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Edelman BJ, Siegenthaler D, Wanken P, Jenkins B, Schmid B, Ressle A, Gogolla N, Frank T, Macé E. The COMBO window: A chronic cranial implant for multiscale circuit interrogation in mice. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002664. [PMID: 38829885 PMCID: PMC11185485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroscientists studying the neural correlates of mouse behavior often lack access to the brain-wide activity patterns elicited during a specific task of interest. Fortunately, large-scale imaging is becoming increasingly accessible thanks to modalities such as Ca2+ imaging and functional ultrasound (fUS). However, these and other techniques often involve challenging cranial window procedures and are difficult to combine with other neuroscience tools. We address this need with an open-source 3D-printable cranial implant-the COMBO (ChrOnic Multimodal imaging and Behavioral Observation) window. The COMBO window enables chronic imaging of large portions of the brain in head-fixed mice while preserving orofacial movements. We validate the COMBO window stability using both brain-wide fUS and multisite two-photon imaging. Moreover, we demonstrate how the COMBO window facilitates the combination of optogenetics, fUS, and electrophysiology in the same animals to study the effects of circuit perturbations at both the brain-wide and single-neuron level. Overall, the COMBO window provides a versatile solution for performing multimodal brain recordings in head-fixed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Edelman
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominique Siegenthaler
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paulina Wanken
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bethan Jenkins
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Olfactory Memory Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Olfactory Memory and Behavior Research Group, European Neuroscience Institute and Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Schmid
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ressle
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Gogolla
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Frank
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Olfactory Memory Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Olfactory Memory and Behavior Research Group, European Neuroscience Institute and Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Emilie Macé
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Li Y, Lee SH, Yu C, Hsu LM, Wang TWW, Do K, Kim HJ, Shih YYI, Grill WM. Optogenetic fMRI reveals therapeutic circuits of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.22.581627. [PMID: 38464010 PMCID: PMC10925223 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.22.581627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
While deep brain stimulation (DBS) is widely employed for managing motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), its exact circuit mechanisms remain controversial. To identify the neural targets affected by therapeutic DBS in PD, we analyzed DBS-evoked whole brain activity in female hemi-parkinsonian rats using function magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We delivered subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS at various stimulation pulse repetition rates using optogenetics, allowing unbiased examinations of cell-type specific STN feed-forward neural activity. Unilateral STN optogenetic stimulation elicited pulse repetition rate-dependent alterations of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signals in SNr (substantia nigra pars reticulata), GP (globus pallidus), and CPu (caudate putamen). Notably, these manipulations effectively ameliorated pathological circling behavior in animals expressing the kinetically faster Chronos opsin, but not in animals expressing ChR2. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that the pulse repetition rate-dependent behavioral rescue was significantly mediated by optogenetically induced activity changes in GP and CPu, but not in SNr. This suggests that the activation of GP and CPu are critically involved in the therapeutic mechanisms of STN DBS.
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Altahini S, Arnoux I, Stroh A. Optogenetics 2.0: challenges and solutions towards a quantitative probing of neural circuits. Biol Chem 2024; 405:43-54. [PMID: 37650383 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
To exploit the full potential of optogenetics, we need to titrate and tailor optogenetic methods to emulate naturalistic circuit function. For that, the following prerequisites need to be met: first, we need to target opsin expression not only to genetically defined neurons per se, but to specifically target a functional node. Second, we need to assess the scope of optogenetic modulation, i.e. the fraction of optogenetically modulated neurons. Third, we need to integrate optogenetic control in a closed loop setting. Fourth, we need to further safe and stable gene expression and light delivery to bring optogenetics to the clinics. Here, we review these concepts for the human and rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Altahini
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Isabelle Arnoux
- Cerebral Physiopathology Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université PSL, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Kim S, Jo Y, Im GH, Lee C, Oh C, Kook G, Kim SG, Lee HJ. Miniaturized MR-compatible ultrasound system for real-time monitoring of acoustic effects in mice using high-resolution MRI. Neuroimage 2023; 276:120201. [PMID: 37269955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualization of focused ultrasound in high spatial and temporal resolution is crucial for accurately and precisely targeting brain regions noninvasively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most widely used noninvasive tool for whole-brain imaging. However, focused ultrasound studies employing high-resolution (> 9.4 T) MRI in small animals are limited by the small size of the radiofrequency (RF) volume coil and the noise sensitivity of the image to external systems such as bulky ultrasound transducers. This technical note reports a miniaturized ultrasound transducer system packaged directly above a mouse brain for monitoring ultrasound-induced effects using high-resolution 9.4 T MRI. Our miniaturized system integrates MR-compatible materials with electromagnetic (EM) noise reduction techniques to demonstrate echo-planar imaging (EPI) signal changes in the mouse brain at various ultrasound acoustic intensities. The proposed ultrasound-MRI system will enable extensive research in the expanding field of ultrasound therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subeen Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Yehhyun Jo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Geun Ho Im
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Chanhee Lee
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Chaerin Oh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Geon Kook
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Hyunjoo J Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea; KAIST Institute for Nano Century (KINC), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
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Kim S, Moon HS, Vo TT, Kim CH, Im GH, Lee S, Choi M, Kim SG. Whole-brain mapping of effective connectivity by fMRI with cortex-wide patterned optogenetics. Neuron 2023; 111:1732-1747.e6. [PMID: 37001524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with optogenetic neural manipulation is a powerful tool that enables brain-wide mapping of effective functional networks. To achieve flexible manipulation of neural excitation throughout the mouse cortex, we incorporated spatiotemporal programmable optogenetic stimuli generated by a digital micromirror device into an MRI scanner via an optical fiber bundle. This approach offered versatility in space and time in planning the photostimulation pattern, combined with in situ optical imaging and cell-type-specific or circuit-specific genetic targeting in individual mice. Brain-wide effective connectivity obtained by fMRI with optogenetic stimulation of atlas-based cortical regions is generally congruent with anatomically defined axonal tracing data but is affected by the types of anesthetics that act selectively on specific connections. fMRI combined with flexible optogenetics opens a new path to investigate dynamic changes in functional brain states in the same animal through high-throughput brain-wide effective connectivity mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoon Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Moon
