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Rivera-Ingraham GA, Martínez-Alarcón D, Theuerkauff D, Nommick A, Lignot JH. Two faces of one coin: Beneficial and deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species during short-term acclimation to hypo-osmotic stress in a decapod crab. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 296:111700. [PMID: 39019252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental changes often results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, if uncontrolled, leads to loss of cellular homeostasis and oxidative distress. However, at physiological levels these same ROS are known to be key players in cellular signaling and the regulation of key biological activities (oxidative eustress). While ROS are known to mediate salinity tolerance in plants, little is known for the animal kingdom. In this study, we use the Mediterranean crab Carcinus aestuarii, highly tolerant to salinity changes in its environment, as a model to test the healthy or pathological role of ROS due to exposure to diluted seawater (dSW). Crabs were injected either with an antioxidant [N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 150 mg·kg-1] or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). One hour after the first injection, animals were either maintained in seawater (SW) or transferred to dSW and injections were carried out at 12-h intervals. After ≈48 h of salinity change, all animals were sacrificed and gills dissected for analysis. NAC injections successfully inhibited ROS formation occurring due to dSW transfer. However, this induced 55% crab mortality, as well as an inhibition of the enhanced catalase defenses and mitochondrial biogenesis that occur with decreased salinity. Crab osmoregulatory capacity under dSW condition was not affected by NAC, although it induced in anterior (non-osmoregulatory) gills a 146-fold increase in Na+/K+/2Cl- expression levels, reaching values typically observed in osmoregulatory tissues. We discuss how ROS influences the physiology of anterior and posterior gills, which have two different physiological functions and strategies during hyper-osmoregulation in dSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Rivera-Ingraham
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4215 Queensland, Australia; UMR 9190-MARBEC (IRD - Ifremer - Univ. Montpellier - CNRS), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Diana Martínez-Alarcón
- UMR 9190-MARBEC (IRD - Ifremer - Univ. Montpellier - CNRS), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Dimitri Theuerkauff
- UMR 9190-MARBEC (IRD - Ifremer - Univ. Montpellier - CNRS), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Université de Mayotte, 97660 Dembeni, Mayotte, France
| | - Aude Nommick
- UMR 9190-MARBEC (IRD - Ifremer - Univ. Montpellier - CNRS), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jehan-Hervé Lignot
- UMR 9190-MARBEC (IRD - Ifremer - Univ. Montpellier - CNRS), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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2
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Kim HJ, Jung DW, Williams DR. Age Is Just a Number: Progress and Obstacles in the Discovery of New Candidate Drugs for Sarcopenia. Cells 2023; 12:2608. [PMID: 37998343 PMCID: PMC10670210 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a disease characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function that occurs with aging. The progression of sarcopenia is correlated with the onset of physical disability, the inability to live independently, and increased mortality. Due to global increases in lifespan and demographic aging in developed countries, sarcopenia has become a major socioeconomic burden. Clinical therapies for sarcopenia are based on physical therapy and nutritional support, although these may suffer from low adherence and variable outcomes. There are currently no clinically approved drugs for sarcopenia. Consequently, there is a large amount of pre-clinical research focusing on discovering new candidate drugs and novel targets. In this review, recent progress in this research will be discussed, along with the challenges that may preclude successful translational research in the clinic. The types of drugs examined include mitochondria-targeting compounds, anti-diabetes agents, small molecules that target non-coding RNAs, protein therapeutics, natural products, and repositioning candidates. In light of the large number of drugs and targets being reported, it can be envisioned that clinically approved pharmaceuticals to prevent the progression or even mitigate sarcopenia may be within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea;
| | - Darren Reece Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea;
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3
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Supruniuk E, Górski J, Chabowski A. Endogenous and Exogenous Antioxidants in Skeletal Muscle Fatigue Development during Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020501. [PMID: 36830059 PMCID: PMC9952836 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is defined as a decrease in maximal force or power generated in response to contractile activity, and it is a risk factor for the development of musculoskeletal injuries. One of the many stressors imposed on skeletal muscle through exercise is the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which intensifies as a function of exercise intensity and duration. Exposure to ROS/RNS can affect Na+/K+-ATPase activity, intramyofibrillar calcium turnover and sensitivity, and actin-myosin kinetics to reduce muscle force production. On the other hand, low ROS/RNS concentrations can likely upregulate an array of cellular adaptative responses related to mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose transport and muscle hypertrophy. Consequently, growing evidence suggests that exogenous antioxidant supplementation might hamper exercise-engendering upregulation in the signaling pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), peroxisome-proliferator activated co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Ultimately, both high (exercise-induced) and low (antioxidant intervention) ROS concentrations can trigger beneficial responses as long as they do not override the threshold range for redox balance. The mechanisms underlying the two faces of ROS/RNS in exercise, as well as the role of antioxidants in muscle fatigue, are presented in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Supruniuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(85)-748-55-85
| | - Jan Górski
- Department of Medical Sciences, Academy of Applied Sciences, 18-400 Łomża, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
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4
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Redwan A, Kiriaev L, Kueh S, Morley JW, Houweling P, Perry BD, Head SI. Six weeks of N-acetylcysteine antioxidant in drinking water decreases pathological fiber branching in MDX mouse dystrophic fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1109587. [PMID: 36866174 PMCID: PMC9971923 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1109587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It has been proposed that an increased susceptivity to oxidative stress caused by the absence of the protein dystrophin from the inner surface of the sarcolemma is a trigger of skeletal muscle necrosis in the destructive dystrophin deficient muscular dystrophies. Here we use the mdx mouse model of human Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy to test the hypothesis that adding the antioxidant NAC at 2% to drinking water for six weeks will treat the inflammatory phase of the dystrophic process and reduce pathological muscle fiber branching and splitting resulting in a reduction of mass in mdx fast-twitch EDL muscles. Methods: Animal weight and water intake was recorded during the six weeks when 2% NAC was added to the drinking water. Post NAC treatment animals were euthanised and the EDL muscles dissected out and placed in an organ bath where the muscle was attached to a force transducer to measure contractile properties and susceptibility to force loss from eccentric contractions. After the contractile measurements had been made the EDL muscle was blotted and weighed. In order to assess the degree of pathological fiber branching mdx EDL muscles were treated with collagenase to release single fibers. For counting and morphological analysis single EDL mdx skeletal muscle fibers were viewed under high magnification on an inverted microscope. Results: During the six-week treatment phase NAC reduced body weight gain in three- to nine-week-old mdx and littermate control mice without effecting fluid intake. NAC treatment also significantly reduced the mdx EDL muscle mass and abnormal fiber branching and splitting. Discussion: We propose chronic NAC treatment reduces the inflammatory response and degenerative cycles in the mdx dystrophic EDL muscles resulting in a reduction in the number of complexed branched fibers reported to be responsible for the dystrophic EDL muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Redwan
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leonit Kiriaev
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sindy Kueh
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John W. Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Houweling
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben D. Perry
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stewart I. Head
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Stewart I. Head,
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5
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Kim HY, Jung H, Kweon M, Kim J, Choi SY, Ahn HJ, Park CS, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Euscaphic acid relieves fatigue by enhancing anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2023; 45:114-121. [PMID: 36066092 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2121926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in chronic fatigue. Euscaphic acid (EA) is an active compound of Eriobotrya japonica (Loquat) and has anti-oxidative effect. METHODS The goal of present study is to prove whether EA could relieve fatigue through enhancing anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro/in vivo models. RESULTS EA notably improved activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), while EA reduced levels of malondiadehyde (MDA) and inflammatory cytokines without cytotoxicity in H2O2-stimulated in myoblast cell line, C2C12 cells. EA significantly reduced levels of fatigue-causing factors such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatin kinase (CK), while EA significantly incresed levels of anti-fatigue-related factor, glycogen compared to the H2O2-stimulated C2C12 cells. In treadmill stress test (TST), EA significantly enhanced activities of SOD and CAT as well as exhaustive time and decreased levels of MDA and inflammatory cytokines. After TST, levels of free fatty acid, citrate synthase, and muscle glycogen were notably enhanced by oral administration of EA, but EA decreased levels of lactate, LDH, cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, CK, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen compared to the control group. Furthermore, in forced swimming test, EA significantly increased levels of anti-fatigue-related factors and decreased excessive accumulations of fatigue-causing factors. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the results indicate that potent anti-fatigue effect of EA can be achieved via the improvement of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and this study will provide scientific data for EA to be developed as a novel and efficient component in anti-fatigue health functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yun Kim
- BioChip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanchul Jung
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jungeun Kim
- COSMAX NBT, INC, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyun-Jong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheung-Seog Park
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- BioChip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Science & Technology, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
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Calella P, Cerullo G, Di Dio M, Liguori F, Di Onofrio V, Gallè F, Liguori G. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of spirulina in exercise and sport: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1048258. [PMID: 36590230 PMCID: PMC9795056 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1048258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis, also known as spirulina, is currently one of the most well-known algae supplements, mainly due to its high content of bioactive compounds that may promote human health. Some authors have hypothesized that spirulina consumption could protect subjects from exercise-induced oxidative stress, accelerate recovery by reducing muscle damage, and stimulate the immune system. Based on this, the main goal of this review was to critically analyze the effects of spirulina on oxidative stress, immune system, inflammation and performance in athletes and people undergoing exercise interventions. Of the 981 articles found, 428 studies were considered eligible and 13 met the established criteria and were included in this systematic review. Most recently spirulina supplementation has demonstrated ergogenic potential during submaximal exercise, increasing oxygen uptake and improving exercise tolerance. Nevertheless, spirulina supplementation does not seem to enhance physical performance in power athletes. Considering that data supporting benefits to the immune system from spirulina supplementation is still lacking, overall evidence regarding the benefit of spirulina supplementation in healthy people engaged in physical exercise is scarce and not consistent. Currently, spirulina supplementation might be considered in athletes who do not meet the recommended dietary intake of antioxidants. Further high-quality research is needed to evaluate the effects of spirulina consumption on performance, the immune system and recovery in athletes and active people. Systematic review registration [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=262896], identifier [CRD42021262896].
