1
|
Shin SS, Yoon M. Regulation of Obesity by Antiangiogenic Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194549. [PMID: 33020443 PMCID: PMC7582783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the result of an energy imbalance caused by an increased ratio of caloric intake to energy expenditure. In conjunction with obesity, related metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes, have become global health problems. Obesity progression is thought to be associated with angiogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Angiogenesis occurs in growing adult adipose tissues, which are similar to neoplastic tissues. Adipose tissue is highly vascularized, and each adipocyte is nourished by an extensive capillary network. Adipocytes produce proangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A and fibroblast growth factor 2, which promote neovascularization within the adipose tissue. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-2 and MMP-9, play important roles in adipose tissue development and microvessel maturation by modifying the ECM. Thus, modulation of angiogenesis and MMP activity provides a promising therapeutic approach for controlling human obesity and its related disorders. Over the past decade, there has been a great increase in the use of alternative treatments, such as herbal remedies, for these diseases. This review will focus on the role of angiogenesis in adipose tissue growth and the regulation of obesity by antiangiogenic herbal medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea;
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +8242-829-7581; Fax: 8242-829-7580
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Immunohistochemical Studies of Age-Related Changes in Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis during the Healing of Acetic Acid-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:3506207. [PMID: 32549798 PMCID: PMC7281815 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3506207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation and angiogenesis are of utmost importance for healing to take place. The KI67 and EGFR proteins are markers of cell proliferation, while CD31 and factor VIII are markers of angiogenesis. To elucidate the mechanism responsible for delayed healing of the gastric injury in old age, we analyzed the expression of these markers in rats of different months during the healing of an acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer. Male Wistar rats (aged 3, 6, 12, and 18 months) divided into four groups, according to their ages, formed the experimental animals. Stomach tissue samples were collected on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 after induction for assessment of ulcer healing. The area of gastric mucosa healed was inversely proportional to age. The expression of markers of proliferation (KI67 and EGFR) and angiogenesis (factor VIII and CD31) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in older rats when compared with younger ones (3 months > six months > 12 months > 18 months) on days 7, 14, and 21 after induction of gastric ulcer. This study revealed that the slower gastric ulcer healing rate in older rats might be due to reduced epithelial cell proliferation and angiogenic activities.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen PY, Simons M. Fibroblast growth factor-transforming growth factor beta dialogues, endothelial cell to mesenchymal transition, and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:397-403. [PMID: 30080704 PMCID: PMC6290915 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite much effort, atherosclerosis remains an important public health problem, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. The purpose of this review is to provide an understanding of the role of endothelial cell fate change in atherosclerosis process. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies indicate that a process known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) may play an important role in atherosclerosis development. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) has been shown to be an important driver of the endothelial cell phenotype transition. SUMMARY The current review deals with the current state of knowledge regarding EndMT's role in atherosclerosis and its regulation by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-TGFβ cross-talk. A better understanding of FGF-TGFβ signaling in the regulation of endothelial cell phenotypes is key to the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeong HS, Yun JH, Lee DH, Lee EH, Cho CH. Retinal pigment epithelium-derived transforming growth factor-β2 inhibits the angiogenic response of endothelial cells by decreasing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3837-3849. [PMID: 30256387 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that is known to modulate various aspects of endothelial cell (EC) biology. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is important for regulating angiogenesis of choriocapillaris and one of the main cell sources of TGF-β secretion, particularly TGF-β2. However, it is largely unclear whether and how TGF-β2 affects angiogenic responses of ECs. In the current study, we demonstrated that TGF-β2 reduces vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) expression in ECs and thereby inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling and VEGF-induced angiogenic responses such as EC migration and tube formation. We also demonstrated that the reduction of VEGFR-2 expression by TGF-β2 is due to the suppression of JNK signaling. In coculture of RPE cells and ECs, RPE cells decreased VEGFR-2 levels in ECs and EC migration. In addition, we showed that TGF-β2 derived from RPE cells is involved in the reduction of VEGFR-2 expression and inhibition of EC migration. These results suggest that TGF-β2 plays an important role in inhibiting the angiogenic responses of ECs during the interaction between RPE cells and ECs and that angiogenic responses of ECs may be amplified by a decrease in TGF-β2 expression in RPE cells under pathologic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Seok Jeong
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang-Hyuk Yun
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Da-Hye Lee
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Daldrup-Link HE, Mohanty S, Ansari C, Lenkov O, Shaw A, Ito K, Hong SH, Hoffmann M, Pisani L, Boudreau N, Gambhir SS, Coussens LM. Alk5 inhibition increases delivery of macromolecular and protein-bound contrast agents to tumors. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e85608. [PMID: 27182558 PMCID: PMC4864003 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited transendothelial permeability across tumor microvessels represents a significant bottleneck in the development of tumor-specific diagnostic agents and theranostic drugs. Here, we show an approach to increase transendothelial permeability of macromolecular and nanoparticle-based contrast agents via inhibition of the type I TGF-β receptor, activin-like kinase 5 (Alk5), in tumors. Alk5 inhibition significantly increased tumor contrast agent delivery and enhancement on imaging studies, while healthy organs remained relatively unaffected. Imaging data correlated with significantly decreased tumor interstitial fluid pressure, while tumor vascular density remained unchanged. This immediately clinically translatable concept involving Alk5 inhibitor pretreatment prior to an imaging study could be leveraged for improved tumor delivery of macromolecular and nanoparticle-based imaging probes and, thereby, facilitate development of more sensitive imaging tests for cancer diagnosis, enhanced tumor characterization, and personalized, image-guided therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Suchismita Mohanty
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Celina Ansari
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Olga Lenkov
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aubie Shaw
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ken Ito
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Pisani
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soares JS, Sacks MS. A triphasic constrained mixture model of engineered tissue formation under in vitro dynamic mechanical conditioning. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:293-316. [PMID: 26055347 PMCID: PMC4712131 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
While it has become axiomatic that mechanical signals promote in vitro engineered tissue formation, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Moreover, efforts to date to determine parameters for optimal extracellular matrix (ECM) development have been largely empirical. In the present work, we propose a two-pronged approach involving novel theoretical developments coupled with key experimental data to develop better mechanistic understanding of growth and development of dense connective tissue under mechanical stimuli. To describe cellular proliferation and ECM synthesis that occur at rates of days to weeks, we employ mixture theory to model the construct constituents as a nutrient-cell-ECM triphasic system, their transport, and their biochemical reactions. Dynamic conditioning protocols with frequencies around 1 Hz are described with multi-scale methods to couple the dissimilar time scales. Enhancement of nutrient transport due to pore fluid advection is upscaled into the growth model, and the spatially dependent ECM distribution describes the evolving poroelastic characteristics of the scaffold-engineered tissue construct. Simulation results compared favorably to the existing experimental data, and most importantly, distinguish between static and dynamic conditioning regimes. The theoretical framework for mechanically conditioned tissue engineering (TE) permits not only the formulation of novel and better-informed mechanistic hypothesis describing the phenomena underlying TE growth and development, but also the exploration/optimization of conditioning protocols in a rational manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joao S Soares
