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Sahin S, Garnæs MF, Bennett A, Dwork N, Tang S, Liu X, Vaidya M, Wang ZJ, Larson PE. A pharmacokinetic model for hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate MRI when using metabolite-specific bSSFP sequences. Magn Reson Med 2024; 92:1698-1713. [PMID: 38775035 PMCID: PMC11262974 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolite-specific balanced SSFP (MS-bSSFP) sequences are increasingly used in hyperpolarized [1-13C]Pyruvate (HP 13C) MRI studies as they improve SNR by refocusing the magnetization each TR. Currently, pharmacokinetic models used to fit conversion rate constants, kPL and kPB, and rate constant maps do not account for differences in the signal evolution of MS-bSSFP acquisitions. METHODS In this work, a flexible MS-bSSFP model was built that can be used to fit conversion rate constants for these experiments. The model was validated in vivo using paired animal (healthy rat kidneys n = 8, transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate n = 3) and human renal cell carcinoma (n = 3) datasets. Gradient echo (GRE) acquisitions were used with a previous GRE model to compare to the results of the proposed GRE-bSSFP model. RESULTS Within simulations, the proposed GRE-bSSFP model fits the simulated data well, whereas a GRE model shows bias because of model mismatch. For the in vivo datasets, the estimated conversion rate constants using the proposed GRE-bSSFP model are consistent with a previous GRE model. Jointly fitting the lactate T2 with kPL resulted in less precise kPL estimates. CONCLUSION The proposed GRE-bSSFP model provides a method to estimate conversion rate constants, kPL and kPB, for MS-bSSFP HP 13C experiments. This model may also be modified and used for other applications, for example, estimating rate constants with other hyperpolarized reagents or multi-echo bSSFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Sahin
- UC Berkeley – UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Anna Bennett
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Nicholas Dwork
- Biomedical Informatics and Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Manushka Vaidya
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Zhen Jane Wang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Peder E.Z. Larson
- UC Berkeley – UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
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2
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He T, Zur Y, Montrazi ET, Frydman L. Phase-Incremented Steady-State Free Precession as an Alternate Route to High-Resolution NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3615-3621. [PMID: 38291738 PMCID: PMC10870713 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Pulsed Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) has reigned supreme in high-resolution, high-field spectroscopy─particularly when targeting complex liquid-state samples involving multiple sharp peaks spread over large spectral bandwidths. It is known, however, that if spectral resolution is not a must, the FT-based approach is not necessarily the optimal route for maximizing NMR sensitivity: if T2 ≈ T1, as often found in solutions, Carr's steady-state free-precession (SSFP) approach can in principle provide a superior signal-to-noise ratio per √(acquisition_time) (SNRt). A rapid train of pulses will then lead to a transverse component that reaches up to 50% of the thermal equilibrium magnetization, provided that pulses are applied at repetition times TR ≪ T2, T1, and that a single suitable offset is involved. It is generally assumed that having to deal with multiple chemical shifts deprives SSFP from its advantages. The present study revisits this assumption by introducing an approach whereby arbitrarily short SSFP-derived free induction decays (FIDs) can deliver high-resolution spectra, without suffering from peak broadenings or phase distortions. To achieve discrimination among nearby frequencies, signals arising from a series of regularly phase-increased excitation pulses are collected. Given SSFP's amplitude and phase sensitivity to the spins' offset, this enables the resolution of sites according to their chemical shift position. In addition, the extreme fold-over associated with SSFP acquisitions is dealt with by a customized discrete FT of the interpulse time-domain signal. Solution-state 13C NMR spectra which compare well with FT-NMR data in terms of sensitivity, bandwidth, and resolution can then be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian He
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuval Zur
- Insightec
Ltd, 3903203 Tirat Carmel, Israel
| | - Elton T. Montrazi
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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3
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Wodtke P, Grashei M, Schilling F. Quo Vadis Hyperpolarized 13C MRI? Z Med Phys 2023:S0939-3889(23)00120-4. [PMID: 38160135 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, hyperpolarized 13C MRI has gained significance in both preclinical and clinical studies, hereby relying on technologies like PHIP-SAH (ParaHydrogen-Induced Polarization-Side Arm Hydrogenation), SABRE (Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange), and dDNP (dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization), with dDNP being applied in humans. A clinical dDNP polarizer has enabled studies across 24 sites, despite challenges like high cost and slow polarization. Parahydrogen-based techniques like SABRE and PHIP offer faster, more cost-efficient alternatives but require molecule-specific optimization. The focus has been on imaging metabolism of hyperpolarized probes, which requires long T1, high polarization