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Calella
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cerullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Giuseppe Cerullo,
| | - Mirella Di Dio
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Liguori
- Department of Economics and Legal Studies, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Di Onofrio
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gallè
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Liguori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
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7
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Quinn KM, Roberts L, Cox AJ, Borg DN, Pennell EN, McKeating DR, Fisher JJ, Perkins AV, Minahan C. Blood oxidative stress biomarkers in women: influence of oral contraception, exercise, and N-acetylcysteine. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1949-1964. [PMID: 35674828 PMCID: PMC9287208 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To compare physiological responses to submaximal cycling and sprint cycling performance in women using oral contraceptives (WomenOC) and naturally cycling women (WomenNC) and to determine whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation mediates these responses. Methods Twenty recreationally trained women completed five exercise trials (i.e., an incremental cycling test, a familiarisation trial, a baseline performance trial and two double-blind crossover intervention trials). During the intervention trials participants supplemented with NAC or a placebo 1 h before exercise. Cardiopulmonary parameters and blood biochemistry were assessed during 40 min of fixed-intensity cycling at 105% of gas-exchange threshold and after 1-km cycling time-trial. Results WomenOC had higher ventilation (β [95% CI] = 0.07 L·min−1 [0.01, 0.14]), malondialdehydes (β = 12.00 mmol·L−1 [6.82, 17.17]) and C-reactive protein (1.53 mg·L−1 [0.76, 2.30]), whereas glutathione peroxidase was lower (β = 22.62 mU·mL−1 [− 41.32, − 3.91]) compared to WomenNC during fixed-intensity cycling. Plasma thiols were higher at all timepoints after NAC ingestion compared to placebo, irrespective of group (all p < 0.001; d = 1.45 to 2.34). For WomenNC but not WomenOC, the exercise-induced increase in malondialdehyde observed in the placebo trial was blunted after NAC ingestion, with lower values at 40 min (p = 0.018; d = 0.73). NAC did not affect cycling time-trial performance. Conclusions Blood biomarkers relating to oxidative stress and inflammation are elevated in WomenOC during exercise. There may be an increased strain on the endogenous antioxidant system during exercise, since NAC supplementation in WomenOC did not dampen the exercise-induced increase in malondialdehyde. Future investigations should explore the impact of elevated oxidative stress on exercise adaptations or recovery from exercise in WomenOC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-022-04964-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee M Quinn
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia. .,Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Llion Roberts
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda J Cox
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - David N Borg
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Evan N Pennell
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Daniel R McKeating
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Joshua J Fisher
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Broome SC, Braakhuis AJ, Mitchell CJ, Merry TL. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant supplementation improves 8 km time trial performance in middle-aged trained male cyclists. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:58. [PMID: 34419082 PMCID: PMC8379793 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise increases skeletal muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which may contribute to the onset of muscular fatigue and impair athletic performance. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants such as MitoQ, which contains a ubiquinone moiety and is targeted to mitochondria through the addition of a lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation, are becoming popular amongst active individuals as they are designed to accumulate within mitochondria and may provide targeted protection against exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, the effect of MitoQ supplementation on cycling performance is currently unknown. Here, we investigate whether MitoQ supplementation can improve cycling performance measured as time to complete an 8 km time trial. METHOD In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 19 middle-aged (age: 44 ± 4 years) recreationally trained (VO2peak: 58.5 ± 6.2 ml·kg- 1·min- 1, distance cycled per week during 6 months prior to study enrollment: 158.3 ± 58.4 km) male cyclists completed 45 min cycling at 70% VO2peak followed by an 8 km time trial after 28 days of supplementation with MitoQ (20 mg·day- 1) and a placebo. Free F2-isoprostanes were measured in plasma samples collected at rest, after 45 min cycling at 70% VO2peak and after completion of the time trial. Respiratory gases and measures of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also collected. RESULTS Mean completion time for the time trial was 1.3% faster with MitoQ (12.91 ± 0.94 min) compared to placebo (13.09 ± 0.95 min, p = 0.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.64], d = 0.2). There was no difference in RPE during the time trial between conditions (p = 0.82) despite there being a 4.4% increase in average power output during the time trial following MitoQ supplementation compared to placebo (placebo; 270 ± 51 W, MitoQ; 280 ± 53 W, p = 0.04, 95% CI [0.49, 8.22], d = 0.2). Plasma F2-isoprostanes were lower on completion of the time trial following MitoQ supplementation (35.89 ± 13.6 pg·ml- 1) compared to placebo (44.7 ± 16.9 pg·ml- 1 p = 0.03). CONCLUSION These data suggest that MitoQ supplementation may be an effective nutritional strategy to attenuate exercise-induced increases in oxidative damage to lipids and improve cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Broome
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A J Braakhuis
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C J Mitchell
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - T L Merry
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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9
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Montesinos CA, Khalid R, Cristea O, Greenberger JS, Epperly MW, Lemon JA, Boreham DR, Popov D, Gorthi G, Ramkumar N, Jones JA. Space Radiation Protection Countermeasures in Microgravity and Planetary Exploration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080829. [PMID: 34440577 PMCID: PMC8398261 DOI: 10.3390/life11080829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Space radiation is one of the principal environmental factors limiting the human tolerance for space travel, and therefore a primary risk in need of mitigation strategies to enable crewed exploration of the solar system. METHODS We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding potential means to reduce the biological effects of space radiation. New countermeasure strategies for exploration-class missions are proposed, based on recent advances in nutrition, pharmacologic, and immune science. RESULTS Radiation protection can be categorized into (1) exposure-limiting: shielding and mission duration; (2) countermeasures: radioprotectors, radiomodulators, radiomitigators, and immune-modulation, and; (3) treatment and supportive care for the effects of radiation. Vehicle and mission design can augment the overall exposure. Testing in terrestrial laboratories and earth-based exposure facilities, as well as on the International Space Station (ISS), has demonstrated that dietary and pharmacologic countermeasures can be safe and effective. Immune system modulators are less robustly tested but show promise. Therapies for radiation prodromal syndrome may include pharmacologic agents; and autologous marrow for acute radiation syndrome (ARS). CONCLUSIONS Current radiation protection technology is not yet optimized, but nevertheless offers substantial protection to crews based on Lunar or Mars design reference missions. With additional research and human testing, the space radiation risk can be further mitigated to allow for long-duration exploration of the solar system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radina Khalid
- School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
| | - Octav Cristea
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburg Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (J.S.G.); (M.W.E.)
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburg Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (J.S.G.); (M.W.E.)
| | - Jennifer A. Lemon
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.A.L.); (D.R.B.)
| | - Douglas R. Boreham
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.A.L.); (D.R.B.)
| | - Dmitri Popov
- Advanced Medical Technologies and Systems Inc., Richmond Hill, ON L4B 1N1, Canada;
| | | | - Nandita Ramkumar
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Jeffrey A. Jones
- Center for Space Medicine, Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Bellafiore M, Pintaudi AM, Thomas E, Tesoriere L, Bianco A, Cataldo A, Cerasola D, Traina M, Livrea MA, Palma A. Redox and autonomic responses to acute exercise-post recovery following Opuntia ficus-indica juice intake in physically active women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:43. [PMID: 34098980 PMCID: PMC8186076 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate if the supplementation with Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) juice may affect plasma redox balance and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters following a maximal effort test, in young physically active women. METHODS A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled and crossover study comprising eight women (23.25 ± 2.95 years, 54.13 ± 9.05 kg, 157.75 ± 0.66 cm and BMI of 21.69 ± 0.66 kg/m2) was carried out. A juice containing OFI diluted in water and a Placebo solution were supplied (170 ml; OFI = 50 ml of OFI juice + 120 ml of water; Placebo = 170 ml beverage without Vitamin C and indicaxanthin). Participants consumed the OFI juice or Placebo beverage every day for 3 days, before performing a maximal cycle ergometer test, and for 2 consecutive days after the test. Plasma hydroperoxides and total antioxidant capacity (PAT), Skin Carotenoid Score (SCS) and HRV variables (LF, HF, LF/HF and rMSSD) were recorded at different time points. RESULTS The OFI group showed significantly lower levels of hydroperoxides compared to the Placebo group in pre-test, post-test and 48-h post-test. PAT values of the OFI group significantly increased compared to those of the Placebo group in pre-test and 48-h post-test. SCS did not differ between groups. LF was significantly lower in the OFI group 24-h after the end of the test, whereas rMSSD was significantly higher in the OFI group 48-h post-test. CONCLUSION OFI supplementation decreased the oxidative stress induced by intense exercise and improved autonomic balance in physically active women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- STEBICEF Department, Palermo University, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Cataldo
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Cerasola
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Traina
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
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11
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Devrim-Lanpir A, Hill L, Knechtle B. How N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation Affects Redox Regulation, Especially at Mitohormesis and Sarcohormesis Level: Current Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020153. [PMID: 33494270 PMCID: PMC7909817 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise frequently alters the metabolic processes of oxidative metabolism in athletes, including exposure to extreme reactive oxygen species impairing exercise performance. Therefore, both researchers and athletes have been consistently investigating the possible strategies to improve metabolic adaptations to exercise-induced oxidative stress. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been applied as a therapeutic agent in treating many diseases in humans due to its precursory role in the production of hepatic glutathione, a natural antioxidant. Several studies have investigated NAC’s possible therapeutic role in oxidative metabolism and adaptive response to exercise in the athletic population. However, still conflicting questions regarding NAC supplementation need to be clarified. This narrative review aims to re-evaluate the metabolic effects of NAC on exercise-induced oxidative stress and adaptive response developed by athletes against the exercise, especially mitohormetic and sarcohormetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34862, Turkey;
