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Fountain WA, Bopp TS, Bene M, Walston JD. Metabolic dysfunction and the development of physical frailty: an aging war of attrition. GeroScience 2024; 46:3711-3721. [PMID: 38400874 PMCID: PMC11226579 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization recently declared 2021-2030 the decade of healthy aging. Such emphasis on healthy aging requires an understanding of the biologic challenges aging populations face. Physical frailty is a syndrome of vulnerability that puts a subset of older adults at high risk for adverse health outcomes including functional and cognitive decline, falls, hospitalization, and mortality. The physiology driving physical frailty is complex with age-related biological changes, dysregulated stress response systems, chronic inflammatory pathway activation, and altered energy metabolism all likely contributing. Indeed, a series of recent studies suggests circulating metabolomic distinctions can be made between frail and non-frail older adults. For example, marked restrictions on glycolytic and mitochondrial energy production have been independently observed in frail older adults and collectively appear to yield a reliance on the highly fatigable ATP-phosphocreatine (PCr) energy system. Further, there is evidence that age-associated impairments in the primary ATP generating systems (glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport) yield cumulative deficits and fail to adequately support the ATP-PCr system. This in turn may acutely contribute to several major components of the physical frailty phenotype including muscular fatigue, weakness, slow walking speed and, over time, result in low physical activity and accelerate reductions in lean body mass. This review describes specific age-associated metabolic declines and how they can collectively lead to metabolic inflexibility, ATP-PCr reliance, and the development of physical frailty. Further investigation remains necessary to understand the etiology of age-associated metabolic deficits and develop targeted preventive strategies that maintain robust metabolic health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Fountain
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Taylor S Bopp
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michael Bene
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Bui AT, Chaudhari R, Bhati C, Wolver S, Patel S, Boyett S, Evans MC, Kamal H, Patel V, Forsgren M, Sanyal AJ, Kirkman D, Siddiqui MS. Reduced metabolic flexibility is a predictor of weight gain among liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2024; 30:192-199. [PMID: 37146168 DOI: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility is the ability to match biofuel availability to utilization and is inversely associated with increased metabolic burden among liver transplant (LT) recipients. The present study evaluated the impact of metabolic flexibility on weight gain following LT. LT recipients were enrolled prospectively (n = 47) and followed for 6 months. Metabolic flexibility was measured using whole-room calorimetry and is expressed as a respiratory quotient (RQ). Peak RQ represents maximal carbohydrate metabolism and occurs in the post-prandial state, while trough RQ represents maximal fatty acid metabolism occurring in the fasted state. The clinical, metabolic, and laboratory characteristics of the study cohort of lost weight (n = 14) and gained weight (n = 33) were similar at baseline. Patients who lost weight were more likely to reach maximal RQ (maximal carbohydrate oxidation) early and rapidly transitioned to trough RQ (maximal fatty acid oxidation). In contrast, patients who gained weight had delayed time to peak RQ and trough RQ. In multivariate modeling, time to peak RQ (β-coefficient 0.509, p = 0.01), time from peak RQ to trough RQ (β-coefficient 0.634, p = 0.006), and interaction between time to peak RQ to trough RQ and fasting RQ (β-coefficient 0.447, p = 0.02) directly correlated with the severity of weight gain. No statistically significant relationship between peak RQ, trough RQ, and weight change was demonstrated. Inefficient transition between biofuels (carbohydrates and fatty acids) is associated with weight gain in LT recipients that is independent of clinical metabolic risk. These data offer novel insight into the physiology of obesity after LT with the potential to develop new diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T Bui
- Department of Statistical Sciences & Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rahul Chaudhari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Chandra Bhati
- Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Wolver
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Samarth Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lehigh Valley Hospital-Cedar Crest, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sherry Boyett
- Department of Statistical Sciences & Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Marie Claire Evans
- Department of Statistical Sciences & Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hiba Kamal
- Department of Statistical Sciences & Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Vaishali Patel
- Department of Statistical Sciences & Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mikael Forsgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Danielle Kirkman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mohammad Shadab Siddiqui
- Department of Statistical Sciences & Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Emhoff CAW, Messonnier LA. Concepts of Lactate Metabolic Clearance Rate and Lactate Clamp for Metabolic Inquiry: A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3213. [PMID: 37513631 PMCID: PMC10385598 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate is known to play a central role in the link between glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, as well as to serve as a primary gluconeogenic precursor. Blood lactate concentration is sensitive to the metabolic state of tissues and organs as lactate rates of appearance and disposal/disappearance in the circulation rise and fall in response to physical exercise and other metabolic disturbances. The highest lactate flux rates have been measured during moderate intensity exercise in endurance-trained individuals who exhibit muscular and metabolic adaptations lending to superior oxidative capacity. In contrast, a diminished ability to utilize lactate is associated with poor metabolic fitness. Given these widespread implications in exercise performance and health, we discuss the concept of lactate metabolic clearance rate, which increases at the onset of exercise and, unlike flux rates, reaches a peak just below the power output associated with the maximal lactate steady state. The metabolic clearance rate is determined by both disposal rate and blood concentration, two parameters that are mutually interdependent and thus difficult to parse during steady state exercise studies. We review the evolution of the in vivo lactate clamp methodology to control blood lactate concentration and discuss its application in the investigation of whole-body lactate disposal capacities. In conclusion, we assert that the lactate clamp is a useful research methodology for examining lactate flux, in particular the factors that drive metabolic clearance rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-An W Emhoff
- Department of Kinesiology, Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, CA 94575, USA
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, F-73000 Chambéry, France
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4
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Shoemaker ME, Gillen ZM, Fukuda DH, Cramer JT. Metabolic Flexibility and Inflexibility: Pathology Underlying Metabolism Dysfunction. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4453. [PMID: 37445488 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility can be defined as the ability of the skeletal muscle to adjust its utilization of substrate pathways [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E Shoemaker
- School of Health and Consumer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Zachary M Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, 180 Magruder Street, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Joel T Cramer
