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Hayes LD, Berry ECJ, Sanal-Hayes NEM, Sculthorpe NF, Buchan DS, Mclaughlin M, Munishankar S, Tolson D. Body Composition, Vascular Health, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Lung Function, Muscle Architecture, and Physical Activity in People with Young Onset Dementia: A Case-Control Study. Am J Med 2024:S0002-9343(24)00551-5. [PMID: 39218054 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body composition, blood pressure, estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), lung function, physical activity, muscle architecture, and endothelial function had not previously been examined in people with young onset dementia. Therefore, the study measured these variables in a young onset dementia group, compared them to age-matched controls. METHODS Estimated VO2max (via the Astrand-Rhyming test), body composition, blood pressure, lung function (via spirometry), muscle architecture (via ultrasonography) and endothelial function (via flow mediated dilation) were assessed. Physical activity was measured using ActiGraph accelerometers for 7 days. RESULTS We recruited 33 participants (16 young onset dementia, 17 controls). The young onset dementia group had shorter fascicle lengths of the vastus lateralis, were sedentary for longer over a seven-day period, and completed less moderate-vigorous physical activity than controls (p=0.028, d=0.81; large effect, p=0.029, d=0.54; moderate effect, and p=0.014, d=0.97; large effect, respectively for pairwise comparisons). Pairwise comparisons suggest no differences at the p<0.05 level between young onset dementia and controls for estimated VO2max (despite a moderate effect size [d=0.66]), height, body mass, BMI, blood pressure, light physical activity, lung function, muscle thickness, pennation angle, or endothelial function. CONCLUSION This study highlights differences between people with young onset dementia and controls, underscoring the need for multicomponent exercise interventions. Future interventions should target muscle architecture, increase moderate-vigorous physical activity, and reduce sedentariness, with the goal of improving quality of life and promoting functional independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D Hayes
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK; Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ethan C J Berry
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Nilihan E M Sanal-Hayes
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK; School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Nicholas F Sculthorpe
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Duncan S Buchan
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marie Mclaughlin
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK; Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, Institute for Sport, P.E. and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Moray House School of Education and Sport, Holyrood Road, Edinburgh, EH8 8AQ, UK
| | - Sowmya Munishankar
- Clydesdale CMHT and Young Onset Dementia Service, Clinical Director for Old Age Psychiatry, Foundation Programme Director W10, Enhanced Appraiser, NHS, Lanarkshire
| | - Debbie Tolson
- Alzheimer Scotland Centre for Policy and Practice, University of the West of Scotland
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Jiang W, Chen C, Xu Y. Muscle structure predictors of vertical jump performance in elite male volleyball players: a cross-sectional study based on ultrasonography. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1427748. [PMID: 39139479 PMCID: PMC11319176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1427748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this investigation is to examine the contribution of key muscle groups in the lower limbs to vertical jumping performance in elite male volleyball players. Specifically, the study focuses on the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG), as well as exploring differences between attack jump and other vertical jump types. Methods To achieve this, we employed B-mode ultrasound to evaluate the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (FL) of the RF, VL, and LG in the participants. Fifteen elite male volleyball players were recruited as participants for this study. Jump heights were measured for four types of vertical jumps: attack jump (AJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and drop jump (DJ). We conducted regression analyses to assess whether the previously mentioned muscle structures could predict jump performance. Results Our findings reveal that the muscle structure of the RF does not exhibit any significant correlation with the height of any jump. However, VL-ACSA displays a significant and the most potent predictive effect on jump height for all four jump types (AJ: R 2 = 0.32, p = 0.001; CMJ: R 2 = 0.37, p = 0.005; SJ: R 2 = 0.52, p = 0.001; DJ: R 2 = 0.25, p = 0.021). Conversely, LG-FL only demonstrates a significant and stronger predictive effect on AJ jump height (R 2 = 0.18, p = 0.009). Combining VL-ACSA, LG-FL, and training age through multiple linear regression analysis resulted in a highly significant model for predicting AJ jump height (F = 13.86, R 2 = 0.73). Moreover, the model incorporating VL-ACSA and training age is also important for predicting CMJ, SJ, and DJ jump heights (F = 8.41, R 2 = 0.51; F = 13.14, R 2 = 0.63; F = 5.95, R 2 = 0.41; respectively). Conclusion The muscle structure indicators in the lower limbs significantly predict jump performance among elite male volleyball players. However, different jump types are influenced by distinct indicators, particularly in the case of AJ, which is associated with LG-FL. This suggests that enhancing LG-FL may positively impact AJ ability, thereby emphasizing the importance of specificity in training. To optimize specialized jump performance in volleyball players, practitioners are advised to assess VL-ACSA and LG-FL and incorporate step-up and eccentric strength training targeting the calf muscles to yield considerable benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiDong Jiang
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Competitive Sports, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Xu
- Sports Biomechanics Laboratory, Jiangsu Research Institute of Sports Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Dos Reis TMP, Aguiar GG, de Azevedo LP, Silva Lima E, André Dellagrana R, Rossato M. Effects of acai supplementation (Euterpe precatoria Mart) on muscle recovery markers after jump protocol. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:580-596. [PMID: 36924018 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2189114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of acai supplementation (AS) on markers of muscle damage. Twelve men participated in the 21-day study. All performed the damage protocol (DP) in two moments, separated by 7 days. The DP consisted of 10 sets of 10 CMJs, with a recovery of 1 min between sets. The AS was performed for 7 days with 40 g/day of dehydrated acai (GA) or placebo (GP). Blood parameters (CK, LDH and Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity - TEAC) were evaluated at 0 h and 24 h. Ultrasound images (VL, RF and GM), DOMS in lower limbs and isometric peak torque (IPT) of knee extensors and flexors were evaluated at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after DP. A time-treatment interaction was observed for TEAC (p = 0.01), in which the GA presented increases of 11% after 24 h. Similarly, time-treatment interaction was observed for knee flexors IPT (p = 0.02), where GA showed superior recovery after 24 h (GA = 108 ± 23 vs. GP = 92 ± 24 N∙m) and 72 h (GA = 113 ± 31 vs. GP = 98 ± 26 N∙m). No significance was observed in the fatigue index for knee extensors (p = 0.75) and flexors (p = 0.89), indicating similar fatigue in both situations. We concluded that AS increased the TEAC and promoted faster recovery of the knee flexors IPT when compared to GP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Gomes Aguiar
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luma Palheta de Azevedo
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Amazonas, FederalUniversity of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Rossato
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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Lanferdini FJ, Kons RL, Detanico D, Dal Pupo J, DE Lucas RD, Vaz MA. Anthropometric, neuromuscular, physiologic and training variables as determinants to laboratory cycling performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:432-438. [PMID: 38411044 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to verify whether anthropometric, physiological and neuromuscular factors, as well as training characteristics, could predict cycling performance during maximal incremental and time-to-exhaustion tests. METHODS Twenty cyclists were evaluated: Anthropometric variables, knee extensor muscle activation and architecture, training history, and training volume were assessed. Second ventilatory threshold (VT2), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX), and maximal power output (POMAX) were assessed during the incremental test. Muscle architecture of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles was evaluated bilaterally to calculate the mean thighs' muscle thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length, at rest condition. After that, time-to-exhaustion test at POMAX was performed. Muscle activation of the VL, RF and vastus medialis (VM) was evaluated of both legs. RESULTS Cyclists' height (r2=0.37), experience time and training volume (r2=0.46) were predictors of POMAX (P<0.02), while cadence (r2=0.30) was the only predictive variable for the time-to-exhaustion performance (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that training characteristics and experience are important when training for incremental cycling conditions, whereas cadence (and its determinant variables) should be looked at during maximal and exhaustive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio J Lanferdini
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil -
| | - Rafael L Kons
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Juliano Dal Pupo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D DE Lucas
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marco A Vaz
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Tecchio P, Raiteri BJ, Hahn D. Eccentric exercise ≠ eccentric contraction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:954-965. [PMID: 38482578 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00845.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Whether eccentric exercise involves active fascicle stretch is unclear due to muscle-tendon unit (MTU) series compliance. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of changing the activation timing and level (i.e., preactivation) of the contraction on muscle fascicle kinematics and kinetics of the human tibialis anterior during dynamometer-controlled maximal voluntary MTU-stretch-hold contractions. B-mode ultrasound and surface electromyography were used to assess muscle fascicle kinematics and muscle activity levels, respectively. Although joint kinematics were similar among MTU-stretch-hold contractions (∼40° rotation amplitude), increasing preactivation increased fascicle shortening and stretch amplitudes (9.9-23.2 mm, P ≤ 0.015). This led to increasing positive and negative fascicle work with increasing preactivation. Despite significantly different fascicle kinematics, similar peak fascicle forces during stretch occurred at similar fascicle lengths and joint angles regardless of preactivation. Similarly, residual force enhancement (rFE) following MTU stretch was not significantly affected (6.5-7.6%, P = 0.559) by preactivation, but rFE was strongly correlated with peak fascicle force during stretch (rrm = 0.62, P = 0.003). These findings highlight that apparent eccentric exercise causes shortening-stretch contractions at the fascicle level rather than isolated eccentric contractions. The constant rFE despite different fascicle kinematics and kinetics suggests that a passive element was engaged at a common muscle length among conditions (e.g., optimal fascicle length). Although it remains unclear whether different fascicle mechanics trigger different adaptations to eccentric exercise, this study emphasizes the need to consider MTU series compliance to better understand the mechanical drivers of adaptation to exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Apparent eccentric exercises do not result in isolated eccentric contractions, but shortening-stretch contractions at the fascicle level. The amount of fascicle shortening and stretch depends on the preactivation during the exercise and cannot be estimated from the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) or joint kinematics. As different fascicle mechanics might trigger different adaptations to eccentric exercise, muscle-tendon unit series compliance and muscle preactivation need to be considered when eccentric exercise protocols are designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tecchio
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Brent J Raiteri
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Hahn
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Elnaggar RK, Azab AR, Alrawaili SM, Alhowimel AS, Alotaibi MA, Abdrabo MS, Mohamed RR, Abd El-nabie WA. Efficacy of accommodating variable-resistance training on muscle architecture, peak torque, and functional performance in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27693. [PMID: 38500984 PMCID: PMC10945254 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study sought to find out if a 6-week accommodating variable-resistance (AcVR) training might enhance muscle architecture, peak torque, and functional performance in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Juv-IA). Methods Fifty-eight patients with polyarticular Juv-IA (aged 12-18 years) were involved in a randomized controlled trial. They were allocated into two groups: the AcVR group (n = 29; underwent AcVR training, and the control group (n = 29; received the usual exercise regimen). Interventions were applied three times a week over six consecutive weeks. Measurements were done at baseline and after the intervention. The primary outcome measures were muscle architecture and peak torque, with functional capacity being the secondary measure. Results Compared to the control group, the AcVR group showed favorable pre-to-post changes in muscle architecture [fascicle length (P = 0.0007, η2p = .18), pennation angle (P = 0.0004, η2p = .20), and muscle thickness (P = 0.001, η2p = .17)]. Further, the AcVR group revealed a greater increase in peak concentric torque of knee extensors at angular speeds of 120°/sec [right side (P = 0.0032, η2p = .08); left side (P = 0.039, η2p = .07)] and 180°/sec [right side (P = 0.01, η2p = .11); left side (P = 0.014, η2p = .10)]. Furthermore, The AcVR group achieved more conducive changes in functional performance [6-min walk test (P = 0.003, η2p = .15), timed up and down stair test (P = 0.009, η2p = .12), and 4 × 10 m shuttle run test (P = 0.036, η2p = .08)]. Conclusion A 6-week AcVR training is potentially effective for improving muscle architectural qualities, enhancing peak muscle torque, and boosting functional performance in patients with Juv-IA without experiencing any detrimental side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab K. Elnaggar