and rapid contrast generation. Efforts to establish novel probes, improve acquisition techniques and enhance data analysis methods including artificial intelligence are ongoing. Potential clinical value of hyperpolarized 13C MRI was demonstrated primarily for treatment response assessment in oncology, but also in cardiology, nephrology, hepatology and CNS characterization. In this review on biomedical hyperpolarized 13C MRI, we summarize important and recent advances in polarization techniques, probe development, acquisition and analysis methods as well as clinical trials. Starting from those we try to sketch a trajectory where the field of biomedical hyperpolarized 13C MRI might go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Wodtke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar of Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Martin Grashei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar of Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar of Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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4
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Guarin DO, Joshi SM, Samoilenko A, Kabir MSH, Hardy EE, Takahashi AM, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Chekmenev EY, Yen YF. Development of Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of [ 15 N 3 ]Metronidazole: A Clinically Approved Antibiotic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219181. [PMID: 37247411 PMCID: PMC10524734 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (d-DNP) of [15 N3 ]metronidazole ([15 N3 ]MNZ) for the first time. Metronidazole is a clinically approved antibiotic, which can be potentially employed as a hypoxia-sensing molecular probe using 15 N hyperpolarized (HP) nucleus. The DNP process is very efficient for [15 N3 ]MNZ with an exponential build-up constant of 13.8 min using trityl radical. After dissolution and sample transfer to a nearby 4.7 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner, HP [15 N3 ]MNZ lasted remarkably long with T1 values up to 343 s and 15 N polarizations up to 6.4 %. A time series of HP [15 N3 ]MNZ images was acquired in vitro using a steady state free precession sequence on the 15 NO2 peak. The signal lasted over 13 min with notably long T2 of 20.5 s. HP [15 N3 ]MNZ was injected in the tail vein of a healthy rat, and dynamic spectroscopy was performed over the rat brain. The in vivo HP 15 N signals persisted over 70 s, demonstrating an unprecedented opportunity for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Guarin
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., MA 02129, Charlestown, USA
- Polarize ApS., Asmussens Alle 1, 1808, Frederiksberg, Denmak
| | - Sameer M Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, MI 48202, Detroit, USA
| | - Anna Samoilenko
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, MI 48202, Detroit, USA
| | - Mohammad S H Kabir
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, MI 48202, Detroit, USA
| | - Erin E Hardy
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., MA 02129, Charlestown, USA
| | - Atsush M Takahashi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA 02139, Cambridge, USA
| | - Jan H Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Polarize ApS., Asmussens Alle 1, 1808, Frederiksberg, Denmak
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 348, Ørsteds Pl., 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, MI 48202, Detroit, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 14 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., MA 02129, Charlestown, USA
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5
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Liu X, Tang S, Cui D, Bok RA, Chen HY, Gordon JW, Wang ZJ, Larson PEZ. A metabolite specific 3D stack-of-spirals bSSFP sequence for improved bicarbonate imaging in hyperpolarized [1- 13C]Pyruvate MRI. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 353:107518. [PMID: 37402333 PMCID: PMC10498937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
13C-bicarbonate is a crucial measure of pyruvate oxidation and TCA cycle flux, but is challenging to measure due to its relatively low concentration and thus will greatly benefit from improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To address this, we developed and investigated the feasibility of a 3D stack-of-spirals metabolite-specific balanced steady-state free precession (MS-bSSFP) sequence for improving the SNR and spatial resolution of dynamic 13C-bicarbonate imaging in hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate studies. The bicarbonate MS-bSSFP sequence was evaluated by simulations, phantoms studies, preclinical studies on five rats, brain studies on two healthy volunteers and renal study on one renal cell carcinoma patient. The simulations and phantom results showed that the bicarbonate-specific pulse had minimal perturbation of other metabolites (<1%). In the animal studies, the MS-bSSFP sequence provided an approximately 2.6-3 × improvement in 13C-bicarbonate SNR compared to a metabolite-specific gradient echo (MS-GRE) sequence without altering the bicarbonate or pyruvate kinetics, and the shorter spiral readout in the MS-bSSFP approach reduced blurring. Using the SNR ratio between MS-bSSFP and MS-GRE, the T2 values of bicarbonate and lactate in the rat kidneys were estimated as 0.5 s and 1.1 s, respectively. The in-vivo feasibility of bicarbonate MS-bSSFP sequence was demonstrated in two human brain studies and one renal study. These studies demonstrate the potential of the sequence for in-vivo applications, laying the foundation for future studies to observe this relatively low concentration metabolite with high-quality images and improve measurements of pyruvate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Di Cui