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th Street, Austin, TX, 78712-1129, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th Street, Austin, TX, 78712-1129, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O'Connell BA, Moritz KM, Walker DW, Dickinson H. Synthetic Glucocorticoid Dexamethasone Inhibits Branching Morphogenesis in the Spiny Mouse Placenta1. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:26. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
|
8
|
Chronic cerebral hypoxia promotes arteriogenic remodeling events that can be identified by reduced endoglin (CD105) expression and a switch in β1 integrins. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1820-30. [PMID: 22739620 PMCID: PMC3434638 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoxia leads to a strong vascular remodeling response, though little is known about which part of the vascular tree is modified, or whether this response includes formation of new arterial vessels. In this study, we examined this process in detail, analyzing how hypoxia (8% O(2) for 14 days) alters the size distribution of vessels, number of arteries/arterioles, and expression pattern of endoglin (CD105), a marker of angiogenic endothelial cells in tumors. We found that cerebral hypoxia promoted the biggest increase in the number of medium to large size vessels, and this correlated with increased numbers of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive arterial vessels. Surprisingly, hypoxia induced a marked reduction in CD105 expression on brain endothelial cells (BECs) within remodeling arterial vessels, and these BECs also displayed an angiogenic switch in β1 integrins (from α6 to α5), previously described for developmental angiogenesis. In vitro, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 also promoted this switch of BEC β1 integrins. Together, these results show that cerebral hypoxia promotes arteriogenesis, and identify reduced CD105 expression as a novel marker of arteriogenesis. Furthermore, our data suggest a mechanistic model whereby BECs in remodeling arterial vessels downregulate CD105 expression, which alters TGF-β1 signaling, to promote a switch in β1 integrins and arteriogenic remodeling.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ferrari G, Terushkin V, Wolff MJ, Zhang X, Valacca C, Poggio P, Pintucci G, Mignatti P. TGF-β1 induces endothelial cell apoptosis by shifting VEGF activation of p38(MAPK) from the prosurvival p38β to proapoptotic p38α. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:605-14. [PMID: 22522454 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β1 and VEGF, both angiogenesis inducers, have opposing effects on vascular endothelial cells. TGF-β1 induces apoptosis; VEGF induces survival. We have previously shown that TGF-β1 induces endothelial cell expression of VEGF, which mediates TGF-β1 induction of apoptosis through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Because VEGF activates p38(MAPK) but protects the cells from apoptosis, this finding suggested that TGF-β1 converts p38(MAPK) signaling from prosurvival to proapoptotic. Four isoforms of p38(MAPK) -α, β, γ, and δ-have been identified. Therefore, we hypothesized that different p38(MAPK) isoforms control endothelial cell apoptosis or survival, and that TGF-β1 directs VEGF activation of p38(MAPK) from a prosurvival to a proapoptotic isoform. Here, we report that cultured endothelial cells express p38α, β, and γ. VEGF activates p38β, whereas TGF-β1 activates p38α. TGF-β1 treatment rapidly induces p38α activation and apoptosis. Subsequently, p38α activation is downregulated, p38β is activated, and the surviving cells become refractory to TGF-β1 induction of apoptosis and proliferate. Gene silencing of p38α blocks TGF-β1 induction of apoptosis, whereas downregulation of p38β or p38γ expression results in massive apoptosis. Thus, in endothelial cells p38α mediates apoptotic signaling, whereas p38β and p38γ transduce survival signaling. TGF-β1 activation of p38α is mediated by VEGF, which in the absence of TGF-β1 activates p38β. Therefore, these results show that TGF-β1 induces endothelial cell apoptosis by shifting VEGF signaling from the prosurvival p38β to the proapoptotic p38α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ferrari
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sounni NE, Dehne K, van Kempen L, Egeblad M, Affara NI, Cuevas I, Wiesen J, Junankar S, Korets L, Lee J, Shen J, Morrison CJ, Overall CM, Krane SM, Werb Z, Boudreau N, Coussens LM. Stromal regulation of vessel stability by MMP14 and TGFbeta. Dis Model Mech 2010; 3:317-32. [PMID: 20223936 PMCID: PMC2860851 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.003863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate regulatory networks within organs maintain tissue homeostasis and facilitate rapid responses to damage. We identified a novel pathway regulating vessel stability in tissues that involves matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta(1)). Whereas plasma proteins rapidly extravasate out of vasculature in wild-type mice following acute damage, short-term treatment of mice in vivo with a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor, neutralizing antibodies to TGFbeta(1), or an activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor significantly enhanced vessel leakage. By contrast, in a mouse model of age-related dermal fibrosis, where MMP14 activity and TGFbeta bioavailability are chronically elevated, or in mice that ectopically express TGFbeta in the epidermis, cutaneous vessels are resistant to acute leakage. Characteristic responses to tissue damage are reinstated if the fibrotic mice are pretreated with metalloproteinase inhibitors or TGFbeta signaling antagonists. Neoplastic tissues, however, are in a constant state of tissue damage and exhibit altered hemodynamics owing to hyperleaky angiogenic vasculature. In two distinct transgenic mouse tumor models, inhibition of ALK5 further enhanced vascular leakage into the interstitium and facilitated increased delivery of high molecular weight compounds into premalignant tissue and tumors. Taken together, these data define a central pathway involving MMP14 and TGFbeta that mediates vessel stability and vascular response to tissue injury. Antagonists of this pathway could be therapeutically exploited to improve the delivery of therapeutics or molecular contrast agents into tissues where chronic damage or neoplastic disease limits their efficient delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leon van Kempen
- Cancer Research Institute
- Present address: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Department of Anatomy
- Present address: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte J. Morrison
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Department of Surgery
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Pathology
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Flanders KC, Wakefield LM. Transforming growth factor-(beta)s and mammary gland involution; functional roles and implications for cancer progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2009; 14:131-44. [PMID: 19396528 PMCID: PMC2797127 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-009-9122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During rodent mammary gland involution there is a dramatic increase in the expression of the transforming growth factor-beta isoform, TGF-beta3. The TGF-betas are multifunctional cytokines which play important roles in wound healing and in carcinogenesis. The responses that are activated in the remodeling of the gland during involution have many similarities with the wound healing process and have been postulated to generate a mammary stroma that provides a microenvironment favoring tumor progression. In this review we will discuss the putative role of TGF-beta during involution, as well as its effects on the mammary microenvironment and possible implications for pregnancy-associated tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Increased expression of fibronectin and the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin in angiogenic cerebral blood vessels of mice subject to hypobaric hypoxia. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 38:43-52. [PMID: 18343155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important regulator of angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. We showed previously that angiogenic capillaries in the developing CNS express high levels of fibronectin and its receptor alpha5beta1 integrin, and that this expression is developmentally downregulated. As cerebral hypoxia leads to an angiogenic response, we sought to determine whether angiogenic vessels in the adult CNS re-express fibronectin and the alpha5beta1 integrin. Ten-week old mice were subject to hypobaric hypoxia for 0, 4, 7 and 14 days, and fibronectin/integrin expression examined. Fibronectin and the alpha5 integrin subunit were strongly upregulated on capillaries in the hypoxic CNS, with the effect maximal at the earliest time point examined (4 days). Immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that the alpha5 integrin was expressed by angiogenic endothelial cells. In light of the defined angiogenic role for fibronectin in other systems, this work suggests that induction of fibronectin-alpha5beta1 integrin expression may be an important molecular switch driving angiogenesis in the hypoxic CNS.
