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we show that hydrolyzed soy enhances isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis and activation of PKA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We also found that the expression of β-adrenergic receptors, which coordinate the activation of PKA, is elevated in adipocytes differentiated in the presence of soy hydrolysate. The activity of the soy hydrolysate towards β-adrenergic receptor expression was detected in its hydrophilic fraction. Our results suggest that the soy hydrolysate enhances the PKA pathway through the upregulation of β-adrenergic receptor expression and thereby, increase lipolysis in adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ping Ng
- a Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- a Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
- b Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shinsuke Mohri
- a Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- a Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- a Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Takeshi Ara
- a Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagai
- c Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences , Kakamigahara , Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ito
- c Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences , Kakamigahara , Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- a Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
- b Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- a Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
- b Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jia H, Tian L, Zhang B, Fan X, Zhao D. The soluble fraction of soy protein peptic hydrolysate reduces cholesterol micellar solubility and uptake. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jia
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture and Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Lingmin Tian
- Department of Food Science and Technology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Bingcheng Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture and Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture and Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Dayun Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture and Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
de Campos Zani SC, Wu J, Chan CB. Egg and Soy-Derived Peptides and Hydrolysates: A Review of Their Physiological Actions against Diabetes and Obesity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050549. [PMID: 29710777 PMCID: PMC5986429 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity are two chronic conditions associated with the metabolic syndrome and their prevalences are increasing worldwide. The investigation of food protein-derived bioactive peptides that can improve the pathophysiology of diabetes or obesity while causing minimal side effects is desired. Egg and soy proteins generate bioactive peptides with multiple biological effects, exerting nutritional and physiological benefits. This review focuses on the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of egg- and soy-derived peptides and hydrolysates in vivo and in vitro relevant to these conditions. Studies using the intact protein were considered only when comparing the results with the hydrolysate or peptides. In vivo evidence suggests that bioactive peptides from egg and soy can potentially be used to manage elements of glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome; however, the mechanisms of action on glucose and insulin metabolism, and the interaction between peptides and their molecular targets remain unclear. Optimizing the production of egg- and soy-derived peptides and standardizing the physiological models to study their effects on diabetes and obesity could help to clarify the effects of these bioactive peptides in metabolic syndrome-related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Catherine B Chan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nagaoka S. Structure-function properties of hypolipidemic peptides. J Food Biochem 2018; 43:e12539. [PMID: 31353491 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the structure-function properties of hypolipidemic peptides. The cholesterol-lowering peptide (lactostatin: IIAEK) operates via a new regulatory pathway in the calcium-channel-related mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway of cholesterol degradation. The bile acid binding peptide (soystatin, VAWWMY) inhibits the micellar solubility of cholesterol in vitro and cholesterol absorption in vivo. VVYP is the most effective peptide having hypotriglyceridemic action in globin digests. The suppressive effect of globin digest on postprandial hyperlipidemia has been reported in humans. The ability of peptides (KRES, Apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides) to interact with lipids, remove LOOH and activate antioxidant enzymes associated with high-density lipoprotein determines their anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties. The β-conglycinin derived peptides KNPQLR, EITPEKNPQLR, and RKQEEDEDEEQQRE inhibit fatty acid synthase in vitro. These promising findings indicate the need for more conclusive molecular, cellular, and animal and human studies to design innovative new peptides that ameliorate cholesterol and lipid metabolism. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Prevention and amelioration of hypercholesterolemia by dietary regulation are important. Dietary protein and peptides are very useful as regulators of serum cholesterol concentration. Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol that include soy protein may reduce the risk of heart disease. In Japan, the concept of "food for specified health use" has been introduced for the prevention and treatment of life-style related disease. Thus, peptides derived from food proteins and sources other than food proteins such as peptide-rich functional foods and nutraceutical products, have considerable potential to prevent lifestyle-related diseases, especially hyperlipidemia, as discussed in this review. Furthermore, various strategies have been used for the efficient screening, development, and application of new hypolipidemic peptides. These include the use of phage display (for anti-obesity peptide), peptide mimetics (for anti-atherogenic peptide), and molecular targets such as CYP7A1 (for hypocholesterolemic peptide) and prohibitin (for anti-obesity peptide).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nagaoka
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Role of Food Peptides in Lipid Metabolism during Dyslipidemia and Associated Health Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9303-13. [PMID: 25918936 PMCID: PMC4463589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal and human clinical studies have demonstrated the ability of dietary food proteins to modulate endogenous lipid levels during abnormal lipid metabolism (dyslipidemia). Considering the susceptibility of proteins to gastric proteolytic activities, the hypolipidemic functions of proteins are possibly due, in part, to their peptide fragments. Food-derived peptides may directly modulate abnormal lipid metabolism in cell cultures and animal models of dyslipidemia. The peptides are thought to act by perturbing intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol and enterohepatic bile acid circulation, and by inhibiting lipogenic enzymatic activities and gene expression in hepatocytes and adipocytes. Recent evidence indicates that the hypolipidemic activities of some peptides are due to activation of hepatic lipogenic transcription factors. However, detailed molecular mechanisms and structural requirements of peptides for these activities are yet to be elucidated. As hypolipidemic peptides can be released during enzymatic food processing, future studies can explore the prospects of combating metabolic syndrome and associated complications using peptide-rich functional food and nutraceutical products.
