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Long C, Zhou X, Xia F, Zhou B. Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Gut Microbiota in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Assessment, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Considerations. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:243. [PMID: 38666855 PMCID: PMC11048184 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a type of metabolic stress liver injury closely related to insulin resistance (IR) and genetic susceptibility without alcohol consumption, which encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple hepatic lipid accumulation, known as steatosis, to the more severe form of steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), posing significant health risks. As a multisystem disease, NAFLD is closely associated with systemic insulin resistance, central obesity, and metabolic disorders, which contribute to its pathogenesis and the development of extrahepatic complications, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and certain extrahepatic cancers. Recent evidence highlights the indispensable roles of intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota in the onset and progression of NAFLD/NASH. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota in NAFLD, including intestinal barrier function and assessment, inflammatory factors, TLR4 signaling, and the gut-liver axis. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on the potential therapeutic strategies targeting gut permeability and gut microbiota in individuals with NAFLD/NASH, such as interventions with medications/probiotics, fecal transplantation (FMT), and modifications in lifestyle, including exercise and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrui Long
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sehenzhen 518107, China;
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sehenzhen 518107, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Benjie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sehenzhen 518107, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Li Z, Zou X, Lu R, Wan X, Sun S, Wang S, Qu Y, Zhang Y, Li Z, Yang L, Fang S. Arsenic trioxide alleviates atherosclerosis by inhibiting CD36-induced endocytosis and TLR4/NF-κB-induced inflammation in macrophage and ApoE -/- mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111452. [PMID: 38237221 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and lipid accumulation are key events in atherosclerosis progression. Despite arsenic trioxide's (ATO) toxicity, at appropriate doses, it is a useful treatment for various diseases treatment. ATO prevents vascular restenosis; however, its effects on atherosclerotic plaque development and instability remain unclear. METHODS ApoE-/- mice were fed high-fat diet for 4 months, and starting at the third month, ATO was intravenously administered every other day. Atherosclerotic lesion size, histological characteristics, and related protein and lipid profiles were assessed using samples from the aorta, carotid artery, and serum. The anti-inflammatory and anti-pyroptosis effects of ATO were investigated by stimulating RAW264.7 and THP-1 cell lines with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS ATO reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation and plasma lipid levels in ApoE-/- mice. In the serum and aortic plaques, ATO reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL) 6 and tumor necrosis factor α, but increased IL-10 levels. Mechanistically, ATO promoted the CD36-mediated internalization of ox-LDL in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-dependent manner. Furthermore, ATO downregulated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in plaques and macrophages and inhibited p65 nuclear translocation and IκBα degradation. ATO reduced macrophage pyroptosis by downregulating NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) expression and caspase 1 activation. CONCLUSION ATO has potential atheroprotective effects, especially in macrophages. The mechanisms were inhibition of CD36-mediated foam cell formation and suppression of inflammatory responses and pyroptosis mediated by TLR4/nuclear factor κB and NLRP3 activation. Our findings provide evidence supporting the potential atheroprotective value of ATO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Li
- Department of Cardiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Rongzhe Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xin Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Song Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shanjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yinan Qu
- Department of Cardiac Function, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Clin Canc Prevent, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Zhangyi Li
- Department of biochemistry and life sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Shaohong Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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3
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Lee GH, Lee SY, Chae JY, Kim JW, Kim JH, Jeong HG. Antarctic Krill Oil from Euphausia superba Ameliorates Carrageenan-Induced Thrombosis in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17440. [PMID: 38139268 PMCID: PMC10743491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
FJH-KO obtained from Antarctic krill, especially Euphausia superba, has been reported to contain high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and to exhibit anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its antithrombotic effects have not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate the antithrombotic effects of FJH-KO in carrageenan-induced thrombosis mouse models and human endothelial cells. Thrombosis was induced by carrageenan injection, whereas the mice received FJH-KO pretreatment. FJH-KO attenuated carrageenan-induced thrombus formation in mouse tissue vessels and prolonged tail bleeding. The inhibitory effect of FJH-KO was associated with decreased plasma levels of thromboxane B2, P-selectin, endothelin-1, β-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, serotonin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Meanwhile, FJH-KO induced plasma levels of prostacyclin I2 and plasminogen. In vitro, FJH-KO decreased the adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to human endothelial cells stimulated by TNF-α via eNOS activation and NO production. Furthermore, FJH-KO inhibited the expression of TNF-α-induced adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, our study demonstrates that FJH-KO protects against carrageenan-induced thrombosis by regulating endothelial cell activation and has potential as an antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Ho Lee
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (G.H.L.); (S.Y.L.); (J.Y.C.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (G.H.L.); (S.Y.L.); (J.Y.C.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Ju Yeon Chae
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (G.H.L.); (S.Y.L.); (J.Y.C.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Jae Won Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (G.H.L.); (S.Y.L.); (J.Y.C.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (G.H.L.); (S.Y.L.); (J.Y.C.); (J.W.K.)