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-0-71-226-93-00
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12
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Zullo A, Frisso G, Carsana A. Influence of physical activity on structure and function of the RyR1 calcium channel: a systematic review. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.19.04238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Williamson J, Davison G. Targeted Antioxidants in Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress: Emphasis on DNA Damage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1142. [PMID: 33213007 PMCID: PMC7698504 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise simultaneously incites beneficial (e.g., signal) and harming (e.g., damage to macromolecules) effects, likely through the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and downstream changes to redox homeostasis. Given the link between nuclear DNA damage and human longevity/pathology, research attempting to modulate DNA damage and restore redox homeostasis through non-selective pleiotropic antioxidants has yielded mixed results. Furthermore, until recently the role of oxidative modifications to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the context of exercising humans has largely been ignored. The development of antioxidant compounds which specifically target the mitochondria has unveiled a number of exciting avenues of exploration which allow for more precise discernment of the pathways involved with the generation of RONS and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Thus, the primary function of this review, and indeed its novel feature, is to highlight the potential roles of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants on perturbations to mitochondrial oxidative stress and the implications for exercise, with special focus on mtDNA damage. A brief synopsis of the current literature addressing the sources of mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, and available mitochondria-targeted antioxidants is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Williamson
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK;
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14
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Margaritelis NV, Chatzinikolaou PN, Bousiou FV, Malliou VJ, Papadopoulou SK, Potsaki P, Theodorou AA, Kyparos A, Geladas ND, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V. Dietary Cysteine Intake is Associated with Blood Glutathione Levels and Isometric Strength. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:441-447. [PMID: 33124012 DOI: 10.1055/a-1255-2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is the most abundant cellular antioxidant and regulates redox homeostasis. Healthy individuals with certain antioxidant inadequacies/deficiencies exhibit impairments in physiological functions. The aim was to investigate whether low levels of dietary cysteine intake are associated with a) lower erythrocyte glutathione, b) increased plasma F2-isoprostanes, and c) impaired muscle function. Towards this aim, we recorded the dietary intake of the three amino acids that synthesize glutathione (i. e., glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine) in forty-one healthy individuals, and subsequently measured erythrocyte glutathione levels. Maximal isometric strength and fatigue index were also assessed using an electronic handgrip dynamometer. Our findings indicate that dietary cysteine intake was positively correlated with glutathione levels (r=0.765, p<0.001). In addition, glutathione levels were negatively correlated with F2-isoprostanes (r=- 0.311, p=0.048). An interesting finding was that glutathione levels and cysteine intake were positively correlated with maximal handgrip strength (r=0.416, p=0.007 and r=0.343, p=0.028, respectively). In conclusion, glutathione concentration is associated with cysteine intake, while adequate cysteine levels were important for optimal redox status and muscle function. This highlights the importance of proper nutritional intake and biochemical screening with the goal of personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flora V Bousiou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki J Malliou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Potsaki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos D Geladas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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15
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Mason SA, Trewin AJ, Parker L, Wadley GD. Antioxidant supplements and endurance exercise: Current evidence and mechanistic insights. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101471. [PMID: 32127289 PMCID: PMC7284926 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant supplements are commonly consumed by endurance athletes to minimize exercise-induced oxidative stress, with the intention of enhancing recovery and improving performance. There are numerous commercially available nutritional supplements that are targeted to athletes and health enthusiasts that allegedly possess antioxidant properties. However, most of these compounds are poorly investigated with respect to their in vivo redox activity and efficacy in humans. Therefore, this review will firstly provide a background to endurance exercise-related redox signalling and the subsequent adaptations in skeletal muscle and vascular function. The review will then discuss commonly available compounds with purported antioxidant effects for use by athletes. N-acetyl cysteine may be of benefit over the days prior to an endurance event; while chronic intake of combined 1000 mg vitamin C + vitamin E is not recommended during periods of heavy training associated with adaptations in skeletal muscle. Melatonin, vitamin E and α-lipoic acid appear effective at decreasing markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, evidence on their effects on endurance performance are either lacking or not supportive. Catechins, anthocyanins, coenzyme Q10 and vitamin C may improve vascular function, however, evidence is either limited to specific sub-populations and/or does not translate to improved performance. Finally, additional research should clarify the potential benefits of curcumin in improving muscle recovery post intensive exercise; and the potential hampering effects of astaxanthin, selenium and vitamin A on skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training. Overall, we highlight the lack of supportive evidence for most antioxidant compounds to recommend to athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adam J Trewin
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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16
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Margaritelis NV, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Redox basis of exercise physiology. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101499. [PMID: 32192916 PMCID: PMC7284946 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox reactions control fundamental processes of human biology. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the responses and adaptations to exercise are, at least in part, mediated by redox reactions. In this review, we are trying to show that redox reactions are the basis of exercise physiology by outlining the redox signaling pathways that regulate four characteristic acute exercise-induced responses (muscle contractile function, glucose uptake, blood flow and bioenergetics) and four chronic exercise-induced adaptations (mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle hypertrophy, angiogenesis and redox homeostasis). Based on our analysis, we argue that redox regulation should be acknowledged as central to exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Dialysis Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - V Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A A Theodorou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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17
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Spirulina platensis prevents oxidative stress and inflammation promoted by strength training in rats: dose-response relation study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6382. [PMID: 32286405 PMCID: PMC7156748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Spirulina Platensis supplementation on selected blood markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage, inflammation, and performance in trained rats. Rats (250 g - 300 g) were submitted to a strength training program (eight weeks), divided into four groups: control (GT) (trained without supplementation), trained with daily-supplementation of 50 mg/kg (GT50), 150 mg/kg (GT150) and 500 mg/kg (GT500). Training consisted of a jump protocol in PVC-cylinder containing water, with increasing load over experimental weeks. We evaluated the markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde - MDA and antioxidant capacity) and inflammation (C-reactive protein) at the end of the training. Among groups submitted to strength training, concentration of C-reactive protein decreased after 8 weeks of intervention in the trained group and GT500. Strength training enhanced plasma MDA concentration of malondialdehyde with supplementation of S. platensis in GT150 and GT500. In plasma analysis, strength training enhanced the percentage of oxidation inhibition, with spirulina supplementation in rates of 150 and 500 mg/kg. Spirulina supplementation for 8 weeks (in a dose-effect manner) improved antioxidant capacity as well as attenuated exercise-induced increases in ROS and inflammation. As a practical application, the use as high doses did not cause a reduction in positive physiological adaptations to exercise training. Additional studies are necessary to test the application of Spirulina Platensis in other contexts, as collective sports (basketball, football, soccer).
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18
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Harandi VM, Moreira Soares Oliveira B, Allamand V, Friberg A, Fontes-Oliveira CC, Durbeej M. Antioxidants Reduce Muscular Dystrophy in the dy2J/dy2J Mouse Model of Laminin α2 Chain-Deficient Muscular Dystrophy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030244. [PMID: 32197453 PMCID: PMC7139799 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital muscular dystrophy with laminin α2 chain-deficiency (LAMA2-CMD) is a severe neuromuscular disorder without a cure. Using transcriptome and proteome profiling as well as functional assays, we previously demonstrated significant metabolic impairment in skeletal muscle from LAMA2-CMD patients and mouse models. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase when oxygen homeostasis is not maintained and, here, we investigate whether oxidative stress indeed is involved in the pathogenesis of LAMA2-CMD. We also analyze the effects of two antioxidant molecules, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and vitamin E, on disease progression in the dy2J/dy2J mouse model of LAMA2-CMD. We demonstrate increased ROS levels in LAMA2-CMD mouse and patient skeletal muscle. Furthermore, NAC treatment (150 mg/kg IP for 6 days/week for 3 weeks) led to muscle force loss prevention, reduced central nucleation and decreased the occurrence of apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress in LAMA2-CMD muscle. In addition, vitamin E (40 mg/kg oral gavage for 6 days/week for 2 weeks) improved morphological features and reduced inflammation and ROS levels in dy2J/dy2J skeletal muscle. We suggest that NAC and to some extent vitamin E might be potential future supportive treatments for LAMA2-CMD as they improve numerous pathological hallmarks of LAMA2-CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid M. Harandi
- Unit of Muscle Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (B.M.S.O.); (V.A.); (A.F.); (C.C.F.-O.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-462-220-679
| | - Bernardo Moreira Soares Oliveira
- Unit of Muscle Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (B.M.S.O.); (V.A.); (A.F.); (C.C.F.-O.); (M.D.)
- Functional Genomics & Metabolism Unit, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Valérie Allamand
- Unit of Muscle Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (B.M.S.O.); (V.A.); (A.F.); (C.C.F.-O.); (M.D.)
- Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS974, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ariana Friberg
- Unit of Muscle Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (B.M.S.O.); (V.A.); (A.F.); (C.C.F.-O.); (M.D.)
| | - Cibely C. Fontes-Oliveira
- Unit of Muscle Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (B.M.S.O.); (V.A.); (A.F.); (C.C.F.-O.); (M.D.)
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Unit of Muscle Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (B.M.S.O.); (V.A.); (A.F.); (C.C.F.-O.); (M.D.)