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Tan Vo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Ho Im
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghwan Choi
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Ortiz-Rios M, Agayby B, Balezeau F, Haag M, Rima S, Cadena-Valencia J, Schmid MC. Optogenetic stimulation of the primary visual cortex drives activity in the visual association cortex. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 4:100087. [PMID: 37397814 PMCID: PMC10313868 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing optogenetic methods for research in non-human primates (NHP) is important for translational neuroscience and for delineating brain function with unprecedented specificity. Here we assess, in macaque monkeys, the selectivity by which optogenetic stimulation of the primary visual cortex (V1) drives the local laminar and widespread cortical connectivity related to visual perception. Towards this end, we transfected neurons with light-sensitive channelrhodopsin in dorsal V1. fMRI revealed that optogenetic stimulation of V1 using blue light at 40 Hz increased functional activity in the visual association cortex, including areas V2/V3, V4, motion-sensitive area MT and frontal eye fields, although nonspecific heating and eye movement contributions to this effect could not be ruled out. Neurophysiology and immunohistochemistry analyses confirmed optogenetic modulation of spiking activity and opsin expression with the strongest expression in layer 4-B in V1. Stimulating this pathway during a perceptual decision task effectively elicited a phosphene percept in the receptive field of the stimulated neurons in one monkey. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the great potential of optogenetic methods to drive the large-scale cortical circuits of the primate brain with high functional and spatial specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ortiz-Rios
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ), Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Beshoy Agayby
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fabien Balezeau
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Marcus Haag
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Samy Rima
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jaime Cadena-Valencia
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael C. Schmid
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Luo H, Yang Z, Yang PF, Wang F, Reed JL, Gore JC, Grissom WA, Chen LM. Detection of laser-associated heating in the brain during simultaneous fMRI and optogenetic stimulation. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:729-737. [PMID: 36161670 PMCID: PMC9712166 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To calculate temperatures from T2 *-weighted images collected during optogenetic fMRI based on proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift thermometry, to monitor confounding heating effects and determine appropriate light parameters for optogenetic stimulation. METHODS fMRI is mainly based on long-TE gradient-recalled echo acquisitions that are also suitable for measuring small temperature changes via the PRF shift. A motion- and respiration-robust processing pipeline was developed to calculate temperature changes based on the PRF shift directly from the T2 *-weighted images collected for fMRI with a two-shot 2D gradient-recalled echo-EPI sequence at 9.4T. Optogenetic fMRI protocols which differed in stimulation durations (3, 6 and 9 s) within a total block duration of 30 s were applied in a squirrel monkey to validate the methods with blue and green light (20 Hz, 30 mW) delivery interleaved between periods. General linear modeling was performed on the resulting time series temperature maps to verify if light delivery with each protocol resulted in significant heating in the brain around the optical fiber. RESULTS The temperature SD was 0.05°C with the proposed imaging protocol and processing. Statistical analysis showed that the optogenetic stimulation protocol with a 3 s stimulation duration did not result in significant temperature rises. Significant temperature rises up to 0.13°C (p < 0. 05) were observed with 6 and 9 s stimulation durations for blue and green light. CONCLUSION The proposed processing pipeline can be useful for the design of optogenetic stimulation protocols and for monitoring confounding heating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Luo
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zhangyan Yang
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Pai-Feng Yang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jamie L Reed
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John C. Gore
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - William A. Grissom
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Li Min Chen
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Lee JY, You T, Woo CW, Kim SG. Optogenetic fMRI for Brain-Wide Circuit Analysis of Sensory Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012268. [PMID: 36293125 PMCID: PMC9602603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory processing is a complex neurological process that receives, integrates, and responds to information from one's own body and environment, which is closely related to survival as well as neurological disorders. Brain-wide networks of sensory processing are difficult to investigate due to their dynamic regulation by multiple brain circuits. Optogenetics, a neuromodulation technique that uses light-sensitive proteins, can be combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (ofMRI) to measure whole-brain activity. Since ofMRI has increasingly been used for investigating brain circuits underlying sensory processing for over a decade, we systematically reviewed recent ofMRI studies of sensory circuits and discussed the challenges of optogenetic fMRI in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Yun Lee
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Taeyi You
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Choong-Wan Woo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-299-4350; Fax: +82-31-299-4506
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Huang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wei L, Zhang X, Jin C, Yang J, Li Z, Liang S. The current status and trend of the functional magnetic resonance combined with stimulation in animals. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:963175. [PMID: 36213733 PMCID: PMC9540855 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.963175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a non-radiative, non-invasive imaging technique, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has excellent effects on studying the activation of blood oxygen levels and functional connectivity of the brain in human and animal models. Compared with resting-state fMRI, fMRI combined with stimulation could be used to assess the activation of specific brain regions and the connectivity of specific pathways and achieve better signal capture with a clear purpose and more significant results. Various fMRI methods and specific stimulation paradigms have been proposed to investigate brain activation in a specific state, such as electrical, mechanical, visual, olfactory, and direct brain stimulation. In this review, the studies on animal brain activation using fMRI combined with different stimulation methods were retrieved. The instruments, experimental parameters, anesthesia, and animal models in different stimulation conditions were summarized. The findings would provide a reference for studies on estimating specific brain activation using fMRI combined with stimulation.