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhen J Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Skinner JG, Topping GJ, Nagel L, Heid I, Hundshammer C, Grashei M, van Heijster FHA, Braren R, Schilling F. Spectrally selective bSSFP using off-resonant RF excitations permits high spatiotemporal resolution 3D metabolic imaging of hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]Pyruvate-to-[1- 13 C]lactate conversion. Magn Reson Med 2023. [PMID: 37093981 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a high spatiotemporal resolution 3D dynamic pulse sequence for preclinical imaging of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate-to-[1-13 C]lactate metabolism at 7T. METHODS A standard 3D balanced SSFP (bSSFP) sequence was modified to enable alternating-frequency excitations. RF pulses with 2.33 ms duration and 900 Hz FWHM were placed off-resonance of the target metabolites, [1-13 C]pyruvate (by approximately -245 Hz) and [1-13 C]lactate (by approximately 735 Hz), to selectively excite those resonances. Relatively broad bandwidth (compared to those metabolites' chemical shift offset) permits a short TR of 6.29 ms, enabling higher spatiotemporal resolution. Bloch equation simulations of the bSSFP response profile guided the sequence parameter selection to minimize spectral contamination between metabolites and preserve magnetization over time. RESULTS Bloch equation simulations, phantom studies, and in vivo studies demonstrated that the two target resonances could be cleanly imaged without substantial bSSFP banding artifacts and with little spectral contamination between lactate and pyruvate and from pyruvate hydrate. High spatiotemporal resolution 3D images were acquired of in vivo pyruvate-lactate metabolism in healthy wild-type and endogenous pancreatic tumor-bearing mice, with 1.212 s acquisition time per single-metabolite image and (1.75 mm)3 isotropic voxels with full mouse abdomen 56 × 28 × 21 mm3 FOV and fully-sampled k-space. Kidney and tumor lactate/pyruvate ratios of two consecutive measurements in one animal, 1 h apart, were consistent. CONCLUSION Spectrally selective bSSFP using off-resonant RF excitations can provide high spatio-temporal resolution 3D dynamic images of pyruvate-lactate metabolic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Skinner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Geoffrey J Topping
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Nagel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Irina Heid
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Grashei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frits H A van Heijster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rickmer Braren
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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7
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Esfahani SA, Callahan C, Rotile NJ, Heidari P, Mahmood U, Caravan PD, Grant AK, Yen YF. Hyperpolarized [1- 13C]Pyruvate Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging for Evaluation of Early Response to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Therapy in Gastric Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:769-779. [PMID: 35467249 PMCID: PMC9588528 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the use of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (HP-13C MRSI) for quantitative measurement of early changes in glycolytic metabolism and its ability to predict response to pan-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Pan-TKI) therapy in gastric cancer (GCa). PROCEDURES Pan-TKI afatinib-sensitive NCI-N87 and resistant SNU16 human GCa cells were assessed for GLUT1, hexokinase-II (HKII), lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), phosphorylated AKT (pAKT), and phosphorylated MAPK (pMAPK) at 0-72 h of treatment with 0.1 μM afatinib. Subcutaneous NCI-N87 tumor-bearing nude mice underwent [18F]FDG PET/MRI and HP-13C MRSI at baseline and 4 days after treatment with afatinib 10 mg/kg/day or vehicle (n = 10/group). Changes in PET and HP-13C MRSI metabolic parameters were compared between the two groups. Imaging findings were correlated with tumor growth and histopathology over 3 weeks of treatment. RESULTS In vitro analysis showed a continuous decrease in LDHA, pAKT, and pMAPK in NCI-N87 compared to SNU16 cells within 72 h of treatment with afatinib, without a significant change in GLUT1 and HKII in either cell type. [18F]FDG PET of NCI-N87 tumors showed no significant change in PET measures at baseline and day 4 of treatment in either treatment group (SUVmean day 4/day 0: 2.7 ± 0.42/2.34 ± 0.38, p = 0.57 in the treated group vs. 1.73 ± 0.66/2.24 ± 0.43, p = 0.4 in the control group). HP-13C MRSI demonstrated significantly decreased lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (L/P) in treated tumors (L/P day 4/day 0: 0.83 ± 0.30/1.10 ± 0.20, p = 0.012 vs. 0.94 ± 0.20/0.98 ± 0.30, p = 0.75, in the treated vs. control group, respectively). Response to afatinib was confirmed with decreased tumor size over 3 weeks (11.10 ± 16.50 vs. 293.00 ± 79.30 mm3, p < 0.001, treated group vs. control group, respectively) and histopathologic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS HP-13C MRSI is a more representative biomarker of early metabolic changes in response to pan-TKI in GCa than [18F]FDG PET and could be used for early prediction of response to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi A Esfahani
- Divisionof Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cody Callahan