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19
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Kisby B, Jarrell JT, Agar ME, Cohen DS, Rosin ER, Cahill CM, Rogers JT, Huang X. Alzheimer's Disease and Its Potential Alternative Therapeutics. JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & PARKINSONISM 2019; 9. [PMID: 31588368 PMCID: PMC6777730 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects over 5 million individuals in the United States alone. Currently, there are only two kinds of pharmacological interventions available for symptomatic relief of AD; Acetyl Cholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEI) and N-methyl-D-aspartic Acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists and these drugs do not slow down or stop the progression of the disease. Several molecular targets have been implicated in the pathophysiology of AD, such as the tau (τ) protein, Amyloid-beta (Aβ), the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and more and several responses have also been observed in the advancement of the disease, such as reduced neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and iron overload. In this review, we discuss general features of AD and several small molecules across different experimental AD drug classes that have been studied for their effects in the context of the molecular targets and responses associated with the AD progression. These drugs include: Paroxetine, Desferrioxamine (DFO), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), Posiphen/-(−)Phenserine, JTR-009, Carvedilol, LY450139, Intravenous immunoglobulin G 10%, Indomethacin and Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Kisby
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Juliet T Jarrell
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M Enes Agar
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David S Cohen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eric R Rosin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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20
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Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: From pathophysiological insights to novel therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104450. [PMID: 31509764 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a common and disabling condition with a paucity of effective and evidence-based therapies, reflecting a major unmet need. Cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise are of modest benefit for only some ME/CFS patients, and many sufferers report aggravation of symptoms of fatigue with exercise. The presence of a multiplicity of pathophysiological abnormalities in at least the subgroup of people with ME/CFS diagnosed with the current international consensus "Fukuda" criteria, points to numerous potential therapeutic targets. Such abnormalities include extensive data showing that at least a subgroup has a pro-inflammatory state, increased oxidative and nitrosative stress, disruption of gut mucosal barriers and mitochondrial dysfunction together with dysregulated bioenergetics. In this paper, these pathways are summarised, and data regarding promising therapeutic options that target these pathways are highlighted; they include coenzyme Q10, melatonin, curcumin, molecular hydrogen and N-acetylcysteine. These data are promising yet preliminary, suggesting hopeful avenues to address this major unmet burden of illness.
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21
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Shen FC, Weng SW, Tsao CF, Lin HY, Chang CS, Lin CY, Lian WS, Chuang JH, Lin TK, Liou CW, Wang PW. Early intervention of N-acetylcysteine better improves insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity mice. Free Radic Res 2019; 52:1296-1310. [PMID: 29502477 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1447670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. In the United Kingdom, Prospective Diabetes Study and its 10-year post-trial monitoring, a beneficial effect of early optimisation of blood glucose control is clearly demonstrated. In this study, we investigated whether ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the time point of intervention can affect IR in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. Male C57B/L6 mice were fed chow diet (CD), high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFD), CD + NAC1-6 (NAC intervention 1st to 6th month), HFD + NAC1-6, and HFD + NAC3-6 (NAC intervention 3rd to 6th month) for a 6-month treatment course. HFD group showed significantly increased body weight (BW) and body fat, decreased motor activity (MA), impaired intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), and insulin tolerance test (IPITT) throughout the study. HFD + NAC1-6, as compared with HFD group, had increased MA, improved IPGTT and IPITT since first month, followed by decreased BW and body fat. HFD + NAC3-6 group, although showed improved IPGTT and IPITT than HFD group, still had higher BW, decreased MA, and impaired IPGTT and IPITT as compared with HFD + NAC1-6 at the end of the study. NAC significantly increased MA, and ameliorated the HFD-induced mitochondrial and intracellular ROS expression, DNA and protein oxidative damage, and adipose tissue inflammation. We concluded that ROS scavenger can improve IR and chronic inflammation in diet-induced obesity mice. This action is likely better expressed through early intervention. The mechanism is probably through a virtuous circle of suppressed oxidative stress, and increased motor activity, which helps to reduce body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chih Shen
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,b Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wen Weng
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,c Lee's Endocrinology Clinic , Pingtung , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Feng Tsao
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lin
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,b Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Shiang Chang
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,b Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Lin
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,b Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Lian
- d Department of Medical Research, and Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagonistics , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,e Department of Pediatrics , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- b Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,f Department of Pediatric Surgery , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- b Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,g Department of Neurology , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- b Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,g Department of Neurology , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,b Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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22
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de Jesus Pires de Moraes A, Andreato LV, Branco BHM, da Silva EL, Gonçalves MA, Dos Santos RZ, Becker AM, da Silveira Cavalcante L, da Silva Casagrande F, Benetti M. Effects of N-acetylcysteine supplementation on cellular damage and oxidative stress indicators in volleyball athletes. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:802-809. [PMID: 30443526 PMCID: PMC6222163 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836152.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation on cellular damage and oxidative stress indicators in volleyball athletes. Twenty male volleyball athletes at national level performed a physical training session and were divided into 2 groups, which for 7 days took the placebo substance or NAC. After 7 days the athletes repeated the same training session. In both sessions, blood samples were collected 30 min before and immediately after the training session to measure cellular damage and oxidative stress markers. The main results show that, although higher concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were observed in post-session 1 than those in postsession 2, the other markers showed an increase in antioxidant action after supplementation of NAC, once the effect of experimental conditions (P=0.030) were observed in: time effect (P<0.001) and interaction (P=0.019) for total glutathione; time effect (P<0.001) and interaction (P<0.001) for reduced glutathione; and time effect (P<0.001) for ferric-reducing antioxidant potential. The oxidant action indicated by the protein carbonyl was higher in the placebo group than in the NAC group (P=0.028), but a time effect (P<0.001) for the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances showed lower values in presession 1 than in presession 2. For the cellular damage markers, antagonistic results between markers were found. Based in the results, the supplementation of NAC during a short period was effective in reducing oxidant action and increasing antioxidant action. However, conclusive alterations in the responses of the cellular damage markers were not obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan de Jesus Pires de Moraes
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,University of the Itajaí Valley, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vidal Andreato
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, University Center of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco
- Department of Physical Education, University Center of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University Center of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Minuzzi Becker
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Magnus Benetti
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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23
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Huang Q, Ma S, Tominaga T, Suzuki K, Liu C. An 8-Week, Low Carbohydrate, High Fat, Ketogenic Diet Enhanced Exhaustive Exercise Capacity in Mice Part 2: Effect on Fatigue Recovery, Post-Exercise Biomarkers and Anti-Oxidation Capacity. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1339. [PMID: 30241310 PMCID: PMC6212995 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional approach ensuring that the body utilizes lipids. In our previous study, we found that an eight-week ketogenic high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet increased the capacity of endurance exercise in mice without aggravated muscle injury, despite the decrease of absolute muscle volume. The potential mechanism is most possibly to be enhanced capacity to mobilize and utilize fat. In the present study, we investigated whether a ketogenic diet influences post-exercise recovery by measuring blood biomarkers, muscle and liver oxidative state as well as fatigue recovery 24 h post exercise by employing an open-field locomotion test. Several biochemistry markers indicating exercise-induced injury after exhaustive exercise were improved by KD, followed by a 24-h rest with free feed access, including lactate. No aggravated hepatic oxidative damage was observed, whereas muscular oxidative stress was increased by KD. Accelerated recovery induced by exhaustive exercise was also observed from blood biomarkers of injury. For fatigue recovery, lactate concentration, a marker often employed as exhaustion index was lowered by KD, whereas an open field test showed that KD application contributed to increased locomotion after exhaustive exercise, followed by a 24-h rest. These results suggest that KD has the potential to be used as a fatigue-preventing and/or recovery-promoting diet approach in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Huang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan.