Collapse
|
13
|
Carvalho RLC, Itoh F, Goumans MJ, Lebrin F, Kato M, Takahashi S, Ema M, Itoh S, van Rooijen M, Bertolino P, Ten Dijke P, Mummery CL. Compensatory signalling induced in the yolk sac vasculature by deletion of TGFbeta receptors in mice. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:4269-77. [PMID: 18029401 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.013169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular development depends on transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), but whether signalling of this protein is required for the development of endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) or both is unclear. To address this, we selectively deleted the type I (ALK5, TGFBR1) and type II (TbetaRII, TGFBR2) receptors in mice. Absence of either receptor in ECs resulted in vascular defects in the yolk sac, as seen in mice lacking receptors in all cells, causing embryonic lethality at embryonic day (E)10.5. Deletion of TbetaRII specifically in VSMCs also resulted in vascular defects in the yolk sac; however, these were observed at later stages of development, allowing the embryo to survive to E12.5. Because TGFbeta can also signal in ECs via ALK1 (ACVRL1), we replaced ALK5 by a mutant defective in SMAD2 and SMAD3 (SMAD2/3) activation that retained the ability to transactivate ALK1. This again caused defects in the yolk sac vasculature with embryonic lethality at E10.5, demonstrating that TGFbeta/ALK1 signalling in ECs cannot compensate for the lack of TGFbeta/ALK5-induced SMAD2/3 signalling in vivo. Unexpectedly, SMAD2 phosphorylation and alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMAalpha, ACTA2) expression occurred in the yolk sacs of ALK5(-/-) embryos and ALK5(-/-) embryonic stem cells undergoing vasculogenesis, and these processes could be blocked by an ALK4 (ACVR1B)/ALK5 inhibitor. Together, the data show that ALK5 is required in ECs and VSMCs for yolk sac vasculogenesis; in the absence of ALK5, ALK4 mediates SMAD2 phosphorylation and consequently SMAalpha expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita L C Carvalho
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Castañares C, Redondo-Horcajo M, Magán-Marchal N, ten Dijke P, Lamas S, Rodríguez-Pascual F. Signaling by ALK5 mediates TGF-β-induced ET-1 expression in endothelial cells: a role for migration and proliferation. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:1256-66. [PMID: 17376964 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent endothelial-derived 21-amino-acid vasoconstrictor peptide and its expression is potently regulated by the cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Most cell types contain a TGF-β type I receptor form known as activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5). However, endothelial cells coexpress an additional type I receptor named ALK1. These forms do not constitute redundant receptors with the same function, but they activate different Smad-mediated expression programmes leading to specific endothelial phenotypes. The aim of our study was to characterize the TGF-β-induced pathway leading to ET-1 expression in endothelial cells and the contribution of the TGF-β-mediated enhancement of ET-1 to the regulation of the endothelial cell migration and proliferation capacity. Our experiments indicate that TGF-β induces ET-1 expression preferentially through the ALK5/Smad3 pathway. Specific ALK5 inhibition totally blocked the anti-angiogenic effect of TGF-β. Antagonism of ET receptors partially reverted the effect of TGF-β, indicating that a significant portion of the anti-migratory and anti-proliferative actions of this cytokine is mediated by ET-1 acting in an autocrine manner on endothelial cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/drug effects
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Blotting, Western
- Cattle
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter
- Kinetics
- Luciferases/analysis
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Castañares
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.), Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leksa V, Godar S, Schiller HB, Fuertbauer E, Muhammad A, Slezakova K, Horejsi V, Steinlein P, Weidle UH, Binder BR, Stockinger H. TGF-β-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells mediated by M6P/IGFII-R and mini-plasminogen. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:4577-86. [PMID: 16179614 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a key modulator of endothelial cell apoptosis, must be activated from the latent form (LTGF-β) to induce biological responses. In the present study, we report activation of TGF-β by functional and physical co-operation of the mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like-growth-factor-II receptor (CD222) and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (CD87). We show that endothelial cells express CD222 and CD87 in a membrane complex and demonstrate that the association of these two receptors is essential for the release of active TGF-β in the transduced mouse fibroblast used as model cells. By contrast, smooth-muscle cells, which express CD222 and CD87 at similar density to endothelial cells but not in complexed form, do not activate TGF-β. We also have found that mini-plasminogen is a high-affinity ligand for CD222 and is essential for the activation of TGF-β by the CD87-CD222 complex to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. This specific mechanism of TGF-β-mediated apoptosis in endothelial cells is thus a potential novel target to be considered for treatment of pathological vascular disorders (e.g. tumor angiogenesis).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Plasminogen/genetics
- Plasminogen/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Leksa
- BMT, BioMolecular Therapeutics, Brunner Strasse 59, 1235 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- C Sabbà
- Clinica Medica A.Murri, University Interdepartmental HHT Center, DIMIMP-University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mata-Greenwood E, Meyrick B, Steinhorn RH, Fineman JR, Black SM. Alterations in TGF-beta1 expression in lambs with increased pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L209-21. [PMID: 12665463 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00171.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for pulmonary vascular remodeling in congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow remain unclear. We developed a lamb model of congenital heart disease and increased pulmonary blood flow utilizing an in utero placed aortopulmonary vascular graft (shunted lambs). Morphometric analysis of barium-injected pulmonary arteries indicated that by 4 wk of age, shunts had twice the pulmonary arterial density of controls (P < 0.05), and their pulmonary vessels showed increased muscularization and medial thickness at both 4 and 8 wk of age (P < 0.05). To determine the potential role of TGF-beta1 in this vascular remodeling, we investigated vascular changes in expression and localization of TGF-beta1 and its receptors TbetaRI, ALK-1, and TbetaRII in lungs of shunted and control lambs at 1 day and 1, 4, and 8 wk of life. Western blots demonstrated that TGF-beta1 and ALK-1 expression was elevated in shunts compared with control at 1 and 4 wk of age (P < 0.05). In contrast, the antiangiogenic signaling receptor TbetaRI was decreased at 4 wk of age (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated shunts had increased TGF-beta1 and TbetaRI expression in smooth muscle layer and increased TGF-beta1 and ALK-1 in endothelium of small pulmonary arteries at 1 and 4 wk of age. Moreover, TbetaRI expression was significantly reduced in endothelium of pulmonary arteries in the shunt at 1 and 4 wk. Our data suggest that increased pulmonary blood flow dysregulates TGF-beta1 signaling, producing imbalance between pro- and antiangiogenic signaling that may be important in vascular remodeling in shunted lambs.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, is an hereditary disorder that results in fibrovascular dysplasia with the development of telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations. It predominantly involves the skin, mucous membranes, viscera, lungs, and brain. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia shows great genetic heterogeneity, and its phenotypes have been classified based on the recently identified mutated genes: endoglin (HHT-1) and activin-like kinase receptor-1 (HHT-2). Other families with phenotypic HHT do not bear these mutations; therefore, other genes are probably involved as well. Liver involvement is reported in up to 30% of persons affected by HHT. Large arteriovenous malformations in the liver can lead to significant complications, including high-output congestive heart failure, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, biliary ischemia, and liver failure. Embolization of large arteriovenous malformations in the liver remains controversial; however, liver transplantation can successfully eradicate these complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Larson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-6174, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goumans MJ, Valdimarsdottir G, Itoh S, Rosendahl A, Sideras P, ten Dijke P. Balancing the activation state of the endothelium via two distinct TGF-beta type I receptors. EMBO J 2002; 21:1743-53. [PMID: 11927558 PMCID: PMC125949 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.7.