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Divisionof Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Divisionof Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Peter D Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Aaron K Grant
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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8
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Hyppönen V, Stenroos P, Nivajärvi R, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Gröhn O, Paasonen J, Kettunen MI. Metabolism of hyperpolarised [1- 13 C]pyruvate in awake and anaesthetised rat brains. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4635. [PMID: 34672399 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of hyperpolarised 13 C pyruvate for nononcological neurological applications has not been widespread so far, possibly due to delivery issues limiting the visibility of metabolites. First proof-of-concept results have indicated that metabolism can be detected in human brain, and this may supersede the results obtained in preclinical settings. One major difference between the experimental setups is that preclinical MRI/MRS routinely uses anaesthesia, which alters both haemodynamics and metabolism. Here, we used hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate to compare brain metabolism in awake rats and under isoflurane, urethane or medetomidine anaesthesia. Spectroscopic [1-13 C]pyruvate time courses measured sequentially showed that pyruvate-to-bicarbonate and pyruvate-to-lactate labelling rates were lower in isoflurane animals than awake animals. An increased bicarbonate-to-lactate ratio was observed in the medetomidine group compared with other groups. The study shows that hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate experiments can be performed in awake rats, thus avoiding anaesthesia-related issues. The results suggest that haemodynamics probably dominate the observed pyruvate-to-metabolite labelling rates and area-under-time course ratios of referenced to pyruvate. On the other hand, the results obtained with medetomidine suggest that the ratios are also modulated by the underlying cerebral metabolism. However, the ratios between intracellular metabolites were unchanged in awake compared with isoflurane-anaesthetised rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viivi Hyppönen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petteri Stenroos
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Nivajärvi
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olli Gröhn
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Paasonen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko I Kettunen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Larson PEZ, Gordon JW. Hyperpolarized Metabolic MRI-Acquisition, Reconstruction, and Analysis Methods. Metabolites 2021; 11:386. [PMID: 34198574 PMCID: PMC8231874 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized metabolic MRI with 13C-labeled agents has emerged as a powerful technique for in vivo assessments of real-time metabolism that can be used across scales of cells, tissue slices, animal models, and human subjects. Hyperpolarized contrast agents have unique properties compared to conventional MRI scanning and MRI contrast agents that require specialized imaging methods. Hyperpolarized contrast agents have a limited amount of available signal, irreversible decay back to thermal equilibrium, bolus injection and perfusion kinetics, cellular uptake and metabolic conversion kinetics, and frequency shifts between metabolites. This article describes state-of-the-art methods for hyperpolarized metabolic MRI, summarizing data acquisition, reconstruction, and analysis methods in order to guide the design and execution of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Eric Zufall Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeremy W. Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
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10
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Bogner W, Otazo R, Henning A. Accelerated MR spectroscopic imaging-a review of current and emerging techniques. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4314. [PMID: 32399974 PMCID: PMC8244067 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Over more than 30 years in vivo MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) has undergone an enormous evolution from theoretical concepts in the early 1980s to the robust imaging technique that it is today. The development of both fast and efficient sampling and reconstruction techniques has played a fundamental role in this process. State-of-the-art MRSI has grown from a slow purely phase-encoded acquisition technique to a method that today combines the benefits of different acceleration techniques. These include shortening of repetition times, spatial-spectral encoding, undersampling of k-space and time domain, and use of spatial-spectral prior knowledge in the reconstruction. In this way in vivo MRSI has considerably advanced in terms of spatial coverage, spatial resolution, acquisition speed, artifact suppression, number of detectable metabolites and quantification precision. Acceleration not only has been the enabling factor in high-resolution whole-brain 1 H-MRSI, but today is also common in non-proton MRSI (31 P, 2 H and 13 C) and applied in many different organs. In this process, MRSI techniques had to constantly adapt, but have also benefitted from the significant increase of magnetic field strength boosting the signal-to-noise ratio along with high gradient fidelity and high-density receive arrays. In combination with recent trends in image reconstruction and much improved computation power, these advances led to a number of novel developments with respect to MRSI acceleration. Today MRSI allows for non-invasive and non-ionizing mapping of the spatial distribution of various metabolites' tissue concentrations in animals or humans, is applied for clinical diagnostics and has been established as an important tool for neuro-scientific and metabolism research. This review highlights the developments of the last five years and puts them into the context of earlier MRSI acceleration techniques. In addition to 1 H-MRSI it also includes other relevant nuclei and is not limited to certain body regions or specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bogner