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Sihui Ma
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Takaki Tominaga
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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24
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Broome SC, Woodhead JST, Merry TL. Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants and Skeletal Muscle Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7080107. [PMID: 30096848 PMCID: PMC6116009 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7080107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle is the mitochondria. Prolonged or very high ROS exposure causes oxidative damage, which can be deleterious to muscle function, and as such, there is growing interest in targeting antioxidants to the mitochondria in an effort to prevent or treat muscle dysfunction and damage associated with disease and injury. Paradoxically, however, ROS also act as important signalling molecules in controlling cellular homeostasis, and therefore caution must be taken when supplementing with antioxidants. It is possible that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants may limit oxidative stress without suppressing ROS from non-mitochondrial sources that might be important for cell signalling. Therefore, in this review, we summarise literature relating to the effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants on skeletal muscle function. Overall, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants appear to exert beneficial effects on mitochondrial capacity and function, insulin sensitivity and age-related declines in muscle function. However, it seems that this is dependent on the type of mitochondrial-trageted antioxidant employed, and its specific mechanism of action, rather than simply targeting to the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Broome
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan S T Woodhead
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Troy L Merry
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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25
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Marchio P, Guerra-Ojeda S, Vila JM, Aldasoro M, Valles SL, Soler C, Mauricio MD. Chronic exercise impairs nitric oxide pathway in rabbit carotid and femoral arteries. J Physiol 2018; 596:4361-4374. [PMID: 29968308 DOI: 10.1113/jp275611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Some of the beneficial effects of exercise in preventing vascular related diseases are mediated by the enhancement of endothelial function where the role of nitric oxide (NO) is well documented, although the relevance of calcium activated potassium channels is not fully understood. The impact of oxidative stress induced by training on endothelial function remains to be clarified. By evaluating different endothelial vasodilator pathways on two vascular beds in a rabbit model of chronic exercise, we found a decreased NO bioavailability and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in both carotid and femoral arteries. Physical training induced carotid endothelial dysfunction as a result of an increase in oxidative stress and a reduction in superoxide dismutase expression. In the femoral artery, the lower production of NO was counteracted by an increased participation of large conductance calcium activated potassium channels, preventing endothelial dysfunction. ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic exercise on vasodilator response in two different arteries. Rings of carotid and femoral arteries from control and trained rabbits were suspended in organ baths for isometric recording of tension. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), Cu/Zn and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), and large conductance calcium activated potassium (BKCa) channel protein expression were measured by western blotting. In the carotid artery, training reduced the relaxation to ACh (10-9 to 3 × 10-6 m) that was reversed by N-acetylcysteine (10-3 m). l-NAME (10-4 m) reduced the relaxation to ACh in both groups, although the effect was lower in the trained group (in mean ± SEM, 39 ± 2% vs. 28 ± 3%). Physical training did not modify the relaxation to ACh in femoral arteries, although the response to l-NAME was lower in the trained group (in mean ± SEM, 41 ± 5% vs. 17 ± 2%). Charybdotoxin (10-7 m) plus apamin (10-6 m) further reduced the maximal relaxation to ACh only in the trained group. The remaining relaxation in both carotid and femoral arteries was abolished by KCl (2 × 10-2 m) and BaCl2 (3 × 10-6 m) plus ouabain (10-4 m) in both groups. Physical training decreased eNOS expression in both carotid and femoral arteries and Cu/Zn and Mn-SOD expression only in the carotid artery. BKCa channels were overexpressed in the trained group in the femoral artery. In conclusion, chronic exercise induces endothelial dysfunction in the carotid artery as a result of oxidative stress. In the femoral artery, it modifies the vasodilator pathways, enhancing the participation of BKCa channels, thus compensating for the impairment of NO-mediated vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Marchio
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Solanye Guerra-Ojeda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Vila
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martín Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Soraya L Valles
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Soler
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria D Mauricio
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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26
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Rhodes KM, Baker DF, Smith BT, Braakhuis AJ. Acute Effect of Oral N-Acetylcysteine on Muscle Soreness and Exercise Performance in Semi-Elite Rugby Players. J Diet Suppl 2018; 16:443-453. [PMID: 29958049 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1470129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation may enhance performance and reduce soreness from acute, repeated-sprint, high-intensity exercise. Our aim was to investigate whether semi-elite rugby union athletes may benefit. In a randomized block design, 17 semi-elite male rugby players were assigned to receive either 1 g oral NAC (n = 8) or placebo (n = 9) for six days. The mean percentage effect of NAC on exercise performance was assessed through completion of a broken bronco exercise test on days 5 and 6 of supplementation. Players self-reported muscle soreness and tolerability to supplements using a modified Muscle Pain and Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire throughout the supplement duration. NAC produced a likely beneficial performance effect on maximum shuttle sprint time (2.4%; 90% confidence limit ± 4.8%) but was unclear on total time during back-to-back broken bronco tests compared to placebo. NAC had a likely protective effect on subjective muscle soreness during days 1-4 of supplementation (-19% ± 27%) but a very likely harmful effect on days 5 and 6 of supplementation (71% ± 59%). Daily supplementation with 1 g of oral NAC for six days produced no adverse side effects, reduced muscle soreness after one bout of damaging exercise, but increased soreness following the second bout. The performance effects were generally unclear apart from maximal sprint time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Rhodes
- a The University of Auckland, Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Dane F Baker
- b Chiefs Rugby Franchise, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - Brett T Smith
- b Chiefs Rugby Franchise, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton , New Zealand.,c Te Oranga School of Human Development and Movement Studies, University of Waikato , Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - Andrea J Braakhuis
- a The University of Auckland, Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences , Auckland , New Zealand
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27
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Rhodes K, Braakhuis A. Performance and Side Effects of Supplementation with N-Acetylcysteine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:1619-1636. [PMID: 28102488 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a promising antioxidant supplement with potential as an acute strategy to enhance performance in elite sport, but there are concerns about its side effects with high doses. OBJECTIVE To review the current literature and evaluate the effects of NAC supplementation on sport performance and the risk of adverse effects. METHODS The literature up to May 2016 was searched on MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar and Scopus databases to identify all studies investigating the effects of NAC supplementation on exercise performance and/or side effects experienced. Performance outcomes from each study were converted to the percent effect equivalent to mean power output in a time trial. All pooled analyses were based on random-effects models generated by Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program], version 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, 2014). RESULTS A total of seven studies met criteria for inclusion in the sport performance meta-analysis, and 17 for inclusion in the side effects meta-analysis. The typical daily dose of NAC reported was 5.8 g·d-1; with a range between 1.2 and 20.0 g·d-1. The mean increase in performance was 0.29% (95% confidence interval -0.67 to 1.25). The difference in the odds ratio of side effects on NAC compared with placebo was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 0.88-1.39). The sub-analysis of NAC dose suggested an increase in side effects as the dosage of NAC increased; however, this observation requires further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Despite initial research publications reporting positive performance effects with NAC, at this stage it cannot be recommended further. The risk of side effects from NAC supplementation also remains unclear owing to significant variations in effects. Suboptimal reporting and documentation in the literature creates difficulties when meta-analysing outcomes and generating conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Rhodes
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Andrea Braakhuis
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Cheng AJ, Place N, Westerblad H. Molecular Basis for Exercise-Induced Fatigue: The Importance of Strictly Controlled Cellular Ca 2+ Handling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a029710. [PMID: 28432118 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The contractile function of skeletal muscle declines during intense or prolonged physical exercise, that is, fatigue develops. Skeletal muscle fibers fatigue acutely during highly intense exercise when they have to rely on anaerobic metabolism. Early stages of fatigue involve impaired myofibrillar function, whereas decreased Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) becomes more important in later stages. SR Ca2+ release can also become reduced with more prolonged, lower intensity exercise, and it is then related to glycogen depletion. Increased reactive oxygen/nitrogen species can cause long-lasting impairments in SR Ca2+ release resulting in a prolonged force depression after exercise. In this article, we discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms of the above fatigue-induced changes, with special focus on multiple mechanisms to decrease SR Ca2+ release to avoid energy depletion and preserve muscle fiber integrity. We also discuss fatigue-related effects of exercise-induced Ca2+ fluxes over the sarcolemma and between the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Place
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Pinniger GJ, Terrill JR, Assan EB, Grounds MD, Arthur PG. Pre-clinical evaluation of N-acetylcysteine reveals side effects in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Physiol 2017; 595:7093-7107. [PMID: 28887840 DOI: 10.1113/jp274229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal muscle wasting disease associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been proposed as a therapeutic intervention for DMD boys, but potential adverse effects of NAC have not been widely investigated. We used young (6 weeks old) growing mdx mice to investigate the capacity of NAC supplementation (2% in drinking water for 6 weeks) to improve dystrophic muscle function and to explore broader systemic effects of NAC treatment. NAC treatment improved normalised measures of muscle function, and decreased inflammation and oxidative stress, but significantly reduced body weight gain, muscle weight and liver weight. Unexpected significant adverse effects of NAC on body and muscle weights indicate that interpretation of muscle function based on normalised force measures should be made with caution and careful consideration is needed when proposing the use of NAC as a therapeutic treatment for young DMD boys. ABSTRACT Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked muscle wasting disease characterised by severe muscle weakness, necrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic intervention for DMD boys. We investigated the capacity of NAC to improve dystrophic muscle function in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Young (6 weeks old) mdx and non-dystrophic C57 mice receiving 2% NAC in drinking water for 6 weeks were compared with untreated mice. Grip strength and body weight were measured weekly, before the 12 week old mice were anaesthetised and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were excised for functional analysis and tissues were sampled for biochemical analyses. Compared to untreated mice, the mean (SD) normalised grip strength was significantly greater in NAC-treated mdx [3.13 (0.58) vs 4.87 (0.78) g body weight (bw)-1 ; P < 0.001] and C57 mice [3.90 (0.32) vs 5.32 (0.60) g bw-1 ; P < 0.001]. Maximum specific force was significantly greater in NAC-treated mdx muscles [9.80 (2.27) vs 13.07 (3.37) N cm-2 ; P = 0.038]. Increased force in mdx mice was associated with reduced thiol oxidation and inflammation in fast muscles, and increased citrate synthase activity in slow muscle. Importantly, NAC significantly impaired body weight gain in both strains of young growing mice, and reduced liver weight in C57 mice and muscle weight in mdx mice. These potentially adverse effects of NAC emphasise the need for caution when interpreting improvements in muscle function based on normalised force measures, and that careful consideration be given to these effects when proposing NAC as a potential treatment for young DMD boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Pinniger
- School of Human Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica R Terrill
- School of Human Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Evanna B Assan
- School of Human Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Miranda D Grounds
- School of Human Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter G Arthur
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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30
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McLeay Y, Stannard S, Houltham S, Starck C. Dietary thiols in exercise: oxidative stress defence, exercise performance, and adaptation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:12. [PMID: 28465675 PMCID: PMC5408473 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes are susceptible to cellular damage initiated by excessive levels of aerobic exercise-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Whilst ROS can contribute to the onset of fatigue, there is increasing evidence that they play a crucial role in exercise adaptations. The use of antioxidant supplements such as vitamin C and E in athletes is common; however, their ability to enhance performance and facilitate recovery is controversial, with many studies suggesting a blunting of training adaptations with supplementation. The up-regulation of endogenous antioxidant systems brought about by exercise training allows for greater tolerance to subsequent ROS, thus, athletes may benefit from increasing these systems through dietary thiol donors. Recent work has shown supplementation with a cysteine donor (N-acetylcysteine; NAC) improves antioxidant capacity by augmenting glutathione levels and reducing markers of oxidative stress, as well as ergogenic potential through association with delayed fatigue in numerous experimental models. However, the use of this, and other thiol donors may have adverse physiological effects. A recent discovery for the use of a thiol donor food source, keratin, to potentially enhance endogenous antioxidants may have important implications for endurance athletes hoping to enhance performance and recovery without blunting training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanita McLeay
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stuart Houltham
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlene Starck
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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31
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Yan X, Song Y, Shen C, Xu W, Chen L, Zhang J, Liu H, Huang M, Lai G, Qian G, Wang J, Ye X, Zheng J, Bai C. Mucoactive and antioxidant medicines for COPD: consensus of a group of Chinese pulmonary physicians. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:803-812. [PMID: 28405161 PMCID: PMC5378456 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s114423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway mucus hypersecretion is a frequent symptom associated with acute and chronic airway disease. Inhibition of mucus production or promotion of mucolysis not only relieved symptoms but also improved disease outcomes. There are numerous available mucoactive medicines for prescription, and how to select them properly for different diseases is important for clinical practice. So far, there is no one consensus or guideline reported. A group of Chinese pulmonary physicians worked together to complete this consensus based on literature review, summarized mechanism and usage of each classical mucoactive medicine. In general, antioxidant mucoactive medicines play an important role in chronic airway disease, including but not limited to airway mucus clearance, reduced acute exacerbation and improved pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixin Yan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Hebei
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute
| | - Ce Shen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai 6th People’s Hospital, Jiaotong University
| | - Wenbing Xu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Peking Union Hospital, Beijing
| | - Liangan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing 301 Military Hospital, Beijing
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Huiguo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Mao Huang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
| | - Guoxiang Lai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Fuzhou Military Region, Fuzhou
| | - Guishen Qian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Xianwei Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People’s Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guizhou
| | - Jinping Zheng
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
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32
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Evidence of a Redox-Dependent Regulation of Immune Responses to Exercise-Induced Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2840643. [PMID: 27974950 PMCID: PMC5126438 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2840643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We used thiol-based antioxidant supplementation (n-acetylcysteine, NAC) to determine whether immune mobilisation following skeletal muscle microtrauma induced by exercise is redox-sensitive in healthy humans. According to a two-trial, double-blind, crossover, repeated measures design, 10 young men received either placebo or NAC (20 mg/kg/day) immediately after a muscle-damaging exercise protocol (300 eccentric contractions) and for eight consecutive days. Blood sampling and performance assessments were performed before exercise, after exercise, and daily throughout recovery. NAC reduced the decline of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes and the increase of plasma protein carbonyls, serum TAC and erythrocyte oxidized glutathione, and TBARS and catalase activity during recovery thereby altering postexercise redox status. The rise of muscle damage and inflammatory markers (muscle strength, creatine kinase activity, CRP, proinflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules) was less pronounced in NAC during the first phase of recovery. The rise of leukocyte and neutrophil count was decreased by NAC after exercise. Results on immune cell subpopulations obtained by flow cytometry indicated that NAC ingestion reduced the exercise-induced rise of total macrophages, HLA+ macrophages, and 11B+ macrophages and abolished the exercise-induced upregulation of B lymphocytes. Natural killer cells declined only in PLA immediately after exercise. These results indicate that thiol-based antioxidant supplementation blunts immune cell mobilisation in response to exercise-induced inflammation suggesting that leukocyte mobilization may be under redox-dependent regulation.