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa R. Azab
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saud M. Alrawaili
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Alhowimel
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazyad A. Alotaibi
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Abdrabo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania R. Mohamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walaa A. Abd El-nabie
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Uçar N, Öner H, Kuş MA, Karaca H, Fırat T. The effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation applied at different muscle lengths on muscle architecture and sarcomere morphology in rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:356-371. [PMID: 37194371 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is often used to increase muscle strength and functionality. Muscle architecture is important for the skeletal muscle functionality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NMES applied at different muscle lengths on skeletal muscle architecture. Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned to four groups (two NMES groups and two control groups). NMES was applied on the extensor digitorum longus muscle at long muscle length, which is the longest and stretched position of the muscle at 170° plantar flexion, and at medium muscle length, which is the length of the muscle at 90° plantar flexion. A control group was created for each NMES group. NMES was applied for 8 weeks, 10 min/day, 3 days/week. After 8 weeks, muscle samples were removed at the NMES intervention lengths and examined macroscopically, and microscopically using a transmission electron microscope and streo-microscope. Muscle damage, and architectural properties of the muscle including pennation angle, fibre length, muscle length, muscle mass, physiological cross-sectional area, fibre length/muscle length, sarcomere length, sarcomere number were then evaluated. There was an increase in fibre length and sarcomere number, and a decrease in pennation angle at both lengths. In the long muscle length group, muscle length was increased, but widespread muscle damage was observed. These results suggest that the intervention of NMES at long muscle length can increase the muscle length but also causes muscle damage. In addition, the greater longitudinal increase in muscle length may be a result of the continuous degeneration-regeneration cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehir Uçar
- Department of Therapy and Rehabilitation, Vocational School of Health Sciences, University of Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Hakan Öner
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Murat Abdulgani Kuş
- Department of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, University of Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Harun Karaca
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Tüzün Fırat
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Kalkhoven JT, Lukauskis-Carvajal M, Sides DL, McLean BD, Watsford ML. A Conceptual Exploration of Hamstring Muscle-Tendon Functioning during the Late-Swing Phase of Sprinting: The Importance of Evidence-Based Hamstring Training Frameworks. Sports Med 2023; 53:2321-2346. [PMID: 37668895 PMCID: PMC10687166 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
An eccentrically lengthening, energy-absorbing, brake-driven model of hamstring function during the late-swing phase of sprinting has been widely touted within the existing literature. In contrast, an isometrically contracting, spring-driven model of hamstring function has recently been proposed. This theory has gained substantial traction within the applied sporting world, influencing understandings of hamstring function while sprinting, as well as the development and adoption of certain types of hamstring-specific exercises. Across the animal kingdom, both spring- and motor-driven muscle-tendon unit (MTU) functioning are frequently observed, with both models of locomotive functioning commonly utilising some degree of active muscle lengthening to draw upon force enhancement mechanisms. However, a method to accurately assess hamstring muscle-tendon functioning when sprinting does not exist. Accordingly, the aims of this review article are three-fold: (1) to comprehensively explore current terminology, theories and models surrounding muscle-tendon functioning during locomotion, (2) to relate these models to potential hamstring function when sprinting by examining a variety of hamstring-specific research and (3) to highlight the importance of developing and utilising evidence-based frameworks to guide hamstring training in athletes required to sprint. Due to the intensity of movement, large musculotendinous stretches and high mechanical loads experienced in the hamstrings when sprinting, it is anticipated that the hamstring MTUs adopt a model of functioning that has some reliance upon active muscle lengthening and muscle actuators during this particular task. However, each individual hamstring MTU is expected to adopt various combinations of spring-, brake- and motor-driven functioning when sprinting, in accordance with their architectural arrangement and activation patterns. Muscle function is intricate and dependent upon complex interactions between musculoskeletal kinematics and kinetics, muscle activation patterns and the neuromechanical regulation of tensions and stiffness, and loads applied by the environment, among other important variables. Accordingly, hamstring function when sprinting is anticipated to be unique to this particular activity. It is therefore proposed that the adoption of hamstring-specific exercises should not be founded on unvalidated claims of replicating hamstring function when sprinting, as has been suggested in the literature. Adaptive benefits may potentially be derived from a range of hamstring-specific exercises that vary in the stimuli they provide. Therefore, a more rigorous approach is to select hamstring-specific exercises based on thoroughly constructed evidence-based frameworks surrounding the specific stimulus provided by the exercise, the accompanying adaptations elicited by the exercise, and the effects of these adaptations on hamstring functioning and injury risk mitigation when sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judd T Kalkhoven
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Mathias Lukauskis-Carvajal
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
- SpeedLab, Cali, Colombia
| | - Deborah L Sides
- UK Sports Institute, Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, UK
| | - Blake D McLean
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mark L Watsford
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K. Overview of muscle fatigue differences between maximal eccentric and concentric resistance exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1901-1915. [PMID: 37269142 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, researchers have studied a potential difference in muscle fatigue (acute strength loss) between maximal eccentric (ECCmax ) and concentric (CONmax ) resistance exercise. However, a clear answer to whether such a difference exists has not been established. Therefore, the aim of our paper was to overview methods and results of studies that compared acute changes in muscle strength after bouts of ECCmax and CONmax resistance exercise. We identified 30 relevant studies. Participants were typically healthy men aged 20-40 years. Exercise usually consisted of 40-100 isokinetic ECCmax and CONmax repetitions of the knee extensors or elbow flexors. Both ECCmax and CONmax exercise caused significant strength loss, which plateaued and rarely exceeded 60% of baseline, suggesting strength preservation. In upper-body muscles, strength loss at the end of ECCmax (31.4 ± 20.4%) and CONmax (33.6 ± 17.5%) exercise was similar, whereas in lower-body muscles, strength loss was less after ECCmax (13.3 ± 12.2%) than CONmax (39.7 ± 13.3%) exercise. Muscle architecture and daily use of lower-body muscles likely protects lower-body muscles from strength loss during ECCmax exercise. We also reviewed seven studies on muscle fatigue during coupled ECCmax -CONmax exercise and found similar strength loss in the ECC and CON phases. We also found evidence from three studies that more ECC than CON repetitions can be completed at equal relative loads. These results indicate that muscle fatigue may manifest differently between ECCmax and CONmax resistance exercise. An implication of the results is that prescriptions of ECC resistance exercise for lower-body muscles should account for greater fatigue resilience of these muscles compared to upper-body muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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10
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Bao X, Zhang Q, Fragnito N, Wang J, Sharma N. A clustering-based method for estimating pennation angle from B-mode ultrasound images. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 4:e6. [PMID: 38487764 PMCID: PMC10936288 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2022.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
B-mode ultrasound (US) is often used to noninvasively measure skeletal muscle architecture, which contains human intent information. Extracted features from B-mode images can help improve closed-loop human-robotic interaction control when using rehabilitation/assistive devices. The traditional manual approach to inferring the muscle structural features from US images is laborious, time-consuming, and subjective among different investigators. This paper proposes a clustering-based detection method that can mimic a well-trained human expert in identifying fascicle and aponeurosis and, therefore, compute the pennation angle. The clustering-based architecture assumes that muscle fibers have tubular characteristics. It is robust for low-frequency image streams. We compared the proposed algorithm to two mature benchmark techniques: UltraTrack and ImageJ. The performance of the proposed approach showed higher accuracy in our dataset (frame frequency is 20 Hz), that is, similar to the human expert. The proposed method shows promising potential in automatic muscle fascicle orientation detection to facilitate implementations in biomechanics modeling, rehabilitation robot control design, and neuromuscular disease diagnosis with low-frequency data stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie Fragnito
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Nitin Sharma
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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de Sousa AMM, Cavalcante JGT, Bottaro M, Vieira DCL, Babault N, Geremia JM, Corrigan P, Silbernagel KG, Durigan JLQ, Marqueti RDC. The Influence of Hip and Knee Joint Angles on Quadriceps Muscle-Tendon Unit Properties during Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3947. [PMID: 36900958 PMCID: PMC10002253 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Determining how the quadriceps femoris musculotendinous unit functions, according to hip and knee joint angles, may help with clinical decisions when prescribing knee extension exercises. We aimed to determine the effect of hip and knee joint angles on structure and neuromuscular functioning of all constituents of the quadriceps femoris and patellar tendon properties. Twenty young males were evaluated in four positions: seated and supine in both 20° and 60° of knee flexion (SIT20, SIT60, SUP20, and SUP60). Peak knee extension torque was determined during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Ultrasound imaging was used at rest and during MVIC to characterize quadriceps femoris muscle and tendon aponeurosis complex stiffness. We found that peak torque and neuromuscular efficiency were higher for SUP60 and SIT60 compared to SUP20 and SIT20 position. We found higher fascicle length and lower pennation angle in positions with the knee flexed at 60°. The tendon aponeurosis complex stiffness, tendon force, stiffness, stress, and Young's modulus seemed greater in more elongated positions (60°) than in shortened positions (20°). In conclusion, clinicians should consider positioning at 60° of knee flexion rather than 20°, regardless if seated or supine, during rehabilitation to load the musculotendinous unit enough to stimulate a cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Martins Melo de Sousa
- Laboratory of Muscle and Tendon Plasticity, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220275, Brazil
| | | | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910900, Brazil
| | - Denis César Leite Vieira
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910900, Brazil
- Centre d’Expertise de la Performance, INSERM U1093 CAPS, Sports Science Faculty, University of Burgundy, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Centre d’Expertise de la Performance, INSERM U1093 CAPS, Sports Science Faculty, University of Burgundy, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy, and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690200, Brazil
| | - Patrick Corrigan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | - João Luiz Quaglioti Durigan
- Laboratory of Muscle and Tendon Plasticity, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220275, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Marqueti
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220275, Brazil
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12