- High‐Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ricardo Otazo
- Department of Medical PhysicsMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, New YorkUSA
| | - Anke Henning
- Max Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsTübingenGermany
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
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Crane JC, Gordon JW, Chen HY, Autry AW, Li Y, Olson MP, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Larson PEZ, Xu D. Hyperpolarized 13 C MRI data acquisition and analysis in prostate and brain at University of California, San Francisco. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4280. [PMID: 32189442 PMCID: PMC7501204 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Based on the expanding set of applications for hyperpolarized carbon-13 (HP-13 C) MRI, this work aims to communicate standardized methodology implemented at the University of California, San Francisco, as a primer for conducting reproducible metabolic imaging studies of the prostate and brain. Current state-of-the-art HP-13 C acquisition, data processing/reconstruction and kinetic modeling approaches utilized in patient studies are presented together with the rationale underpinning their usage. Organized around spectroscopic and imaging-based methods, this guide provides an extensible framework for handling a variety of HP-13 C applications, which derives from two examples with dynamic acquisitions: 3D echo-planar spectroscopic imaging of the human prostate and frequency-specific 2D multislice echo-planar imaging of the human brain. Details of sequence-specific parameters and processing techniques contained in these examples should enable investigators to effectively tailor studies around individual-use cases. Given the importance of clinical integration in improving the utility of HP exams, practical aspects of standardizing data formats for reconstruction, analysis and visualization are also addressed alongside open-source software packages that enhance institutional interoperability and validation of methodology. To facilitate the adoption and further development of this methodology, example datasets and analysis pipelines have been made available in the supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Crane
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Adam W Autry
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Marram P Olson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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12
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pH Dependence of T2 for Hyperpolarizable 13C-Labelled Small Molecules Enables Spatially Resolved pH Measurement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040327. [PMID: 33918366 PMCID: PMC8067065 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging often uses spin-echo-based pulse sequences that are sensitive to the transverse relaxation time T2. In this context, local T2-changes might introduce a quantification bias to imaging biomarkers. Here, we investigated the pH dependence of the apparent transverse relaxation time constant (denoted here as T2) of six 13C-labelled molecules. We obtained minimum and maximum T2 values within pH 1–13 at 14.1 T: [1-13C]acetate (T2,min = 2.1 s; T2,max = 27.7 s), [1-13C]alanine (T2,min = 0.6 s; T2,max = 10.6 s), [1,4-13C2]fumarate (T2,min = 3.0 s; T2,max = 18.9 s), [1-13C]lactate (T2,min = 0.7 s; T2,max = 12.6 s), [1-13C]pyruvate (T2,min = 0.1 s; T2,max = 18.7 s) and 13C-urea (T2,min = 0.1 s; T2,max = 0.1 s). At 7 T, T2-variation in the physiological pH range (pH 6.8–7.8) was highest for [1-13C]pyruvate (ΔT2 = 0.95 s/0.1pH) and [1-13C]acetate (ΔT2 = 0.44 s/0.1pH). Concentration, salt concentration, and temperature alterations caused T2 variations of up to 45.4% for [1-13C]acetate and 23.6% for [1-13C]pyruvate. For [1-13C]acetate, spatially resolved pH measurements using T2-mapping were demonstrated with 1.6 pH units accuracy in vitro. A strong proton exchange-based pH dependence of T2 suggests that pH alterations potentially influence signal strength for hyperpolarized 13C-acquisitions.
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13
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Hyperpolarized Carbon ( 13C) MRI of the Kidney: Experimental Protocol. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33476019 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Alterations in renal metabolism are associated with both physiological and pathophysiologic events. The existing noninvasive analytic tools including medical imaging have limited capability for investigating these processes, which potentially limits current understanding of kidney disease and the precision of its clinical diagnosis. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI is a new medical imaging modality that can capture changes in the metabolic processing of certain rapidly metabolized substrates, as well as changes in kidney function. Here we describe experimental protocols for renal metabolic [1-13C]pyruvate and functional 13C-urea imaging step-by-step. These methods and protocols are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as the renal metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.