- College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Ispoglou T, Wilson O, McCullough D, Aldrich L, Ferentinos P, Lyall G, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Duckworth L, Brown MA, Sutton L, Potts AJ, Archbold V, Hargreaves J, McKenna J. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Strategies for Managing Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:892. [PMID: 37508325 PMCID: PMC10376679 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review examines the mechanisms underlying the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic diseases (MDs), along with their association with sarcopenia. Furthermore, non-pharmacological interventions to address sarcopenia in patients with these conditions are suggested. The significance of combined training in managing metabolic disease and secondary sarcopenia in type II diabetes mellitus is emphasized. Additionally, the potential benefits of resistance and aerobic training are explored. This review emphasises the role of nutrition in addressing sarcopenia in patients with CVD or MDs, focusing on strategies such as optimising protein intake, promoting plant-based protein sources, incorporating antioxidant-rich foods and omega-3 fatty acids and ensuring sufficient vitamin D levels. Moreover, the potential benefits of targeting gut microbiota through probiotics and prebiotic fibres in sarcopenic individuals are considered. Multidisciplinary approaches that integrate behavioural science are explored to enhance the uptake and sustainability of behaviour-based sarcopenia interventions. Future research should prioritise high-quality randomized controlled trials to refine exercise and nutritional interventions and investigate the incorporation of behavioural science into routine practices. Ultimately, a comprehensive and multifaceted approach is essential to improve health outcomes, well-being and quality of life in older adults with sarcopenia and coexisting cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Wilson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QQ, UK
| | | | - Luke Aldrich
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QQ, UK
| | | | - Gemma Lyall
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QQ, UK
| | | | - Lauren Duckworth
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QQ, UK
| | - Meghan A Brown
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QQ, UK
| | - Louise Sutton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QQ, UK
| | - Alexandra J Potts
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QQ, UK
| | - Victoria Archbold
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QQ, UK
| | - Jackie Hargreaves
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QQ, UK
| | - Jim McKenna
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QQ, UK
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Monferrer-Marín J, Roldán A, Monteagudo P, Chulvi-Medrano I, Blasco-Lafarga C. Impact of Ageing on Female Metabolic Flexibility: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study in over-60 Active Women. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:97. [PMID: 35907092 PMCID: PMC9339052 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Ageing affects metabolic flexibility, although physical status could influence this relationship. This cross-sectional study aims to describe and analyse the metabolic flexibility/inflexibility in a group of active older women, together with the impact of ageing and physical status on their oxidation rates and maximal fat oxidation (MFO). Methods Fifteen volunteers (69.00 ± 6.97 years)—from 24 women—completed an incremental cycling test until the second ventilatory threshold. Intensity increased 10 W each 3 min 15 s, starting at 30 W. Gas exchange, heart rate, rate of perceived effort, pain scale and muscle power were registered, together with lactate. VO2 and VCO2 were considered for fat and carbohydrate oxidation (FATox and CHOox; Frayn’s equation) at intensities 60%, 80% and 100% from the peak power in the test (P100). Psychophysiological parameters were compared at MFO/FATmax and P100, together with the energy expenditure calculations around MFO (included FAT and CHO contributions), and the main correlation analyses, with and without P100 and VO2 as covariates. Results FATox was low at MFO (0.13; 95% CI [0.09–0.17] mg/min/kgFFM; 3.50; 95% CI [2.49–4.50] mg/min/kgFFM), with short oxidation-rate curves shifting down and leftward. CHOox and FATox were both low for reduced power with age (77.14 ± 18.58 W and 39.29 ± 9.17 W at P100 and MFO, respectively), all accompanied by a fall in energy expenditure (5.44 ± 2.58 kcal/min and 3.32 ± 1.55 kcal/min at P100 and MFO, respectively). Power appears as a determinant factor, given its strong and negative significant association with age (r = − 0.85, p < 0.005; R2 = 0.72) and moderate with MFO (r = − 0.54, p = 0.04; R2 = 0.29). In turn, energy expenditure shows a positive and moderate association with muscle power (r = 52, p = 0.04). Conclusions Despite the drop in substrates oxidation with age, physical status (i.e. larger muscular power and energy expenditure) suggests a key role in the preservation of metabolic health with ageing in active women.
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Andersson-Hall U, Hossein Pour D, Grau S, Börjesson M, Holmäng A. Exercise, aerobic fitness, and muscle strength in relation to glucose tolerance 6 to 10 years after gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022; 191:110078. [PMID: 36099975 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We sought to identify self-reported exercise and objectively measured fitness variables associated with glucose tolerance and metabolic health 6-10 years after gestational diabetes (GDM) METHODS: Women (n = 84) underwent oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), body composition measurements, and lifestyle questionnaires 6 and 10 years after GDM. In a subset (n = 45), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak fat oxidation, and maximal isometric strength of five muscle groups were tested. RESULTS At 10 years, 41 women (49%) had impaired glucose metabolism or type 2 diabetes (T2D). VO2peak and muscle strength were lowest in the T2D group. In a regression analysis, VO2peak and all strength measurements were associated negatively with HbA1c and waist-hip ratio and positively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, only muscle strength was associated with fasting and area-under-the-curve glucose. For changes between the 6- and 10-year follow-ups, only muscle strength was associated with HbA1c change, whereas both VO2peak and strength were associated with high-density lipoprotein level and changes in waist-hip ratio. Peak fat oxidation and self-reported physical activity showed no or weak relationships with glycemic variables. CONCLUSION Objectively measured fitness variables, particularly muscle strength, were strongly associated with glycemic and other metabolic outcomes in a high-risk group after GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Andersson-Hall
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Denise Hossein Pour
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Grau
- Centre for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Börjesson
- Centre for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Acute and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of MGA, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region of Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agneta Holmäng
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Siddiqui MS, Patel S, Forsgren M, Bui AT, Shen S, Syed T, Boyett S, Chen S, Sanyal AJ, Wolver S, Kirkman D, Celi FS, Bhati CS. Differential fuel utilization in liver transplant recipients and its relationship with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2022; 42:1401-1409. [PMID: 35129295 PMCID: PMC9189602 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Metabolic flexibility is the ability to match biofuel availability to utilization. Reduced metabolic flexibility, or lower fatty acid (FA) oxidation in the fasted state, is associated with obesity. The present study evaluated metabolic flexibility after liver transplantation (LT). METHODS Patients receiving LT for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (n = 35) and non-NASH (n = 10) were enrolled. NASH was chosen as these patients are at the highest risk of metabolic complications. Metabolic flexibility was measured using whole-body calorimetry and expressed as respiratory quotient (RQ), which ranges from 0.7 (pure FA oxidation) to 1.0 is (carbohydrate oxidation). RESULTS The two cohorts were similar except for a higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the NASH cohort. Post-prandially, RQ increased in both cohorts (i.e. greater carbohydrate utilization) but peak RQ and time at peak RQ was higher in the NASH cohort. Fasting RQ in NASH was significantly higher (0.845 vs. 0.772, p < .001), indicative of impaired FA utilization. In subgroup analysis of the NASH cohort, body mass index but not liver fat content (MRI-PDFF) was an independent predictor of fasting RQ. In NASH, fasting RQ inversely correlated with fat-free muscle volume and directly with visceral adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Reduced metabolic flexibility in patients transplanted for NASH cirrhosis may precede the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S. Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Samarth Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA,Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyHunter‐Holmes McGuire VARichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Mikael Forsgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Anh T. Bui