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Bulbrook BD, Chopp-Hurley JN, Wiebenga EG, Pritchard JM, Gatti AA, Keir PJ, Maly MR. Muscle Architecture and Subcutaneous Fat Measurements of Rectus Femoris and Vastus Lateralis at Optimal Length Aided by a Novel Ultrasound Transducer Attachment. Physiother Can 2023; 75:74-82. [PMID: 37250739 PMCID: PMC10211386 DOI: 10.3138/ptc-2021-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: This cross-sectional study determines the sensitivity of muscle architecture and fat measurements of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles from ultrasound images acquired with varying transducer tilt, using a novel transducer attachment, in healthy adults. Secondary objectives were to estimate intrarater and interrater reliability of image measurement and acquisition, respectively. Methods: Thirty healthy adults participated (15 women and 15 men; 25 [SD 2.5] y). Ultrasound image acquisition was conducted by two raters at different transducer tilts relative to the skin: estimated perpendicular, and five measured angles (80°, 85°, 90°, 95°, 100°) using the transducer attachment. Muscle thickness (MT), subcutaneous fat thickness (FT), pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (FL) were measured. Sensitivity and reliability were assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and standard error of measurements (SEMs). Results: MT and FT for RF and VL were not sensitive to transducer tilt. However, PA and FL were sensitive to transducer tilt. MT and FT for both muscles showed high ICCs and low SEMs for intrarater and interrater reliability. For PA of both muscles, standardizing transducer tilt improved interrater ICCs and lowered SEMs. Conclusion: MT and FT measurements of RF and VL acquired at 60° knee flexion are robust to varying transducer tilt angles. PA measurements benefit from standardizing transducer tilt.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaclyn N. Chopp-Hurley
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily G. Wiebenga
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet M. Pritchard
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony A. Gatti
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J. Keir
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica R. Maly
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Liu Q, Deng X, Hou Z, Xu L, Zhang Y. Selective Repair of Motor Branches in the Femoral Nerve by Transferring the Motor Branches of Obturator Nerve: An Anatomical Feasibility Study. Ann Plast Surg 2023; 90:67-70. [PMID: 36534103 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior branch of the obturator nerve transfer has been proven as an effective method for femoral nerve injuries, but the patient still has difficulty in rising and squatting, up and downstairs. Here, we presented a novel neurotization procedure of selectively repairing 3 motor branches of the femoral nerve by transferring motor branches of the obturator nerve in the thigh level and assessing its anatomical feasibility. METHODS Eight adult cadavers (16 thighs) were dissected. The nerve overlap distance between the gracilis branch and the rectus femoris (RF) branch, the adductor longus (AL) branch and the vastus medialis (VM) branch, as well as the adductor magnus (AM) branch and the vastus intermedius (VI) branch were measured. Also, the axon counts of the donor and recipient nerve were evaluated by histological evaluation. RESULTS In all specimens, nerve overlap of at least 2.1 cm was observed in all 16 dissected thighs between the donor and recipient nerve branches, and the repair appeared to be without tension. There is no significant difference in the axon counts between gracilis branch (598 ± 83) and the RF branch (709 ± 151). The axon counts of the AL branch (601 ± 93) was about half of axon counts of the VM branch (1423 ± 189), and the axon counts of AM branch (761 ± 110) was also about half of the VI branch (1649 ± 281). CONCLUSIONS This novel technique of the combined nerve transfers below the inguinal ligament, specifically the gracilis branch to the RF branch, the AL branch to the VM branch, and the AM branch to the VI branch, is anatomically feasible. It provides a promising alternative in the repair of femoral nerve injuries and an anatomical basis for the clinical application of motor branches of the obturator nerve transfer to repair the motor portion of the injured femoral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- From the Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Department of Hand Surgery, Jiayou Shuguang Orthopaedic Hospital, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiping Hou
- From the Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Weng Y, Liu H, Ruan T, Yang W, Wei H, Cui Y, Ho IMK, Li Q. Effects of flywheel resistance training on the running economy of young male well-trained distance runners. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1060640. [PMID: 36569754 PMCID: PMC9774037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of flywheel accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) training on the running economy (RE) of young male well-trained distance runners. Twenty-two runners participated and were randomly assigned to the flywheel (FG, n = 12) and the control group (CG, n = 10). Traditional endurance training was performed in both groups three times a week for 6-week, while traditional resistance and flywheel AEL training was added to the CG and FG respectively. Subjects performed the incremental exercise test, squat jump, and countermovement jump (CMJ) before and after training. The results showed that 1) the RE at 65% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), 75% VO2peak, and 85% VO2peak improved significantly after 6 weeks of training (p < 0.01, Effect size (ES) = 0.76; p < 0.01, ES = 1.04; p < 0.01, ES = 1.85) in FG, and the RE of 85% VO2peak in FG was significantly lower than CG (p < 0.05, ES = 0.30); 2) in post-training, both squat jump (p < 0.01, ES = 0.73) and CMJ (p < 0.01, ES = 1.15) performance, eccentric utilization ratio (p < 0.04, ES = 0.44), the rate of force development (RFD) of squat jump (p < 0.05, ES = 0.46), and CMJRFD (p < 0.01, ES = 0.66) were significantly improved in FG. And there are no significant differents in CG group because it was maintain training for our participants. Our findings showed that 1) flywheel AEL training improves the muscles' explosive strength and other neuromuscular functions, and improves the athlete's running economy under 65%, 75%, and 85% VO2peak, which potentially increases endurance performance. 2) Flywheel AEL training can improve the height, RFD, and the eccentric utilization ratio of squat jump and CMJ, and other lower limb elastic potential energy indicators of the young male, well-trained distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Weng
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,Cuiwei Primary School, Beijing, China
| | - Haochong Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Ruan
- Taizhou Science and Technology Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Wenpu Yang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Wei
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Hongwen Wei,
| | - Yixiong Cui
- AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Indy Man Kit Ho
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China,Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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15
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Coratella G, Beato M, Bertinato L, Milanese C, Venturelli M, Schena F. Including the Eccentric Phase in Resistance Training to Counteract the Effects of Detraining in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3023-3031. [PMID: 34537804 PMCID: PMC10842669 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Coratella, G, Beato, M, Bertinato, L, Milanese, C, Venturelli, M, and Schena, F. Including the eccentric phase in resistance training to counteract the effects of detraining in women: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 36(11): 3023-3031, 2022-The current study compared the effects of concentric-based (CONC), eccentric-based (ECC), and traditional concentric-eccentric (TRAD) resistance training on muscle strength, mass, and architecture and the postdetraining retention of the training-induced effects in women. Sixty women were randomly assigned to unilateral volume-equated CONC, ECC, or TRAD knee extension training or control ( N = 15 per group). Before training, after an 8-week intervention period, and after an 8-week detraining period, isokinetic concentric, eccentric, and isometric torque were measured. In addition, thigh lean mass was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and vastus lateralis thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length by ultrasound. After training, concentric and isometric torque increased ( p < 0.05) similarly in all groups, whereas eccentric torque increased more in ECC than that in CONC (+13.1%, effect size (ES): 0.71 [0.04-1.38]) and TRAD (+12.6%, ES: 0.60 [0.12-1.08]). Thigh lean mass increased in ECC (+6.1%, ES: 0.47 [0.27-0.67]) and TRAD (+3.1%, ES: 0.33 [0.01-0.65]). Vastus lateralis thickness and pennation angle increased ( p < 0.05) similarly in all groups, whereas fascicle elongation was visible in ECC (+9.7%, ES: 0.92 [0.14-1.65]) and TRAD (+7.1%, ES: 0.64 [0.03-1.25]). After detraining, all groups retained ( p < 0.05) similar concentric torque. ECC and TRAD preserved eccentric torque ( p < 0.05), but ECC more than TRAD (+17.9%, ES: 0.61 [0.21-1.21]). All groups preserved isometric torque ( p < 0.05), but ECC more than CONC (+14.2%, ES: 0.71 [0.04-1.38]) and TRAD (+13.8%, ES: 0.65 [0.10-1.20]). Thigh lean mass and vastus lateralis fascicle length were retained only in ECC ( p < 0.05), pennation angle was preserved in all groups ( p < 0.05), and thickness was retained in CONC and ECC ( p < 0.05). Including the eccentric phase in resistance training is essential to preserve adaptations after detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom;
| | - Luciano Bertinato
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
- CeRISM Research Center, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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16
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Alonso-Fernández D, Fernández-Rodríguez R, Taboada-Iglesias Y, Gutiérrez-Sánchez Á. Effects of Copenhagen Adduction Exercise on Muscle Architecture and Adductor Flexibility. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116563. [PMID: 35682148 PMCID: PMC9180184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Groin injuries are one of the most prevalent in sports, especially due to the hip adductor muscles’ weakness, which is considered as a risk factor. The Copenhagen adduction exercise (CAE) has been demonstrated to increase the strength of adductor muscles, but its effects on the architectural characteristics and flexibility of the adductors has been little studied. The aim of the present study was to analyse the impact on the muscular architecture and flexibility of the adductor musculature after 8 weeks of CAE-based training and after 4 weeks of subsequent detraining. A sample of 45 active subjects (26.1 ± 2.8 years old) were randomly divided into a control group with no intervention and an experimental group with an intervention based on 8 weeks of CAE training and 4 weeks of subsequent detraining. The muscle thickness of adductors was measured before and after training and detraining using ultrasound imaging and hip abduction range with goniometry. A significant increase in muscle thickness (left leg: +17.83%, d = 1.77, p < 0.001//right leg: +18.38%, d = 1.82, p < 0.001) and adductor flexibility was found in the experimental group (left leg: +7.3%, d = 0.96, p < 0.05//right leg: +7.15%, d = 0.94, p < 0.05), and after detraining, both variables returned to their initial values. These results could indicate that CAE would be a suitable strategy to modify the architecture of the adductors and thus form part of training protocols designed for the prevention and rehabilitation of muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alonso-Fernández
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (Y.T.-I.); (Á.G.-S.)
- Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies-10-DE3), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosana Fernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (Y.T.-I.); (Á.G.-S.)
| | - Yaiza Taboada-Iglesias
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (Y.T.-I.); (Á.G.-S.)
- Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies-10-DE3), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Águeda Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (Y.T.-I.); (Á.G.-S.)
- Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies-10-DE3), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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17
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Hagoort I, Hortobágyi T, Vuillerme N, Lamoth CJC, Murgia A. Age- and muscle-specific reliability of muscle architecture measurements assessed by two-dimensional panoramic ultrasound. Biomed Eng Online 2022; 21:15. [PMID: 35152889 PMCID: PMC8842860 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Age-related changes in muscle properties affect daily functioning, therefore a reliable assessment of such properties is required. We examined the effects of age on reliability, muscle quality and interrelation among muscle architecture (MA) parameters of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM), tibialis anterior (TA), and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles.
Methods
Three raters scored ultrasound (US) scans of 12 healthy younger and older adults, on fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA) and muscle thickness (MT). Intra- and inter-rater reliability of MA measures in rest and contraction was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and standard error of measurements (SEM, SEM%). The relationship between MA parameters was examined using Pearson correlation coefficients. Muscle quality (MQ) was examined using mean pixel intensity.
Results
Reliability was moderate to excellent for TA in both groups (ICCs: 0.64–0.99, SEM% = 1.6–14.8%), and for VL in the younger group (ICCs: 0.67–0.98, SEM% = 2.0–18.3%). VL reliability was poor to excellent in older adults (ICCs: 0.22–0.99, SEM% = 2.7–36.0%). For GM, ICCs were good to excellent (ICCs: 0.76–0.99) in both groups, but GM SEM% were higher in older adults (SEM%Younger = 1.5–10.7%, SEM%Older = 1.6–28.1%). Muscle quality was on average 19.0% lower in older vs. younger adults. In both groups, moderate to strong correlations were found for VL FL and MT (r ≥ 0.54), and TA PA and MT (r ≥ 0.72), while TA FL correlated with MT (r ≥ 0.67) in younger adults only.