Collapse
|
18
|
Goto T, Kim YI, Furuzono T, Takahashi N, Yamakuni K, Yang HE, Li Y, Ohue R, Nomura W, Sugawara T, Yu R, Kitamura N, Park SB, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Kawada T. 10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid, a linoleic acid metabolite produced by gut lactic acid bacteria, potently activates PPARγ and stimulates adipogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:597-603. [PMID: 25749343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that gut lactic acid bacteria generate various kinds of fatty acids from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid (LA). In this study, we investigated the effects of LA and LA-derived fatty acids on the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) which regulate whole-body energy metabolism. None of the fatty acids activated PPARδ, whereas almost all activated PPARα in luciferase assays. Two fatty acids potently activated PPARγ, a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation, with 10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid (KetoA) having the most potency. In 3T3-L1 cells, KetoA induced adipocyte differentiation via the activation of PPARγ, and increased adiponectin production and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. These findings suggest that fatty acids, including KetoA, generated in gut by lactic acid bacteria may be involved in the regulation of host energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoya Furuzono
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kanae Yamakuni
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ha-Eun Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yongjia Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sugawara
- Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts Technology, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
| | - Nahoko Kitamura
- Laboratory of Fermentation Physiology and Applied Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Si-Bum Park
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Laboratory of Fermentation Physiology and Applied Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan; Laboratory of Fermentation Physiology and Applied Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nagata Y, Noguchi Y, Tamaru S, Kuwahara K, Okamoto A, Suruga K, Koba K, Tanaka K. Hypolipidemic potential of squid homogenate irrespective of a relatively high content of cholesterol. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:165. [PMID: 25354424 PMCID: PMC4232677 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous study has shown that regardless of a relatively high amount of cholesterol, squid homogenate lowers serum and hepatic cholesterol in animals. Since this work, we have developed a new method to inhibit autolysis of squid proteins with sodium citrate. This study aims to investigate how squid homogenate prepared with sodium citrate affects lipid metabolism in Sprague–Dawley rats at the molecular level. Methods We prepared squid homogenate with sodium citrate to inhibit autolysis of squid protein. In Experiment 1 (Exp. 1), rats were given a cholesterol-free control diet or a squid diet, with squid homogenate added at the level of 5% as dietary protein for 4 weeks. Blood, the liver and adipose tissue were taken after 6 hours fasting. Serum and hepatic lipids and activities of enzymes related to lipid metabolism were measured. In Experiment 2 (Exp. 2), the above-mentioned diets had cholesterol added at the level of 0.1% and given to rats. Lipid parameters, enzyme activities, and gene expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism in the liver and the small intestine were determined. In addition, feces were collected for two days at the end of Exp. 2 to measure fecal excretion of steroids. Results In Exp.1, serum triglyceride and cholesterol were ~50% and ~20% lower, respectively, in the squid diet-fed rats than in the control diet-fed animals while hepatic cholesterol was ~290% higher in the squid diet-fed rats. When cholesterol was included into the diets (Exp. 2), serum lipids were significantly lower in the squid group while no difference of hepatic lipid was seen between two groups. Activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes were significantly lower in rats on the squid diet while the enzyme responsible for fatty acid oxidation was not modified (Expt. 1 and 2). Hepatic level of mRNA of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein was significantly lower in the squid group. In the small intestine, the squid diet exhibited significantly lower gene expression of proteins involved in fatty acid transport and cholesterol absorption. Fecal secretion of acidic steroids, but not neutral steroids, was higher in rats fed the squid diet than in those fed the control diet. Conclusion These results imply that newly-developed squid homogenate has hypolipidemic potential primarily through decreased absorption of bile acids in the small intestine and suppressed lipogenesis in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Nagata
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|