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations ResearchVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Steve Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Taseen Syed
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Sherry Boyett
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Susan Wolver
- Department of Internal MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Danielle Kirkman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health SciencesVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Francesco S. Celi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Chandra S. Bhati
- Division of Transplant SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
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Shoemaker ME, Pereira SL, Mustad VA, Gillen ZM, McKay BD, Lopez-Pedrosa JM, Rueda R, Cramer JT. Differences in muscle energy metabolism and metabolic flexibility between sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1224-1237. [PMID: 35178889 PMCID: PMC8978004 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic flexibility is the ability of skeletal muscle to adapt fuel utilization to the demand for fuel sources [carbohydrates (CHO) and fats (FAT)]. The purpose of this study was to explore muscle energy metabolism and metabolic flexibility under various conditions in sarcopenic (S) versus nonsarcopenic (NS) older adults. METHODS Twenty-two older adults aged 65 years or older were categorized as NS [n = 11; mean ± standard deviation (SD); age = 73.5 ± 6.0 years (males, n = 5; females, n = 6)] or S [n = 11; 81.2 ± 10.5 years (males, n = 6; females, n = 5) based on handgrip strength, body composition and physical performance. Indirect calorimetry was recorded before and after consumption of a high-CHO meal and during aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Respiratory quotient (RQ), CHO and FAT oxidation were assessed. Venous blood samples were collected for glucose and insulin concentrations. RESULTS At rest, compared with NS, S exhibited a 5-8% higher RQ at 0 (0.72 vs. 0.76) and 120 (0.77 vs. 0.82), 150 (0.76 vs. 0.80), and 180 min (0.74 vs. 0.80) (P = 0.002-0.025); 59-195% higher CHO oxidation at 0, 120, and 180 min (0.0004-0.002 vs. 0.001-0.002 g·min-1 ·kg-1) (P = 0.010-0.047); and 20-31% lower FAT oxidation at 0, 15, and 90-180 min (0.0009-0.0022 vs. 0.0011-0.002 g·min-1 ·kg-1 ) (P = 0.004-0.038). Glucose levels were significantly elevated in S versus NS at 0, 60 and 75 min (144.64-202.78 vs. 107.70-134.20 mg·dL-1 ) but not insulin. During aerobic exercise, RQ was 5% greater (0.90 vs. 0.86) (P = 0.039), and FAT oxidation was 35% lower at 6-8 min (0.003 vs. 0.005 g·min-1 ·kg-1 ) (P = 0.033) in S versus NS. During anaerobic exercise, CHO oxidation was 31% greater in NS versus S at 60-80% time to exhaustion (0.011 vs. 0.007 g·min-1 ·kg-1 ) (P = 0.015). Per cent contribution to energy expenditure was greater in S for CHO but lower for FAT at 0 (CHO: 22% vs. 10%; FAT: 78% vs. 91%) and 120-180 min (CHO: 35-42% vs. 17-25%; FAT: 58-65% vs. 75%-84%) (P = 0.003-0.046) at rest and 6-8 min during aerobic exercise (CHO: 70% vs. 57%; FAT: 30% vs. 45%) (P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS The data show differences in skeletal muscle energy metabolism and substrate utilization between S and NS at rest, transitioning from fasted to fed state, and during exercise. Compared with NS, S displayed a diminished ability to adapt fuel utilization in response to feeding and exercise, reflecting metabolic inflexibility. Impaired metabolic flexibility could be a mechanism underlying the losses of strength and physical function accompanying sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E Shoemaker
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Zachary M Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Brianna D McKay
- Department of Health Professions, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Joel T Cramer
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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Zambon Azevedo V, Silaghi CA, Maurel T, Silaghi H, Ratziu V, Pais R. Impact of Sarcopenia on the Severity of the Liver Damage in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Nutr 2022; 8:774030. [PMID: 35111794 PMCID: PMC8802760 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.774030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive body of the literature shows a strong interrelationship between the pathogenic pathways of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sarcopenia through the muscle-liver-adipose tissue axis. NAFLD is one of the leading causes of chronic liver diseases (CLD) affecting more than one-quarter of the general population worldwide. The disease severity spectrum ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and its complications: end-stage chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Sarcopenia, defined as a progressive loss of the skeletal muscle mass, reduces physical performances, is associated with metabolic dysfunction and, possibly, has a causative role in NAFLD pathogenesis. Muscle mass is a key determinant of the whole-body insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and impacts fatty liver oxidation and energy homeostasis. These mechanisms drive the accumulation of ectopic fat both in the liver (steatosis, fatty liver) and in the muscle (myosteatosis). Myosteatosis rather than the muscle mass per se, seems to be closely associated with the severity of the liver injury. Sarcopenic obesity is a recently described entity which associates both sarcopenia and obesity and may trigger worse clinical outcomes including hepatic fibrosis progression and musculoskeletal disabilities. Furthermore, the muscle-liver-adipose tissue axis has a pivotal role in changes of the body composition, resulting in a distinct clinical phenotype that enables the identification of the "sarcopenic NAFLD phenotype." This review aims to bring some light into the complex relationship between sarcopenia and NAFLD and critically discuss the key mechanisms linking NAFLD to sarcopenia, as well as some of the clinical consequences associated with the coexistence of these two entities: the impact of body composition phenotypes on muscle morphology, the concept of sarcopenic obesity, the relationship between sarcopenia and the severity of the liver damage and finally, the future directions and the existing gaps in the knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Zambon Azevedo
- Doctoral School Physiology, Physiopathology and Therapeutics 394, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche de Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Cristina Alina Silaghi
- Department of Endocrinology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Thomas Maurel
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Horatiu Silaghi
- Department of Surgery V, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Ratziu
- Centre de Recherche de Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Raluca Pais
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMRS 938, Paris, France