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34
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Reid MB. Redox interventions to increase exercise performance. J Physiol 2016; 594:5125-33. [PMID: 26584644 PMCID: PMC5023705 DOI: 10.1113/jp270653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle continually produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) derivatives. Both oxidant cascades have complex effects on muscle contraction, metabolic function and tissue perfusion. Strenuous exercise increases oxidant production by muscle, limiting performance during endurance exercise tasks. Conversely, redox interventions that modulate ROS or NO activity have the potential to improve performance. Antioxidants have long been known to buffer ROS activity and lessen oxidative perturbations during exercise. The capacity to enhance human performance varies among antioxidant categories. Vitamins, provitamins and nutriceuticals often blunt oxidative changes at the biochemical level but do not enhance performance. In contrast, reduced thiol donors have been shown to delay fatigue or increase endurance under a variety of experimental conditions. Dietary nitrate supplementation has recently emerged as a second redox strategy for increasing endurance. Purified nitrate salts and nitrate-rich foods, notably beetroot and beetroot juice, are reported to lessen the oxygen cost of exercise, increase efficiency, and enhance performance during endurance tasks. These findings are exciting but enigmatic since nitrate per se has little bioactivity and cannot be converted to NO by mammalian cells. Overall, the available data suggest exercise endurance can be augmented by redox-active supplements, either reduced thiol donors or dietary nitrates. These findings have clear implications for athletes seeking a competitive edge. More importantly, interventions that increase endurance may benefit individuals whose physical activity is limited by illness, ageing, or frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Reid
- College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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35
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Merry TL, Ristow M. Do antioxidant supplements interfere with skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training? J Physiol 2016; 594:5135-47. [PMID: 26638792 PMCID: PMC5023714 DOI: 10.1113/jp270654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A popular belief is that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) produced during exercise by the mitochondria and other subcellular compartments ubiquitously cause skeletal muscle damage, fatigue and impair recovery. However, the importance of ROS and RNS as signals in the cellular adaptation process to stress is now evident. In an effort to combat the perceived deleterious effects of ROS and RNS it has become common practice for active individuals to ingest supplements with antioxidant properties, but interfering with ROS/RNS signalling in skeletal muscle during acute exercise may blunt favourable adaptation. There is building evidence that antioxidant supplementation can attenuate endurance training-induced and ROS/RNS-mediated enhancements in antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial biogenesis, cellular defence mechanisms and insulin sensitivity. However, this is not a universal finding, potentially indicating that there is redundancy in the mechanisms controlling skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise, meaning that in some circumstances the negative impact of antioxidants on acute exercise response can be overcome by training. Antioxidant supplementation has been more consistently reported to have deleterious effects on the response to overload stress and high-intensity training, suggesting that remodelling of skeletal muscle following resistance and high-intensity exercise is more dependent on ROS/RNS signalling. Importantly there is no convincing evidence to suggest that antioxidant supplementation enhances exercise-training adaptions. Overall, ROS/RNS are likely to exhibit a non-linear (hormetic) pattern on exercise adaptations, where physiological doses are beneficial and high exposure (which would seldom be achieved during normal exercise training) may be detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy L Merry
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8603, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8603, Zurich, Switzerland
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Smith JR, Broxterman RM, Ade CJ, Evans KK, Kurti SP, Hammer SM, Barstow TJ, Harms CA. Acute supplementation of N-acetylcysteine does not affect muscle blood flow and oxygenation characteristics during handgrip exercise. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/7/e12748. [PMID: 27044854 PMCID: PMC4831322 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N‐acetylcysteine (NAC; antioxidant and thiol donor) supplementation has improved exercise performance and delayed fatigue, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. One possibility is NAC supplementation increases limb blood flow during severe‐intensity exercise. The purpose was to determine if NAC supplementation affected exercising arm blood flow and muscle oxygenation characteristics. We hypothesized that NAC would lead to higher limb blood flow and lower muscle deoxygenation characteristics during severe‐intensity exercise. Eight healthy nonendurance trained men (21.8 ± 1.2 years) were recruited and completed two constant power handgrip exercise tests at 80% peak power until exhaustion. Subjects orally consumed either placebo (PLA) or NAC (70 mg/kg) 60 min prior to handgrip exercise. Immediately prior to exercise, venous blood samples were collected for determination of plasma redox balance. Brachial artery blood flow (BABF) was measured via Doppler ultrasound and flexor digitorum superficialis oxygenation characteristics were measured via near‐infrared spectroscopy. Following NAC supplementaiton, plasma cysteine (NAC: 47.2 ± 20.3 μmol/L vs. PLA: 9.6 ± 1.2 μmol/L; P = 0.001) and total cysteine (NAC: 156.2 ± 33.9 μmol/L vs. PLA: 132.2 ± 16.3 μmol/L; P = 0.048) increased. Time to exhaustion was not significantly different (P = 0.55) between NAC (473.0 ± 62.1 sec) and PLA (438.7 ± 58.1 sec). Resting BABF was not different (P = 0.79) with NAC (99.3 ± 31.1 mL/min) and PLA (108.3 ± 46.0 mL/min). BABF was not different (P = 0.42) during exercise or at end‐exercise (NAC: 413 ± 109 mL/min; PLA: 445 ± 147 mL/min). Deoxy‐[hemoglobin+myoglobin] and total‐[hemoglobin+myoglobin] were not significantly different (P = 0.73 and P = 0.54, respectively) at rest or during exercise between conditions. We conclude that acute NAC supplementation does not alter oxygen delivery during exercise in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Ryan M Broxterman
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Carl J Ade
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Kara K Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Stephanie P Kurti
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Shane M Hammer
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Thomas J Barstow
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Craig A Harms
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Mason SA, Morrison D, McConell GK, Wadley GD. Muscle redox signalling pathways in exercise. Role of antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:29-45. [PMID: 26912034 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent research highlights the importance of redox signalling pathway activation by contraction-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in normal exercise-related cellular and molecular adaptations in skeletal muscle. In this review, we discuss some potentially important redox signalling pathways in skeletal muscle that are involved in acute and chronic responses to contraction and exercise. Specifically, we discuss redox signalling implicated in skeletal muscle contraction force, mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzyme induction, glucose uptake and muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore, we review evidence investigating the impact of major exogenous antioxidants on these acute and chronic responses to exercise. Redox signalling pathways involved in adaptive responses in skeletal muscle to exercise are not clearly elucidated at present, and further research is required to better define important signalling pathways involved. Evidence of beneficial or detrimental effects of specific antioxidant compounds on exercise adaptations in muscle is similarly limited, particularly in human subjects. Future research is required to not only investigate effects of specific antioxidant compounds on skeletal muscle exercise adaptations, but also to better establish mechanisms of action of specific antioxidants in vivo. Although we feel it remains somewhat premature to make clear recommendations in relation to application of specific antioxidant compounds in different exercise settings, a bulk of evidence suggests that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is ergogenic through its effects on maintenance of muscle force production during sustained fatiguing events. Nevertheless, a current lack of evidence from studies using performance tests representative of athletic competition and a potential for adverse effects with high doses (>70mg/kg body mass) warrants caution in its use for performance enhancement. In addition, evidence implicates high dose vitamin C (1g/day) and E (≥260 IU/day) supplementation in impairments to some skeletal muscle cellular adaptations to chronic exercise training. Thus, determining the utility of antioxidant supplementation in athletes likely requires a consideration of training and competition periodization cycles of athletes in addition to type, dose and duration of antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Mason
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (C-PAN) Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale Morrison
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (C-PAN) Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn K McConell
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute for Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (C-PAN) Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Many athletes supplement with antioxidants in the belief this will reduce muscle damage, immune dysfunction and fatigue, and will thus improve performance, while some evidence suggests it impairs training adaptations. Here we review the effect of a range of dietary antioxidants and their effects on sport performance, including vitamin E, quercetin, resveratrol, beetroot juice, other food-derived polyphenols, spirulina and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Older studies suggest vitamin E improves performance at altitude, with possible harmful effects on sea-level performance. Acute intake of vitamin E is worthy of further consideration, if plasma levels can be elevated sufficiently. Quercetin has a small beneficial effect for exercise of longer duration (>100 min), but it is unclear whether this benefits athletes. Resveratrol benefits trained rodents; more research is needed in athletes. Meta-analysis of beetroot juice studies has revealed that the nitrate component of beetroot juice had a substantial but unclear effect on performance when averaged across athletes, non-athletes and modes of exercise (single dose 1.4 ± 2.0%, double dose 0.5 ± 1.9%). The effect of addition of polyphenols and other components to beetroot juice was trivial but unclear (single dose 0.4 ± 3.2%, double dose -0.5 ± 3.3%). Other food-derived polyphenols indicate a range of performance outcomes from a large improvement to moderate impairment. Limited evidence suggests spirulina enhances endurance performance. Intravenous NAC improved endurance cycling performance and reduced muscle fatigue. On the basis of vitamin E and NAC studies, acute intake of antioxidants is likely to be beneficial. However, chronic intakes of most antioxidants have a harmful effect on performance.