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Chan RW, Cron GO, Asaad M, Edelman BJ, Lee HJ, Adesnik H, Feinberg D, Lee JH. Distinct local and brain-wide networks are activated by optogenetic stimulation of neurons specific to each layer of motor cortex. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119640. [PMID: 36176220 PMCID: PMC10025169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary motor cortex (M1) consists of a stack of interconnected but distinct layers (L1-L6) which affect motor control through large-scale networks. However, the brain-wide functional influence of each layer is poorly understood. We sought to expand our knowledge of these layers' circuitry by combining Cre-driver mouse lines, optogenetics, fMRI, and electrophysiology. Neuronal activities initiated in Drd3 neurons (within L2/3) were mainly confined within M1, while stimulation of Scnn1a, Rbp4, and Ntsr1 neurons (within L4, L5, and L6, respectively) evoked distinct responses in M1 and motor-related subcortical regions, including striatum and motor thalamus. We also found that fMRI responses from targeted stimulations correlated with both local field potentials (LFPs) and spike changes. This study represents a step forward in our understanding of how different layers of primary motor cortex are embedded in brain-wide circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Chan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Greg O Cron
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mazen Asaad
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bradley J Edelman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hillel Adesnik
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Feinberg
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.
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Kosten L, Emmi SA, Missault S, Keliris GA. Combining magnetic resonance imaging with readout and/or perturbation of neural activity in animal models: Advantages and pitfalls. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:938665. [PMID: 35911983 PMCID: PMC9334914 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.938665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges in brain research is to link all aspects of brain function: on a cellular, systemic, and functional level. Multimodal neuroimaging methodology provides a continuously evolving platform. Being able to combine calcium imaging, optogenetics, electrophysiology, chemogenetics, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as part of the numerous efforts on brain functional mapping, we have a unique opportunity to better understand brain function. This review will focus on the developments in application of these tools within fMRI studies and highlight the challenges and choices neurosciences face when designing multimodal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kosten
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Serena Alexa Emmi
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stephan Missault
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Georgios A. Keliris
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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Goda N, Hasegawa T, Koketsu D, Chiken S, Kikuta S, Sano H, Kobayashi K, Nambu A, Sadato N, Fukunaga M. Cerebro-cerebellar interactions in non-human primates examined by optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac022. [PMID: 35769971 PMCID: PMC9233902 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a promising approach for the simultaneous and extensive scanning of whole-brain activities. Optogenetics is free from electrical and magnetic artifacts and is an ideal stimulation method for combined use with fMRI. However, the application of optogenetics in nonhuman primates (NHPs) remains limited. Recently, we developed an efficient optogenetic intracortical microstimulation method of the primary motor cortex (M1), which successfully induced forelimb movements in macaque monkeys. Here, we aimed to investigate how optogenetic M1 stimulation causes neural modulation in the local and remote brain regions in anesthetized monkeys using 7-tesla fMRI. We demonstrated that optogenetic stimulation of the M1 forelimb and hindlimb regions successfully evoked robust direct and remote fMRI activities. Prominent remote activities were detected in the anterior and posterior lobes in the contralateral cerebellum, which receive projections polysynaptically from the M1. We further demonstrated that the cerebro-cerebellar projections from these M1 regions were topographically organized, which is concordant with the somatotopic map in the cerebellar cortex previously reported in macaques and humans. The present study significantly enhances optogenetic fMRI in NHPs, resulting in profound understanding of the brain network, thereby accelerating the translation of findings from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Goda
- Division of Cerebral Integration , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Taku Hasegawa
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Laboratory for Imagination and Executive functions , RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koketsu
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Kikuta
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology , National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- International Center for Brain Science , Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Section of Viral Vector Development , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Section of Viral Vector Development , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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Tian Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Pan H, Zhang L, Liu S, Chen Y, Su L, Zhao P, Chang J, Wang H. "Magnetism-Optogenetic" System for Wireless and Highly Sensitive Neuromodulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102023. [PMID: 34812596 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuromodulation is becoming more and more important in studying brain function, disease treatment, and brain-computer interfaces. However, traditional regulation methods cannot effectively achieve both wireless regulation and highly sensitive response, which are essential factors in neuromodulation. In this paper, a "magnetism-optogenetic" system is constructed, which uses a magnetic field to drive mechanoluminescent materials (ZnS:Cu) to generate light, thus stimulating photogenetic proteins. This system effectively combines the wireless magnetic regulation with the high sensitivity of optogenetics. The results show that the luminous intensity of this system changes with the power of an external magnetic field. In addition, under the continuous stimulation of the wireless magnetic field, this system can activate hippocampal-related neural responses and induce the expression of C-fos. In the end, this system can further regulate the movement behavior of rats with C1V1 protein expression in the primary motor cortex. This new magnetism-optogenetic system will provide an excellent reference for wireless and highly sensitive neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- School of Life Sciences Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro‐Nano Biomaterials and Detection‐Treatment Technology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro‐Nano Biomaterials and Detection‐Treatment Technology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures Tianjin 300072 China