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Lopes AL, Macedo RCO, Krüger RL, Friedman R, Carteri RB, Reischak-Oliveira Á. Fasted exercise does not improve postprandial lipemia responses to different meals in lean and obese subjects: A crossover, randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 41:160-167. [PMID: 33487260 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Persistent episodes of postprandial hyperlipemia (PPL) and hyperglycemia (PPG) are considered risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and premature death; whereas physical exercise improves lipid profile and glucose tolerance thus decreasing cardiovascular risks. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of low-intensity fasted aerobic exercise on the magnitude of the PPL and PPG responses to meals with different energy content, in normal and obese subjects. METHODS The study used a randomized crossover design. Twenty-one male (Lean: n = 9, BMI: 24.3 ± 2.2; and obese: n = 12, BMI 32.31 ± 2.1) volunteers aged 20-30 years, performed three interventions, separated by 7 days each: (i) 45 min at rest and isocaloric high-fat meal (60% lipids, 30% carbohydrates and 10% protein); (ii) fasted low-intensity aerobic exercise (50% VO2max) for 45 min followed by an isocaloric or (iii) calorie deficit high-fat meal. Subjects were serially assessed for blood triglycerides, and glucose levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Low-intensity fasted aerobic exercise had no acute effect on PPL in lean and obese subjects. Glucose concentrations were reduced only in lean subjects. There is a significant difference in PPL values when comparing lean to obese subjects, implying that the nutritional status influences lipid and carbohydrate after fasted low-intensity aerobic exercise. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT00929890.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz Lopes
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), School of Physical Education (ESEF), Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; University of Santa Cruz Do Sul, Santa Cruz, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira Macedo
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), School of Physical Education (ESEF), Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; University of Santa Cruz Do Sul, Santa Cruz, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Lopes Krüger
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), School of Physical Education (ESEF), Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rogério Friedman
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) and Porto Alegre Clínicas Hospital (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Randhall Bruce Carteri
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), School of Physical Education (ESEF), Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro Universitário Metodista - IPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Álvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), School of Physical Education (ESEF), Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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12
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Battista F, Belligoli A, Neunhaeuserer D, Gasperetti A, Bettini S, Compagnin C, Marchese R, Quinto G, Bergamin M, Vettor R, Busetto L, Ermolao A. Metabolic Response to Submaximal and Maximal Exercise in People with Severe Obesity, Prediabetes, and Diabetes. Obes Facts 2021; 14:415-424. [PMID: 34344002 PMCID: PMC8406246 DOI: 10.1159/000517589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic adaptations to maximal physical exercise in people with obesity (PwO) are scarcely described. This cross-sectional study evaluates the metabolic response to exercise via the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in PwO and different degrees of glycemic control. METHODS Eighty-five PwO (body mass index 46.0 [39.0-54.0] kg/m2), that is, 32 normoglycemic (Ob-N), 25 prediabetic (Ob-preDM), and 28 diabetic (Ob-T2DM) subjects and 18 healthy subjects performed an incremental, maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. The RER was measured at rest (RERrest) and at peak exercise (RERpeak). RESULTS RERpeak was significantly higher in healthy subjects than that in PwO. Among those, RERpeak was significantly higher in Ob-N than that in Ob-preDM and Ob-T2DM (1.20 [1.15-1.27] vs. 1.18 [1.10-1.22] p = 0.04 and vs. 1.14 [1.10-1.18] p < 0.001, respectively). Accordingly, ΔRER (RERpeak-RERrest) was lower in Ob-preDM and Ob-T2DM than that in Ob-N (0.32 [0.26-0.39] p = 0.04 and 0.29 [0.24-0.36] p < 0.001 vs. 0.38 [0.32-0.43], respectively), while no significant difference was found in ΔRER between Ob-preDM and Ob-T2DM and not even between Ob-N and healthy subjects. Moreover, ΔRER in PwO correlated with glucose area under curve (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS PwO demonstrate restricted metabolic response during maximal exercise. Particularly, those with prediabetes already show metabolic inflexibility during exercise, similarly to those with type 2 diabetes. These findings also suggest a potential role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in detecting early metabolic alterations in PwO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Battista
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy,
| | - Anna Belligoli
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniel Neunhaeuserer
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Gasperetti
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Bettini
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Compagnin
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marchese
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Quinto
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Bergamin
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Busetto
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Ermolao
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padova Hospital, Padova, Italy
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13
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Chu L, Morrison KM, Riddell MC, Raha S, Timmons BW. Metabolic Flexibility during Exercise in Children with Obesity and Matched Controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:159-164. [PMID: 32520873 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired metabolic flexibility (MetFlex) could contribute to ectopic fat accumulation and pathological conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. MetFlex refers to the ability to adapt substrate oxidation to availability. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined MetFlex under exercise conditions in children with obesity (OB) compared with a control group (CON) without obesity. Therefore, the primary objective was to compare MetFlex during exercise in children with OB compared with CON matched for chronological age, sex, and biological maturation. A better understanding of MetFlex could help elucidate its role in the pathogenesis of childhood obesity and insulin resistance. METHODS Children with obesity and without obesity age 8 to 17 yr attended two visits, which included anthropometric measurements, blood work (OB group only), a maximal aerobic fitness (V˙O2max) test, and MetFlex test with a C-enriched carbohydrate (1.75 g per kg of body mass, up to 75 g) ingested before 60 min of exercise at 45% V˙O2max. Breath measurements were collected to calculate exogenous CHO (CHOexo) oxidative efficiency as a measure of MetFlex. RESULTS CHOexo oxidative efficiency (CHOexo oxidized/CHO ingested × 100) during exercise was significantly lower in OB (17.3% ± 4.0%) compared with CON (22.6% ± 4.7%, P < 0.001). CHOexo contributed less to total energy expenditure during exercise in OB compared with CON (P < 0.001), whereas the contribution of endogenous CHO (P = 0.19) and total fat was not significantly different (P = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS The ability to oxidize oral CHO, an indicator of MetFlex, was 23.5% lower in children with obesity compared with controls, independent of age, sex, and pubertal effects. Thus, obesity at a young age could be associated with reduced MetFlex and future comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chu
- Child Health and Exercise Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Katherine M Morrison
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