Conclusions
In conclusion, age- and muscle-specificities were present in the relationships between MT and PA, and MT and FL at rest. Furthermore, the reliability of MA parameters assessed with 2D panoramic US is acceptable. However, the level of reliability varies with age, muscle and MA measure. In older adults notably, the lowest reliability was observed in the VL muscle. Among the MA parameters, MT appears to be the simplest and most easily reproducible parameter in all muscles and age groups.
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18
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Machado E, Lanferdini FJ, da Silva ES, Geremia JM, Sonda FC, Fletcher JR, Vaz MA, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Triceps Surae Muscle-Tendon Properties as Determinants of the Metabolic Cost in Trained Long-Distance Runners. Front Physiol 2022; 12:767445. [PMID: 35058793 PMCID: PMC8764303 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.767445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether triceps surae's muscle architecture and Achilles tendon parameters are related to running metabolic cost (C) in trained long-distance runners. Methods: Seventeen trained male recreational long-distance runners (mean age = 34 years) participated in this study. C was measured during submaximal steady-state running (5 min) at 12 and 16 km h-1 on a treadmill. Ultrasound was used to determine the gastrocnemius medialis (GM), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), and soleus (SO) muscle architecture, including fascicle length (FL) and pennation angle (PA), and the Achilles tendon cross-sectional area (CSA), resting length and elongation as a function of plantar flexion torque during maximal voluntary plantar flexion. Achilles tendon mechanical (force, elongation, and stiffness) and material (stress, strain, and Young's modulus) properties were determined. Stepwise multiple linear regressions were used to determine the relationship between independent variables (tendon resting length, CSA, force, elongation, stiffness, stress, strain, Young's modulus, and FL and PA of triceps surae muscles) and C (J kg-1m-1) at 12 and 16 km h-1. Results: SO PA and Achilles tendon CSA were negatively associated with C (r 2 = 0.69; p < 0.001) at 12 km h-1, whereas SO PA was negatively and Achilles tendon stress was positively associated with C (r 2 = 0.63; p = 0.001) at 16 km h-1, respectively. Our results presented a small power, and the multiple linear regression's cause-effect relation was limited due to the low sample size. Conclusion: For a given muscle length, greater SO PA, probably related to short muscle fibers and to a large physiological cross-sectional area, may be beneficial to C. Larger Achilles tendon CSA may determine a better force distribution per tendon area, thereby reducing tendon stress and C at submaximal speeds (12 and 16 km h-1). Furthermore, Achilles tendon morphological and mechanical properties (CSA, stress, and Young's modulus) and triceps surae muscle architecture (GM PA, GM FL, SO PA, and SO FL) presented large correlations with C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esthevan Machado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Fábio Juner Lanferdini
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edson Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francesca Chaida Sonda
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jared R. Fletcher
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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19
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May S, Locke S, Kingsley M. Gastrocnemius Muscle Architecture in Elite Basketballers and Cyclists: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:768846. [PMID: 34950871 PMCID: PMC8688802 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.768846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric and concentric actions produce distinct mechanical stimuli and result in different adaptations in skeletal muscle architecture. Cycling predominantly involves concentric activity of the gastrocnemius muscles, while playing basketball requires both concentric and eccentric actions to support running, jumping, and landing. The aim of this study was to examine differences in the architecture of gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) between elite basketballers and cyclists. A trained sonographer obtained three B-mode ultrasound images from GM and GL muscles in 44 athletes (25 basketballers and 19 cyclists; 24 ± 5 years of age). The images were digitized and average fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (θ), and muscle thickness were calculated from three images per muscle. The ratio of FL to tibial length (FL/TL) and muscle thickness to tibial length (MT/TL) was also calculated to account for the potential scaling effect of stature. In males, no significant differences were identified between the athletic groups in all parameters in the GM, but a significant difference existed in muscle thickness in the GL. In basketballers, GL was 2.5 mm thicker (95% CI: 0.7-4.3 mm, p = 0.011) on the left side and 2.6 mm thicker (95% CI: 0.6-5.7 mm, p = 0.012) on the right side; however, these differences were not significant when stature was accounted for (MT/TL). In females, significant differences existed in the GM for all parameters including FL/TL and MT/TL. Female cyclists had longer FL in both limbs (MD: 11.2 and 11.3 mm), narrower θ (MD: 2.1 and 1.8°), and thicker muscles (MD: 2.1 and 2.5 mm). For the GL, female cyclists had significantly longer FL (MD: 5.2 and 5.8 mm) and narrower θ (MD: 1.7 and 2.3°) in both limbs; no differences were observed in absolute muscle thickness or MT/TL ratio. Differences in gastrocnemius muscle architecture were observed between female cyclists and basketballers, but not between males. These findings suggest that participation in sport-specific training might influence gastrocnemius muscle architecture in elite female athletes; however, it remains unclear as to whether gastrocnemius architecture is systematically influenced by the different modes of muscle activation between these respective sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha May
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Locke
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.,Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Kruse A, Rivares C, Weide G, Tilp M, Jaspers RT. Stimuli for Adaptations in Muscle Length and the Length Range of Active Force Exertion-A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:742034. [PMID: 34690815 PMCID: PMC8531727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.742034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment strategies and training regimens, which induce longitudinal muscle growth and increase the muscles’ length range of active force exertion, are important to improve muscle function and to reduce muscle strain injuries in clinical populations and in athletes with limited muscle extensibility. Animal studies have shown several specific loading strategies resulting in longitudinal muscle fiber growth by addition of sarcomeres in series. Currently, such strategies are also applied to humans in order to induce similar adaptations. However, there is no clear scientific evidence that specific strategies result in longitudinal growth of human muscles. Therefore, the question remains what triggers longitudinal muscle growth in humans. The aim of this review was to identify strategies that induce longitudinal human muscle growth. For this purpose, literature was reviewed and summarized with regard to the following topics: (1) Key determinants of typical muscle length and the length range of active force exertion; (2) Information on typical muscle growth and the effects of mechanical loading on growth and adaptation of muscle and tendinous tissues in healthy animals and humans; (3) The current knowledge and research gaps on the regulation of longitudinal muscle growth; and (4) Potential strategies to induce longitudinal muscle growth. The following potential strategies and important aspects that may positively affect longitudinal muscle growth were deduced: (1) Muscle length at which the loading is performed seems to be decisive, i.e., greater elongations after active or passive mechanical loading at long muscle length are expected; (2) Concentric, isometric and eccentric exercises may induce longitudinal muscle growth by stimulating different muscular adaptations (i.e., increases in fiber cross-sectional area and/or fiber length). Mechanical loading intensity also plays an important role. All three training strategies may increase tendon stiffness, but whether and how these changes may influence muscle growth remains to be elucidated. (3) The approach to combine stretching with activation seems promising (e.g., static stretching and electrical stimulation, loaded inter-set stretching) and warrants further research. Finally, our work shows the need for detailed investigation of the mechanisms of growth of pennate muscles, as those may longitudinally grow by both trophy and addition of sarcomeres in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kruse
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cintia Rivares
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Tilp
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Miyake Y, Suga T, Terada M, Tanaka T, Ueno H, Kusagawa Y, Otsuka M, Nagano A, Isaka T. No Correlation Between Plantar Flexor Muscle Volume and Sprint Performance in Sprinters. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:671248. [PMID: 34622204 PMCID: PMC8490797 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.671248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plantar flexor torque plays an important role in achieving superior sprint performance in sprinters. Because of the close relationship between joint torque and muscle size, a simple assumption can be made that greater plantar flexor muscles (i.e., triceps surae muscles) are related to better sprint performance. However, previous studies have reported the absence of these relationships. Furthermore, to examine these relationships, only a few studies have calculated the muscle volume (MV) of the plantar flexors. In this study, we hypothesized that the plantar flexor MVs may not be important morphological factors for sprint performance. To test our hypothesis, we examined the relationships between plantar flexor MVs and sprint performance in sprinters. Fifty-two male sprinters and 26 body size-matched male non-sprinters participated in this study. On the basis of the personal best 100 m sprint times [range, 10.21–11.90 (mean ± SD, 11.13 ± 0.42) s] in sprinters, a K-means cluster analysis was applied to divide them into four sprint performance level groups (n = 8, 8, 19, and 17 for each group), which was the optimal number of clusters determined by the silhouette coefficient. The MVs of the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM), and soleus (SOL) in participants were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. In addition to absolute MVs, the relative MVs normalized to body mass were used for the analyses. The absolute and relative MVs of the total and individual plantar flexors were significantly greater in sprinters than in non-sprinters (all p < 0.01, d = 0.64–1.39). In contrast, all the plantar flexor MV variables did not differ significantly among the four groups of sprinters (all p > 0.05, η2 = 0.02–0.07). Furthermore, all plantar flexor MV variables did not correlate significantly with personal best 100 m sprint time in sprinters (r = −0.253–0.002, all p > 0.05). These findings suggest that although the plantar flexor muscles are specifically developed in sprinters compared to untrained non-sprinters, the greater plantar flexor MVs in the sprinters may not be important morphological factors for their sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Miyake
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ueno
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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22
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Effects of Exergames and Protein Supplementation on Body Composition and Musculoskeletal Function of Prefrail Community-Dwelling Older Women: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179324. [PMID: 34501915 PMCID: PMC8430494 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of exergames and protein supplementation on the body composition and musculoskeletal function of pre-frail older women. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with 90 pre-frail older women (71.2 ± 4.5 years old) divided into five groups: control (CG); exergames training (ETG); protein supplementation (PSG); exergames combined with protein supplementation (ETPSG); exergames combined with isoenergetic supplementation (ETISG). The primary outcomes were pre-frailty status, body composition (appendicular muscle mass (ASM); appendicular muscle mass index (ASMI)) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and gastrocnemius muscle architecture via ultrasound. Secondary outcomes were protein intake, plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, plantar and dorsiflexion isokinetic peak torque, and handgrip strength (HS). Data were analyzed using an ANOVA mixed model test and Bonferroni post hoc test (p < 0.05). The ETG showed a reduction of ASM (16.7 ± 3.4 vs. 16.1 ± 3.3 kg; Δ = −0.5; p = 0.02; d = 0.26) and ASMI (6.8 ± 0.9 vs. 6.5 ± 0.9 kg; Δ = −0.2; p = 0.03; d = 0.35), without changing ASM in other groups. The average protein intake in the supplemented groups (PSG and ETPSG) was 1.1 ± 0.2 g/kg/day. The dorsiflexion peak torque increased 11.4% in ETPSG (16.3 ± 2.5 vs. 18.4 ± 4.2 Nm; p = 0.021; d = −0.58). The HS increased by 13.7% in ETG (20.1 ± 7.2 vs. 23.3 ± 6.2 kg, Δ = 3.2 ± 4.9, p = 0.004, d = −0.48). The fatigue/exhaustion reduced by 100% in ETG, 75% in PSG, and 100% in ETPSG. Physical training with exergames associated with protein supplementation reversed pre-frailty status, improved the ankle dorsiflexors torque, and ameliorated fatigue/exhaustion in pre-frail older women.