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 856] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of mice lacking specific components of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signal tranduction pathway shows that TGF-beta is a key player in the development and physiology of the cardiovascular system. Both pro- and anti-angiogenic properties have been ascribed to TGF-beta, for which the molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here we report that TGF-beta can activate two distinct type I receptor/Smad signalling pathways with opposite effects. TGF-beta induces phosphorylation of Smad1/5 and Smad2 in endothelial cells and these effects can be blocked upon selective inhibition of ALK1 or ALK5 expression, respectively. Whereas the TGF-beta/ALK5 pathway leads to inhibition of cell migration and proliferation, the TGF-beta/ALK1 pathway induces endothelial cell migration and proliferation. We identified genes that are induced specifically by TGF-beta-mediated ALK1 or ALK5 activation. Id1 was found to mediate the TGF-beta/ALK1-induced (and Smad-dependent) migration, while induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by activated ALK5 may contribute to the TGF-beta-induced maturation of blood vessels. Our results suggest that TGF-beta regulates the activation state of the endothelium via a fine balance between ALK5 and ALK1 signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Goumans
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
AstraZeneca, Departments of Molecular Sciences and Biosciences, Scheelevägen 2, S-221 87 Lund and Department of Immunology, Biomedical Center, Lund University, Sölvegatan 21, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | | | - Alexander Rosendahl
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
AstraZeneca, Departments of Molecular Sciences and Biosciences, Scheelevägen 2, S-221 87 Lund and Department of Immunology, Biomedical Center, Lund University, Sölvegatan 21, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Paschalis Sideras
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
AstraZeneca, Departments of Molecular Sciences and Biosciences, Scheelevägen 2, S-221 87 Lund and Department of Immunology, Biomedical Center, Lund University, Sölvegatan 21, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Akman HO, Zhang H, Siddiqui MA, Solomon W, Smith EL, Batuman OA. Response to hypoxia involves transforming growth factor-beta2 and Smad proteins in human endothelial cells. Blood 2001; 98:3324-31. [PMID: 11719370 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.12.3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) is a consistent component of ischemia that induces an inflammatory and prothrombotic response in the endothelium. In this report, it is demonstrated that exposure of endothelial cells to hypoxia (1% O(2)) increases messenger RNA and protein levels of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2), a cytokine with potent regulatory effects on vascular inflammatory responses. Messenger RNA levels of the TGF-beta2 type II membrane receptor, which is a serine threonine kinase, also increased. The stimulatory effect of hypoxia was found to occur at the level of transcription of the TGF-beta2 gene and involves Smad proteins, a class of intracellular signaling proteins that mediates the downstream effects of TGF-beta receptors. Transient transfection studies showed that the region spanning -77 and -40 base pairs within the TGF-beta2 promoter (harboring a Smad-binding "CAGA box") is activated in hypoxic cells compared with nonhypoxic controls (P <.01). Hypoxia also stimulated transcription from another promoter, 3TP-Lux, a reporter construct responsive to Smads and TGF-beta. In addition, specific binding to a Smad-binding oligonucleotide was observed with nuclear extracts from hypoxic endothelial cells but not from nonhypoxic cells. It is concluded that Smad proteins, which can regulate endothelial responses to mechanical and inflammatory stress, also may play an important role in vascular responses to hypoxia and ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H O Akman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular and Molecular Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gualandris A, Annes JP, Arese M, Noguera I, Jurukovski V, Rifkin DB. The latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein-1 promotes in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells into endothelium. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11:4295-308. [PMID: 11102524 PMCID: PMC15073 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.11.12.4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein-1 (LTBP-1) belongs to a family of extracellular glycoproteins that includes three additional isoforms (LTBP-2, -3, and -4) and the matrix proteins fibrillin-1 and -2. Originally described as a TGF-beta-masking protein, LTBP-1 is involved both in the sequestration of latent TGF-beta in the extracellular matrix and the regulation of its activation in the extracellular environment. Whereas the expression of LTBP-1 has been analyzed in normal and malignant cells and rodent and human tissues, little is known about LTBP-1 in embryonic development. To address this question, we used murine embryonic stem (ES) cells to analyze the appearance and role of LTBP-1 during ES cell differentiation. In vitro, ES cells aggregate to form embryoid bodies (EBs), which differentiate into multiple cell lineages. We analyzed LTBP-1 gene expression and LTBP-1 fiber appearance with respect to the emergence and distribution of cell types in differentiating EBs. LTBP-1 expression increased during the first 12 d in culture, appeared to remain constant between d 12 and 24, and declined thereafter. By immunostaining, fibrillar LTBP-1 was observed in those regions of the culture containing endothelial, smooth muscle, and epithelial cells. We found that inclusion of a polyclonal antibody to LTBP-1 during EB differentiation suppressed the expression of the endothelial specific genes ICAM-2 and von Willebrand factor and delayed the organization of differentiated endothelial cells into cord-like structures within the growing EBs. The same effect was observed when cultures were treated with either antibodies to TGF-beta or the latency associated peptide, which neutralize TGF-beta. Conversely, the organization of endothelial cells was enhanced by incubation with TGF-beta 1. These results suggest that during differentiation of ES cells LTBP-1 facilitates endothelial cell organization via a TGF-beta-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gualandris
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016-6497, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wyss-Coray T, Lin C, Sanan DA, Mucke L, Masliah E. Chronic overproduction of transforming growth factor-beta1 by astrocytes promotes Alzheimer's disease-like microvascular degeneration in transgenic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 156:139-50. [PMID: 10623661 PMCID: PMC1868631 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/1999] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular amyloid deposition and microvascular degeneration are frequently associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the etiology and pathogenetic role of these abnormalities are unknown. Recently, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) was implicated in cerebrovascular amyloid formation in transgenic mice with astroglial overproduction of TGF-beta1 and in AD. We tested whether TGF-beta1 overproduction induces AD-like cerebrovascular degeneration and analyzed how cerebrovascular abnormalities develop over time in TGF-beta1-transgenic mice. In cerebral microvessels from 3- to 4-month-old TGF-beta1-transgenic mice, which display a prominent perivascular astrocytosis, levels of the basement membrane proteins perlecan and fibronectin were severalfold higher than in vessels from nontransgenic mice. Consistent with this increase, cortical capillary basement membranes of TGF-beta1 mice were significantly thickened. These changes preceded amyloid deposition, which began at around 6 months of age. In 9- and 18-month-old TGF-beta1 mice, various degenerative changes in microvascular cells of the brain were observed. Endothelial cells were thinner and displayed abnormal, microvilli-like protrusions as well as occasional condensation of chromatin, and pericytes occupied smaller areas in capillary profiles than in nontransgenic controls. Similar cerebrovascular abnormalities have been reported in AD. We conclude that chronic overproduction of TGF-beta1 triggers an accumulation of basement membrane proteins and results in AD-like cerebrovascular amyloidosis and microvascular degeneration. Closely related processes may induce cerebrovascular pathology in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Wyss-Coray