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Chakravarthy MV, Siddiqui MS, Forsgren MF, Sanyal AJ. Harnessing Muscle-Liver Crosstalk to Treat Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:592373. [PMID: 33424768 PMCID: PMC7786290 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.592373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached epidemic proportions, affecting an estimated one-quarter of the world's adult population. Multiple organ systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of NAFLD; however, the role of skeletal muscle has until recently been largely overlooked. A growing body of evidence places skeletal muscle-via its impact on insulin resistance and systemic inflammation-and the muscle-liver axis at the center of the NAFLD pathogenic cascade. Population-based studies suggest that sarcopenia is an effect-modifier across the NAFLD spectrum in that it is tightly linked to an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and advanced liver fibrosis, all independent of obesity and insulin resistance. Longitudinal studies suggest that increases in skeletal muscle mass over time may both reduce the incidence of NAFLD and improve preexisting NAFLD. Adverse muscle composition, comprising both low muscle volume and high muscle fat infiltration (myosteatosis), is highly prevalent in patients with NAFLD. The risk of functional disability conferred by low muscle volume in NAFLD is further exacerbated by the presence of myosteatosis, which is twice as common in NAFLD as in other chronic liver diseases. Crosstalk between muscle and liver is influenced by several factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, ectopic fat deposition, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory mediators. In this perspective review, we discuss key pathophysiological processes driving sarcopenia in NAFLD: anabolic resistance, insulin resistance, metabolic inflexibility and systemic inflammation. Interventions that modify muscle quantity (mass), muscle quality (fat), and physical function by simultaneously engaging multiple targets and pathways implicated in muscle-liver crosstalk may be required to address the multifactorial pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and provide effective and durable therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad S. Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Mikael F. Forsgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- AMRA Medical AB, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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15
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Amador M, Meza CA, McAinch AJ, King GA, Covington JD, Bajpeyi S. Exercise-Induced Improvements in Insulin Sensitivity Are Not Attenuated by a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:120. [PMID: 32231642 PMCID: PMC7088124 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A family history of type 2 diabetes (FH+) is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, it remains unknown whether exercise-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility are impacted by a FH+. Therefore, we investigated whether improvements in insulin sensitivity, metabolic flexibility, body composition, aerobic fitness and muscle strength are limited by a FH+ following eight weeks of combined exercise training compared to individuals without a family history of type 2 diabetes (FH-). Methods: Twenty (n = 10 FH-, n = 10 FH+) young, healthy, sedentary, normoglycemic, Mexican-American males (age: FH- 22.50 ± 0.81, FH+ 23.41 ± 0.86 years; BMI: FH- 27.91 ± 1.55, FH+ 26.64 ± 1.02 kg/m2) underwent eight weeks of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training three times/week (35 min aerobic followed by six full-body resistance exercises). Insulin sensitivity was assessed via hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by the change in respiratory quotient from fasted to insulin-stimulated states. Body composition was determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Aerobic fitness was determined by a graded exercise test, and upper- and lower-body strength were assessed via one-repetition maximum bench press and leg strength dynamometer, respectively. Results: Insulin sensitivity, metabolic flexibility, aerobic fitness and strength were not different between groups (p > 0.05). Eight weeks of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training improved insulin sensitivity (FH- p = 0.02, FH+ p = 0.002), increased fat free mass (FH- p = 0.006, FH+ p = 0.001), aerobic fitness (FH- p = 0.03, FH+ p = 0.002), and upper- (FH- p = 0.0001, FH+ p = 0.0001) and lower-body strength (FH- p = 0.0009, FH+ p = 0.0003), but did not change metabolic flexibility (p > 0.05) in both groups. Exercise-induced improvements in metabolic outcomes were similar between groups. Conclusions: Insulin sensitivity, metabolic flexibility, aerobic fitness and strength were not compromised by a FH+. Additionally, a FH+ is not a limiting factor for exercise-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity, aerobic fitness, body composition, and strength in normoglycemic young Mexican-American men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Amador
- Metabolic, Nutrition and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Cesar A. Meza
- Metabolic, Nutrition and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George A. King
- Metabolic, Nutrition and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Covington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Sudip Bajpeyi
- Metabolic, Nutrition and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sudip Bajpeyi
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16
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Gaitán JM, Eichner NZM, Gilbertson NM, Heiston EM, Weltman A, Malin SK. Two Weeks of Interval Training Enhances Fat Oxidation during Exercise in Obese Adults with Prediabetes. J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18:636-644. [PMID: 31827347 PMCID: PMC6873115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Prediabetes is associated with impaired oxidative capacity and altered substrate utilization during exercise. The effects of continuous (CONT) versus interval (INT) exercise training on fat oxidation during an acute exercise bout at the same absolute and relative intensities are unknown in this population. Obese females/males (n = 17, n = 5) with prediabetes (BMI 32.2 ± 1.2 kg·m-2; age 62.8 ± 1.6 y; fasting glucose 103.4 ± 1.6 mg·dL-1; 2-hour glucose 153.7 ± 7.1 mg·dL-1; VO2peak 19.9 ± 1.0 mL·kg-1·min-1) were screened with a 75g OGTT. Subjects completed a peak oxygen consumption test and a submaximal exercise substrate utilization test consisting of 5min stages at absolute (30W) and relative (70%HRpeak) intensities before and after randomization to 12 sessions (60min each) of CONT (70% HRpeak) or INT (alternating 3min 90% HRpeak, 3min 50% HRpeak) over a two-week period. Body mass decreased and VO2peak increased more after INT than CONT (INT: -0.6 ± 0.2 kg, CONT: -0.1 ± 0.2 kg; p = 0.04; INT: 1.9 ± 0.6 mL/kg/min, CONT: 0.1 ± 0.6 mL·kg-1·min-1; p = 0.04). Training increased fat oxidation by 0.7 ± 0.2 mL·kg-1·min-1 during the absolute intensity test (p < 0.001), independent of intensity. During the relative intensity test, fat oxidation increased more after INT than CONT (INT: 1.3 ± 0.4 mL·kg-1·min-1, CONT: 0.3 ± 0.3 mL·kg-1·min-1; p = 0.03), with no difference in exercise energy expenditure between groups. Enhanced fat oxidation during the relative test was correlated with increased VO2peak (r = 0.53 p = 0.01). High intensity INT training enhances fat oxidation during the same relative intensity exercise in people with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Gaitán
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | | | - Emily M Heiston
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Arthur Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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17
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Clamp LD, Mendham AE, Kroff J, Goedecke JH. Higher baseline fat oxidation promotes gynoid fat mobilization in response to a 12-week exercise intervention in sedentary, obese black South African women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:327-335. [PMID: 31449758 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This 12-week exercise intervention study assessed changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), energy expenditure (EE), and substrate utilisation at rest and during exercise in obese, black South African (SA) women and explored associations with changes in body composition. Black SA women (body mass index: 30-40 kg·m-2, age: 20-35 years) were randomised into control (CTL; n = 15, maintaining usual activity) or exercise (EXE; n = 20; 12 weeks, 4 days·week-1, 40-60 min·day-1 at >70% peak heart rate) groups. Pre- and post-intervention testing included peak oxygen consumption, resting and steady state (50% peak oxygen consumption) EE, respiratory exchange, and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Dietary intake (4-day) and daily step-count (ActivPAL, activPAL3c; PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK) was collected at pre-testing and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. EXE increased peak oxygen consumption (24.9 ± 2.4 to 27.6 ± 3.4 mL·min-1·kg-1; p < 0.001) and steady state fat oxidation rates (7.5 ± 2.5 to 9.0 ± 2.7 mg·min-1·kg-1 fat-free soft tissue mass; p = 0.003) (same relative exercise intensity). CTL remained unchanged (p > 0.05). EXE reduced proportional gynoid fat mass (percentage total fat mass, p = 0.002). Baseline resting carbohydrate oxidation rates (p = 0.036) and steady state fat oxidation rates (p = 0.021) explained 60.6% of the variability in Δgynoid fat mass (p < 0.001) in EXE. This 12-week exercise intervention improved CRF and steady state fat oxidation rates. Greater reliance on fat oxidation at baseline promoted proportional reductions in gynoid, not visceral, fat mass in response to exercise training. Novelty Combined exercise training in obese black South African women increased cardiorespiratory fitness and rates of fat oxidation during steady state exercise. Exercise training reduced proportional gynoid, not visceral, fat, potentially representing an ethnic/sex-specific response. Baseline substrate utilisation (resting and steady state exercise (50% peak oxygen uptake)) predicted changes in gynoid fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise D Clamp