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14
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Somai V, Wright AJ, Fala M, Hesse F, Brindle KM. A multi spin echo pulse sequence with optimized excitation pulses and a 3D cone readout for hyperpolarized 13 C imaging. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:1895-1908. [PMID: 32173908 PMCID: PMC8638674 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging tumor metabolism in vivo using hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate is a promising technique for detecting disease, monitoring disease progression, and assessing treatment response. However, the transient nature of the hyperpolarization and its depletion following excitation limits the available time for imaging. We describe here a single-shot multi spin echo sequence, which improves on previously reported sequences, with a shorter readout time, isotropic point spread function (PSF), and better signal-to-noise ratio. METHODS The sequence uses numerically optimized spectrally selective excitation pulses set to the resonant frequencies of pyruvate and lactate and a hyperbolic secant adiabatic refocusing pulse, all applied in the absence of slice selection gradients. The excitation pulses were designed to be resistant to the effects of B0 and B1 field inhomogeneity. The gradient readout uses a 3D cone trajectory composed of 13 cones, all fully refocused and distributed among 7 spin echoes. The maximal gradient amplitude and slew rate were set to 4 G/cm and 20 G/cm/ms, respectively, to demonstrate the feasibility of clinical translation. RESULTS The pulse sequence gave an isotropic PSF of 2.8 mm. The excitation profiles of the optimized pulses closely matched simulations and a 46.10 ± 0.04% gain in image SNR was observed compared to a conventional Shinnar-Le Roux excitation pulse. The sequence was demonstrated with dynamic imaging of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C]lactate in vivo. CONCLUSION The pulse sequence was capable of dynamic imaging of hyperpolarized 13 C labeled metabolites in vivo with relatively high spatial and temporal resolution and immunity to system imperfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vencel Somai
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Radiology, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alan J. Wright
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria Fala
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Friederike Hesse
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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15
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Müller CA, Hundshammer C, Braeuer M, Skinner JG, Berner S, Leupold J, Düwel S, Nekolla SG, Månsson S, Hansen AE, von Elverfeldt D, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Schilling F, Schwaiger M, Hennig J, Hövener JB. Dynamic 2D and 3D mapping of hyperpolarized pyruvate to lactate conversion in vivo with efficient multi-echo balanced steady-state free precession at 3 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4291. [PMID: 32154970 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to acquire the transient MRI signal of hyperpolarized tracers and their metabolites efficiently, for which specialized imaging sequences are required. In this work, a multi-echo balanced steady-state free precession (me-bSSFP) sequence with Iterative Decomposition with Echo Asymmetry and Least squares estimation (IDEAL) reconstruction was implemented on a clinical 3 T positron-emission tomography/MRI system for fast 2D and 3D metabolic imaging. Simulations were conducted to obtain signal-efficient sequence protocols for the metabolic imaging of hyperpolarized biomolecules. The sequence was applied in vitro and in vivo for probing the enzymatic exchange of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C]lactate. Chemical shift resolution was achieved using a least-square, iterative chemical species separation algorithm in the reconstruction. In vitro, metabolic conversion rate measurements from me-bSSFP were compared with NMR spectroscopy and free induction decay-chemical shift imaging (FID-CSI). In vivo, a rat MAT-B-III tumor model was imaged with me-bSSFP and FID-CSI. 2D metabolite maps of [1-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C]lactate acquired with me-bSSFP showed the same spatial distributions as FID-CSI. The pyruvate-lactate conversion kinetics measured with me-bSSFP and NMR corresponded well. Dynamic 2D metabolite mapping with me-bSSFP enabled the acquisition of up to 420 time frames (scan time: 180-350 ms/frame) before the hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate was relaxed below noise level. 3D metabolite mapping with a large field of view (180 × 180 × 48 mm3 ) and high spatial resolution (5.6 × 5.6 × 2 mm3 ) was conducted with me-bSSFP in a scan time of 8.2 seconds. It was concluded that Me-bSSFP improves the spatial and temporal resolution for metabolic imaging of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C]lactate compared with either of the FID-CSI or EPSI methods reported at 3 T, providing new possibilities for clinical and preclinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Müller
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partnersite Freiburg, German Center for Cancer Research (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Miriam Braeuer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Jason G Skinner
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Berner
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partnersite Freiburg, German Center for Cancer Research (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Leupold
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Düwel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan G Nekolla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Månsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Adam E Hansen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dominik von Elverfeldt
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hennig
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Germany
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16
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Topping GJ, Hundshammer C, Nagel L, Grashei M, Aigner M, Skinner JG, Schulte RF, Schilling F. Acquisition strategies for spatially resolved magnetic resonance detection of hyperpolarized nuclei. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 33:221-256. [PMID: 31811491 PMCID: PMC7109201 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization is an emerging method in magnetic resonance imaging that allows nuclear spin polarization of gases or liquids to be temporarily enhanced by up to five or six orders of magnitude at clinically relevant field strengths and administered at high concentration to a subject at the time of measurement. This transient gain in signal has enabled the non-invasive detection and imaging of gas ventilation and diffusion in the lungs, perfusion in blood vessels and tissues, and metabolic conversion in cells, animals, and patients. The rapid development of this method is based on advances in polarizer technology, the availability of suitable probe isotopes and molecules, improved MRI hardware and pulse sequence development. Acquisition strategies for hyperpolarized nuclei are not yet standardized and are set up individually at most sites depending on the specific requirements of the probe, the object of interest, and the MRI hardware. This review provides a detailed introduction to spatially resolved detection of hyperpolarized nuclei and summarizes novel and previously established acquisition strategies for different key areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Topping