- School of Medical Imaging Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Jiangsu 221006 China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro‐Nano Biomaterials and Detection‐Treatment Technology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Huizhuo Pan
- School of Life Sciences Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro‐Nano Biomaterials and Detection‐Treatment Technology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Lili Zhang
- School of Life Sciences Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro‐Nano Biomaterials and Detection‐Treatment Technology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Lin Su
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases Eye Institute and School of Optometry Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital 251 Fukang Road Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Peiqi Zhao
- Department of Lymphoma Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy National Clinical Research Center for Cancer Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300060 China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro‐Nano Biomaterials and Detection‐Treatment Technology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro‐Nano Biomaterials and Detection‐Treatment Technology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures Tianjin 300072 China
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Vahdat S, Pendharkar AV, Chiang T, Harvey S, Uchino H, Cao Z, Kim A, Choy M, Chen H, Lee HJ, Cheng MY, Lee JH, Steinberg GK. Brain-wide neural dynamics of poststroke recovery induced by optogenetic stimulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd9465. [PMID: 34380610 PMCID: PMC8357234 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Poststroke optogenetic stimulations can promote functional recovery. However, the circuit mechanisms underlying recovery remain unclear. Elucidating key neural circuits involved in recovery will be invaluable for translating neuromodulation strategies after stroke. Here, we used optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging to map brain-wide neural circuit dynamics after stroke in mice treated with and without optogenetic excitatory neuronal stimulations in the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (iM1). We identified key sensorimotor circuits affected by stroke. iM1 stimulation treatment restored activation of the ipsilesional corticothalamic and corticocortical circuits, and the extent of activation was correlated with functional recovery. Furthermore, stimulated mice exhibited higher expression of axonal growth-associated protein 43 in the ipsilesional thalamus and showed increased Synaptophysin+/channelrhodopsin+ presynaptic axonal terminals in the corticothalamic circuit. Selective stimulation of the corticothalamic circuit was sufficient to improve functional recovery. Together, these findings suggest early involvement of corticothalamic circuit as an important mediator of poststroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahabeddin Vahdat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Arjun Vivek Pendharkar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Terrance Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean Harvey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haruto Uchino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhijuan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anika Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - ManKin Choy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hansen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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High-sensitivity detection of optogenetically-induced neural activity with functional ultrasound imaging. Neuroimage 2021; 242:118434. [PMID: 34333106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-brain imaging approaches and optogenetic manipulations are powerful tools to map brain-wide neural circuits in vivo. To date, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides the most comprehensive evaluation of such large-scale circuitry. However, functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) has recently emerged as a complementary imaging modality that can extend such measurements towards the context of diverse behavioral states and tasks. Nevertheless, in order to properly interpret the fUSI signal during these complicated scenarios, it must first be carefully validated against well-established technologies, such as fMRI, in highly controlled experimental settings. Here, to address this need, we compared subsequent fMRI and fUSI recordings in response to direct neuronal activation via optogenetics in the same animals under an identical anesthetic protocol. Specifically, we applied various intensities of light stimulation to the primary motor cortex (M1) of mice and compared the spatiotemporal dynamics of the elicited fMRI and fUSI signals. Overall, our general linear model analysis (t-scores) and time series analysis (z-scores) revealed that fUSI was more sensitive than fMRI for detecting optogenetically-induced neuronal activation. Local field potential recordings in the bilateral M1 and striatum also better co-localized with fUSI activation patterns than those of fMRI. Finally, the fUSI response contained distinct arterial and venous components that provide vascular readouts of neuronal activity with vessel-type specificity.
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One-pot synthesis of carboxymethyl-dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CION) for preclinical fMRI and MRA applications. Neuroimage 2021; 238:118213. [PMID: 34116153 PMCID: PMC8418149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles are robust contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for sensitive structural and functional mapping of the cerebral blood volume (CBV) when administered intravenously. To date, many CBV-MRI studies are conducted with Feraheme, manufactured for the clinical treatment of iron-deficiency. Unfortunately, Feraheme is currently not available outside the United States due to commercial and regulatory constraints, making CBV-MRI methods either inaccessible or very costly to achieve. To address this barrier, we developed a simple, one-pot recipe to synthesize Carboxymethyl-dextran coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, namely, “CION”, suitable for preclinical CBV-MRI applications. Here we disseminate a step-by-step instruction of our one-pot synthesis protocol, which allows CION to be produced in laboratories with minimal cost. We also characterized different CION-conjugations by manipulating polymer to metal stoichiometric ratio in terms of their size, surface chemistry, and chemical composition, and shifts in MR relaxivity and pharmacokinetics. We performed several proof-of-concept experiments in vivo, demonstrating the utility of CION for functional and structural MRI applications, including hypercapnic CO2 challenge, visual stimulation, targeted optogenetic stimulation, and microangiography. We also present evidence that CION can serve as a cross-modality research platform by showing concurrent in vivo optical and MRI measurement of CBV using fluorescent-labeled CION. The simplicity and cost-effectiveness of our one-pot synthesis method should allow researchers to reproduce CION and tailor the relaxivity and pharmacokinetics according to their imaging needs. It is our hope that this work makes CBV-MRI more openly available and affordable for a variety of research applications.