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa
| | - Amy E Mendham
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jacolene Kroff
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Western Cape, South Africa
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18
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Pomar CA, Castro H, Picó C, Palou A, Sánchez J. Maternal Overfeeding during Lactation Impairs the Metabolic Response to Fed/Fasting Changing Conditions in the Postweaning Offspring. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900504. [PMID: 31419033 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The metabolic response to fed/fasting changing conditions at early age in rats with different predisposition to obesity-related alterations due to maternal conditions during the perinatal period is studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Offspring of dams made obese by a cafeteria diet and moved to a normal-fat diet 1 month before gestation (O-PCaf, with an apparently normal phenotype in adulthood), and offspring of cafeteria diet-fed dams during lactation (O-CAF, with a thin-outside-fat inside phenotype), together with the offspring of control dams (O-C), are studied at early age. Fasting is associated with downregulation of lipogenesis-related genes in liver and rpWAT, and upregulation of genes related to lipolysis and fatty acid uptake in rpWAT in O-C animals. The response to fed/fasting conditions is impaired in O-CAF, but not in O-PCaf animals. The fasting-induced increase in the expression of Prkaa1 in liver and rpWAT, and the corresponding increase of hepatic AMPKα1 protein levels of O-C animals are attenuated in O-CAF rats, while no alterations are found in O-PCaf animals versus controls. CONCLUSION Maternal intake of a cafeteria diet during lactation causes early alterations in the offspring, impairing their metabolic flexibility in response to fed/fasting changing conditions, which may contribute to hindering energy homeostasis maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Amadora Pomar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, 07020, Palma, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidady Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heriberto Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain.,Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, 07020, Palma, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidady Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, 07020, Palma, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidady Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, 07020, Palma, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidady Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Solfest JS, Nie Y, Weiss JA, Garner RT, Kuang S, Stout J, Gavin TP. Effects of acute aerobic and concurrent exercise on skeletal muscle metabolic enzymes in untrained men. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Söder J, Wernersson S, Dicksved J, Hagman R, Östman JR, Moazzami AA, Höglund K. Indication of metabolic inflexibility to food intake in spontaneously overweight Labrador Retriever dogs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:96. [PMID: 30894172 PMCID: PMC6425671 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity in dogs is an increasing problem associated with morbidity, shortened life span and poor life quality. Overweight dogs exhibit postprandial hyperlipidaemia, highlighting the need to identify potential dysregulations in lipid metabolism. This study investigated metabolites related to lipid metabolism (i.e. acylcarnitines and taurine) and phospholipids in a feed-challenge test and aimed to identify metabolic variations in spontaneously overweight dogs. Twenty-eight healthy male Labrador Retriever dogs were included, 12 of which were classified as lean (body condition score (BCS) 4–5 on a 9-point scale) and 16 as overweight (BCS 6–8). After overnight fasting (14–17 h), fasting blood samples were collected and dogs were fed a high-fat meal followed by postprandial blood sample collection hourly for 4 h. Liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) was used to identify plasma metabolites and phospholipids. Multivariate models, mixed model repeated measures and linear regression analyses were used for data interpretation. Results In all dogs, propionylcarnitine, stearoylcarnitine and nine phospholipids increased in response to food intake, while vaccenylcarnitine decreased (P ≤ 0.005 for all). Overall, carnitine and acetylcarnitine signal areas in the feed-challenge test were lower in overweight dogs (P ≤ 0.004). Notably, fasting plasma acetylcarnitine was lower in overweight dogs than in lean dogs (P = 0.001) and it did not change in response to feeding. The latter finding was in contrast to the decreased acetylcarnitine signal area found in lean dogs at one hour postprandially (P < 0.0001). One fasting phosphatidylcholine (PCaa C38:4) was higher in prominently overweight dogs (BCS > 6) than in lean dogs (P < 0.05). Conclusions Plasma carnitine status was overall lower in spontaneously overweight dogs than in lean dogs in this cohort of healthy Labrador Retriever dogs, indicating a potential carnitine insufficiency in the overweight group. The acetylcarnitine response in overweight dogs indicated decreased fatty acid oxidation at fasting and metabolic inflexibility to food intake. Further studies on metabolic inflexibility and its potential role in the metabolism of overweight dogs are warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1845-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Söder
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Dicksved
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johnny R Östman
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ali A Moazzami
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katja Höglund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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The Necessity of Active Muscle Metabolism for Healthy Aging: Muscular Activity Throughout the Entire Day. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 155:53-68. [PMID: 29653682 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is more need for "a movement-movement" than ever before. The percentage of seniors in our population is rising exponentially. Sedentary lifestyles throughout the lifespan have become the norm, including inactive youth and a sedentary workforce. Preventable chronic diseases caused by sedentary living have both lowered the quality of life for those directly affected or their families, and have created an unsustainable economic dilemma. In this article, we explain that whether it is a sedentary student, worker, or retiree, the most neglected but essential facts are as follows. By far, the most potent and rapid way to raise the rate of healthy metabolic and cardiovascular processes is through the immediate benefits of muscle contractions. Working muscle demands more energy and fuel than any other tissue in the body, but during inactivity the metabolic rate of muscle is relatively low. Depending on the type of contraction, muscle type, and other factors, the local fuel requirements within the working muscle can help to manage metabolic risks through a variety of processes, such as blood glucose utilization, uptake of unhealthy blood triglycerides, and increased blood flow. Given the large amount of time that people spend inactive each day, there is an enormous opportunity to raise the bar in optimizing health throughout the entire lifespan. Developed correctly, safe and low effort muscular activity can be performed for relatively long periods of time each day by the elderly and all segments of the population to optimize health and well being during aging.