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23
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Naimo MA, Varanoske AN, Hughes JM, Pasiakos SM. Skeletal Muscle Quality: A Biomarker for Assessing Physical Performance Capabilities in Young Populations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:706699. [PMID: 34421645 PMCID: PMC8376973 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.706699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle quality (MQ), defined as the amount of strength and/or power per unit of muscle mass, is a novel index of functional capacity that is increasingly relied upon as a critical biomarker of muscle health in low functioning aging and pathophysiological adult populations. Understanding the phenotypical attributes of MQ and how to use it as an assessment tool to explore the efficacy of resistance exercise training interventions that prioritize functional enhancement over increases in muscle size may have implications for populations beyond compromised adults, including healthy young adults who routinely perform physically demanding tasks for competitive or occupational purposes. However, MQ has received far less attention in healthy young populations than it has in compromised adults. Researchers and practitioners continue to rely upon static measures of lean mass or isolated measures of strength and power, rather than using MQ, to assess integrated functional responses to resistance exercise training and physical stress. Therefore, this review will critically examine MQ and the evidence base to establish this metric as a practical and important biomarker for functional capacity and performance in healthy, young populations. Interventions that enhance MQ, such as high-intensity stretch shortening contraction resistance exercise training, will be highlighted. Finally, we will explore the potential to leverage MQ as a practical assessment tool to evaluate function and enhance performance in young populations in non-traditional research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A Naimo
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Julie M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
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24
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Muscular adaptations to training programs using the Nordic hamstring exercise or the stiff-leg deadlift in rugby players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Quinlan JI, Franchi MV, Gharahdaghi N, Badiali F, Francis S, Hale A, Phillips BE, Szewczyk N, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Maganaris C, Atherton PJ, Narici MV. Muscle and tendon adaptations to moderate load eccentric vs. concentric resistance exercise in young and older males. GeroScience 2021; 43:1567-1584. [PMID: 34196903 PMCID: PMC8492846 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance exercise training (RET) is well-known to counteract negative age-related changes in both muscle and tendon tissue. Traditional RET consists of both concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) contractions; nevertheless, isolated ECC contractions are metabolically less demanding and, thus, may be more suitable for older populations. However, whether submaximal (60% 1RM) CON or ECC contractions differ in their effectiveness is relatively unknown. Further, whether the time course of muscle and tendon adaptations differs to the above is also unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the time course of muscle and tendon adaptations to submaximal CON and ECC RET. Twenty healthy young (24.5 ± 5.1 years) and 17 older males (68.1 ± 2.4 years) were randomly allocated to either isolated CON or ECC RET which took place 3/week for 8 weeks. Tendon biomechanical properties, muscle architecture and maximal voluntary contraction were assessed every 2 weeks and quadriceps muscle volume every 4 weeks. Positive changes in tendon Young's modulus were observed after 4 weeks in all groups after which adaptations in young males plateaued but continued to increase in older males, suggesting a dampened rate of adaptation with age. However, both CON and ECC resulted in similar overall changes in tendon Young's modulus, in all groups. Muscle hypertrophy and strength increases were similar between CON and ECC in all groups. However, pennation angle increases were greater in CON, and fascicle length changes were greater in ECC. Notably, muscle and tendon adaptations appeared to occur in synergy, presumably to maintain the efficacy of the muscle-tendon unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Iain Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre At University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Martino Vladimiro Franchi
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nima Gharahdaghi
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Francesca Badiali
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Susan Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew Hale
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bethan Eileen Phillips
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nathaniel Szewczyk
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 43147, USA
| | - Paul Leonard Greenhaff
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Phillip James Atherton
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marco Vincenzo Narici
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. .,CIR-MYO Myology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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26
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Reliability of knee extensor neuromuscular structure and function and functional tests' performance. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021; 27:584-590. [PMID: 34391291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra and inter-rater and inter-analyzer reliability of neuromuscular variables and functional tests. METHODS Cross-sectional crossover design. Two independent raters and analyzers evaluated twenty-two healthy subjects. Knee-extensor strength was assessed from three maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Muscle activation was obtained from the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. VL and RF muscles' architecture [fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA), muscle thickness (MT)] was obtained at rest by ultrasound. The time from five sit-to-stand (STS) trials, and the distance from the 6-min walk test (6MWT) were obtained. Intraclass correlation coefficient was determined and classified as strong (r = 0.75-1.00), moderate (r = 0.40-0.74), and weak (r < 0.40). RESULTS Strong intra-rater reliability values were observed for strength (r = 0.97), muscle activation [VL (r = 0.91); RF (r = 0.92); VM (r = 0.80)], VL [FL (r = 0.90); PA (r = 0.94); MT (r = 0.99)] and RF [MT (r = 0.85)] muscle architecture, STS (r = 0.95), and 6MWT (r = 0.98). Inter-rater reliability also presented strong values for strength (r = 0.97), muscle activation [VL (r = 0.94); RF (r = 0.79); VM (r = 0.78)], muscle architecture VL [PA (r = 0.81) and MT (r = 0.88)] and RF [MT (r = 0.80)], STS (r = 0.93), and 6MWT (r = 0.98). A moderate correlation VL muscle architecture [FL (r = 0.69)]. Inter-analyzer muscle architecture reliability presented strong VL [FL (r = 0.77); PA (r = 0.76); MT (r = 0.91)] and RF [MT (r = 0.99)]. CONCLUSION The high intra and inter-rater and inter-analyzer reliability values for most variables is evidence that they can be used for clinical evaluation. Muscle architecture might need a longer training period by different raters and analyzers to increase reliability.
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27
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Tumkur Anil Kumar N, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Pedley JS, Radnor JM. The Influence of Growth, Maturation and Resistance Training on Muscle-Tendon and Neuromuscular Adaptations: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:59. [PMID: 34066778 PMCID: PMC8150311 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the growth, maturation and resistance training-related changes in muscle-tendon and neuromuscular mechanisms in youth, and the subsequent effect on performance. Sprinting, jumping, kicking, and throwing are common movements in sport that have been shown to develop naturally with age, with improvements in performance being attributed to growth and maturity-related changes in neuromuscular mechanisms. These changes include moderate to very large increases in muscle physiological cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle volume and thickness, tendon CSA and stiffness, fascicle length, muscle activation, pre-activation, stretch reflex control accompanied by large reductions in electro-mechanical delay and co-contraction. Furthermore, a limited number of training studies examining neuromuscular changes following four to 20 weeks of resistance training have reported trivial to moderate differences in tendon stiffness, muscle CSA, muscle thickness, and motor unit activation accompanied by reductions in electromechanical delay (EMD) in pre-pubertal children. However, the interaction of maturity- and training-related neuromuscular adaptions remains unclear. An understanding of how different neuromuscular mechanisms adapt in response to growth, maturation and training is important in order to optimise training responsiveness in youth populations. Additionally, the impact that these muscle-tendon and neuromuscular changes have on force producing capabilities underpinning performance is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Tumkur Anil Kumar
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 3200 Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
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28
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Effects of different ischemic preconditioning occlusion pressures on muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise: a study protocol for a randomized controlled placebo clinical trial. Trials 2021; 22:326. [PMID: 33952329 PMCID: PMC8097904 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Due to its greater generation of muscle strength and less metabolic demand, eccentric exercise has been widely used in rehabilitation and for improving physical fitness. However, eccentric exercise can induce muscle damage by providing structural changes and reduced muscle function, so even with the protection caused by the repeated bout effect from eccentric exercise, it is necessary to seek alternatives to reduce this damage caused by stress. Thus, ischemic preconditioning could represent an aid to reduce the damage muscle or increase the protective effect caused by eccentric exercise. Objectives To compare the effects of ischemic preconditioning, using different occlusion pressures, on acute and delayed responses to perceptual outcomes, markers of muscle damage, and performance in post-eccentric exercise recovery. Methods A randomized controlled placebo clinical trial will be carried out with 80 healthy men aged 18 to 35 years who will be randomly divided into four groups: ischemic preconditioning using total occlusion pressure, ischemic preconditoning with 40% more than total occlusion pressure, placebo (10 mmHg), and control. The ischemic preconditioning protocol will consist of four cycles of ischemia and reperfusion of five minutes each. All groups will perform an eccentric exercise protocol, and assessments will be carried out before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the end of the eccentric exercise to evaluate creatine kinase, blood lactate, perception of recovery using the Likert scale, being sequentially evaluated, pain by the visual analog scale, pain threshold using a pressure algometer, muscle thickness by ultrasound, muscle tone, stiffness and elasticity by myotonometry, vectors of cell integrity through electrical bioimpedance, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction using the isokinetic dynamometer. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04420819). Discussion The present study aims to present an alternative technique to reduce muscle damage caused by eccentric exercise, which is easy to apply and low cost. If the benefits are proven, ischemic preconditioning could be used in any clinical practice that aims to minimize the damage caused by exercise, presenting an advance in the prescription of eccentric exercise and directly impacting on the results of post-exercise recovery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04420819. Registered on 19 May 2020; Last update 24 March 2021. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05285-7.