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Powers SK, Radak Z, Ji LL. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: past, present and future. J Physiol 2016; 594:5081-92. [PMID: 26893258 DOI: 10.1113/jp270646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of free radicals in living cells was first reported in 1954 and this important finding helped launch the field of free radical biology. However, the discovery that muscular exercise is associated with increased biomarkers of oxidative stress did not occur until 1978. Following the initial report that exercise promotes oxidative stress in humans, many studies have confirmed that prolonged or short-duration high intensity exercise results in increased radical production in active skeletal muscles resulting in the formation of oxidized lipids and proteins in the working muscles. Since these early descriptive studies, the investigation of radicals and redox biology related to exercise and skeletal muscle has grown as a discipline and the importance of this research in the biomedical sciences is widely recognized. This review will briefly summarize the history of research in exercise-induced oxidative stress and will discuss the major paradigm shifts that the field has undergone and continues to experience. We conclude with a discussion of future directions in the hope of stimulating additional research in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Li Li Ji
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 111 Cooke Hall, 1900 University Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Kramer PA, Duan J, Qian WJ, Marcinek DJ. The Measurement of Reversible Redox Dependent Post-translational Modifications and Their Regulation of Mitochondrial and Skeletal Muscle Function. Front Physiol 2015; 6:347. [PMID: 26635632 PMCID: PMC4658434 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress is a common feature of skeletal myopathies across multiple conditions; however, the mechanism by which it contributes to skeletal muscle dysfunction remains controversial. Oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA has received the most attention, yet an important role for reversible redox post-translational modifications (PTMs) in pathophysiology is emerging. The possibility that these PTMs can exert dynamic control of muscle function implicates them as a mechanism contributing to skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic disease. Herein, we discuss the significance of thiol-based redox dependent modifications to mitochondrial, myofibrillar, and excitation-contraction (EC) coupling proteins with an emphasis on how these changes could alter skeletal muscle performance under chronically stressed conditions. A major barrier to a better mechanistic understanding of the role of reversible redox PTMs in muscle function is the technical challenges associated with accurately measuring the changes of site-specific redox PTMs. Here we will critically review current approaches with an emphasis on sample preparation artifacts, quantitation, and specificity. Despite these challenges, the ability to accurately quantify reversible redox PTMs is critical to understanding the mechanisms by which mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Kramer
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jicheng Duan
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, WA, USA
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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Gomez-Cabrera MC, Salvador-Pascual A, Cabo H, Ferrando B, Viña J. Redox modulation of mitochondriogenesis in exercise. Does antioxidant supplementation blunt the benefits of exercise training? Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:37-46. [PMID: 25889822 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise increases the cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in muscle, liver, and other organs. This is unlikely due to increased mitochondrial production but rather to extramitochondrial sources such as NADPH oxidase or xanthine oxidase. We have reported a xanthine oxidase-mediated increase in ROS production in many experimental models from isolated cells to humans. Originally, ROS were considered as detrimental and thus as a likely cause of cell damage associated with exhaustion. In the past decade, evidence showing that ROS act as signals has been gathered and thus the idea that antioxidant supplementation in exercise is always recommendable has proved incorrect. In fact, we proposed that exercise itself can be considered as an antioxidant because training increases the expression of classical antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and, in general, lowering the endogenous antioxidant enzymes by administration of antioxidant supplements may not be a good strategy when training. Antioxidant enzymes are not the only ones to be activated by training. Mitochondriogenesis is an important process activated in exercise. Many redox-sensitive enzymes are involved in this process. Important signaling molecules like MAP kinases, NF-κB, PGC-1α, p53, heat shock factor, and others modulate muscle adaptation to exercise. Interventions aimed at modifying the production of ROS in exercise must be performed with care as they may be detrimental in that they may lower useful adaptations to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Spain
| | - Andrea Salvador-Pascual
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Spain
| | - Helena Cabo
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ferrando
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Spain
| | - Jose Viña
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Spain.
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Michelucci A, Paolini C, Canato M, Wei-Lapierre L, Pietrangelo L, De Marco A, Reggiani C, Dirksen RT, Protasi F. Antioxidants protect calsequestrin-1 knockout mice from halothane- and heat-induced sudden death. Anesthesiology 2015; 123:603-17. [PMID: 26132720 PMCID: PMC4543432 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice lacking calsequestrin-1 (CASQ1-null), a Ca-binding protein that modulates the activity of Ca release in the skeletal muscle, exhibit lethal hypermetabolic episodes that resemble malignant hyperthermia in humans when exposed to halothane or heat stress. METHODS Because oxidative species may play a critical role in malignant hyperthermia crises, we treated CASQ1-null mice with two antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC, Sigma-Aldrich, Italy; provided ad libitum in drinking water) and (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox, Sigma-Aldrich; administered by intraperitoneal injection), before exposure to halothane (2%, 1 h) or heat (41°C, 1 h). RESULTS NAC and Trolox significantly protected CASQ1-null mice from lethal episodes, with mortality being 79% (n = 14), 25% (n = 16), and 20% (n = 5) during halothane exposure and 86% (n = 21), 29% (n = 21), and 33% (n = 6) during heat stress in untreated, NAC-treated, and Trolox-treated mice, respectively. During heat challenge, an increase in core temperature in CASQ1-null mice (42.3° ± 0.1°C, n=10) was significantly reduced by both NAC and Trolox (40.6° ± 0.3°C, n = 6 and 40.5° ± 0.2°C, n = 6). NAC treatment of CASQ1-null muscles/mice normalized caffeine sensitivity during in vitro contracture tests, Ca transients in single fibers, and significantly reduced the percentage of fibers undergoing rhabdomyolysis (37.6 ± 2.5%, 38/101 fibers in 3 mice; 11.6 ± 1.1%, 21/186 fibers in 5 mice). The protective effect of antioxidant treatment likely resulted from mitigation of oxidative stress, because NAC reduced mitochondrial superoxide production, superoxide dismutase type-1 expression, and 3-nitrotyrosine expression, and increased both reduced glutathione and reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio. CONCLUSION These studies provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that underlie hyperthermic crises in CASQ1-deficient muscle and demonstrate that antioxidant pretreatment may prevent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Michelucci
- Postdoctoral Fellow, CeSI - Center for Research on Ageing & DNICS – Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Cecilia Paolini
- Assistant Professor, CeSI - Center for Research on Ageing & DNICS – Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Canato
- Research Assistant, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35131 Italy
| | - Lan Wei-Lapierre
- Research Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- Postdoctoral Fellow, CeSI - Center for Research on Ageing & DNICS – Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Marco
- Postdoctoral fellow, CeSI - Center for Research on Ageing & DNICS – Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35131 Italy
| | - Robert T. Dirksen
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- Professor, CeSI - Center for Research on Ageing & DNICS – Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
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da Silva ND, Roseguini BT, Chehuen M, Fernandes T, Mota GF, Martin PKM, Han SW, Forjaz CLM, Wolosker N, de Oliveira EM. Effects of oral N-acetylcysteine on walking capacity, leg reactive hyperemia, and inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in patients with intermittent claudication. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H897-905. [PMID: 26116711 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00158.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to impaired walking capacity and endothelial dysfunction in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). The goal of the study was to determine the effects of oral treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on walking capacity, leg postocclusive reactive hyperemia, circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, and whole blood expression of angiogenic mediators in patients with IC. Following a double-blinded randomized crossover design, 10 patients with IC received NAC (1,800 mg/day for 4 days plus 2,700 mg before the experimental session) and placebo (PLA) before undergoing a graded treadmill exercise test. Leg postocclusive reactive hyperemia was assessed before and after the test. Blood samples were taken before and after NAC or PLA ingestions and 5 and 30 min after the exercise test for the analysis of circulating inflammatory and angiogenic markers. Although NAC increased the plasma ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione, there were no differences between experimental sessions for walking tolerance and postocclusive reactive hyperemia. Plasma concentrations of soluble vascular cell adhesion protein-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and endothelin-1 increased similarly following maximal exercise after PLA and NAC (P < 0.001). Whole blood expression of pro-angiogenic microRNA-126 increased after maximal exercise in the PLA session, but treatment with NAC prevented this response. Similarly, exercise-induced changes in whole blood expression of VEGF, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase R2 were blunted after NAC. In conclusion, oral NAC does not increase walking tolerance or leg blood flow in patients with IC. In addition, oral NAC prevents maximal exercise-induced increase in the expression of circulating microRNA-126 and other angiogenic mediators in patients with IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan D da Silva
- Department of Biodynamic, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno T Roseguini
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Marcel Chehuen
- Department of Biodynamic, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fernandes
- Department of Biodynamic, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glória F Mota
- Department of Biodynamic, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila K M Martin
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Sang W Han
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Cláudia L M Forjaz
- Department of Biodynamic, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nelson Wolosker
- Vascular and Endovascular Division, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilamar M de Oliveira
- Department of Biodynamic, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
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Manders E, Rain S, Bogaard HJ, Handoko ML, Stienen GJM, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Ottenheijm CAC, de Man FS. The striated muscles in pulmonary arterial hypertension: adaptations beyond the right ventricle. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:832-42. [PMID: 26113677 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02052-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal lung disease characterised by progressive remodelling of the small pulmonary vessels. The daily-life activities of patients with PAH are severely limited by exertional fatigue and dyspnoea. Typically, these symptoms have been explained by right heart failure. However, an increasing number of studies reveal that the impact of the PAH reaches further than the pulmonary circulation. Striated muscles other than the right ventricle are affected in PAH, such as the left ventricle, the diaphragm and peripheral skeletal muscles. Alterations in these striated muscles are associated with exercise intolerance and reduced quality of life. In this Back to Basics article on striated muscle function in PAH, we provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms causing muscle dysfunction in PAH and discuss potential new therapeutic strategies to restore muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Manders