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Duffy BA, Choy M, Lee JH. Predicting Successful Generation and Inhibition of Seizure-like Afterdischarges and Mapping Their Seizure Networks Using fMRI. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2540-2554.e4. [PMID: 32101734 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the conditions necessary to initiate and terminate seizures, we investigate optogenetically induced hippocampal seizures with LFP, fMRI, and optogenetic inhibition. During afterdischarge induction using optogenetics, LFP recordings show that stimulations with earlier ictal onset times are more likely to result in afterdischarges and are more difficult to curtail with optogenetic inhibition. These results are generalizable across two initiation sites, the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. fMRI shows that afterdischarges initiated from the dorsal or ventral hippocampus exhibit distinct networks. Short-duration seizures initiated in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus are unilateral and bilateral, respectively, while longer-duration afterdischarges recruit broader, bilateral networks. When optogenetic inhibition is ineffective at stopping seizures, the network activity spreads more extensively but largely overlaps with the network activity associated with seizures that could be curtailed. These results provide insights into how seizures can be inhibited, which has implications for targeted seizure interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Duffy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - ManKin Choy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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18
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Nakamura Y, Nakamura Y, Pelosi A, Djemai B, Debacker C, Hervé D, Girault JA, Tsurugizawa T. fMRI detects bilateral brain network activation following unilateral chemogenetic activation of direct striatal projection neurons. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Mandino F, Cerri DH, Garin CM, Straathof M, van Tilborg GAF, Chakravarty MM, Dhenain M, Dijkhuizen RM, Gozzi A, Hess A, Keilholz SD, Lerch JP, Shih YYI, Grandjean J. Animal Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Trends and Path Toward Standardization. Front Neuroinform 2020; 13:78. [PMID: 32038217 PMCID: PMC6987455 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a non-invasive window into brain activity. A collection of associated methods aims to replicate observations made in humans and to identify the mechanisms underlying the distributed neuronal activity in the healthy and disordered brain. Animal fMRI studies have developed rapidly over the past years, fueled by the development of resting-state fMRI connectivity and genetically encoded neuromodulatory tools. Yet, comparisons between sites remain hampered by lack of standardization. Recently, we highlighted that mouse resting-state functional connectivity converges across centers, although large discrepancies in sensitivity and specificity remained. Here, we explore past and present trends within the animal fMRI community and highlight critical aspects in study design, data acquisition, and post-processing operations, that may affect the results and influence the comparability between studies. We also suggest practices aimed to promote the adoption of standards within the community and improve between-lab reproducibility. The implementation of standardized animal neuroimaging protocols will facilitate animal population imaging efforts as well as meta-analysis and replication studies, the gold standards in evidence-based science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mandino
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Domenic H. Cerri
- Center for Animal MRI, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Clement M. Garin
- Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, MIRCen, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Milou Straathof
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geralda A. F. van Tilborg
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Dhenain
- Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, MIRCen, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Rick M. Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @ UNITN, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Andreas Hess
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shella D. Keilholz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroImaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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20
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Lambers H, Segeroth M, Albers F, Wachsmuth L, van Alst TM, Faber C. A cortical rat hemodynamic response function for improved detection of BOLD activation under common experimental conditions. Neuroimage 2019; 208:116446. [PMID: 31846759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
For a reliable estimation of neuronal activation based on BOLD fMRI measurements an accurate model of the hemodynamic response is essential. Since a large part of basic neuroscience research is based on small animal data, it is necessary to characterize a hemodynamic response function (HRF) which is optimized for small animals. Therefore, we have determined and investigated the HRFs of rats obtained under a variety of experimental conditions in the primary somatosensory cortex. Measurements were performed on animals of different sex and strain, under different anesthetics, with and without ventilation and using different stimulation modalities. All modalities of stimulation used in this study induced neuronal activity in the primary somatosensory cortex or in subcortical regions. Since the HRFs of the BOLD responses in the primary somatosensory cortex showed a close concordance for the different conditions, we were able to determine a cortical rat HRF. This HRF is based on 143 BOLD measurements of 76 rats and can be used for statistical parametric mapping. It showed substantially faster progression than the human HRF, with a maximum after 2.8 ± 0.8 s, and a following undershoot after 6.1 ± 3.7 s. If the rat HRF was used statistical analysis of rat data showed a significantly improved detection performance in the somatosensory cortex in comparison to the commonly used HRF based on measurements in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Lambers
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Martin Segeroth
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Franziska Albers
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Timo Mauritz van Alst
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, D-48149, Germany.