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Nagel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Grashei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Aigner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jason G Skinner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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17
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Gordon JW, Chen HY, Dwork N, Tang S, Larson PEZ. Fast Imaging for Hyperpolarized MR Metabolic Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 53:686-702. [PMID: 32039520 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI with hyperpolarized carbon-13 agents has created a new type of noninvasive, in vivo metabolic imaging that can be applied in cell, animal, and human studies. The use of 13 C-labeled agents, primarily [1-13 C]pyruvate, enables monitoring of key metabolic pathways with the ability to image substrate and products based on their chemical shift. Over 10 sites worldwide are now performing human studies with this new approach for studies of cancer, heart disease, liver disease, and kidney disease. Hyperpolarized metabolic imaging studies must be performed within several minutes following creation of the hyperpolarized agent due to irreversible decay of the net magnetization back to equilibrium, so fast imaging methods are critical. The imaging methods must include multiple metabolites, separated based on their chemical shift, which are also undergoing rapid metabolic conversion (via label exchange), further exacerbating the challenges of fast imaging. This review describes the state-of-the-art in fast imaging methods for hyperpolarized metabolic imaging. This includes the approach and tradeoffs between three major categories of fast imaging methods-fast spectroscopic imaging, model-based strategies, and metabolite specific imaging-as well additional options of parallel imaging, compressed sensing, tailored RF flip angles, refocused imaging methods, and calibration methods that can improve the scan coverage, speed, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), resolution, and/or robustness of these studies. To date, these approaches have produced extremely promising initial human imaging results. Improvements to fast hyperpolarized metabolic imaging methods will provide better coverage, SNR, resolution, and reproducibility for future human imaging studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Dwork
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shuyu Tang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
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18
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Vidya Shankar R, Chang JC, Hu HH, Kodibagkar VD. Fast data acquisition techniques in magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4046. [PMID: 30637822 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is an important technique for assessing the spatial variation of metabolites in vivo. The long scan times in MRSI limit clinical applicability due to patient discomfort, increased costs, motion artifacts, and limited protocol flexibility. Faster acquisition strategies can address these limitations and could potentially facilitate increased adoption of MRSI into routine clinical protocols with minimal addition to the current anatomical and functional acquisition protocols in terms of imaging time. Not surprisingly, a lot of effort has been devoted to the development of faster MRSI techniques that aim to capture the same underlying metabolic information (relative metabolite peak areas and spatial distribution) as obtained by conventional MRSI, in greatly reduced time. The gain in imaging time results, in some cases, in a loss of signal-to-noise ratio and/or in spatial and spectral blurring. This review examines the current techniques and advances in fast MRSI in two and three spatial dimensions and their applications. This review categorizes the acceleration techniques according to their strategy for acquisition of the k-space. Techniques such as fast/turbo-spin echo MRSI, echo-planar spectroscopic imaging, and non-Cartesian MRSI effectively cover the full k-space in a more efficient manner per TR . On the other hand, techniques such as parallel imaging and compressed sensing acquire fewer k-space points and employ advanced reconstruction algorithms to recreate the spatial-spectral information, which maintains statistical fidelity in test conditions (ie no statistically significant differences on voxel-wise comparisions) with the fully sampled data. The advantages and limitations of each state-of-the-art technique are reviewed in detail, concluding with a note on future directions and challenges in the field of fast spectroscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Vidya Shankar
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - John C Chang
- Banner M D Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Houchun H Hu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Vikram D Kodibagkar
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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19
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Milshteyn E, von Morze C, Gordon JW, Zhu Z, Larson PEZ, Vigneron DB. High spatiotemporal resolution bSSFP imaging of hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate and [1- 13 C]lactate with spectral suppression of alanine and pyruvate-hydrate. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:1048-1060. [PMID: 29451329 PMCID: PMC5980670 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The bSSFP acquisition enables high spatiotemporal resolution for hyperpolarized 13C MRI at 3T, but is limited by spectral contamination from adjacent resonances. The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for in vivo dynamic high resolution imaging of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate and [1-13C]lactate generated in vivo at 3T by simplifying the spectrum through the use of selective suppression pulses. Methods Spectral suppression pulses were incorporated into the bSSFP sequence for suppression of [1-13C]alanine and [1-13C]pyruvate-hydrate signals, leaving only the pyruvate and lactate resonances. Subsequently, the bSSFP pulse width, time-bandwidth, and repetition time were optimized for imaging these dual resonances. Results The spectral suppression reduced both the alanine and pyruvate-hydrate signals by 85.5 ± 4.9% and had no significant effect on quantitation of pyruvate to lactate conversion (liver: P = 0.400, kidney: P = 0.499). High resolution (2 × 2 mm2 and 3 × 3 mm2) sub-second 2D coronal projections and 3D 2.5 mm isotropic images were obtained in rats and tumor-bearing mice with 1.8-5 s temporal resolution, allowing for calculation of lactate-to-pyruvate ratios and k PL. Conclusion The developed framework presented here shows the capability for dynamic high resolution volumetric hyperpolarized bSSFP imaging of pyruvate-to-lactate conversion on a clinical 3T MR scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Milshteyn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeremy W. Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zihan Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Peder E. Z. Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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20