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94141-9100, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- M E Beckner
- Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Goumans MJ, Zwijsen A, van Rooijen MA, Huylebroeck D, Roelen BA, Mummery CL. Transforming growth factor-beta signalling in extraembryonic mesoderm is required for yolk sac vasculogenesis in mice. Development 1999; 126:3473-83. [PMID: 10409495 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.16.3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed the function of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in yolk sac development in mice by generating somatic chimaeras in which the extraembryonic mesoderm, which gives rise to the endothelial and haematopoietic cells of the yolk sac vasculature, is derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells. The ES cells were stably transfected and express either the full-length type II binding receptor or a kinase-deficient mutant of this receptor. Examination of yolk sacs from chimaeras between E8.5 and 9.5, and analysis of marker expression in embryoid bodies from these mutant ES cell lines in prolonged suspension culture demonstrated that (1) a major function of TGF-beta in yolk sac mesoderm is to regulate production and deposition of fibronectin in the extracellular matrix that maintains yolk sac integrity, (2) TGF-beta signalling is not required for differentiation of extraembryonic mesoderm into endothelial cells but is necessary for their subsequent organisation into robust vessels, and (3) TGF-beta signalling must be tightly regulated for the differentiation of primitive haematopoietic cells to take place normally. Together, these results show that defective TGF-beta signalling in the extraembryonic mesoderm alone is sufficient to account for the extraembryonic phenotype reported previously in TGF-beta1(−/−) mice (Dickson, M. C., Martin, J. S., Cousins, F. M., Kulkarni, A. B., Karlsson, S. and Akhurst, R. J. (1995) Development 121, 1845–1854).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Goumans
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute of Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schwarz MA, Kandel J, Brett J, Li J, Hayward J, Schwarz RE, Chappey O, Wautier JL, Chabot J, Lo Gerfo P, Stern D. Endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II, a novel antitumor cytokine that suppresses primary and metastatic tumor growth and induces apoptosis in growing endothelial cells. J Exp Med 1999; 190:341-54. [PMID: 10430623 PMCID: PMC2195582 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.3.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1999] [Accepted: 06/02/1999] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization is essential for growth and spread of primary and metastatic tumors. We have identified a novel cytokine, endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide (EMAP) II, that potently inhibits tumor growth, and appears to have antiangiogenic activity. Mice implanted with Matrigel showed an intense local angiogenic response, which EMAP II blocked by 76% (P < 0.001). Neovascularization of the mouse cornea was similarly prevented by EMAP II (P < 0.003). Intraperitoneally administered EMAP II suppressed the growth of primary Lewis lung carcinomas, with a reduction in tumor volume of 65% versus controls (P < 0.003). Tumors from human breast carcinoma-derived MDA-MB 468 cells were suppressed by >80% in EMAP II-treated animals (P < 0.005). In a lung metastasis model, EMAP II blocked outgrowth of Lewis lung carcinoma macrometastases; total surface metastases were diminished by 65%, and of the 35% metastases present, approximately 80% were inhibited with maximum diameter <2 mm (P < 0.002 vs. controls). In growing capillary endothelial cultures, EMAP II induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner, whereas other cell types were unaffected. These data suggest that EMAP II is a tumor-suppressive mediator with antiangiogenic properties allowing it to target growing endothelium and limit establishment of neovasculature.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
- Cattle
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Growth Inhibitors/blood
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Humans
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/blood
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/blood
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Tissue Distribution/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Schwarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10032, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shovlin CL, Letarte M. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: issues in clinical management and review of pathogenic mechanisms. Thorax 1999; 54:714-29. [PMID: 10413726 PMCID: PMC1745557 DOI: 10.1136/thx.54.8.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C L Shovlin
- Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Connolly JM, Rose DP. Angiogenesis in two human prostate cancer cell lines with differing metastatic potential when growing as solid tumors in nude mice. J Urol 1998; 160:932-6. [PMID: 9720590 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenesis, typically a feature of aggressive tumors, is frequently associated with increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Here, angiogenesis and angiogenic growth factor expression were assessed in two human prostate cancer cell models with differing metastatic potential. METHOD Prostatic tumors were obtained by injecting either highly metastatic PC-3M cells or poorly metastatic DU145 cells into the surgically exposed prostate glands of nude mice. Angiogenesis was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining, and tumor VEGF, transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) levels were determined by immunoassays (ELISAs). VEGF isoforms were detected by Western blotting in both solid tumor extracts, and in culture medium conditioned by the same cell lines (CM). RESULTS Angiogenesis was much more evident in PC-3M tumors (vessel counts: PC-3M tumors 360 +/- 42, DU145 tumors 156 +/- 25; p = 0.003), but ELISA-determined VEGF levels were approximately 3-fold higher in both DU145 cell tumors, and in DU145 cell CM. However, Western blotting showed that PC-3M tumors, but not CM, contained VEGF isoforms with molecular weights of 43 and 57 kDa. TGF-beta2, but not TGF-beta1 concentrations were higher in DU145 cell tumors (p < 0.001); bFGF levels were higher in the PC-3M cell tumors (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS When growing in nude mouse prostate glands, the PC-3M cell line provides a model for the angiogenic activity associated with aggressive prostate cancer. This is accompanied by the expression of immunoreactive VEGF which is not detected by an ELISA antibody raised against the conventional VEGF165, but appears on Western blots as what may prove to be novel high molecular weight species. Observed differences in TGF-beta1 and -beta2, and bFGF expression, may also be associated with an angiogenic phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Connolly
- Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Connolly JM, Rose DP. Angiogenesis in two human prostate cancer cell lines with differing metastatic potential when growing as solid tumors in nude mice. J Urol 1998; 160:932-6. [PMID: 9720590 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199809010-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenesis, typically a feature of aggressive tumors, is frequently associated with increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Here, angiogenesis and angiogenic growth factor expression were assessed in two human prostate cancer cell models with differing metastatic potential. METHOD Prostatic tumors were obtained by injecting either highly metastatic PC-3M cells or poorly metastatic DU145 cells into the surgically exposed prostate glands of nude mice. Angiogenesis was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining, and tumor VEGF, transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) levels were determined by immunoassays (ELISAs). VEGF isoforms were detected by Western blotting in both solid tumor extracts, and in culture medium conditioned by the same cell lines (CM). RESULTS Angiogenesis was much more evident in PC-3M tumors (vessel counts: PC-3M tumors 360 +/- 42, DU145 tumors 156 +/- 25; p = 0.003), but ELISA-determined VEGF levels were approximately 3-fold higher in both DU145 cell tumors, and in DU145 cell CM. However, Western blotting showed that PC-3M tumors, but not CM, contained VEGF isoforms with molecular weights of 43 and 57 kDa. TGF-beta2, but not TGF-beta1 concentrations were higher in DU145 cell tumors (p < 0.001); bFGF levels were higher in the PC-3M cell tumors (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS When growing in nude mouse prostate glands, the PC-3M cell line provides a model for the angiogenic activity associated with aggressive prostate cancer. This is accompanied by the expression of immunoreactive VEGF which is not detected by an ELISA antibody raised against the conventional VEGF165, but appears on Western blots as what may prove to be novel high molecular weight species. Observed differences in TGF-beta1 and -beta2, and bFGF expression, may also be associated with an angiogenic phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Connolly
- Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee H, Struman I, Clapp C, Martial J, Weiner RI. Inhibition of urokinase activity by the antiangiogenic factor 16K prolactin: activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression. Endocrinology 1998; 139:3696-703. [PMID: 9724020 DOI: 10.1210/endo.139.9.6194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal fragment of PRL (16K PRL) is an antiangiogenic factor that, in vitro, inhibits several components of angiogenesis including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced cell division, migration, and organization of capillary endothelial cells. An essential step in the regulation of angiogenesis is the activation of urokinase (urokinase type plasminogen activator, uPA), which in turn activates a cascade of proteases that play essential roles in endothelial cell migration and tissue remodeling. Treatment of bovine capillary endothelial cells (BBEC) with 16K PRL inhibited bFGF-stimulated urokinase activity in BBEC as detected by plasminogen substrate gel assay. 16K PRL did not appear to be acting via an effect on uPA expression because no change in messenger RNA levels were observed. However, protein levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a specific inhibitor of urokinase, were increased by 16K PRL independent of the action of bFGF. The 16K PRL-induced increase in PAI-1 protein levels appear to be the result of increased expression of the PAI-1 gene. Increased production of PAI-1 induced by 16K PRL results in the formation of inactive PAI-1/uPA complexes, consistent with the observed decrease in uPA activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Lee
- Reproductive Endocrinology Center, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiangiogenic therapy for prostatic cancer should offer additional ways of combating tumor progression. Knowledge of the possible angiogenic factors expressed by prostate cancer cell lines would therefore assist in the design and testing of such potential treatments. METHODS Changes in the proliferation and morphology of several endothelial cell lines (BAEC, HUVEC, and BACE) in response to either coculturing with human prostatic cell lines or culturing with conditioned medium derived from these lines were assessed. RESULTS Proliferation of BAEC cells was significantly stimulated by conditioned media from DU145, LNCaP, and DuPro-1, and also by coculture with LNCaP and DuPro-1. Growth of HUVEC cells was significantly increased with conditioned media from LNCaP, Ten12, and PC3, and by coculture with DU145 and DuPro-1. FGF2 supplementation is required for BACE growth in vitro, and only conditioned medium from Ten12 cells, which produce the highest levels of this growth factor, significantly increased cell numbers. BACE growth, however, was stimulated in coculture experiments with DU145, DuPro-1, PC3, and LNCaP. Morphological changes were only observed in the BAEC and BACE cells when cultured with conditioned media. CONCLUSIONS Prostatic carcinoma cell lines express a variety of angiogenic substances, including FGF2, which can stimulate endothelial cell proliferation in vitro, but this response may be modified by the prostatic-cell expression of other factors such as TGF alpha and TGF beta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Hepburn
- Tenovus Cancer Research Centre, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
During immune injury, activation of endothelial cells by inflammatory cytokines stimulates leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, turns the endothelium from an anticoagulant surface to one that is frankly procoagulant, and results in the release of vasoactive mediators and growth factors. Cytokine activation of endothelial cells also results in increased endothelial cell TGF-beta 1 synthesis and enhanced activation of latent TGF-beta, the latter involving a shift of plasmin production from the apical to subendothelial surface. In cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells, TGF-beta hinders leukocyte adhesion and transmigration via inhibition of IL-8 and E-selectin expression. TGF-beta also profoundly diminishes cytokine-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase production and instead augments endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Thus, some of the TGF-beta actions on endothelium during immune activation can viewed as immunosuppressive. TGF-beta also influences mechanisms of vascular remodeling during the healing phase of immune injury. It stimulates PDGF-B synthesis by endothelial cells, causes bFGF release from subendothelial matrix, and promotes VEGF synthesis by non-endothelial cells. Together these mediators control angiogenesis, a critical component of the vascular repair phenomenon. Further, endothelial cell derived PDGF-B and bFGF influence the proliferation and migration of neighboring cells. Thus, endothelial cells and TGF-beta actions on the endothelium play important roles both during the initial phase of immune injury and during the later remodeling phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Pintavorn
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pepper MS. Transforming growth factor-beta: vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and vessel wall integrity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1997; 8:21-43. [PMID: 9174661 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(96)00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies have recently revealed a role for transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta 1) and its receptors (TGF-beta Rs I and II as well as endoglin) in embryonic vascular assembly and in the establishment and maintenance of vessel wall integrity. The purpose of this review is threefold: first, to reassess previous studies on TGF-beta and endothelium in the light of these recent findings; second, to describe some of the well-established as well as controversial issues concerning TGF-beta and its regulatory role in angiogenesis; and third, to explore the notion of "context' with respect to TGF-beta and endothelial cell function. Although the focus of this review will be on the endothelium, other vascular wall cells are also likely to be important in the pathogenesis of the vascular lesions revealed by genetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Pepper
- Department of Morphology, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sankar S, Mahooti-Brooks N, Bensen L, McCarthy TL, Centrella M, Madri JA. Modulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor levels on microvascular endothelial cells during in vitro angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1436-46. [PMID: 8617876 PMCID: PMC507203 DOI: 10.1172/jci118565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular endothelial cells (RFCs) cultured in two-dimensional (2D) cultures proliferate rapidly and exhibit an undifferentiated phenotype. Addition of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) increases fibronectin expression and inhibits proliferation. RFCs cultured in three-dimensional (3D) type I collagen gels proliferate slowly and are refractory to the anti-proliferative effects of TGF beta1. TGF beta1 promotes tube formation in 3D cultures. TGF beta1 increases fibronectin expression and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) activity and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in 3D cultures. Since the TGF beta type I and II receptors have been reported to regulate different activities induced by TGF beta1, we compared the TGF beta receptor profiles on cells in 2D and 3D cultures. RFCs in 3D cultures exhibited a significant loss of cell surface type II receptor compared with cells in 2D cultures. The inhibitory effect of TGF beta1 on proliferation is suppressed in transfected 2D cultures expressing a truncated form of the type II receptor, while its stimulatory effect on fibronectin production is reduced in both 2D and 3D transfected cultures expressing a truncated form of the type I receptor. These data suggest that the type II receptor mediates the antiproliferative effect of TGF beta1 while the type I receptor mediates the matrix response of RFCs to TGF beta1 and demonstrate that changes in the matrix environment can modulate the surface expression of TGF beta receptors, altering the responsiveness of RFCs to TGF beta1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sankar