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21
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Albers F, Wachsmuth L, Schache D, Lambers H, Faber C. Functional MRI Readouts From BOLD and Diffusion Measurements Differentially Respond to Optogenetic Activation and Tissue Heating. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1104. [PMID: 31708721 PMCID: PMC6821691 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI provides a brain-wide readout that depends on the hemodynamic response to neuronal activity. Diffusion fMRI has been proposed as an alternative to BOLD fMRI and has been postulated to directly rely on neuronal activity. These complementary functional readouts are versatile tools to be combined with optogenetic stimulation to investigate networks of the brain. The cell-specificity and temporal precision of optogenetic manipulations promise to enable further investigation of the origin of fMRI signals. The signal characteristics of the diffusion fMRI readout vice versa may better resolve network effects of optogenetic stimulation. However, the light application needed for optogenetic stimulation is accompanied by heat deposition within the tissue. As both diffusion and BOLD are sensitive to temperature changes, light application can lead to apparent activations confounding the interpretation of fMRI data. The degree of tissue heating, the appearance of apparent activation in different fMRI sequences and the origin of these phenomena are not well understood. Here, we disentangled apparent activations in BOLD and diffusion measurements in rats from physiological activation upon sensory or optogenetic stimulation. Both, BOLD and diffusion fMRI revealed similar signal shapes upon sensory stimulation that differed clearly from those upon heating. Apparent activations induced by high-intensity light application were dominated by T2∗-effects and resulted in mainly negative signal changes. We estimated that even low-intensity light application used for optogenetic stimulation reduces the BOLD response close to the fiber by up to 0.4%. The diffusion fMRI signal contained T2, T2∗ and diffusion components. The apparent diffusion coefficient, which reflects the isolated diffusion component, showed negative changes upon both optogenetic and electric forepaw stimulation. In contrast, positive changes were detected upon high-intensity light application and thus ruled out heating as a major contributor to the diffusion fMRI signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Albers
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Schache
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Henriette Lambers
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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22
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Just N, Faber C. Probing activation‐induced neurochemical changes using optogenetics combined with functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a feasibility study in the rat primary somatosensory cortex. J Neurochem 2019; 150:402-419. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Just
- Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
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23
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Albers F, Wachsmuth L, van Alst TM, Faber C. Multimodal Functional Neuroimaging by Simultaneous BOLD fMRI and Fiber-Optic Calcium Recordings and Optogenetic Control. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:171-182. [PMID: 29027094 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments of optogenetic tools and fluorescence-based calcium recording techniques enable the manipulation and monitoring of neural circuits on a cellular level. Non-invasive imaging of brain networks, however, requires the application of methods such as blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which is commonly used for functional neuroimaging. While BOLD fMRI provides brain-wide non-invasive reading of the hemodynamic response, it is only an indirect measure of neural activity. Direct observation of neural responses requires electrophysiological or optical methods. The latter can be combined with optogenetic control of neuronal circuits and are MRI compatible. Yet, simultaneous optical recordings are still limited to fiber-optic-based approaches. Here, we review the integration of optical recordings and optogenetic manipulation into fMRI experiments. As a practical example, we describe how BOLD fMRI in a 9.4-T small animal MR scanner can be combined with in vivo fiber-optic calcium recordings and optogenetic control in a multimodal setup. We present simultaneous BOLD fMRI and calcium recordings under optogenetic control in rat. We outline details about MR coil configuration, choice, and usage of opsins and chemically and genetically encoded calcium sensors, fiber implantation, appropriate light power for stimulation, and calcium signal detection, to provide a glimpse into challenges and opportunities of this multimodal molecular neuroimaging approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Albers
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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24
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Harris SS, Boorman LW, Das D, Kennerley AJ, Sharp PS, Martin C, Redgrave P, Schwartz TH, Berwick J. Physiological and Pathological Brain Activation in the Anesthetized Rat Produces Hemodynamic-Dependent Cortical Temperature Increases That Can Confound the BOLD fMRI Signal. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:550. [PMID: 30154690 PMCID: PMC6102348 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetized rodent models are ubiquitous in pre-clinical neuroimaging studies. However, because the associated cerebral morphology and experimental methodology results in a profound negative brain-core temperature differential, cerebral temperature changes during functional activation are likely to be principally driven by local inflow of fresh, core-temperature, blood. This presents a confound to the interpretation of blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired from such models, since this signal is also critically temperature-dependent. Nevertheless, previous investigation on the subject is surprisingly sparse. Here, we address this issue through use of a novel multi-modal methodology in the urethane anesthetized rat. We reveal that sensory stimulation, hypercapnia and recurrent acute seizures induce significant increases in cortical temperature that are preferentially correlated to changes in total hemoglobin concentration (Hbt), relative to cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, using a phantom-based evaluation of the effect of such temperature changes on the BOLD fMRI signal, we demonstrate a robust inverse relationship between both variables. These findings suggest that temperature increases, due to functional hyperemia, should be accounted for to ensure accurate interpretation of BOLD fMRI signals in pre-clinical neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Harris
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Luke W Boorman
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Devashish Das
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Aneurin J Kennerley
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Sharp
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Martin
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jason Berwick
- Neurovascular and Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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25