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Zhang S, Liu Z, Grant A, Keupp J, Lenkinski RE, Vinogradov E. Balanced Steady-State Free Precession (bSSFP) from an effective field perspective: Application to the detection of chemical exchange (bSSFPX). JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 275:55-67. [PMID: 28012297 PMCID: PMC5810596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a novel contrast mechanism and it is gaining increasing popularity as many promising applications have been proposed and investigated. Fast and quantitative CEST imaging techniques are further needed in order to increase the applicability of CEST for clinical use as well as to derive quantitative physiological and biological information. Steady-state methods for fast CEST imaging have been reported recently. Here, we observe that an extreme case of these methods is a balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence. The bSSFP in itself is sensitive to the exchange processes; hence, no additional saturation or preparation is needed for CEST-like data acquisition. The bSSFP experiment can be regarded as observation during saturation, without separate saturation and acquisition modules as used in standard CEST and similar experiments. One of the differences from standard CEST methods is that the bSSFP spectrum is an XY-spectrum not a Z-spectrum. As the first proof-of-principle step, we have implemented the steady-state bSSFP sequence for chemical exchange detection (bSSFPX) and verified its feasibility in phantom studies. These studies have shown that bSSFPX can achieve exchange-mediated contrast comparable to the standard CEST experiment. Therefore, the bSSFPX method has a potential for fast and quantitative CEST data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Grant
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert E Lenkinski
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elena Vinogradov
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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21
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Shang H, Sukumar S, von Morze C, Bok RA, Marco-Rius I, Kerr A, Reed GD, Milshteyn E, Ohliger MA, Kurhanewicz J, Larson PEZ, Pauly JM, Vigneron DB. Spectrally selective three-dimensional dynamic balanced steady-state free precession for hyperpolarized C-13 metabolic imaging with spectrally selective radiofrequency pulses. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:963-975. [PMID: 27770458 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequences can provide superior signal-to-noise ratio efficiency for hyperpolarized (HP) carbon-13 (13 C) magnetic resonance imaging by efficiently utilizing the nonrecoverable magnetization, but managing their spectral response is challenging in the context of metabolic imaging. A new spectrally selective bSSFP sequence was developed for fast imaging of multiple HP 13 C metabolites with high spatiotemporal resolution. THEORY AND METHODS This novel approach for bSSFP spectral selectivity incorporates optimized short-duration spectrally selective radiofrequency pulses within a bSSFP pulse train and a carefully chosen repetition time to avoid banding artifacts. RESULTS The sequence enabled subsecond 3D dynamic spectrally selective imaging of 13 C metabolites of copolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate and [13 C]urea at 2-mm isotropic resolution, with excellent spectral selectivity (∼100:1). The sequence was successfully tested in phantom studies and in vivo studies with normal mice. CONCLUSION This sequence is expected to benefit applications requiring dynamic volumetric imaging of metabolically active 13 C compounds at high spatiotemporal resolution, including preclinical studies at high field and, potentially, clinical studies. Magn Reson Med 78:963-975, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Subramaniam Sukumar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert A Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam Kerr
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Eugene Milshteyn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John M Pauly
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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22
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Hu H, Juvekar A, Lyssiotis CA, Lien EC, Albeck JG, Oh D, Varma G, Hung YP, Ullas S, Lauring J, Seth P, Lundquist MR, Tolan DR, Grant AK, Needleman DJ, Asara JM, Cantley LC, Wulf GM. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Regulates Glycolysis through Mobilization of Aldolase from the Actin Cytoskeleton. Cell 2016; 164:433-46. [PMID: 26824656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway regulates multiple steps in glucose metabolism and also cytoskeletal functions, such as cell movement and attachment. Here, we show that PI3K directly coordinates glycolysis with cytoskeletal dynamics in an AKT-independent manner. Growth factors or insulin stimulate the PI3K-dependent activation of Rac, leading to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, release of filamentous actin-bound aldolase A, and an increase in aldolase activity. Consistently, PI3K inhibitors, but not AKT, SGK, or mTOR inhibitors, cause a significant decrease in glycolysis at the step catalyzed by aldolase, while activating PIK3CA mutations have the opposite effect. These results point toward a master regulatory function of PI3K that integrates an epithelial cell's metabolism and its form, shape, and function, coordinating glycolysis with the energy-intensive dynamics of actin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ashish Juvekar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Evan C Lien
- Department of Pathology, BIDMC, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John G Albeck
- Department of Cell Biology, HMS, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Doogie Oh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gopal Varma
- Department of Radiology, BIDMC Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yin Pun Hung
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Soumya Ullas
- Longwood Small Animal Imaging Facility, BIDMC, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Josh Lauring
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine, BIDMC, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark R Lundquist
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dean R Tolan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aaron K Grant
- Department of Radiology, BIDMC Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel J Needleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, BIDMC, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gerburg M Wulf
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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