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Ganzetti GS, Parolini C. Microarray analysis identifies human apoA-I Milano and apoA-II as determinants of the liver gene expression related to lipid and energy metabolism. Exp Cell Res 2023; 433:113826. [PMID: 37858836 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of individuals carrying the apolipoprotein A-IMilano (apoA-IM), the mutant form of human apoA-I (apoA-I), is characterized by very low concentrations of HDL and apoA-I, and hypertriglyceridemia. Paradoxically, these subjects are not found to be at increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease compared to controls. Besides, various in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that apoA-IM possesses greater anti-atherosclerotic activity compared to apoA-I. The molecular mechanisms explaining the apoA-IM carrier's phenotype and the apoA-IM higher efficacy are still not fully elucidated. To investigate such mechanisms, we crossed previously generated apoA-I (A-I k-in) or apoA-IM knock-in mice (A-IM k-in) with transgenic mice expressing human apoA-II but lacking murine apoA-I (hA-II) to generate hA-II/A-I k-in, and hA-II/A-IM k-in, respectively. These genetically modified mice completely reproduced the apoA-IM carrier's phenotype, including hypoalphalipoproteinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Furthermore, by using the microarray methodology, we investigated the intrinsic differences in hepatic gene expression among these k-in mouse lines. The expression of 871, 1,018, 1129 and 764 genes was significantly altered between 1) hA-II/A-I and hA-II/A-IM k-in; 2) A-IM and hA-II/A-IM k-in; 3) A-I and A-IM; 4) A-I and hA-II/A-I k-in liver samples, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis highlighted that the hepatic expression of two genes, Elovl6 and Gatm, related to fatty acid/lipid and energy metabolism, respectively, is influenced by the presence of the apoA-IM natural variant and/or apoA-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia S Ganzetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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Teng XN, Wang SC, Zeb L, Dong YS, Xiu ZL. Two-Step Enzymolysis of Antarctic Krill for Simultaneous Preparation of Value-Added Oil and Enzymolysate. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21010047. [PMID: 36662220 PMCID: PMC9863247 DOI: 10.3390/md21010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antarctic krill is a crucial marine resource containing plenty of high-valued nutrients. However, krill oil as a single product has been developed by the current solvent extraction with high cost. From the perspective of comprehensive utilization of Antarctic krill, this study proposed a novel two-step enzymolysis-assisted extraction in attempt to produce value-added oil and enzymolysate simultaneously. After two-step chitinase/protease hydrolysis, the lipid yield increased from 2.09% to 4.18%, reaching 112% of Soxhlet extraction. The method greatly improved the yields of main components while reducing the impurity content without further refining. After optimization, the oil contained 246.05 mg/g of phospholipid, 80.96 mg/g of free eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 0.82 mg/g of astaxanthin. The by-product enzymolysate was abundant in water-soluble proteins (34.35 mg/g), oligopeptides (13.92 mg/g), amino acids (34.24 mg/g), and carbohydrates (5.79 mg/g), which was a good source of functional nutrients. In addition, both oil and enzymolysate showed high antioxidant capacity. This novel method could simultaneously provide oil and enzymolysate amounting for 58.61% of dried krill.
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhang X. Combined Physical Exercise and Diet: Regulation of Gut Microbiota to Prevent and Treat of Metabolic Disease: A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224774. [PMID: 36432462 PMCID: PMC9699229 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle have contributed to the rising incidence of metabolic diseases, which is also accompanied by the shifts of gut microbiota architecture. The gut microbiota is a complicated and volatile ecosystem and can be regulated by diet and physical exercise. Extensive research suggests that diet alongside physical exercise interventions exert beneficial effects on metabolic diseases by regulating gut microbiota, involving in the changes of the energy metabolism, immune regulation, and the microbial-derived metabolites. OBJECTIVE In this review, we present the latest evidence in the modulating role of diet and physical exercise in the gut microbiota and its relevance to metabolic diseases. We also summarize the research from animal and human studies on improving metabolic diseases through diet-plus-exercise interventions, and new targeted therapies that might provide a better understanding of the potential mechanisms. METHODS A systematic and comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline and Web of Science in October 2022. The key terms used in the searches included "combined physical exercise and diet", "physical exercise, diet and gut microbiota", "physical exercise, diet and metabolic diseases" and "physical exercise, diet, gut microbiota and metabolic diseases". CONCLUSIONS Combined physical exercise and diet offer a more efficient approach for preventing metabolic diseases via the modification of gut microbiota, abating the burden related to longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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Effects of carboxymethyl chitosan adsorption on bioactive components of Antarctic krill oil. Food Chem 2022; 388:132995. [PMID: 35453014 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High acid value (AV) and fluorine content of Antarctic krill oil (AKO) extracted from frozen krill by ethanol limit its product development. In this study, a method was proposed to reduce the AV and fluorine content of AKO by carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) adsorption. The optimal adsorption condition was 12.5% (w/v) of CMCS at 30℃ for 15 min. At this condition, AV and fluorine content decreased by 78.0% and 61.4%, respectively. It is interesting that CMCS adsorption showed specificity to particular substances. Although free fatty acids content showed a significant reduction, free EPA and DHA, phospholipid and astaxanthin remained almost constant. Moreover, CMCS adsorption showed no influence on neuroprotective activity of AKO against H2O2-induced neuro-damage of PC12 cells. The reclaimed CMCS showed an undiminished antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The CMCS adsorption shows a potential development for refining AKO and other oils in food industry.