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Choe KY, Sanchez CF, Harris NG, Otis TS, Mathews PJ. Optogenetic fMRI and electrophysiological identification of region-specific connectivity between the cerebellar cortex and forebrain. Neuroimage 2018; 173:370-383. [PMID: 29496611 PMCID: PMC5911204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex animal behavior is produced by dynamic interactions between discrete regions of the brain. As such, defining functional connections between brain regions is critical in gaining a full understanding of how the brain generates behavior. Evidence suggests that discrete regions of the cerebellar cortex functionally project to the forebrain, mediating long-range communication potentially important in motor and non-motor behaviors. However, the connectivity map remains largely incomplete owing to the challenge of driving both reliable and selective output from the cerebellar cortex, as well as the need for methods to detect region specific activation across the entire forebrain. Here we utilize a paired optogenetic and fMRI (ofMRI) approach to elucidate the downstream forebrain regions modulated by activating a region of the cerebellum that induces stereotypical, ipsilateral forelimb movements. We demonstrate with ofMRI, that activating this forelimb motor region of the cerebellar cortex results in functional activation of a variety of forebrain and midbrain areas of the brain, including the hippocampus and primary motor, retrosplenial and anterior cingulate cortices. We further validate these findings using optogenetic stimulation paired with multi-electrode array recordings and post-hoc staining for molecular markers of activated neurons (i.e. c-Fos). Together, these findings demonstrate that a single discrete region of the cerebellar cortex is capable of influencing motor output and the activity of a number of downstream forebrain as well as midbrain regions thought to be involved in different aspects of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Y Choe
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carlos F Sanchez
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502 USA
| | - Neil G Harris
- The UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas S Otis
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul J Mathews
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502 USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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26
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Albers F, Schmid F, Wachsmuth L, Faber C. Line scanning fMRI reveals earlier onset of optogenetically evoked BOLD response in rat somatosensory cortex as compared to sensory stimulation. Neuroimage 2018; 164:144-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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27
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Schwalm M, Schmid F, Wachsmuth L, Backhaus H, Kronfeld A, Aedo Jury F, Prouvot PH, Fois C, Albers F, van Alst T, Faber C, Stroh A. Cortex-wide BOLD fMRI activity reflects locally-recorded slow oscillation-associated calcium waves. eLife 2017; 6:27602. [PMID: 28914607 PMCID: PMC5658067 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous slow oscillation-associated slow wave activity represents an internally generated state which is characterized by alternations of network quiescence and stereotypical episodes of neuronal activity - slow wave events. However, it remains unclear which macroscopic signal is related to these active periods of the slow wave rhythm. We used optic fiber-based calcium recordings of local neural populations in cortex and thalamus to detect neurophysiologically defined slow calcium waves in isoflurane anesthetized rats. The individual slow wave events were used for an event-related analysis of simultaneously acquired whole-brain BOLD fMRI. We identified BOLD responses directly related to onsets of slow calcium waves, revealing a cortex-wide BOLD correlate: the entire cortex was engaged in this specific type of slow wave activity. These findings demonstrate a direct relation of defined neurophysiological events to a specific BOLD activity pattern and were confirmed for ongoing slow wave activity by independent component and seed-based analyses. When a person is in a deep non-dreaming sleep, neurons in their brain alternate slowly between periods of silence and periods of activity. This gives rise to low-frequency brain rhythms called slow waves, which are thought to help stabilize memories. Slow wave activity can be detected on multiple scales, from the pattern of electrical impulses sent by an individual neuron to the collective activity of the brain’s entire outer layer, the cortex. But does slow wave activity in an individual group of neurons in the cortex affect the activity of the rest of the brain? To find out, Schwalm, Schmid, Wachsmuth et al. took advantage of the fact that slow waves also occur under general anesthesia, and placed anesthetized rats inside miniature whole-brain scanners. A small region of cortex in each rat had been injected with a dye that fluoresces whenever the neurons in that region are active. An optical fiber was lowered into the rat’s brain to transmit the fluorescence signals to a computer. Monitoring these signals while the animals lay inside the scanner revealed that slow-wave activity in any one group of cortical neurons was accompanied by slow-wave activity across the cortex as a whole. This relationship was seen only for slow waves, and not for other brain rhythms. Slow waves seem to occur in all species of animal with a backbone, and in both healthy and diseased brains. While it is not possible to inject fluorescent dyes into the human brain, it is possible to monitor neuronal activity using electrodes. Comparing local electrode recordings with measures of whole-brain activity from scanners could thus allow similar experiments to be performed in people. There is growing evidence – from animal models and from studies of patients – that slow waves may be altered in Alzheimer’s disease. Further work is required to determine whether detecting these changes could help diagnose disease at earlier stages, and whether reversing them may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schwalm
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,GRADE Brain, Goethe Graduate Academy, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Schmid
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hendrik Backhaus
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Kronfeld
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felipe Aedo Jury
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pierre-Hugues Prouvot
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Consuelo Fois
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franziska Albers
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo van Alst
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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28
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Rungta RL, Osmanski BF, Boido D, Tanter M, Charpak S. Light controls cerebral blood flow in naive animals. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14191. [PMID: 28139643 PMCID: PMC5290324 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is increasingly used to map brain activation using techniques that rely on functional hyperaemia, such as opto-fMRI. Here we test whether light stimulation protocols similar to those commonly used in opto-fMRI or to study neurovascular coupling modulate blood flow in mice that do not express light sensitive proteins. Combining two-photon laser scanning microscopy and ultrafast functional ultrasound imaging, we report that in the naive mouse brain, light per se causes a calcium decrease in arteriolar smooth muscle cells, leading to pronounced vasodilation, without excitation of neurons and astrocytes. This photodilation is reversible, reproducible and energy-dependent, appearing at about 0.5 mJ. These results impose careful consideration on the use of photo-activation in studies involving blood flow regulation, as well as in studies requiring prolonged and repetitive stimulations to correct cellular defects in pathological models. They also suggest that light could be used to locally increase blood flow in a controlled fashion. Combination of optogenetics and BOLD fMRI is routinely used to map neuronal activity upon photostimulation. Here the authors show that light, shone at intensities used in optogenetic studies, dilates vessels and increases blood flow independently of exogenous light-sensitive proteins in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi L Rungta