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29
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Severo-Silveira L, Dornelles MP, Lima-E-Silva FX, Marchiori CL, Medeiros TM, Pappas E, Baroni BM. Progressive Workload Periodization Maximizes Effects of Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Muscle Injury Risk Factors. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1006-1013. [PMID: 30363038 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Severo-Silveira, L, Dornelles, MP, Lima-e-Silva, FX, Marchiori, CL, Medeiros, TM, Pappas, E, and Baroni, BM. Progressive workload periodization maximizes effects of Nordic hamstring exercise on muscle injury risk factors. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1006-1013, 2021-This study aimed to investigate the effect of 2 different Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) training programs (constant workload vs. progressive workload) on multiple risk factors for hamstring strain injury in high competitive level athletes. Twenty-one premier league rugby union players (∼26 years) were randomized into 1 of 2 experimental groups and completed an 8-week NHE training program: constant training group (CTG) or progressive training group (PTG). Knee flexor/extensor strength and biceps femoris long head (BFLH) muscle architecture were assessed through isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasonography, respectively, before and after the training programs. Increased hamstring concentric (Δ = 8%, p = 0.004, d = 0.42) and eccentric (Δ = 7%, p = 0.041, d = 0.39) peak torques, as well as H:Q conventional (Δ = 7%, p = 0.015, d = 0.54) and functional (Δ = 6%, p = 0.026, d = 0.62) ratios were observed in the follow-up compared with baseline for the PTG group only. Nordic hamstring exercise training significantly increased BFLH muscle thickness (CTG: Δ = 7%, p = 0.001, d = 0.60; PTG: Δ = 7%, p < 0.001, d = 0.54) and fascicle length (CTG: Δ = 8%, p < 0.001, d = 0.29; PTG: Δ = 10%, p < 0.001, d = 0.35) in both groups. Training adaptations on hamstring peak torque (concentric and eccentric) and H:Q ratio (conventional and functional) "likely favor" PTG, whereas changes in BFLH fascicle length "possibly favor" PTG. In conclusion, only PTG enhanced hamstring strength; both NHE training programs increased BFLH muscle thickness and fascicle length, but progressive training generated greater changes on fascicle length than constant training. Medical/coaching staff should be aware that NHE with adequate training periodization with workload progression to maximize its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Severo-Silveira
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and
| | - Maurício P Dornelles
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and
| | - Felipe X Lima-E-Silva
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and
| | - César L Marchiori
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and
| | - Thales M Medeiros
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and
| | | | - Bruno M Baroni
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and
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30
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Cavalcante JGT, Marqueti RDC, Geremia JM, de Sousa Neto IV, Baroni BM, Silbernagel KG, Bottaro M, Babault N, Durigan JLQ. The Effect of Quadriceps Muscle Length on Maximum Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Evoked Contraction, Muscle Architecture, and Tendon-Aponeurosis Stiffness. Front Physiol 2021; 12:633589. [PMID: 33854439 PMCID: PMC8040804 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.633589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-tendon unit length plays a crucial role in quadriceps femoris muscle (QF) physiological adaptation, but the influence of hip and knee angles during QF neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is poorly investigated. We investigated the effect of muscle length on maximum electrically induced contraction (MEIC) and current efficiency. We secondarily assessed the architecture of all QF constituents and their tendon-aponeurosis complex (TAC) displacement to calculate a stiffness index. This study was a randomized, repeated measure, blinded design with a sample of twenty healthy men aged 24.0 ± 4.6. The MEIC was assessed in four different positions: supine with knee flexion of 60° (SUP60); seated with knee flexion of 60° (SIT60); supine with knee flexion of 20° (SUP20), and seated with knee flexion of 20° (SIT20). The current efficiency (MEIC/maximum tolerated current amplitude) was calculated. Ultrasonography of the QF was performed at rest and during NMES to measure pennation angle (θ p ) and fascicle length (L f ), and the TAC stiffness index. MEIC and current efficiency were greater for SUP60 and SIT60 compared to SUP20 and SIT20. The vastus lateralis and medialis showed lower θ p and higher L f at SUP60 and SIT60, while for the rectus femoris, in SUP60 there were lower θ p and higher L f than in all positions. The vastus intermedius had a similar pattern to the other vastii, except for lack of difference in θ p between SIT60 compared to SUP20 and SIT20. The TAC stiffness index was greater for SUP60. We concluded that NMES generate greater torque and current efficiency at 60° of knee flexion, compared to 20°. For these knee angles, lengthening the QF at the hip did not promote significant change. Each QF constituent demonstrated muscle physiology patterns according to hip and/or knee angles, even though a greater L f and lower θ p were predominant in SUP60 and SIT60. QF TAC index stiffened in more elongated positions, which probably contributed to enhanced force transmission and slightly higher torque in SUP60. Our findings may help exercise physiologist better understand the impact of hip and knee angles on designing more rational NMES stimulation strategies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03822221.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita de Cassia Marqueti
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Centro Metropolitano, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- Graduate Program in Sciences and Technology in Health, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Centro Metropolitano, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Martim Bottaro
- Departamento de Educação Física, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Unité Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Centro Metropolitano, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Alonso-Fernandez D, Abalo-Núñez R, Mateos-Padorno C, Martínez-Patiño M. Effects of eccentric exercise on the quadriceps architecture. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Abián P, Martínez F, Jiménez F, Abián-Vicén J. Effects of Eccentric Single-Leg Decline Squat Exercise on the Morphological and Structural Properties of the Vastus Lateralis and Patellar Tendon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249410. [PMID: 33333987 PMCID: PMC7765369 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to examine the effect of 6-week eccentric single-leg decline squat (SLDSe) training with two technical execution times (3 s or 6 s) on changes related to the structural properties of the vastus lateralis (VL) and patellar tendon (PT). Thirty-six physical active volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CG, n = 13, age = 20.8 ± 1.9 years, no intervention program), experimental group 1 (EG1, n = 11, age = 21.6 ± 2.5 years, execution time = 6 s) and experimental group 2 (EG2, n = 12, 21.1 ± 1.2 years, execution time = 3 s). Participants completed a 6-week SLDSe training program (80% of 1-RM) three days a week. The structural characteristics of the VL and the PT were measured with ultrasonography before and after 6-week SLDSe training and after 6 weeks of de-training. Our results indicate that EG1 increased ≈21.8% the thickness of the PT and EG2 increased ≈15.7% the thickness of the VL after the 6-week intervention program. EG1 and EG2 showed greater values (p < 0.05) of lean mass and lower values (p < 0.05) of fat percentage on the thigh after the intervention program. In conclusion, the SLDSe training carried out with the execution time of 6 s had greater effects on the structural and elastic properties of the PT, and the exercise with the execution time of 3 s caused greater structural adaptations in the VL musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Abián
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical University, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.M.); (F.J.)
| | - Fernando Jiménez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.M.); (F.J.)
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.M.); (F.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-925268800 (ext. 5522)
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The mechanisms of adaptation for muscle fascicle length changes with exercise: Implications for spastic muscle. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110199. [PMID: 33254508 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We are proposing optimal training conditions that can lead to an increase in the number of serial sarcomeres (SSN) and muscle fascicle length (FL) in spastic muscles. Therapeutic interventions for increasing FL in clinical populations with neurological origin, in whom relative shortness of muscle fascicles contributed to the presentation of symptoms such as spasticity, contracture, and limited functional abilities, do not generally meet these conditions, and therefore, result in less than satisfactory outcomes. Based on a review of literature, we argue that protocols of exercise interventions that led to sarcomerogenesis, and increases in SSN and FL in healthy animal and human models satisfied three criteria: 1) all involved eccentric exercise at appropriately high velocity; 2) resulted in positive strain of muscle fascicles; and 3) momentary deactivation in the stretched muscle. Accordingly, to increase FL in spastic muscles, new exercise protocols in which the three presumed criteria are satisfied, must be developed, and long-term muscle architectural and functional adaptations to such trainings must be examined.
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34
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Marzilger R, Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Modulation of physiological cross-sectional area and fascicle length of vastus lateralis muscle in response to eccentric exercise. J Biomech 2020; 111:110016. [PMID: 32971492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated the effect of lengthening velocity during eccentric exercise on the modulation of the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and fascicle length of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle. We hypothesized a greater increase in muscle PCSA after training with lower lengthening velocities and a greater increase in fascicle length after higher lengthening velocities. Forty-seven young men were randomly assigned to either a control (n = 14) or an intervention group (n = 33). The participants of the intervention group were randomly allocated to one of four isokinetic eccentric training protocols of the knee extensors, with four different knee angular velocities (45°/s, 120°/s, 210°/s and 300°/s), yet similar range of motion (25-100° knee joint angle), load magnitude (100% of isometric maximum) and load volume (i.e. similar time under tension for one training set). Before and after an 11-week training period with 3 times per week exercise, muscle volume, pennation angle, fascicle length and PCSA of the VL muscle were measured using magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. After the training, the VL muscle volume and fascicle length increased similarly and approximately 5% in all investigated protocols. The PCSA and pennation angles of the VL did not change after any exercise protocol, indicating negligible radial muscle adaptation after the training. The reason for the found hypertrophy of VL muscle after eccentric training in a wide range of lengthening velocities was mainly a longitudinal muscle growth. Further, the longitudinal muscle growth was independent of the lengthening velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marzilger
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
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Medeiros TM, Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Fritsch CG, Oliveira GS, Severo-Silveira L, Pappas E, Baroni BM. Effect of Weekly Training Frequency With the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Muscle-Strain Risk Factors in Football Players: A Randomized Trial. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1026-1033. [PMID: 32580161 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the differences between performing Nordic hamstring exercises once or twice a week on hamstring eccentric strength and other muscle-strain risk factors in high-level football players. METHODS In this randomized trial, 32 football players (18-23 y old) completed an 8-week Nordic hamstring exercise training program in 1 of 2 experimental groups: group 1 (once a week; n = 15) and group 2 (twice a week; n = 17). Knee-flexor/extensor peak torques and biceps femoris long-head muscle architecture were assessed through isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasonography, respectively, before and after the training programs. Analysis of covariance, effect sizes (ESs), and t tests for percentage change were used to assess the effect of the 2 interventions on the outcome measures. RESULTS Group 2 demonstrated higher hamstring concentric peak torque than group 1 posttraining (155-164 vs 149-158 N·m; P = .043; ES = 0.27), although there was also a statistical trend for higher hamstring eccentric peak torque (212-234 vs 198-221 N·m; P = .098; ES = 0.37), hamstring-to-quadriceps conventional ratio (0.56-0.59 vs 0.54-0.57; P = .089; ES = 0.31), and hamstring-to-quadriceps functional ratio (0.76-0.84 vs 0.71-0.79; P = .076; ES = 0.50). No between-groups differences were found for muscle thickness (P = .864; ES = 0.12), pennation angle (P = .289; ES = 0.18), fascicle length (P = .406; ES = 0.03), and quadriceps concentric peak torque (P = .340; ES = 0.02). CONCLUSION Only the Nordic hamstring exercise training program performed twice a week strengthened the hamstrings of high-level football players, while similar changes in muscle architecture occurred with both once- and twice-weekly sessions.