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Mitrovic M, Sistilli G, Horakova O, Rossmeisl M. Omega-3 phospholipids and obesity-associated NAFLD: Potential mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13650. [PMID: 34291454 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases in line with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and there is no approved drug therapy. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 series (omega-3) are known for their hypolipidaemic and anti-inflammatory effects. Existing clinical trials suggest varying effectiveness of triacylglycerol- or ethyl ester-bound omega-3 in the treatment of NAFLD, without affecting advanced stages such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Preclinical studies suggest that the lipid class used to supplement omega-3 may determine the extent and nature of their effects on metabolism. Phospholipids of marine origin represent an alternative source of omega-3. The aim of this review is to summarise the available evidence on the use of omega-3 phospholipids, primarily in obesity-related NAFLD, and to outline perspectives of their use in the prevention/treatment of NAFLD. A PubMed literature search was conducted in May 2021. In total, 1088 articles were identified, but based on selection criteria, 38 original papers were included in the review. Selected articles describing the potential mechanisms of action of omega-3 phospholipids have also been included. Preclinical evidence clearly indicates that omega-3 phospholipids have strong antisteatotic effects in the liver, which are stronger compared to omega-3 administered as triacylglycerols. Multiple mechanisms are likely involved in the overall antisteatotic effects, involving not only the liver but also adipose tissue and the gut. Robust preclinical evidence for strong antisteatotic effects of omega-3 phospholipids in the liver should be confirmed in clinical trials. Further research is needed on the possible effects of omega-3 phospholipids on advanced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mitrovic
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriella Sistilli
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Horakova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Zhang S, Hong F, Ma C, Yang S. Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Disorder and Atherosclerosis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:590-600. [PMID: 34931971 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666211220110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism disorder plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. As the largest metabolic organ of the human body, liver has a key role in lipid metabolism by influencing fat production, fat decomposition, and the intake and secretion of serum lipoproteins. Numerous clinical and experimental studies have indicated that the dysfunction of hepatic lipid metabolism is closely tied to the onset of atherosclerosis. However, the identity and functional role of hepatic lipid metabolism responsible for these associations remain unknown. This review presented that cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol transport, and the metabolism of triglyceride, lipoproteins, and fatty acids are all associated with hepatic lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Moreover, we also discussed the roles of gut microbiota, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in the pathological association between hepatic lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. These significant evidences support strongly that hepatic lipid metabolism disorders may increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fenfang Hong
- Experimental Center of Pathogen Biology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shulong Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Manzini S, Busnelli M, Colombo A, Franchi E, Grossano P, Chiesa G. reString: an open-source Python software to perform automatic functional enrichment retrieval, results aggregation and data visualization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23458. [PMID: 34873191 PMCID: PMC8648753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional enrichment analysis is an analytical method to extract biological insights from gene expression data, popularized by the ever-growing application of high-throughput techniques. Typically, expression profiles are generated for hundreds to thousands of genes/proteins from samples belonging to two experimental groups, and after ad-hoc statistical tests, researchers are left with lists of statistically significant entities, possibly lacking any unifying biological theme. Functional enrichment tackles the problem of putting overall gene expression changes into a broader biological context, based on pre-existing knowledge bases of reference: database collections of known expression regulation, relationships and molecular interactions. STRING is among the most popular tools, providing both protein–protein interaction networks and functional enrichment analysis for any given set of identifiers. For complex experimental designs, manually retrieving, interpreting, analyzing and abridging functional enrichment results is a daunting task, usually performed by hand by the average wet-biology researcher. We have developed reString, a cross-platform software that seamlessly retrieves from STRING functional enrichments from multiple user-supplied gene sets, with just a few clicks, without any need for specific bioinformatics skills. Further, it aggregates all findings into human-readable table summaries, with built-in features to easily produce user-customizable publication-grade clustermaps and bubble plots. Herein, we outline a complete reString protocol, showcasing its features on a real use-case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Colombo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elsa Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Grossano
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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11
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Xu J, Guo Y, Huang X, Ma X, Li P, Wang Y, Wang X, Yuan L. Effects of DHA dietary intervention on hepatic lipid metabolism in apolipoprotein E-deficient and C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112329. [PMID: 34653759 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolic disorder occurs when ApoE gene is deficient. However, the role of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in relieving hepatic lipid metabolic disorder in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE -/-) mice remains unknown. We fed 3-month-old C57BL/6J wild-type (C57 wt) and ApoE -/- mice respectively with normal or DHA fortified diet for 5 months. We found ApoE gene deficiency caused hepatic lipid deposition and increased lipid levels in plasma and liver. Hepatic gene expression of SRB1, CD36 and FABP5 in ApoE -/- mice, protein expression of HMGCR, LRP1 in C57 wt mice and protein expression of LRP1 in ApoE -/- mice increased after DHA intervention. In DHA-fed ApoE -/- mice, LXRα/β and PPARα protein expression down-regulated in cytoplasm, but LXRα/β protein expression up-regulated in nucleus. DHA treatment decreased RXRα and RXRβ expression in C57 wt and ApoE -/- female mice. Deletion of ApoE gene caused lipid metabolism disorder in liver of mice. DHA treatment efficiently meliorated lipid metabolism caused by ApoE deficient through the regulation of gene and protein expressions of molecules involved in liver fatty acids transport and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yujie Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, PR China
| | - Xixiang Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Linhong Yuan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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Ishida N, Yamada H, Hirose M. Euphausia pacifica (North Pacific Krill): Review of Chemical Features and Potential Benefits of 8-HEPE against Metabolic Syndrome, Dyslipidemia, NAFLD, and Atherosclerosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113765. [PMID: 34836021 PMCID: PMC8618228 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine n-3 fatty acids are well known to have health benefits. Recently, krill oil, which contains phospholipids, has been in the spotlight as an n-3 PUFA-containing oil. Euphausia pacifica (E. pacifica), also called North Pacific krill, is a small, red crustacean similar to shrimp that flourishes in the North Pacific Ocean. E. pacifica oil contains 8-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (8-HEPE) at a level more than 10 times higher than Euphausia superba oil. 8-HEPE can activate the transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), PPARγ, and PPARδ to levels 10, 5, and 3 times greater than eicosapentaenoic acid, respectively. 8-HEPE has beneficial effects against metabolic syndrome (reduction in body weight gain, visceral fat area, amount of gonadal white adipose tissue, and gonadal adipocyte cell size), dyslipidemia (reduction in serum triacylglycerol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and induction of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), atherosclerosis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (reduction in triglyceride accumulation and hepatic steatosis in the liver) in mice. Further studies should focus on the beneficial effects of North Pacific krill oil products and 8-HEPE on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Ishida
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Yamada
- Faculty of Life & Environmental Science, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan;
| | - Masamichi Hirose
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-19-651-5110
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Liang X, Zhang Z, Lv Y, Lu H, Liu T, Yi H, Zhao M, Zhang L, Gong P. Krill Oil Combined with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis F1-7 Alleviates the Atherosclerosis of ApoE -/- Mice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102374. [PMID: 34681423 PMCID: PMC8535738 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing number of studies on the interaction between active substances and probiotics to improve disease. Both krill oil (KO) and probiotics have the effect of improving atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but the combined effect has not been explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the improvement effect of KO combined with probiotics on atherosclerosis. The atherosclerotic plaque area of ApoE−/− mice was detected after the intervention of KO, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis F1-7 (Bif. animalis F1-7), and KO combined with Bif. animalis F1-7. The results showed that Bif. animalis F1-7, KO, and KO combined with Bif. animalis F1-7 could significantly reduce the area of atherosclerotic plaque and improve the levels of serum lipids and inflammatory factors. They could regulate the farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1) pathway to reduce lipid accumulation. The intervention groups could also improve the inflammatory response by downregulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) pathway. The anti-inflammatory effect of the interaction group was significantly better than that of KO. It proved that Bif. animalis F1-7 might play a synergistic effect in the improvement of inflammation by KO to the alleviation of atherosclerosis.