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cui W, Akhurst RJ. Transforming growth factor βS: Biochemistry and biological activities in vitro and in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5687(96)80015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
|
36
|
McCaffrey TA, Consigli S, Du B, Falcone DJ, Sanborn TA, Spokojny AM, Bush HL. Decreased type II/type I TGF-beta receptor ratio in cells derived from human atherosclerotic lesions. Conversion from an antiproliferative to profibrotic response to TGF-beta1. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2667-75. [PMID: 8675633 PMCID: PMC185973 DOI: 10.1172/jci118333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and postangioplasty restenosis may result from abnormal wound healing. The present studies report that normal human smooth muscle cells are growth inhibited by TGF-beta1, a potent wound healing agent, and show little induction of collagen synthesis to TGF-beta1, yet cells grown from human vascular lesions are growth stimulated by TGF-beta1 and markedly increase collagen synthesis. Both cell types increase plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production, switch actin phenotypes in response to TGF-beta1, and produce similar levels of TGF-beta activity. Membrane cross-linking of 125I-TGF-beta1 indicates that normal human smooth muscle cells express type I, II, and III receptors. The type II receptor is strikingly decreased in lesion cells, with little change in the type I or III receptors. RT-PCR confirmed that the type II TGF-beta1 receptor mRNA is reduced in lesion cells. Transfection of the type II receptor into lesion cells restores the growth inhibitory response to TGF-beta1, implying that signaling remains responsive. Because TGF-beta1 is overexpressed in fibroproliferative vascular lesions, receptor-variant cells would be allowed to grow in a slow, but uncontrolled fashion, while overproducing extracellular matrix components. This TGF-beta1 receptor dysfunction may be relevant for atherosclerosis, restenosis and related fibroproliferative diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Actins/biosynthesis
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Coronary Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Disease/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- DNA Primers
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/biosynthesis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Proteoglycans/biosynthesis
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Reference Values
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- beta-Galactosidase/biosynthesis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A McCaffrey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cornell University Medical College, New York Hospital, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hamann GF, Okada Y, Fitridge R, del Zoppo GJ. Microvascular basal lamina antigens disappear during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Stroke 1995; 26:2120-6. [PMID: 7482660 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.26.11.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Changes in vascular permeability are well-known and important consequences of cerebral ischemia. The development of edema and of petechial hemorrhage is connected to altered vascular integrity. A major part in microvascular integrity is played by the basal lamina. METHODS The fates of the basal lamina components laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen during middle cerebral artery occlusion (2 hours, n = 3) and occlusion (3 hours) with reperfusion (1 hour, n = 3; 4 hours, n = 3; and 24 hours, n = 4) were evaluated in the nonhuman primate. Specific monoclonal antibodies against these components were used. The number and size distribution of the microvessels in each specimen were determined by video-imaging microscopy, and the relative fluorescence intensity of laminin was semiquantified by laser confocal microscopy. Basal lamina antigen presentations were compared by double-stain immunofluorescence histochemistry. RESULTS The number of microvascular structures defined by the presence of each basal lamina antigen decreased significantly up to 24 hours of reperfusion (P < .0001). The ratio of laminin-containing vessels between the ischemic and nonischemic territories decreased significantly from control (0.98 +/- 0.04) to 2 hours of ischemia (0.83 +/- 0.09) and 1 hour (0.79 +/- 0.08), 4 hours (0.77 +/- 0.06), and 24 hours of reperfusion (0.55 +/- 0.07). The ratio of fibronectin (cellular) and of collagen (IV)-containing vessels decreased from 0.98 +/- 0.04 to 0.75 +/- 0.1 and from 1.02 +/- 0.03 to 0.57 +/- 0.1, respectively. Mean laminin fluorescence intensity decreased from 76.1 +/- 6.0 U (controls) to 52.0 +/- 14.6 U (24 hours of reperfusion; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The significant parallel losses of three basal lamina components, both in number and intensity, contribute to loss of microvascular integrity. These phenomena may be important for understanding cell extravasation and the hemorrhagic consequences of acute stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G F Hamann
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Morello JP, Plamondon J, Meyrick B, Hoover R, O'Connor-McCourt MD. Transforming growth factor-beta receptor expression on endothelial cells: heterogeneity of type III receptor expression. J Cell Physiol 1995; 165:201-11. [PMID: 7559802 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041650123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of whole animal responses have defined a role for circulating TGF-beta in the preservation and stabilization of microvascular endothelial function (Lefer et al. [1993] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90:1018-1022; Pfister et al. [1992] J. Exp. Med., 176:265-269). In order to determine which TGF-beta receptor types are responsible for this endothelial cell responsiveness, we used an affinity-labeling technique with 125I-TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 to characterize TGF-beta receptors on five different endothelial cell cultures: early passage bovine lung and rat epididymal fat pad microvascular endothelial cells (BLMEC and REEC), established endothelial cell lines from bovine adrenal medulla capillaries (EJG), fetal bovine heart (FBHE), and bovine pulmonary artery (CPAE). Since it is known that endothelial cells from different parts of the vasculature vary with respect to cell surface antigen expression (McCarthy et al. [1991] Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 12:462-467; Augustin et al. [1994] Bioessays, 16:901-906), it is important to compare TGF-beta receptor expression on microvascular and macrovascular endothelial cells. We observed 85 kDa and 200-400 kDa labeled receptor bands and analyzed their relationship to the cloned Type II and III receptors using peptide antibodies. We used dithiothreitol and phosphoinositol-phospholipase C pretreatments to establish whether the 65 kDa labeled band which we observed corresponded to the Type I receptor or a glycophosphotidylinositol-linked binding protein. The results demonstrated that microvascular but not macrovascular endothelial cells express high levels of the Type III receptor. This differential expression of the Type III receptor indicates that distinct anatomical segments of the vasculature have distinct TGF-beta receptor profiles. The presence of the Type III receptor on micro- but not macrovascular endothelial cells may account for the reportedly different potency of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 on these two endothelial cell types. Analysis of the 85 kDa and 65 kDa affinity-labeled bands revealed that all the endothelial cells express the Type II receptor and a band consistent with the presence of a dithiothreitol-sensitive Type I receptor. Two isoform-specific phosphoinositol-phospholipase C releasable TGF-beta binding proteins were also detected: a 60 kDa protein on one micro- (EJG) and one macro- (FBHE) vascular endothelial cell line and a 150/180 kDa protein on the macrovascular cell lines (FBHE and CPAE). These studies emphasize the heterogeneous nature of endothelial cells and underline the importance of using microvascular endothelial cells when examining TGF-beta responses related to microvascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Morello