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36
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Barbalho M, Gentil P, Raiol R, Fisher J, Steele J, Coswig V. Influence of Adding Single-Joint Exercise to a Multijoint Resistance Training Program in Untrained Young Women. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2214-2219. [PMID: 29781936 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Barbalho, M, Gentil, P, Raiol, R, Fisher, J, Steele, J, and Coswig, V. Influence of adding single-joint exercise to a multijoint resistance training program in untrained young women. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2214-2219, 2020-The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of adding single-joint (SJ) exercises to a multijoint (MJ) resistance training (RT) program on muscle strength and anthropometric measures of young women. Twenty untrained women were divided into a group that performed only MJ exercises or a group that performed both SJ and MJ exercises (MJ + SJ). Before and after 8 weeks of training, the participants were tested for 10 repetition maximum (10RM). Flexed arm circumference and triceps and biceps skinfold thickness were also measured. Both groups significantly decreased biceps (-3.60% for MJ and -3.55% for MJ + SJ) and triceps skinfold (-3.05% for MJ and -2.98% for MJ + SJ), with no significant difference between them. Flexed arm circumference significantly increased in both groups; however, increases in MJ + SJ (4.39%) were significantly greater than MJ (3.50%). Increases in 10RM load in elbow extension (28.2% for MJ and 28.0% for MJ + SJ), elbow flexion (29.8% for MJ and 28.7% for MJ + SJ), and knee extension (26.92% for MJ and 23.86% for MJ + SJ) were all significant and not different between groups. The results showed that adding SJ exercises to an MJ RT program resulted in no additional benefits in muscle performance, whilst differences in flexed arm circumference were small, but significant, in untrained women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Barbalho
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of the Amazon, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Group of Studies in Physical and Sports Training - GET, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Raiol
- Group of Studies in Physical and Sports Training - GET, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University Center of the State of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - James Fisher
- Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom; and
| | - James Steele
- Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom; and
| | - Victor Coswig
- Group of Studies in Physical and Sports Training - GET, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
- Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
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37
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Jorgenson KW, Phillips SM, Hornberger TA. Identifying the Structural Adaptations that Drive the Mechanical Load-Induced Growth of Skeletal Muscle: A Scoping Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071658. [PMID: 32660165 PMCID: PMC7408414 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass plays a critical role in health and quality of life. One of the most potent regulators of skeletal muscle mass is mechanical loading, and numerous studies have led to a reasonably clear understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic changes that occur when the mechanical environment is altered. For instance, an increase in mechanical loading induces a growth response that is mediated, at least in part, by an increase in the cross-sectional area of the myofibers (i.e., myofiber hypertrophy). However, very little is known about the ultrastructural adaptations that drive this response. Even the most basic questions, such as whether mechanical load-induced myofiber hypertrophy is mediated by an increase in the size of the pre-existing myofibrils and/or an increase in the number myofibrils, have not been resolved. In this review, we thoroughly summarize what is currently known about the macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural changes that drive mechanical load-induced growth and highlight the critical gaps in knowledge that need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W. Jorgenson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Correspondence:
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38
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Lynch HM, Buman MP, Dickinson JM, Ransdell LB, Johnston CS, Wharton CM. No Significant Differences in Muscle Growth and Strength Development When Consuming Soy and Whey Protein Supplements Matched for Leucine Following a 12 Week Resistance Training Program in Men and Women: A Randomized Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3871. [PMID: 32486007 PMCID: PMC7312446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There are conflicting reports regarding the efficacy of plant versus animal-derived protein to support muscle and strength development with resistance training. The purpose of this study was to determine whether soy and whey protein supplements matched for leucine would comparably support strength increases and muscle growth following 12 weeks of resistance training. Sixty-one untrained young men (n = 19) and women (n = 42) (18-35 year) enrolled in this study, and 48 completed the trial (17 men, 31 women). All participants engaged in supervised resistance training 3×/week and consumed 19 grams of whey protein isolate or 26 grams of soy protein isolate, both containing 2 g (grams) of leucine. Multi-level modeling indicated that total body mass (0.68 kg; 95% CI: 0.08, 1.29 kg; p < 0.001), lean body mass (1.54 kg; 95% CI: 0.94, 2.15 kg; p < 0.001), and peak torque of leg extensors (40.27 Nm; 95% CI: 28.98, 51.57 Nm, p < 0.001) and flexors (20.44 Nm; 95% CI: 12.10, 28.79 Nm; p < 0.001) increased in both groups. Vastus lateralis muscle thickness tended to increase, but this did not reach statistical significance (0.12 cm; 95% CI: -0.01, 0.26 cm; p = 0.08). No differences between groups were observed (p > 0.05). These data indicate that increases in lean mass and strength in untrained participants are comparable when strength training and supplementing with soy or whey matched for leucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. Lynch
- Department of Kinesiology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Matthew P. Buman
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (M.P.B.); (C.S.J.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Jared M. Dickinson
- Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA;
| | - Lynda B. Ransdell
- College of Health and Human Services, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;
| | - Carol S. Johnston
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (M.P.B.); (C.S.J.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Christopher M. Wharton
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (M.P.B.); (C.S.J.); (C.M.W.)
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39
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Gérard R, Gojon L, Decleve P, Van Cant J. The Effects of Eccentric Training on Biceps Femoris Architecture and Strength: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. J Athl Train 2020; 55:501-514. [PMID: 32216654 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-194-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of an eccentric hamstrings strength-training program, performed for at least 4 weeks by healthy adults, on muscle architecture and eccentric strength. DATA SOURCES A systematic search was performed up to October 2018 in the following electronic databases: PubMed, PEDro, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus. Combinations of the following search terms were used: eccentric strength training, eccentric loading, nordic hamstring, hamstring strength, fascicle length, pennation angle, muscle thickness, muscle architecture, biceps femoris long head, biceps femoris, and hamstring muscles. STUDY SELECTION Included articles were randomized controlled trials that allowed comparisons between isolated eccentric strength training of the biceps femoris muscle and other programs. DATA EXTRACTION Data from the included studies were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. These data included the study design, participant characteristics, inclusion and exclusion criteria of clinical studies, exercise and intervention characteristics, outcome measures, and the main results of the study. When meta-analysis was possible, we performed quantitative analysis. Ten randomized controlled trials were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Limited to moderate evidence indicated that eccentric strength training was associated with an increase in fascicle length (mean difference [MD] = 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.48, 2.46), an increase in muscle thickness (MD = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.06, 0.13), and a decrease in pennation angle (MD = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.61, 3.11). Conflicted to moderate evidence indicated that eccentric hamstrings strength was increased after eccentric strength training compared with concentric strength training (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.26, 1.86), usual level of activity (SMD = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.68, 3.77), and static stretching (SMD = 0.39; 95% CI = -0.97, 1.75). CONCLUSIONS In healthy adults, an eccentric strength-training program produced architectural adaptations on the long head of the biceps femoris muscle and increased eccentric hamstrings strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Gérard
- Department of Physical Therapy, Institut Parnasse-ISEI, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Léo Gojon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Institut Parnasse-ISEI, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Decleve
- Department of Physical Therapy, Institut Parnasse-ISEI, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joachim Van Cant
- Department of Physical Therapy, Institut Parnasse-ISEI, Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Maden-Wilkinson TM, Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Folland JP. What makes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A comparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint mechanics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:1000-1011. [PMID: 31873069 PMCID: PMC7191505 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00224.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The greater muscular strength of long-term resistance-trained (LTT) individuals is often attributed to hypertrophy, but the role of other factors, notably maximum voluntary specific tension (ST), muscle architecture, and any differences in joint mechanics (moment arm), have not been documented. The aim of the present study was to examine the musculoskeletal factors that might explain the greater quadriceps strength and size of LTT vs. untrained (UT) individuals. LTT (n = 16, age 21.6 ± 2.0 yr) had 4.0 ± 0.8 yr of systematic knee extensor heavy-resistance training experience, whereas UT (n = 52; age 25.1 ± 2.3 yr) had no lower-body resistance training experience for >18 mo. Knee extension dynamometry, T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of the thigh and knee, and ultrasonography of the quadriceps muscle group at 10 locations were used to determine quadriceps: isometric maximal voluntary torque (MVT), muscle volume (QVOL), patella tendon moment arm (PTMA), pennation angle (QΘP) and fascicle length (QFL), physiological cross-sectional area (QPCSA), and ST. LTT had substantially greater MVT (+60% vs. UT, P < 0.001) and QVOL (+56%, P < 0.001) and QPCSA (+41%, P < 0.001) but smaller differences in ST (+9%, P < 0.05) and moment arm (+4%, P < 0.05), and thus muscle size was the primary explanation for the greater strength of LTT. The greater muscle size (volume) of LTT was primarily attributable to the greater QPCSA (+41%; indicating more sarcomeres in parallel) rather than the more modest difference in FL (+11%; indicating more sarcomeres in series). There was no evidence in the present study for regional hypertrophy after LTT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we demonstrate that the larger muscle strength (+60%) of a long-term (4+ yr) resistance-trained group compared with untrained controls was due to their similarly larger muscle volume (+56%), primarily due to a larger physiological cross-sectional area and modest differences in fascicle length, as well as modest differences in maximum voluntary specific tension and patella tendon moment arm. In addition, the present study refutes the possibility of regional hypertrophy, despite large differences in muscle volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Garry J Massey
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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41
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Effects of the Functional Heel Drop Exercise on the Muscle Architecture of the Gastrocnemius. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 29:1053-1059. [PMID: 31810057 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The architectural characteristics of a muscle determine its function. OBJECTIVE To determine the architectural adaptations of the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles after a functional eccentric strength training protocol consisting of heel drop exercises, followed by a subsequent detraining period. DESIGN Pretest and posttest. SETTING Training rooms and laboratory. PARTICIPANTS The participants (N = 45) who were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG, n = 25) and a control group (CG, n = 20). INTERVENTIONS The 13-week intervention included participants (N = 45) who were randomly divided into an EG (n = 25) and a CG (n = 20). The EG performed a week of control and training, 8 weeks of eccentric training, and 4 weeks of detraining. The CG did not perform any type of muscular training. The architectural characteristics of the LG and MG muscles were evaluated at rest in both groups using 2-D ultrasound before (pretest-week 1) and after (posttest-week 9) the training, and at the end of the detraining period (retest-week 13). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine training-induced changes in each of the variables of the muscle architecture. RESULTS After the training period, the members of the EG experienced a significant increase in the fascicle length of LG (t = -9.85, d = 2.78, P < .001) and MG (t = -8.98, d = 2.54, P < .001), muscle thickness (t = -6.71, d = 2.86, P < .001) and (t = -7.85, d = 2.22, P < .001), and the pennation angle (t = -10.21, d = 1.88, P < .05) and (t = -1.87, d = 0.53, P < .05), respectively. After the detraining period, fascicle length, muscle thickness, and pennation angle showed a significant decrease. In the CG, no significant changes were observed in any of the variables. CONCLUSIONS The heel drop exercise seems to generate adaptations in the architectural conditions of LG and MG, which are also reversible after a detraining period. These results may have practical implications for injury prevention and rehabilitation programs.