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Krill Protein Hydrolysate Provides High Absorption Rate for All Essential Amino Acids-A Randomized Control Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093187. [PMID: 34579064 PMCID: PMC8465607 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND adequate protein intake is essential to humans and, since the global demand for protein-containing foods is increasing, identifying new high-quality protein sources is needed. In this study, we investigated the acute postprandial bioavailability of amino acids (AAs) from a krill protein hydrolysate compared to a soy and a whey protein isolate. METHODS the study was a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial including ten healthy young males. On four non-consecutive days, volunteers consumed water or one of three protein-matched supplements: whey protein isolate, soy protein isolate or krill protein hydrolysate. Blood samples were collected prior to and until 180 min after consumption. Serum postprandial AA concentrations were determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Hunger and satiety were assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS). RESULTS whey and krill resulted in significantly higher AA concentrations compared to soy between 20-60 min and 20-40 min after consumption, respectively. Area under the curve (AUC) analyses revealed that whey resulted in the highest postprandial serum concentrations of essential AAs (EAAs) and branched chain AAs (BCAAs), followed by krill and soy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS krill protein hydrolysate increases postprandial serum EAA and BCAA concentrations in a superior manner to soy protein isolate and thus might represent a promising future protein source in human nutrition.
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15
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Wang X, Chen Q, Wang X, Cong P, Xu J, Xue C. Lipidomics Approach in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis Dyslipidemia Hamsters: Alleviation Using Ether-Phospholipids in Sea Urchin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9167-9177. [PMID: 33961420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ether-phospholipids (ether-PLs) in sea urchins, especially eicosapentaenoic-acid-enriched plasmenyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PE-P) and plasmanyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-O), exhibit potential lipid-regulating effects. However, their underlying regulatory mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Herein, we integrated an untargeted lipidomics strategy and biochemical analysis to investigate these mechanisms in high-fat-induced atherosclerotic hamsters. Dietary supplementation with PE-P and PC-O decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in serum. The lipid regulatory effects of PE-P were superior to those of PC-O. Additionally, 20 lipid molecular species, including phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesteryl ester, triacylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol, were identified as potential lipid biomarkers in the serum of hamsters with PC-O and PE-P treatment (95% confidence interval; p < 0.05). The variations of lipids may be attributed to downregulation of adipogenesis genes and upregulation of lipid β-oxidation genes and bile acid biosynthesis genes. The improved lipid homeostasis by ether-PLs in sea urchins might be a key pathway underlying the antiatherosclerosis effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinsheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
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16
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Sugimoto K, Hosomi R, Shimono T, Kanda S, Nishiyama T, Yoshida M, Fukunaga K. Comparison of the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Scallop Oil Prepared from the Internal Organs of the Japanese Giant Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), Fish Oil, and Krill Oil in Obese Type II Diabetic KK-A y Mice. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:965-977. [PMID: 34121030 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing demand of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as supplements and pharmaceutical products worldwide, there are concerns about the exhaustion of n-3 PUFA supply sources. We have successfully prepared high-quality scallop oil (SCO), containing high eicosapentaenoic acid and phospholipids contents, from the internal organs of the Japanese giant scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), which is the largest unutilized marine resource in Japan. This study compared the cholesterol-lowering effect of SCO with fish oil (menhaden oil, MO) and krill oil (KO) in obese type II diabetic KK-A y mice. Four-week-old male KK-A y mice were divided into four groups; the control group was fed the AIN93G-modified high-fat (3 wt% soybean oil + 17 wt% lard) diet, and the other three groups (SCO, MO, and KO groups) were fed a high-fat diet, in which 7 wt% of the lard in the control diet was replaced with SCO, MO, or KO, respectively. After the mice were fed the experimental diet for 42 days, their serum, liver, and fecal lipid contents as well as their liver mRNA expression levels were evaluated. The SCO group had significantly decreased cholesterol levels in the serum and liver; this decrease was not observed in the MO and KO groups. The cholesterol-lowering effect of SCO was partly mediated by the enhancement of fecal total sterol excretion and expression of liver cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. These results indicate that dietary SCO exhibits serum and liver cholesterol-lowering effects that are not found in dietary MO and KO and can help prevent lifestyle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Sugimoto
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Ryota Hosomi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Takaki Shimono
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University
| | - Seiji Kanda
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University
| | | | - Munehiro Yoshida
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Kenji Fukunaga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Chiara M, Colombo A, Fontana F, Oleari R, Potì F, Horner D, Bellosta S, Chiesa G. Aortic Gene Expression Profiles Show How ApoA-I Levels Modulate Inflammation, Lysosomal Activity, and Sphingolipid Metabolism in Murine Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:651-667. [PMID: 33327742 PMCID: PMC7837693 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles are known to possess several antiatherogenic properties that include the removal of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues, the maintenance of endothelial integrity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. ApoA-I overexpression in apoE-deficient (EKO) mice has been shown to increase HDL levels and to strongly reduce atherosclerosis development. The aim of the study was to investigate gene expression patterns associated with atherosclerosis development in the aorta of EKO mice and how HDL plasma levels relate to gene expression patterns at different stages of atherosclerosis development and with different dietary treatments. Approach and Results: Eight-week-old EKO mice, EKO mice overexpressing human apoA-I, and wild-type mice as controls were fed either normal laboratory or Western diet for 6 or 22 weeks. Cholesterol distribution among lipoproteins was evaluated, and atherosclerosis of the aorta was quantified. High-throughput sequencing technologies were used to analyze the transcriptome of the aorta of the 3 genotypes in each experimental condition. In addition to the well-known activation of inflammation and immune response, the impairment of sphingolipid metabolism, phagosome-lysosome system, and osteoclast differentiation emerged as relevant players in atherosclerosis development. The reduced atherosclerotic burden in the aorta of EKO mice expressing high levels of apoA-I was accompanied by a reduced activation of immune system markers, as well as reduced perturbation of lysosomal activity and a better regulation of the sphingolipid synthesis pathway. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-I modulates atherosclerosis development in the aorta of EKO mice affecting the expression of pathways additional to those associated with inflammation and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiara
- Department of Biosciences (M.C., D.H.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy (M.C., D.H.)