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22
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Elhassan YS, Philp AA, Lavery GG. Targeting NAD+ in Metabolic Disease: New Insights Into an Old Molecule. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:816-835. [PMID: 29264533 PMCID: PMC5686634 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an established cofactor for enzymes serving cellular metabolic reactions. More recent research identified NAD+ as a signaling molecule and substrate for sirtuins and poly-adenosine 5'-diphosphate polymerases; enzymes that regulate protein deacetylation and DNA repair, and translate changes in energy status into metabolic adaptations. Deranged NAD+ homeostasis and concurrent alterations in mitochondrial function are intrinsic in metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver, and age-related diseases. Contemporary NAD+ precursors show promise as nutraceuticals to restore target tissue NAD+ and have demonstrated the ability to improve mitochondrial function and sirtuin-dependent signaling. This review discusses the accumulating evidence for targeting NAD+ metabolism in metabolic disease, maps the different strategies for NAD+ boosting, and addresses the challenges and open questions in the field. The health potential of targeting NAD+ homeostasis will inform clinical study design to identify nutraceutical approaches for combating metabolic disease and the unwanted effects of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir S. Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Philp
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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23
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Hirsch KR, Smith-Ryan AE, Blue MNM, Mock MG, Trexler ET. Influence of segmental body composition and adiposity hormones on resting metabolic rate and substrate utilization in overweight and obese adults. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:635-643. [PMID: 28211029 PMCID: PMC5444984 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low resting metabolic rate (RMR) and high carbohydrate reliance at rest are associated with weight gain, but are highly variable in obese individuals. This study determined the relationship of total and segmental body composition and adiposity hormones with RMR and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in overweight and obese adults. METHODS In 49 men (n = 23) and premenopausal women (n = 26) [mean ± SD; age = 35.0 ± 8.9 years; body mass index (BMI) = 33.6 ± 5.2 kg·m-2; percent body fat (%fat) = 40.0 ± 8.0%], RMR and RER were evaluated using indirect calorimetry. Total and segmental body composition [fat mass (FM), percent fat (%fat), lean mass (LM), visceral adipose tissue (VAT)] were estimated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasted blood and saliva samples were analyzed for insulin, leptin, estradiol, and cortisol. RESULTS In men (M) and women (W), RMR significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with FM (M: R = 0.535; W: R = 0.784) and LM (M: R = 0.645; W: R = 0.867). Of the segmental measures, trunk LM (M: R = 0.593; W: R = 0.879; p < 0.05) and leg LM (M: R = 0.664; W: R = 0.821; p < 0.05) had the strongest correlations with RMR. In men, but not women, RER significantly correlated with FM (R = 0.449; p = 0.032), trunk FM (R = 0.501; p = 0.015), and VAT (R = 0.456; p = 0.029). In men, RMR positively correlated with cortisol (R = 0.430, p = 0.040) and estradiol (R = 0.649, p = 0.001) and RER positively correlated with insulin (R = 0.525, p = 0.010). In women, RMR positively correlated with insulin (R = 0.570, p = 0.006), but RER was not significantly correlated with hormones (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Segmental evaluation of body composition, specifically in the lower extremities and abdomen, may be an effective and efficient way to evaluate metabolic status. Sex-specific evaluations are also imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA.
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - M N M Blue
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M G Mock
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
| | - E T Trexler
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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24
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Siopi A, Deda O, Manou V, Kellis S, Kosmidis I, Komninou D, Raikos N, Christoulas K, Theodoridis GA, Mougios V. Effects of Different Exercise Modes on the Urinary Metabolic Fingerprint of Men with and without Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7010005. [PMID: 28134772 PMCID: PMC5372208 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is important in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of risk factors that raises morbidity. Metabolomics can facilitate the optimization of exercise prescription. This study aimed to investigate whether the response of the human urinary metabolic fingerprint to exercise depends on the presence of MetS or exercise mode. Twenty-three sedentary men (MetS, n = 9, and Healthy, n = 14) completed four trials: resting, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME), and resistance exercise (RE). Urine samples were collected pre-exercise and at 2, 4, and 24 h for targeted analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Time exerted the strongest differentiating effect, followed by exercise mode and health status. The greatest changes were observed in the first post-exercise samples, with a gradual return to baseline at 24 h. RE caused the greatest responses overall, followed by HIIE, while CME had minimal effect. The metabolic fingerprints of the two groups were separated at 2 h, after HIIE and RE; and at 4 h, after HIIE, with evidence of blunted response to exercise in MetS. Our findings show diverse responses of the urinary metabolic fingerprint to different exercise modes in men with and without metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterina Siopi
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Olga Deda
- School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Vasiliki Manou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Spyros Kellis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Kosmidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Despina Komninou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Raikos
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Kosmas Christoulas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Vassilis Mougios
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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25
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Blumenthal JB, Gitterman A, Ryan AS, Prior SJ. Effects of Exercise Training and Weight Loss on Plasma Fetuin-A Levels and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Older Men. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:1492581. [PMID: 28770230 PMCID: PMC5523541 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1492581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training and weight loss (AEX+WL) improves insulin sensitivity in overweight adults; however, the underlying pathways are incompletely understood. Fetuin-A, a hepatokine that inhibits insulin signaling, may be involved in the salutary effects of AEX+WL. Therefore, we examined the effects of 6-month AEX+WL on plasma fetuin-A levels (36-48 hours after the last bout of exercise), aerobic capacity (VO2max), body composition, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity (M) in 16 sedentary, overweight-obese older men (age = 60 ± 2 years, BMI = 31 ± 1 kg/m2) with no history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. At baseline, fetuin-A levels correlated directly with adiposity and had a borderline inverse correlation with M. After AEX+WL, body weight decreased by ~10 kg, while both VO2max and M increased by 16% (P < 0.005 for all). Contrary to our hypothesis, plasma fetuin-A levels increased after AEX+WL (1.16 ± 0.10 g/L versus 1.70 ± 0.19 g/L, P = 0.006). This increase was unrelated to changes in body composition or glucose metabolism, but directly correlated with changes in VO2max (r = 0.57, P < 0.05). Thus, in overweight-to-obese older men, AEX+WL appears to increase plasma fetuin-A levels. Although not associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity, this increase in fetuin-A was related to improvements in aerobic capacity and could be representative of the cardioprotective effects of AEX+WL in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Blumenthal
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
- *Jacob B. Blumenthal:
| | - Anna Gitterman
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alice S. Ryan
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven J. Prior
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
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26
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Baig S, Parvaresh Rizi E, Shabeer M, Chhay V, Mok SF, Loh TP, Magkos F, Vidal-Puig A, Tai ES, Khoo CM, Toh SA. Metabolic gene expression profile in circulating mononuclear cells reflects obesity-associated metabolic inflexibility. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:74. [PMID: 27800008 PMCID: PMC5081666 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with an impaired ability to switch from fatty acid to glucose oxidation during the fasted to fed transition, particularly in skeletal muscle. However, whether such metabolic inflexibility is reflected at the gene transcription level in circulatory mononuclear cells (MNC) is not known. METHODS The whole-body respiratory quotient (RQ) and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in MNC were measured during fasting and in response (up to 6 h) to high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals in nine lean insulin-sensitive and nine obese insulin-resistant men. RESULTS Compared to lean subjects, obese subjects had an impaired ability to increase RQ and switch from fatty acid to glucose oxidation following the high-carbohydrate meal (interaction term P < 0.05). This was accompanied by an impaired induction of genes involved in oxidative metabolism of glucose in MNC, such as phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) and increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, such as fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) (P < 0.05). On the contrary, there were no differences in the gene expression profiles between lean and obese subjects following the high-fat meal. CONCLUSIONS Postprandial expression profiles of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the MNC reflect the differing metabolic flexibility phenotypes of our cohort of lean and obese individuals. These differences in metabolic flexibility between the lean and obese are elicited by an acute meal challenge that is rich in carbohydrate but not fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Baig