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Drury B, Ratel S, Clark CC, Fernandes JF, Moran J, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E70. [PMID: 33467385 PMCID: PMC7739302 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the role of eccentric resistance training in youth and how this training modality can be utilized within long-term physical development. Current literature on responses to eccentric exercise in youth has demonstrated that potential concerns, such as fatigue and muscle damage, compared to adults are not supported. Considering the importance of resistance training for youth athletes and the benefits of eccentric training in enhancing strength, power, speed, and resistance to injury, its inclusion throughout youth may be warranted. In this review we provide a brief overview of the physiological responses to exercise in youth with specific reference to the different responses to eccentric resistance training between children, adolescents, and adults. Thereafter, we discuss the importance of ensuring that force absorption qualities are trained throughout youth and how these may be influenced by growth and maturation. In particular, we propose practical methods on how eccentric resistance training methods can be implemented in youth via the inclusion of efficient landing mechanics, eccentric hamstrings strengthening and flywheel inertia training. This article proposes that the use of eccentric resistance training in youth should be considered a necessity to help develop both physical qualities that underpin sporting performance, as well as reducing injury risk. However, as with any other training modality implemented within youth, careful consideration should be given in accordance with an individual's maturity status, training history and technical competency as well as being underpinned by current long-term physical development guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P, EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Cain C.T. Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5RW, England, UK;
| | - John F.T. Fernandes
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3WA, UK;
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7C, Canada;
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Geremia JM, Baroni BM, Bini RR, Lanferdini FJ, de Lima AR, Herzog W, Vaz MA. Triceps Surae Muscle Architecture Adaptations to Eccentric Training. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1456. [PMID: 31849706 PMCID: PMC6901927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eccentric exercises have been used in physical training, injury prevention, and rehabilitation programs. The systematic use of eccentric training promotes specific morphological adaptations on skeletal muscles. However, synergistic muscles, such as the triceps surae components, might display different structural adaptations due to differences in architecture, function, and load sharing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an eccentric training program on the triceps surae (GM, gastrocnemius medialis; GL, gastrocnemius lateralis; and SO, soleus) muscle architecture. Methods Twenty healthy male subjects (26 ± 4 years) underwent a 4-week control period followed by a 12-week eccentric training program. Muscle architecture [fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA), and muscle thickness (MT)] of GM, GL, and SO was evaluated every 4 weeks by ultrasonography. Results Fascicle lengths (GM: 13.2%; GL: 8.8%; SO: 21%) and MT (GM: 14.9%; GL: 15.3%; SO: 19.1%) increased from pre- to post-training, whereas PAs remained similar. GM and SO FL and MT increased up to the 8th training week, whereas GL FL increased up to the 4th week. SO displayed the highest, and GL the smallest gains in FL post-training. Conclusion All three synergistic plantar flexor muscles increased FL and MT with eccentric training. MT increased similarly among the synergistic muscles, while the muscle with the shortest FL at baseline (SO) showed the greatest increase in FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rico Bini
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Fabio Juner Lanferdini
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Amanda Rodrigues de Lima
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Engineering, Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Trindade TB, Prestes J, Neto LO, Medeiros RMV, Tibana RA, de Sousa NMF, Santana EE, Cabral BGDAT, Stone WJ, Dantas PMS. Effects of Pre-exhaustion Versus Traditional Resistance Training on Training Volume, Maximal Strength, and Quadriceps Hypertrophy. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1424. [PMID: 31824336 PMCID: PMC6882301 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pre-exhaustion (PreEx) method is used as a resistance training (RT) method to increase muscle mass, yet the chronic effects of this method are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Although readily prescribed as a RT method for promotion of muscle hypertrophy, few researches give light to gains made after chronic PreEx RT. Therefore, we compared the effects of traditional versus PreEx RT programs on muscle strength, body composition, and muscular hypertrophy in adult males. METHODS Untrained subjects (age: 31.37 ± 6.83 years; height: 175.29 ± 5.52 cm; body mass: 82.04 ± 13.61 kg; 1RM leg press: 339.86 ± 61.17 kg; 1RM leg extension: 121.71 ± 11.93 kg) were submitted to 9 weeks of RT with weekly sessions. Traditional (TRT) group (n = 12) performed three sets at 45° of leg press exercise at 75% of 1RM, PreEx group (n = 12) completed a set to failure on a leg extension machine prior to the leg press, and the control (CON) group (n = 7) did not train. Maximum strength, muscle thickness, and body composition were analyzed. RESULTS PreEx group increased in maximal strength on leg press (16 ± 8%) and leg extension (17 ± 11%), while the TRT group improved by 15 ± 9 and 11 ± 4%, respectively. The thickness of the quadriceps muscles increased for both intervention groups. Specifically, the post-training thickness of the vastus lateralis was significantly higher for PreEx (55%) compared to the CON group. The TRT group presented a greater loss of total and thigh fat mass when compared with the PreEx method. These results were found in the presence of a lower training load for the PreEx group. CONCLUSION The PreEx training can decrease the total training volume while maintaining results in strength and hypertrophy when comparing to TRT. However, TRT may be optimal if the goal is to decrease fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ramires Alsamir Tibana
- Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Estevan Santana
- Graduation Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Whitley Jo Stone
- School of Nutrition, Kinesiology, and Psychological Sciences, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO, United States
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de Paiva PRV, Casalechi HL, Tomazoni SS, Machado CDSM, Vanin AA, Baroni BM, de Carvalho PDTC, Leal-Junior ECP. Effects of photobiomodulation therapy combined to static magnetic field in strength training and detraining in humans: protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030194. [PMID: 31662370 PMCID: PMC6830659 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, it has been demonstrated that photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using low-level laser therapy and/or light-emitting diode therapy combined to static magnetic field (sMF) has ergogenic effects, improving muscular performance and accelerating postexercise recovery. However, many aspects related to these effects and its clinical applicability remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this project is to evaluate the ergogenic effects of PBMT/sMF in detraining after a strength-training protocol. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study will be a randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Healthy male volunteers will be randomly distributed into four experimental groups: PBMT/sMF before training sessions + PBMT/sMF during detraining, PBMT/sMF before training sessions + placebo during detraining, placebo before training sessions + PBMT/sMF during detraining and placebo before training sessions + placebo during detraining. Strength-training sessions will be carried out over 12 weeks, and the detraining period will occur during the 4 weeks after. The muscular strength and the structural properties of quadriceps will be analysed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Nove de Julho University. The results from this study will be disseminated through scientific publications in international peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international scientific meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03858179.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Vicente de Paiva
- Laboratory of Phototherapy and Innovative Technologies in Health (LaPIT), Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heliodora Leão Casalechi
- Laboratory of Phototherapy and Innovative Technologies in Health (LaPIT), Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shaiane Silva Tomazoni
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Dos Santos Monteiro Machado
- Laboratory of Phototherapy and Innovative Technologies in Health (LaPIT), Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriane Aver Vanin
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciencias da Saude de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Phototherapy and Innovative Technologies in Health (LaPIT), Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior
- Laboratory of Phototherapy and Innovative Technologies in Health (LaPIT), Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Myotendinous asymmetries derived from the prolonged practice of badminton in professional players. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222190. [PMID: 31504052 PMCID: PMC6736299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The continued practice of a sport linked to the unilateral predominance of the dominant side can provoke chronic asymmetric adaptations in the myotendinous structure and mechanical properties. Objectives: The main purpose was to determine whether asymmetry between the preferred and non-preferred lower limb is present in the lower limb tendon structure, muscle architecture and stiffness values of professional badminton players. Methods Sixteen male professional badminton players (age = 24.1 ± 6.7 years; body height = 177.90 ± 7.53 cm) participated in this study. The muscle architecture of the vastus lateralis (VL), medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and the structure of patellar and Achilles tendons were measured in the dominant and non-dominant lower limb with ultrasonography. Stiffness was also measured at the same points with a hand-held MyotonPro. Significant differences between the dominant and non-dominant lower limb were determined using Student’s t test for related samples. Results Bilateral differences were observed for thickness, width and cross-sectional area (CSA) in both tendons showing higher values for the dominant side: patellar tendon CSA (2.02 ± 0.64 vs. 1.51 ± 0.42 cm2; p < 0.05) and Achilles tendon CSA (1.12 ± 0.18 vs. 0.92 ± 0.28 cm2; p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in muscle architecture and myotonic variables between the dominant and non-dominant lower limb. Conclusions The prolonged practice of badminton caused asymmetries in the CSA, width and thickness of the patellar and Achilles tendon between the dominant and non-dominant lower limbs. No bilateral differences were found in the muscle architecture of VL, MG and LG or in the stiffness of any muscle or tendon analyzed.
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Correlation between lower limb isometric strength and muscle structure with normal and challenged gait performance in older adults. Gait Posture 2019; 73:101-107. [PMID: 31319373 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscular parameters have been considered to influence gait of older adults, but it is still unclear which specific lower limb muscular parameters correlate with kinematics of overground and obstacle crossing in older adults. RESEARCH QUESTION What lower limb muscular parameters correlate and explain kinematics of overground walking and obstacle crossing ability in the elderly? METHODS Muscle structure was evaluated in 15 older individuals (75.4 ± 5 years) through measures of architecture (muscle thickness, fascicle length, and pennation angle) and muscle quality (echo intensity) from lower limb muscles (vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius medialis). Muscle function was assessed through isometric strength of hip, knee and ankle joint muscles. Gait kinematics (toe and heel clearances, step length and gait speed) was evaluated during walking with and without obstacle crossing at preferred and maximal gait speeds. Correlation and regression analyses were performed considering a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS Isometric strength did not correlate with gait kinematics and gait speed. Tibialis anterior thickness correlated with lead limb toe clearance, and vastus lateralis thickness with gait speed and step length. Vastus lateralis echo intensity correlated with step length and gait speed. SIGNIFICANCE Tibialis anterior and vastus lateralis muscles deserve attention in physical training to improve gait of older adults. Specifically, tibialis anterior should receive more attention on exercise programs aiming at improvement of obstacle crossing, and knee extensors when aiming at improving gait speed and step length.
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Vidmar MF, Baroni BM, Michelin AF, Mezzomo M, Lugokenski R, Pimentel GL, Silva MF. Isokinetic eccentric training is more effective than constant load eccentric training on the quadriceps rehabilitation following partial meniscectomy: A randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 39:120-125. [PMID: 31349092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of conventional (constant load) eccentric training and isokinetic eccentric training on quadriceps muscle mass, strength and functionality of recreational athletes following partial meniscectomy. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING XXXX, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS 32 recreational male athletes (∼27 years old) who underwent partial meniscectomy performed a 6-week quadriceps strength training program in one of the experimental groups: conventional group (CG) or icokinetic group (IG). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Quadriceps muscle mass, strength, and patients' objective and self-reported function. RESULTS Both groups enhanced muscle mass, strength and functionality outcomes. The IG presented higher increases than CG for muscle mass (ES = 0.99-1.41), strength (ES = 1.48-2.35), and Lysholm score (ES = 1.0). The magnitude-based inference supports that results 'very likely' or 'almost certainly' favour IG compared to CG for all outcomes, except for the single leg hop test (i.e., between-group similar change). CONCLUSION After partial meniscectomy, isokinetic eccentric training is more effective than conventional eccentric training to restore quadriceps muscle mass, strength, and functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Francys Vidmar
- Physical Therapy Department, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio grande do Sul, Brazil; Hospital Ortopédico (HO), Passo Fundo, Rio grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Physical Therapy Department, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Mezzomo
- Hospital Ortopédico (HO), Passo Fundo, Rio grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Gilnei Lopes Pimentel
- Physical Therapy Department, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Rio grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Faria Silva
- Physical Therapy Department, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio grande do Sul, Brazil
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Dose-Response Relationship of Weekly Resistance-Training Volume and Frequency on Muscular Adaptations in Trained Men. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:360-368. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rate of Force Development and Muscle Architecture after Fast and Slow Velocity Eccentric Training. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020041. [PMID: 30769873 PMCID: PMC6410101 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the rate of force development (RFD) and muscle architecture early adaptations in response to training with fast- or slow-velocity eccentric squats. Eighteen young novice participants followed six weeks (two sessions/week) of either fast-velocity (Fast) or slow-velocity (Slow) squat eccentric-only training. Fast eccentric training consisted of nine sets of nine eccentric-only repetitions at 70% of 1-RM with <1 s duration for each repetition. Slow eccentric training consisted of five sets of six eccentric-only repetitions at 90% of 1-RM with ~4 sec duration for each repetition. Before and after training, squat 1-RM, countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric leg press RFD, and vastus lateralis muscle architecture were evaluated. Squat 1-RM increased by 14.5 ± 7.0% (Fast, p < 0.01) and by 5.4 ± 5.1% (Slow, p < 0.05). RFD and fascicle length increased significantly in the Fast group by 10–19% and 10.0 ± 6.2%, p < 0.01, respectively. Muscle thickness increased only in the Slow group (6.0 ± 6.8%, p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between the training induced changes in fascicle length and RFD. These results suggest that fast eccentric resistance training may be more appropriate for increases in rapid force production compared to slow eccentric resistance training, and this may be partly due to increases in muscle fascicle length induced by fast eccentric training.
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