| | - Alice Colombo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Potì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery—Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Italy (F.P.)
| | - David Horner
- Department of Biosciences (M.C., D.H.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy (M.C., D.H.)
| | - Stefano Bellosta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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18
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Qiao J, Wu Y, Ren Y. The impact of a high fat diet on bones: potential mechanisms. Food Funct 2021; 12:963-975. [PMID: 33443523 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02664f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet led to bone loss via gut microbiota and fatty acid imbalances, immune disorder and adipose tissue accumulation inside and outside the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou
- 310009
- China
| | - Yiwen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Ningbo Hospital
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Ningbo 315010
- China
| | - Yuezhong Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou
- 310009
- China
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Chen Z, Maqbool J, Sajid F, Hussain G, Sun T. Human gut microbiota and its association with pathogenesis and treatments of neurodegenerative diseases. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104675. [PMID: 33352217 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota consists of various microorganisms whose numbers are similar to those of human cells. Human gut microbes and the brain form bidirectional communications through the brain-gut-axis, and play a central role in normal physiological processes and in pathogenesis of many human diseases. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the crucial effect of gut microbes in proper brain functions and under disease conditions. Here we first focus on revealing current knowledge of the role of gut microbes in neural development and functions. We then summarize mutual relationships between gut microbes and human diseases, in particular neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Multiple sclerosis. Finally, we highlight ongoing studies in exploring gut microbes in treatments of human diseases. Applying gut microbes as a means in treatment of human diseases is becoming a promising research direction, and has a great potential in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Javeria Maqbool
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiqa Sajid
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China.
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20
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Parolini C. Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Efficacy on inflammatory-based disorders. Life Sci 2020; 263:118591. [PMID: 33069735 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological response to injury, stimulating tissue repair and regeneration. However, the presence of peculiar individual conditions can negatively perturb the resolution phase eventually leading to a state of low-grade systemic chronic inflammation, characterized by tissue and organ damages and increased susceptibility to non-communicable disease. Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are able to influence many aspects of this process. Experiments performed in various animal models of obesity, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis have demonstrated that n-3 PUFAs can modulate the basic mechanisms as well as the disease progression. This review describes the available data from experimental studies to the clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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21
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Manzini S, Busnelli M, Colombo A, Kiamehr M, Chiesa G. liputils: a Python module to manage individual fatty acid moieties from complex lipids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13368. [PMID: 32770020 PMCID: PMC7415148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipidomic analyses address the problem of characterizing the lipid components of given cells, tissues and organisms by means of chromatographic separations coupled to high-resolution, tandem mass spectrometry analyses. A number of software tools have been developed to help in the daunting task of mass spectrometry signal processing and cleaning, peak analysis and compound identification, and a typical finished lipidomic dataset contains hundreds to thousands of individual molecular lipid species. To provide researchers without a specific technical expertise in mass spectrometry the possibility of broadening the exploration of lipidomic datasets, we have developed liputils, a Python module that specializes in the extraction of fatty acid moieties from individual molecular lipids. There is no prerequisite data format, as liputils extracts residues from RefMet-compliant textual identifiers and from annotations of other commercially available services. We provide three examples of real-world data processing with liputils, as well as a detailed protocol on how to readily process an existing dataset that can be followed with basic informatics skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Colombo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mostafa Kiamehr
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Bjørndal B, Aloysius TA, Lund A, Slizyte R, Bohov P, Carvajal AK, Berge RK. A chicken protein hydrolysate exerts anti-atherosclerotic effect beyond plasma cholesterol-lowering activity in Apoe -/- mice. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3052-3060. [PMID: 32724569 PMCID: PMC7382182 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken protein hydrolysates (CPHs) generated from rest raw materials through enzymatic hydrolysis using Corolase PP or Alcalase were shown to reduce inflammation and stimulate hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in high-fat-fed mice. This study investigates the effect of CPH diets in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. Apoe-/- mice were divided into three groups of 12 animals and fed high-fat diets with casein (control), Alcalase CPH, or Corolase PP CPH. After 12 weeks, mice were sacrificed, blood samples were collected, and aorta was dissected for subsequent én face analysis. Mice fed Corolase PP CPH but not Alcalase CPH had significantly lower % atherosclerotic plaque area in the aortic arch compared to controls (p = .015 and p = .077, respectively). Plasma and liver cholesterol and triacylglycerol remained constant, but levels of the fatty acid C20:5n-3 were increased, accompanied by an elevated delta-5 desaturase index in both CPHs groups. Moreover, a significant reduction of plasma MCP-1 was detected in Corolase PP CPH compared to control. Overall, our data show that protein hydrolysates from chicken reduced atherosclerosis and attenuated systemic risk factors related to atherosclerotic disorders, not related to changes in the level of plasma cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Anders Lund