- Receptor Group, Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ku PT, D'Amore PA. Regulation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) gene and protein expression following its release from sublethally injured endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 1995; 58:328-43. [PMID: 7593255 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240580307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; FGF-2) lacks a signal sequence and thus is not secreted by classical pathways. It has been speculated that one mode of bFGF release may be injury, either sublethal or lethal; and, transient disruption of the plasma membrane has been shown to release bFGF [Muthukrihnan et al. (1991): J Cell Physiol 148:1-16]. This observation has led to the concept of bFGF as a "wound hormone," involved in tissue integrity and repair. Findings of elevated bFGF following injury in vivo support this concept. Using an in vitro model, we have examined the regulation of bFGF gene expression following its release by sublethal injury. Analysis of bFGF protein by ELISA revealed that scraping subconfluent bovine aortic EC (BAE) released up to 80% of their bFGF. Following scraping, there was a 4- to 10-fold increase in the steady state level of bFGF mRNA, which reached a maximum at 2-3 h. There was a parallel increase in protein so that by 6 h after the scrape-induced release, bFGF levels were restored to those measured prior to scraping. Since bFGF has been reported to induce its own expression, we hypothesized that the released bFGF might be responsible for the increase in bFGF mRNA. However, inclusion of neutralizing antibodies against bFGF had a negligible effect on the scrape-induced increase in bFGF mRNA levels. Because of the important role of transforming growth factor type-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), the plasminogen/plasminogen activator system, and thrombin in wound healing, we investigated their potential contributions to the increase in bFGF expression. Addition of anti-TGF-beta 1 antibodies, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), or the thrombin inhibitory combination of heparin and anti-thrombin III (AT III) to the cells at the time of scraping blocked about 50% of the increase in bFGF mRNA; the effects of these agents were not additive. The suppression of bFGF mRNA was associated with a proportional reduction in bFGF protein. Inclusion of the antagonists for 2 h at the time of scraping led to reduced cell proliferation, suggesting that cell-associated bFGF may be required for recovery and growth. Finally, studies to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the increased bFGF mRNA following sublethal injury revealed an increase in the transcriptional activation of bFGF gene. These results indicate that in spite of the fact that bFGF is not a secreted protein, levels of bFGF in the cell are tightly regulated. Furthermore, these findings suggest a role for bFGF in recovery from cell injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P T Ku
- Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dickson MC, Martin JS, Cousins FM, Kulkarni AB, Karlsson S, Akhurst RJ. Defective haematopoiesis and vasculogenesis in transforming growth factor-beta 1 knock out mice. Development 1995; 121:1845-54. [PMID: 7600998 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121.6.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) is shown here to be required for yolk sac haematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation. Mice with a targeted mutation in the TGF beta 1 gene were examined to determine the cause of prenatal lethality, which occurs in 50% of homozygous TGF beta 1 null (TGF beta 1−/−) conceptions. 50% of TGF beta 1−/− and 25% of TGF beta 1-+-) conceptions. 50% of TGF beta 1−/− and 25% of TGF beta 1+/− conceptuses were found to die at around 10.5 dpc. The primary defects were restricted to extraembryonic tissues, namely the yolk sac vasculature and haematopoietic system. The embryos per se showed developmental retardation, oedema and necrosis, which were probably secondary to the extraembryonic lesions. The defect in vasculogenesis appeared to affect endothelial differentiation, rather than the initial appearance and outgrowth of endothelial cells. Initial differentiation of yolk sac mesoderm to endothelial cells occurred, but defective differentiation resulted in inadequate capillary tube formation, and weak vessels with reduced cellular adhesiveness. Defective haematopoiesis resulted in a reduced erythroid cell number within the yolk sac. Defective yolk sac vasculogenesis and haematopoiesis were present either together, or in isolation of each other. The phenotypes are consistent with the observation of abundant TGF beta 1 gene expression in both endothelial and haematopoietic precursors. The data indicate that the primary effect of loss of TGF beta 1 function in vivo is not increased haematopoietic or endothelial cell proliferation, which might have been expected by deletion of a negative growth regulator, but defective haematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Dickson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, Duncan Guthrie Institute, Yorkhill, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dickson K, Philip A, Warshawsky H, O'Connor-McCourt M, Bergeron JJ. Specific binding of endocrine transforming growth factor-beta 1 to vascular endothelium. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:2539-54. [PMID: 7539454 PMCID: PMC295936 DOI: 10.1172/jci117955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The presentation of recombinant biologically active 125I-TGF-beta 1 via the bloodstream to potential target cells in mice and rats was evaluated by quantitative light and electron microscope radioautography. Specificity was evaluated by in vivo competition with excess unlabeled TGF-beta 1, and integrity of the ligand at the binding site was demonstrated by trichloroacetic acid precipitation after extraction from tissues. The distribution of radiolabel at 2.5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after 125I-TGF-beta 1 injection revealed radiolabel principally over microvasculature endothelium but at times > 2.5 min over endothelial endocytic components indicative of internalization. Nonspecific binding of 125I-TGF-beta 1 to the apex of the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney indicated it as the likely site of rapid clearance of TGF-beta 1 from the circulation, while a comparison of the binding of 125I-TGF-beta 1 (endothelial) to that of 125I-TGF-beta 1 complexed with alpha 2-macroglobulin-methylamine (liver parenchyma) indicated that clearance of TGF-beta 1 complexed alpha 2-macroglobulin was likely via the hepatic alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor. The endothelial TGF-beta receptors uncovered here are likely involved in the local regulatory mechanism of leukocyte and monocyte adhesion and tissue infiltration regulated by endocrine TGF-beta 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Dickson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Martin JS, Dickson MC, Cousins FM, Kulkarni AB, Karlsson S, Akhurst RJ. Analysis of homozygous TGF beta 1 null mouse embryos demonstrates defects in yolk sac vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 752:300-8. [PMID: 7755275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb17439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Martin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, Duncan Guthrie Institute of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
An attractive approach to the therapy of solid tumors is to attack the endothelial cells of the tumor vascular bed rather than the tumor cells themselves, which circumvents the problem of poor penetration of tumor masses by monoclonal antibodies and other macromolecules. In this review, we will discuss the drawbacks of targeting solid tumors and the advantages of the 'vascular targeting' approach, describe the validation of the concept in a mouse model and summarize the properties of tumor endothelial cell markers, which are candidates for vascular targeting in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Burrows
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8576
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
In this review we discuss the concept of anti-angiogenesis, which is the inhibition of neovascularization. Anti-angiogenic agents are viewed from the standpoint of their effect on various elements of the angiogenic process, including induction of vascular discontinuity, endothelial cell movement, endothelial cell proliferation, and three-dimensional restructuring of patent vessels. An effort is made to place the many different approaches to anti-angiogenesis research into a comprehensible structure, in order to identify problems of evaluation and interpretation, thereby providing a clearer basis for determining promising and needed directions for further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Auerbach
- Center for Developmental Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|