- Dept of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Rain
- Dept of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Bogaard
- Dept of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Louis Handoko
- Dept of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ger J M Stienen
- Dept of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf
- Dept of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coen A C Ottenheijm
- Dept of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frances S de Man
- Dept of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Slattery KM, Dascombe B, Wallace LK, Bentley DJ, Coutts AJ. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on cycling performance after intensified training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:1114-23. [PMID: 24576857 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This investigation examined the ergogenic effect of short-term oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation and the associated changes in redox balance and inflammation during intense training. METHODS A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover design was used to assess 9 d of oral NAC supplementation (1200 mg·d) in 10 well-trained triathletes. For each supplement trial (NAC and placebo), baseline venous blood and urine samples were taken, and a presupplementation cycle ergometer race simulation was performed. After the loading period, further samples were collected preexercise, postexercise, and 2 and 24 h after the postsupplementation cycle ergometer race simulation. Changes in total antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing ability of plasma, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, interleukin 6, xanthine oxidase, hypoxanthine, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, nuclear factor κB, and urinary 15-isoprostane F2t concentration were assessed. The experimental procedure was repeated with the remaining supplement after a 3-wk washout. Eight participants completed both supplementation trials. RESULTS NAC improved sprint performance during the cycle ergometer race simulation (P < 0.001, ηp = 0.03). Supplementation with NAC also augmented postexercise plasma total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.005, ηp = 0.19), reduced exercise-induced oxidative damage (plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, P = 0.002, ηp = 0.22; urinary 15-isoprostane F2t concentration, P = 0.010, ηp = 0.431), attenuated inflammation (plasma interleukin 6, P = 0.002, ηp = 0.22; monocyte chemotactic protein 1, P = 0.012, ηp = 0.17), and increased postexercise nuclear factor κB activity (P < 0.001, ηp = 0.21). CONCLUSION Oral NAC supplementation improved cycling performance via an improved redox balance and promoted adaptive processes in well-trained athletes undergoing strenuous physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie May Slattery
- 1Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, AUSTRALIA; 2Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, AUSTRALIA; and 3Human Exercise Performance Laboratory, School of Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, AUSTRALIA
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Santus P, Corsico A, Solidoro P, Braido F, Di Marco F, Scichilone N. Oxidative stress and respiratory system: pharmacological and clinical reappraisal of N-acetylcysteine. COPD 2014; 11:705-17. [PMID: 24787454 PMCID: PMC4245155 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2014.898040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The large surface area for gas exchange makes the respiratory system particularly susceptible to oxidative stress-mediated injury. Both endogenous and exogenous pro-oxidants (e.g. cigarette smoke) trigger activation of leukocytes and host defenses. These mechanisms interact in a "multilevel cycle" responsible for the control of the oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidants (e.g. reduced glutathione [GSH]) in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the contribution of oxidative stress to the pathophysiology of COPD is generally only minimally discussed. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, particularly COPD, and to examine the available clinical and experimental evidence on the use of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of GSH, as an adjunct to standard therapy for the treatment of COPD. The proposed concept of "multilevel cycle" helps understand the relationship between respiratory diseases and oxidative stress, thus clarifying the rationale for using NAC in COPD. Until recently, antioxidant drugs such as NAC have been regarded only as mucolytic agents. Nevertheless, several clinical trials indicate that NAC may reduce the rate of COPD exacerbations and improve small airways function. The most plausible explanation for the beneficial effects observed in patients with COPD treated with NAC lies in the mucolytic and antioxidant effects of this drug. Modulation of bronchial inflammation by NAC may further account for these favorable clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierachille Santus
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute. Pneumologia Riabilitativa Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri-Istituto Scientifico di Milano-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo Corsico
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, DMM, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Solidoro
- SCDO Pneumologia, Dipartimento Cardiovascolare e Toracico, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Presidio Molinette, Torino, Italy
| | - Fulvio Braido
- Clinica Malattie Respiratorie e Allergologia Dipartimento di Medicina Interna (DiMI) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria IRCCS San Martino di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabiano Di Marco
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Pneumologia, Ospedale San Paolo, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Scichilone
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.M.I.S.), Sezione di Pneumologia, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Slattery K, Bentley D, Coutts AJ. The Role of Oxidative, Inflammatory and Neuroendocrinological Systems During Exercise Stress in Athletes: Implications of Antioxidant Supplementation on Physiological Adaptation During Intensified Physical Training. Sports Med 2014; 45:453-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lindsay A, Lewis J, Scarrott C, Draper N, Gieseg SP. Changes in acute biochemical markers of inflammatory and structural stress in rugby union. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:882-91. [PMID: 25358055 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.971047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rugby union is a sport governed by the impacts of high force and high frequency. Analysis of physiological markers following a game can provide an understanding of the physiological response of an individual and the time course changes in response to recovery. Urine and saliva were collected from 11 elite amateur rugby players 24 h before, immediately after, and at 17, 25, 38, 62 and 86 h post-game. Myoglobin, salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol were analysed by ELISA, whereas neopterin and total neopterin were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. There was a significant post-game increase of all four markers. The increases were cortisol 4-fold, myoglobin 2.85-fold, neopterin 1.75-fold and total neopterin 2.3-fold when corrected with specific gravity. All significant changes occurred post-game only, with markers returning to and remaining at baseline within 17 h. The intensity of the game caused significant changes in key physiological markers of stress. They provide an understanding of the stress experienced during a single game of rugby and the time course changes associated with player recovery. Neopterin provides a new marker of detecting an acute inflammatory response in physical exercise, while specific gravity should be considered for urine volume correction post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- a School of Biological Sciences , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Wu RM, Sun YY, Zhou TT, Zhu ZY, Zhuang JJ, Tang X, Chen J, Hu LH, Shen X. Arctigenin enhances swimming endurance of sedentary rats partially by regulation of antioxidant pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1274-84. [PMID: 25152028 PMCID: PMC4186987 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Arctigenin, a phenylpropanoid dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan found in traditional Chinese herbs, has been determined to exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection, and endurance enhancement. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidation and anti-fatigue effects of arctigenin in rats. METHODS Rat L6 skeletal muscle cell line was exposed to H2O2 (700 μmol/L), and ROS level was assayed using DCFH-DA as a probe. Male SD rats were injected with arctigenin (15 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip) for 6 weeks, and then the weight-loaded forced swimming test (WFST) was performed to evaluate their endurance. The levels of antioxidant-related genes in L6 cells and the skeletal muscles of rats were analyzed using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Incubation of L6 cells with arctigenin (1, 5, 20 μmol/L) dose-dependently decreased the H2O2-induced ROS production. WFST results demonstrated that chronic administration of arctigenin significantly enhanced the endurance of rats. Furthermore, molecular biology studies on L6 cells and skeletal muscles of the rats showed that arctigenin effectively increased the expression of the antioxidant-related genes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (Gsr), glutathione peroxidase (GPX1), thioredoxin (Txn) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), through regulation of two potential antioxidant pathways: AMPK/PGC-1α/PPARα in mitochondria and AMPK/p53/Nrf2 in the cell nucleus. CONCLUSION Arctigenin efficiently enhances rat swimming endurance by elevation of the antioxidant capacity of the skeletal muscles, which has thereby highlighted the potential of this natural product as an antioxidant in the treatment of fatigue and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-ming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan-yan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ting-ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhi-yuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing-jing Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li-hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu Shen
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Impact of polyphenol antioxidants on cycling performance and cardiovascular function. Nutrients 2014; 6:1273-92. [PMID: 24667134 PMCID: PMC3967193 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation sought to determine if supplementation with polyphenol antioxidant (PA) improves exercise performance in the heat (31.5 °C, 55% RH) by altering the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to exercise. Twelve endurance trained athletes ingested PA or placebo (PLAC) for 7 days. Consecutive days of exercise testing were performed at the end of the supplementation periods. Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory measures were made during exercise. Performance, as measured by a 10 min time trial (TT) following 50 min of moderate intensity cycling, was not different between treatments (PLAC: 292 ± 33 W and PA: 279 ± 38 W, p = 0.12). Gross efficiency, blood lactate, maximal neuromuscular power, and ratings of perceived exertion were also not different between treatments. Similarly, performance on the second day of testing, as assessed by time to fatigue at maximal oxygen consumption, was not different between treatments (PLAC; 377 ± 117 s vs. PA; 364 ± 128 s, p = 0.61). Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to exercise were not different between treatments on either day of exercise testing. Polyphenol antioxidant supplementation had no impact on exercise performance and did not alter the cardiovascular or thermoregulatory responses to exercise in the heat.
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