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
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23
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Jablaoui A, Bruneau A, Kriaa A, Philippe C, Arnaboldi F, Colombo A, Ferrari B, Ambrogi F, Maguin E, Rhimi M, Chiesa G, Gérard P. Fat-Shaped Microbiota Affects Lipid Metabolism, Liver Steatosis, and Intestinal Homeostasis in Mice Fed a Low-Protein Diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900835. [PMID: 32579743 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Protein malnutrition is characterized by stunted growth, hepatic steatosis and a damaged gut mucosal architecture. Since high-fat shaped gut microbiota (HFM) has an increased ability in providing nutrients and energy from food to the host, the aim of this study is to determine whether such a microbiota could beneficially impact on the consequences of malnutrition. METHODS AND RESULTS The cecal content of specific pathogen free C57Bl/6J mice fed a high-fat diet or a low-protein diet is transplanted in two groups of germ-free C57Bl/6J recipient mice, which are subsequently fed a low-protein diet for 8 weeks. Body weight gain is comparable between the two groups of microbiota-recipient mice. The HFM led to a worsening of microvesicular steatosis and a decrease of plasma lipids compared to the low-protein shaped microbiota. In the small intestine of mice receiving the HFM, although significant histological differences are not observed, the expression of antimicrobial genes promoting oxidative stress and immune response at the ileal epithelium (Duox2, Duoxa2, Saa1, Ang4, Defa5) is increased. CONCLUSION The transplant of HFM in mice fed a low-protein diet represents a noxious stimulus for the ileal mucosa and impairs hepatic lipoprotein secretion, favoring the occurrence of hepatic microvesicular steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Aurélia Bruneau
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Aïcha Kriaa
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Catherine Philippe
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Alice Colombo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ferrari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in the development of lipid-lowering therapies, clinical trials have shown that a significant residual risk of cardiovascular disease persists. Specifically, new drugs are needed for non-responding or statin-intolerant subjects or patients considered at very high risk for cardiovascular events even though are already on treatment with the best standard of care. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Besides, genetic and epidemiological studies and Mendelian randomization analyses have strengthened the linear correlation between the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the incidence of cardiovascular events and highlighted various novel therapeutic targets. This review describes the novel strategies to reduce the levels of LDL-C, non-HDL-C, triglyceride, apolipoprotein B, and Lp(a), focusing on those developed using biotechnology-based strategies.
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Illiano P, Brambilla R, Parolini C. The mutual interplay of gut microbiota, diet and human disease. FEBS J 2020; 287:833-855. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Placido Illiano
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis Department of Neurological Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine FL USA
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis Department of Neurological Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine FL USA
- Department of Neurobiology Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research BRIDGE‐Brain Research‐Inter‐Disciplinary Guided Excellence University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano Italy
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Chiesa G. The Gut Microbiota Affects Host Pathophysiology as an Endocrine Organ: A Focus on Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010079. [PMID: 31892152 PMCID: PMC7019666 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that the microorganisms inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract-the gut microbiota-deeply affect the pathophysiology of the host. Gut microbiota composition is mostly modulated by diet, and gut microorganisms communicate with the different organs and tissues of the human host by synthesizing hormones and regulating their release. Herein, we will provide an updated review on the most important classes of gut microbiota-derived hormones and their sensing by host receptors, critically discussing their impact on host physiology. Additionally, the debated interplay between microbial hormones and the development of cardiovascular disease will be thoroughly analysed and discussed.
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Bonacina F, Soldati S, Barbieri SS, Amadio P, Sandrini L, Arnaboldi F, Donetti E, Laaksonen R, Paltrinieri S, Scanziani E, Chiesa G. Fenretinide treatment accelerates atherosclerosis development in apoE-deficient mice in spite of beneficial metabolic effects. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:328-345. [PMID: 31621898 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid derivative first investigated for cancer prevention and treatment, has been shown to ameliorate glucose tolerance, improve plasma lipid profile and reduce body fat mass. These effects, together with its ability to inhibit ceramide synthesis, suggest that fenretinide may have an anti-atherosclerotic action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To this aim, nine-week-old apoE-knockout (EKO) female mice were fed for twelve weeks a Western diet, without (control) or with (0.1% w/w) fenretinide. As a reference, wild-type (WT) mice were treated similarly. Growth and metabolic parameters were monitored throughout the study. Atherosclerosis development was evaluated in the aorta and at the aortic sinus. Blood and lymphoid organs were further characterized with thorough cytological/histological and immunocytofluorimetric analyses. KEY RESULTS Fenretinide treatment significantly lowered body weight, glucose levels and plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids. In the liver, fenretinide remarkably reduced hepatic glycogenosis and steatosis driven by the Western diet. Treated spleens were abnormally enlarged, with severe follicular atrophy and massive extramedullary haematopoiesis. Severe renal hemosiderin deposition was observed in treated EKO mice. Treatment resulted in a threefold increase of total leukocytes (WT and EKO) and raised the activated/resting monocyte ratio in EKO mice. Finally, atherosclerosis development was markedly increased at the aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta of fenretinide-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We provide the first evidence that, despite beneficial metabolic effects, fenretinide treatment may enhance the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabina Soldati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Leonardo Sandrini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione UniMi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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28