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Ehsan Parvaresh Rizi
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Shabeer
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Vanna Chhay
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Shao Feng Mok
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences (SICS), ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chin Meng Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sue-Anne Toh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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27
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Gribok A, Leger JL, Stevens M, Hoyt R, Buller M, Rumpler W. Measuring the short-term substrate utilization response to high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals in the whole-body indirect calorimeter. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/12/e12835. [PMID: 27354539 PMCID: PMC4923235 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper demonstrates that minute‐to‐minute metabolic response to meals with different macronutrient content can be measured and discerned in the whole‐body indirect calorimeter. The ability to discriminate between high‐carbohydrate and high‐fat meals is achieved by applying a modified regularization technique with additional constraints imposed on oxygen consumption rate. These additional constraints reduce the differences in accuracy between the oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzers. The modified technique was applied to 63 calorimeter sessions that were each 24 h long. The data were collected from 16 healthy volunteers (eight males, eight females, aged 22–35 years). Each volunteer performed four 24‐h long calorimeter sessions. At each session, they received one of four treatment combinations involving exercise (high or low intensity) and diet (a high‐fat or high‐carbohydrate shake for lunch). One volunteer did not complete all four assignments, which brought the total number of sessions to 63 instead of 64. During the 24‐h stay in the calorimeter, subjects wore a continuous glucose monitoring system, which was used as a benchmark for subject's postprandial glycemic response. The minute‐by‐minute respiratory exchange ratio (RER) data showed excellent agreement with concurrent subcutaneous glucose concentrations in postprandial state. The averaged minute‐to‐minute RER response to the high‐carbohydrate shake was significantly different from the response to high‐fat shake. Also, postprandial RER slopes were significantly different for two dietary treatments. The results show that whole‐body respiration calorimeters can be utilized as tools to study short‐term kinetics of substrate oxidation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Gribok
- Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Jayme L Leger
- Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Michelle Stevens
- Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Reed Hoyt
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Buller
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - William Rumpler
- Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
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28
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Chu L, Morrison KM, Riddell MC, Raha S, Timmons BW. No difference in exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise in children with and without impaired glucose tolerance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:724-9. [PMID: 27493197 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00419.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to match carbohydrate (CHO) utilization with availability is impaired in insulin-resistant, obese adults at rest. Understanding exogenous carbohydrate (CHOexo) oxidation during exercise and its association to insulin resistance (IR) is important, especially in children at risk for type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to examine the oxidative efficiency of CHOexo during exercise in obese children with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Children attended two visits and were identified as NGT (n = 22) or IGT (n = 12) based on 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose levels of <7.8 mmol/l or ≥7.8 mmol/l, respectively. Anthropometry, body composition, and aerobic fitness (V̇o2max) were assessed. Insulin and glucose at baseline, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min during the OGTT were used to calculate measures of insulin sensitivity. On a separate day, a (13)C-enriched CHO drink was ingested before exercise (3 × 20 min bouts) at 45% V̇o2max Breath measurements were collected to calculate CHOexo oxidative efficiency. CHOexo oxidative efficiency during exercise was similar in IGT (17.0 ± 3.6%) compared with NGT (17.1 ± 4.4%) (P = 0.90) despite lower whole body insulin sensitivity in IGT at rest (P = 0.02). Area under the curve for insulin (AUCins) measured at rest during the OGTT was greater in IGT compared with NGT (P = 0.04). The ability of skeletal muscle to utilize CHOexo was not impaired during exercise in children with IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chu
- Child Health and Exercise Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Brian W Timmons
- Child Health and Exercise Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;
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29
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Ha BG, Park JE, Cho HJ, Shon YH. Stimulatory Effects of Balanced Deep Sea Water on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129972. [PMID: 26068191 PMCID: PMC4466323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases, including obesity and diabetes, is increasing. Mitochondrial dysfunction is recognized as a core feature of these diseases. Emerging evidence also suggests that defects in mitochondrial biogenesis, number, morphology, fusion, and fission, contribute to the development and progression of metabolic diseases. Our previous studies revealed that balanced deep-sea water (BDSW) has potential as a treatment for diabetes and obesity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which BDSW regulates diabetes and obesity by studying its effects on mitochondrial metabolism. To determine whether BDSW regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function, we investigated its effects on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, mitochondrial enzyme activity, and the expression of transcription factors and mitochondria specific genes, as well as on the phosphorylation of signaling molecules associated with mitochondria biogenesis and its function in C2C12 myotubes. BDSW increased mitochondrial biogenesis in a time and dose-dependent manner. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that BDSW enhances gene expression of PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM for mitochondrial transcription; MFN1/2 and DRP1 for mitochondrial fusion; OPA1 for mitochondrial fission; TOMM40 and TIMM44 for mitochondrial protein import; CPT-1α and MCAD for fatty acid oxidation; CYTC for oxidative phosphorylation. Upregulation of these genes was validated by increased mitochondria staining, CS activity, CytC oxidase activity, NAD+ to NADH ratio, and the phosphorylation of signaling molecules such as AMPK and SIRT1. Moreover, drinking BDSW remarkably improved mtDNA content in the muscles of HFD-induced obese mice. Taken together, these results suggest that the stimulatory effect of BDSW on mitochondrial biogenesis and function may provide further insights into the regulatory mechanism of BDSW-induced anti-diabetic and anti-obesity action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Geun Ha
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Cho
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Shon
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Muoio DM. Metabolic inflexibility: when mitochondrial indecision leads to metabolic gridlock. Cell 2015; 159:1253-62. [PMID: 25480291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Normal energy metabolism is characterized by periodic shifts in glucose and fat oxidation, as the mitochondrial machinery responsible for carbon combustion switches freely between alternative fuels according to physiological and nutritional circumstances. These transitions in fuel choice are orchestrated by an intricate network of metabolic and cell signaling events that enable exquisite crosstalk and cooperation between competing substrates to maintain energy and glucose homeostasis. By contrast, obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases are increasingly recognized as disorders of metabolic inflexibility, in which nutrient overload and heightened substrate competition result in mitochondrial indecision, impaired fuel switching, and energy dysregulation. This Perspective offers a speculative view on the molecular origins and pathophysiological consequences of metabolic inflexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Muoio
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Gray LR, Tompkins SC, Taylor EB. Regulation of pyruvate metabolism and human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:2577-604. [PMID: 24363178 PMCID: PMC4059968 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is a keystone molecule critical for numerous aspects of eukaryotic and human metabolism. Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, is derived from additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux. In mitochondria, pyruvate drives ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and multiple biosynthetic pathways intersecting the citric acid cycle. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is regulated by many enzymes, including the recently discovered mitochondria pyruvate carrier, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase, to modulate overall pyruvate carbon flux. Mutations in any of the genes encoding for proteins regulating pyruvate metabolism may lead to disease. Numerous cases have been described. Aberrant pyruvate metabolism plays an especially prominent role in cancer, heart failure, and neurodegeneration. Because most major diseases involve aberrant metabolism, understanding and exploiting pyruvate carbon flux may yield novel treatments that enhance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Gray
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, 4-403 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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