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Bruno-Félix Osmanski
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Davide Boido
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Institut Langevin, Espci Paris, CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM U979, PSL Research University, 17 rue Moreau, Paris 75012, France
| | - Serge Charpak
- INSERM U1128, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
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29
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Liu J, Duffy BA, Bernal-Casas D, Fang Z, Lee JH. Comparison of fMRI analysis methods for heterogeneous BOLD responses in block design studies. Neuroimage 2016; 147:390-408. [PMID: 27993672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of fMRI studies have shown that the temporal dynamics of evoked BOLD responses can be highly heterogeneous. Failing to model heterogeneous responses in statistical analysis can lead to significant errors in signal detection and characterization and alter the neurobiological interpretation. However, to date it is not clear that, out of a large number of options, which methods are robust against variability in the temporal dynamics of BOLD responses in block-design studies. Here, we used rodent optogenetic fMRI data with heterogeneous BOLD responses and simulations guided by experimental data as a means to investigate different analysis methods' performance against heterogeneous BOLD responses. Evaluations are carried out within the general linear model (GLM) framework and consist of standard basis sets as well as independent component analysis (ICA). Analyses show that, in the presence of heterogeneous BOLD responses, conventionally used GLM with a canonical basis set leads to considerable errors in the detection and characterization of BOLD responses. Our results suggest that the 3rd and 4th order gamma basis sets, the 7th to 9th order finite impulse response (FIR) basis sets, the 5th to 9th order B-spline basis sets, and the 2nd to 5th order Fourier basis sets are optimal for good balance between detection and characterization, while the 1st order Fourier basis set (coherence analysis) used in our earlier studies show good detection capability. ICA has mostly good detection and characterization capabilities, but detects a large volume of spurious activation with the control fMRI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben A Duffy
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Bernal-Casas
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhongnan Fang
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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30
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Albaugh DL, Salzwedel A, Van Den Berge N, Gao W, Stuber GD, Shih YYI. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Electrical and Optogenetic Deep Brain Stimulation at the Rat Nucleus Accumbens. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31613. [PMID: 27601003 PMCID: PMC5013271 DOI: 10.1038/srep31613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens (NAc-DBS) is an emerging therapy for diverse, refractory neuropsychiatric diseases. Although DBS therapy is broadly hypothesized to work through large-scale neural modulation, little is known regarding the neural circuits and networks affected by NAc-DBS. Using a healthy, sedated rat model of NAc-DBS, we employed both evoked- and functional connectivity (fc) MRI to examine the functional circuit and network changes achieved by electrical NAc stimulation. Optogenetic-fMRI experiments were also undertaken to evaluate the circuit modulation profile achieved by selective stimulation of NAc neurons. NAc-DBS directly modulated neural activity within prefrontal cortex and a large number of subcortical limbic areas (e.g., amygdala, lateral hypothalamus), and influenced functional connectivity among sensorimotor, executive, and limbic networks. The pattern and extent of circuit modulation measured by evoked-fMRI was relatively insensitive to DBS frequency. Optogenetic stimulation of NAc cell bodies induced a positive fMRI signal in the NAc, but no other detectable downstream responses, indicating that therapeutic NAc-DBS might exert its effect through antidromic stimulation. Our study provides a comprehensive mapping of circuit and network-level neuromodulation by NAc-DBS, which should facilitate our developing understanding of its therapeutic mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Albaugh
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Salzwedel
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Nathalie Van Den Berge
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Wei Gao
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Garret D. Stuber
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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31
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Sizemore RJ, Seeger-Armbruster S, Hughes SM, Parr-Brownlie LC. Viral vector-based tools advance knowledge of basal ganglia anatomy and physiology. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2124-46. [PMID: 26888111 PMCID: PMC4869490 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01131.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors were originally developed to deliver genes into host cells for therapeutic potential. However, viral vector use in neuroscience research has increased because they enhance interpretation of the anatomy and physiology of brain circuits compared with conventional tract tracing or electrical stimulation techniques. Viral vectors enable neuronal or glial subpopulations to be labeled or stimulated, which can be spatially restricted to a single target nucleus or pathway. Here we review the use of viral vectors to examine the structure and function of motor and limbic basal ganglia (BG) networks in normal and pathological states. We outline the use of viral vectors, particularly lentivirus and adeno-associated virus, in circuit tracing, optogenetic stimulation, and designer drug stimulation experiments. Key studies that have used viral vectors to trace and image pathways and connectivity at gross or ultrastructural levels are reviewed. We explain how optogenetic stimulation and designer drugs used to modulate a distinct pathway and neuronal subpopulation have enhanced our mechanistic understanding of BG function in health and pathophysiology in disease. Finally, we outline how viral vector technology may be applied to neurological and psychiatric conditions to offer new treatments with enhanced outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Sizemore
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sonja Seeger-Armbruster
- Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Louise C Parr-Brownlie
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;
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