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Cong XY, Miao JK, Zhang HZ, Sun WH, Xing LH, Sun LR, Zu L, Gao Y, Leng KL. Effects of Drying Methods on the Content, Structural Isomers, and Composition of Astaxanthin in Antarctic Krill. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:17972-17980. [PMID: 31720501 PMCID: PMC6843707 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is one of the important bioresources in Antarctic waters, containing many bioactives (e.g., astaxanthin), which have a highly potential value for commercial exploitation. In this study, the effects of processing methods on the content, structural isomers, and composition of astaxanthins (free astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters) were studied. Three drying methods, comprising freeze-drying, microwave drying, and hot-air drying, were used. Free astaxanthin (Ast), astaxanthin monoesters (AM), and astaxanthin diesters (AD) in boiled krill (control) and dried krill were extracted and analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry with ultraviolet detection. After the three processes, total astaxanthin loss ranged from 8.6 to 64.9%, and the AM and AD contents ranged from 78.3 to 16.6 and 168.7 to 90.5 μg/g, respectively. Compared to other kinds of astaxanthin esters, astaxanthin esters, which linked to eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, as well as the Ast, were more easily degraded, and AM was more susceptible to degradation than AD. All-E-astaxanthin easily transformed to the 13Z-astaxanthin than to the 9Z-astaxanthin during the drying process, but the proportions of optical isomers changed due to drying by no more than 5%. The results suggested that freeze-drying, low-power microwave drying (≤1 kW), and low-temperature hot-air drying (≤60 °C) are optimal drying methods for ensuring the quality of krill products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Cong
- School
of Public Health Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Yellow
Sea Fishery Research Institute, Chinese
Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development
of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Jun-Kui Miao
- Yellow
Sea Fishery Research Institute, Chinese
Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development
of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
- Qingdao
Engineering Research Center of Exploitation of Polar Fishery Resource, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Zhang
- Qingdao
Food and Drug Administration, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
| | - Wei-Hong Sun
- Yellow
Sea Fishery Research Institute, Chinese
Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development
of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Hong Xing
- Yellow
Sea Fishery Research Institute, Chinese
Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development
of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Rui Sun
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University
of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zu
- Yellow
Sea Fishery Research Institute, Chinese
Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development
of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
- Key
Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Yellow
Sea Fishery Research Institute, Chinese
Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development
of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
- Key
Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kai-Liang Leng
- Yellow
Sea Fishery Research Institute, Chinese
Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development
of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
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29
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Parolini C. A Compendium of the Biological Effects of Apolipoprotein A-IMilano. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 372:54-62. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.261719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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30
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Ponomarenko MP, Rasskazov DA, Chadaeva IV, Sharypova EB, Drachkova IA, Ponomarenko PM, Oshchepkova EA, Savinkova LK, Kolchanov NA. Candidate SNP Markers of Atherosclerosis That May Significantly Change the Affinity of the TATA-Binding Protein for the Human Gene Promoters. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419090114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Zhang TT, Xu J, Wang YM, Xue CH. Health benefits of dietary marine DHA/EPA-enriched glycerophospholipids. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 75:100997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Parolini C. Effects of Fish n-3 PUFAs on Intestinal Microbiota and Immune System. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E374. [PMID: 31234533 PMCID: PMC6627897 DOI: 10.3390/md17060374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies over several decades have documented the beneficial actions of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are plentiful in fish oil, in different disease states. Mechanisms responsible for the efficacy of n-3 PUFAs include: (1) Reduction of triglyceride levels; (2) anti-arrhythmic and antithrombotic effects, and (3) resolution of inflammatory processes. The human microbiota project and subsequent studies using next-generation sequencing technology have highlighted that thousands of different microbial species are present in the human gut, and that there has been a significant variability of taxa in the microbiota composition among people. Several factors (gestational age, mode of delivery, diet, sanitation and antibiotic treatment) influence the bacterial community in the human gastrointestinal tract, and among these diet habits play a crucial role. The disturbances in the gut microbiota composition, i.e., gut dysbiosis, have been associated with diseases ranging from localized gastrointestinal disorders to neurologic, respiratory, metabolic, ocular, and cardiovascular illnesses. Many studies have been published about the effects of probiotics and prebiotics on the gut microbiota/microbioma. On the contrary, PUFAs in the gut microbiota have been less well defined. However, experimental studies suggested that gut microbiota, n-3 PUFAs, and host immune cells work together to ensure the intestinal wall integrity. This review discussed current evidence concerning the links among gut microbiota, n-3 PUFAs intake, and human inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy.
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33
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Zheng H, Beamer SK, Matak KE, Jaczynski J. Effect of κ-carrageenan on gelation and gel characteristics of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) protein isolated with isoelectric solubilization/precipitation. Food Chem 2019; 278:644-652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Zhang LY, Ding L, Shi HH, Xu J, Xue CH, Zhang TT, Wang YM. Eicosapentaenoic acid in the form of phospholipids exerts superior anti-atherosclerosis effects to its triglyceride form in ApoE−/−mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:4177-4188. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00868c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
EPA-PL was superior to EPA-TG in reducing lesion progression by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism and decreasing inflammation in the artery wall and circulatory system, which might be attributed to the structural differences at the sn-3 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Hao-Hao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
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35
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Manzini S, Busnelli M, Parolini C, Minoli L, Ossoli A, Brambilla E, Simonelli S, Lekka E, Persidis A, Scanziani E, Chiesa G. Topiramate protects apoE-deficient mice from kidney damage without affecting plasma lipids. Pharmacol Res 2018; 141:189-200. [PMID: 30593851 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Topiramate is an anticonvulsant drug also prescribed for migraine prophylaxis that acts through several mechanisms of action. Several studies indicate that topiramate induces weight loss and a moderate reduction of plasma lipids and glucose. Based on these favourable metabolic effects, aim of this study was to evaluate if topiramate could modulate atherosclerosis development and protect target organs of dysmetabolic conditions. Thirty apoE-deficient mice were divided into three groups and fed for 12 weeks a high fat diet (Control) or the same diet containing topiramate at 0.125% and 0.250%. Body weight, water and food intake were monitored throughout the study. Plasma lipids and glucose levels were measured and a glucose tolerance test was performed. Atherosclerosis development was evaluated in the whole aorta and at the aortic sinus. Histological analysis of liver, kidney and adipose tissue was performed. Topiramate did not affect weight gain and food intake. Glucose tolerance and plasma lipids were not changed and, in turn, atherosclerosis development was not different among groups. Topiramate did not modify liver and adipose tissue histology. Conversely, in the kidneys, the treatment reduced the occurrence of glomerular lipidosis by decreasing foam cells accumulation and reducing the expression of inflammatory markers. Blood urea nitrogen levels were also reduced by treatment. Our results indicate that topiramate does not affect atherosclerosis development, but preserves kidney structure and function. The study suggests that topiramate could be investigated in drug repurposing studies for the treatment of glomerular lipidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Minoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; Mouse & Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione UniMi, viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Brambilla
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Simonelli
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Eftychia Lekka
- Biovista, 34 Rodopoleos Street Ellinikon, Athens 16777, Greece
| | | | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; Mouse & Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione UniMi, viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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36
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Sirtori CR, Chiesa G, Parolini C. Effects of Vegetable Proteins on Hypercholesterolemia and Gut Microbiota Modulation. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1249. [PMID: 30200592 PMCID: PMC6164761 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk assessment tools, i.e., validated risk prediction algorithms, to estimate the patient's 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) should be used to identify high-risk people for primary prevention. Current evidence confirms that appropriate monitoring and control of risk factors either reduces the likelihood of CVD or slows down its progression. It is thus crucial that all health professionals make appropriate use of all the available intervention strategies to control risk factors: from dietary improvement and adequate physical activity to the use of functional foods, food supplements, and drugs. The gut microbiota, which encompasses 1 × 1014 resident microorganisms, has been recently recognized as a contributing factor in the development of human disease. This review examines the effect of both some vegetable food components belong to the "protein food group" and the underexploited protein-rich hempseed on cholesterolemia and gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Centro Dislipidemie, A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 220162 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Pellegrin M, Bouzourène K, Aubert JF, Nahimana A, Duchosal MA, Mazzolai L. Activation of Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Angiotensin (Ang) II Type 1 Receptor by Ang II Promotes Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092621. [PMID: 30181481 PMCID: PMC6163751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II triggers vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque development. Bone marrow (BM)-derived cells are key players in atherogenesis but whether Ang II induces plaque vulnerability directly through Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) activation on these cells remains to be clarified. In the present study, we investigated whether a lack of AT1R on BM-derived cells might affect Ang II-mediated vulnerable plaque development. The 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) model (Ang II-dependent mouse model of advanced atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaques) was generated in ApoE−/− mice transplanted with AT1aR−/− or AT1aR+/+ BM. Plasma cholesterol as well as hepatic mRNA expression levels of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism were significantly lower in 2K1C mice transplanted with AT1aR−/− BM than in controls. Atherosclerotic lesions were significantly smaller in AT1aR−/− BM 2K1C mice (−79% in the aortic sinus and −71% in whole aorta compared to controls). Plaques from AT1aR−/− BM 2K1C mice exhibited reduced lipid core/fibrous cap and macrophage/smooth muscle cells ratios (−82% and −88%, respectively), and increased collagen content (+70%), indicating a more stable phenotype. Moreover, aortic mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12p35, IL-1β, and TNF-α were significantly reduced in AT1aR−/− BM 2K1C mice. No significant differences in either the number of circulating Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocytes and Ly6Clow resident anti-inflammatory monocyte subsets, or in mRNA levels of aortic M1 or M2 macrophage markers were observed between the two groups. No significant differences were observed in splenic mRNA levels of T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg) markers between the two groups. In conclusion, direct AT1R activation by Ang II on BM-derived cells promotes hepatic mRNA expression of cholesterol-metabolism-related genes and vascular mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may lead to plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pellegrin
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Karima Bouzourène
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-François Aubert
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Aimable Nahimana
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, LABORATORY and Oncology DepartmentS, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Michel A Duchosal
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, LABORATORY and Oncology DepartmentS, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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38
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Melatonin Modulation of Sirtuin-1 Attenuates Liver Injury in a Hypercholesterolemic Mouse Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018. [PMID: 29516009 PMCID: PMC5817311 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7968452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia increases and exacerbates stress signals leading also to liver damage (LD) and failure. Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) is involved in lifespan extension and it plays an essential role in hepatic lipid metabolism. However, its involvement in liver hypercholesterolemic damage is not yet completely defined. This in vivo study evaluated the role of SIRT1 in the hypercholesterolemic-related LD and, then, investigated how oral supplementation of melatonin, pleiotropic indoleamine, may be protective. Control mice and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE−/−) of 6 and 15 weeks of age were treated or not treated with melatonin at the dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 9 weeks. In this study, we evaluated serum biochemical markers, liver SIRT1 expression, and oxidative stress markers. We observed that hypercholesterolemia increased significantly serum cholesterol and triglycerides, reduced significantly liver SIRT1, and, in turn, induced hepatic oxidative stress in untreated ApoE−/− mice with respect to control mice. Interestingly, melatonin treatment improved serum biochemical markers and hepatic morphological impairment and inhibited oxidative stress through its antioxidant properties and also by SIRT1 upregulation. In summary, melatonin oral supplementation may represent a new protective approach to block hypercholesterolemic liver alterations involving also a SIRT1-dependent mechanism.
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