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Leone M, Levesque P, Bourget-Gaudreault S, Lemoyne J, Kalinova E, Comtois AS, Bui HT, Léger L, Frémont P, Allisse M. Secular trends of cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents over a 35-year period: Chronicle of a predicted foretold. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1056484. [PMID: 36699865 PMCID: PMC9869753 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1056484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the context of concerns regarding the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) of youth populations, the aims of this study were: (1) to update reference values for the VO2max for school-aged Canadians and (2) to document secular trends in CRF after a 35-year interval. Methods Between September 2014 and April 2017, the CRF of 3725 students (53.2% boys; 6.0 to 17.9 yrs) was determined using the 20-m shuttle run test. The sample was collected in 36 different schools from six cities of Québec (Canada). Results Median values of VO2max decreased with age in both sexes (p ≤ 0.05). By the age of 10, more than 20% of boys showed VO2max values below the recommended value (42 ml·kg-1·min-1). At the age of 17, that proportion reached 56.8%. A similar proportion of 12 yrs girls (20%) were under the recommended minimal value (37 ml·kg-1·min-1) and that value reached 69.9% at the age of 17. Compared to 1982, the VO2max at age 17 has declined by 18% for boys and 12% for girls. The situation is worse in terms of functional capacity (number of stages completed) with an overall decrease of more than 30%. Conclusion This study demonstrates that, compared to data obtained using the same methodology 35 years ago, the CRF and functional capacity of children and adolescents has declined to levels that should raise concerns from a public health perspective. Thus, the development of strategies to promote a physically active lifestyle in youth is more relevant than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Leone
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Mario Leone ✉
| | - Patrick Levesque
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jean Lemoyne
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Emilia Kalinova
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Steve Comtois
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hung Tien Bui
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Luc Léger
- School of Kinesiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Frémont
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Allisse
- Department of Kinanthropology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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González-Gil EM, Santaliestra-Pasías AM, Buck C, Gracia-Marco L, Lauria F, Pala V, Molnar D, Veidebaum T, Iacoviello L, Tornaritis M, Eiben G, Lissner L, Schwarz H, Ahrens W, De Henauw S, Fraterman A, Moreno LA. Improving cardiorespiratory fitness protects against inflammation in children: the IDEFICS study. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:681-689. [PMID: 33837254 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness (MF and CRF) have been related to inflammation. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between fitness and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in European children both in the cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. METHODS Three hundred and fifty-seven children (46.2% males) aged 2-9 years with hs-CRP measured, data from MF and CRF, diet quality, objectively measured physical activity (PA) and screen time at baseline and follow-up after 2 years were included. Body mass index z-score (zBMI), waist circumference (WC) and fat mass index (FMI) were assessed. MF and CRF were also dichotomized as follows: low-medium quartiles (Q1-Q3) and highest quartile (Q4). RESULTS At follow-up, children with the highest CRF (Q4) showed a lower probability of having high hs-CRP. In the longitudinal analysis, children who improved their CRF over time showed a significantly lower probability (p < 0.05) of being in the highest hs-CRP category at follow-up, independently of the body composition index considered: odds ratio (OR) = 0.22 for zBMI, OR = 0.17 for WC, and OR = 0.21 for FMI. CONCLUSIONS Improving CRF during childhood reduces the odds of an inflammatory profile, independently of body composition and lifestyle behaviours. These highlight the importance of enhancing fitness, especially CRF, to avoid an inflammatory state in children. IMPACT Improvements in the cardiorespiratory profile during childhood could reverse an unfavourable inflammatory status. There is a longitudinal and inverse association between CRF and inflammation in children. This is the first longitudinal study assessing the relationship between fitness and inflammation during childhood that takes also into account the lifestyle behaviours. Results from the present study suggest a protective role of fitness already in childhood. Efforts to improve fitness in children should be aimed at as inflammation could trigger future cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M González-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. .,GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba M Santaliestra-Pasías
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christoph Buck
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fabio Lauria
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Denes Molnar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- National Institute for Health Development, Center of Health and Behavioral Science, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Licia Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Eiben
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heike Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany.,Institute of Statistics, Bremen University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arno Fraterman
- Laboratoriumsmedizin Dortmund, Eberhard & Partner, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
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Kidokoro T, Edamoto K. Improvements in Physical Fitness are Associated with Favorable Changes in Blood Lipid Concentrations in Children. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:404-412. [PMID: 34267579 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence suggests the benefits of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness, little knowledge exists on how other physical fitness (PF) components are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers in children. Additionally, much of the relevant evidence is from longitudinal studies with CVD risk markers at a single time point (i.e., baseline) rather than changes in PF. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether initial 1-year changes in different performance measures of PF (i.e., endurance performance, muscular strength/endurance, flexibility, agility, and speed) can predict the subsequent changes (2-year change) in blood lipid concentrations in children. This 2-year longitudinal study included a total of 251 Japanese children (mean age 9.2 ± 0.4). PF tests were performed to comprehensively evaluate the participant's fitness levels (handgrip strength [upper body muscular strength], bent-leg sit-ups [muscular endurance], sit-and-reach [flexibility], side-step [agility], 20-meter shuttle run [endurance performance], 50-meter sprint [speed], standing long jump [lower body muscular strength], and softball throw [explosive arm strength and throwing ability]). Fasting lipid profile was assayed for triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-HDL-C concentration. Multilevel linear regressions were used to examine the associations between the preceding changes (over 1-year) in PF and subsequent changes (over 2-years) in blood lipid concentrations. We also examined the simultaneous associations between 2-year changes in PF and 2-year changes in blood lipid concentrations. For boys, preceding improvement in handgrip strength was negatively associated with TG concentration (β = -0.260, p = 0.030); improvements in bent-leg sit-ups were negatively associated with clustered lipid scores (β = -0.301, p = 0.038) and non-HDL-C (β = -0.310, p = 0.044); and improvements in 50m sprinting were associated with subsequent changes in non-HDL-C (β = 0.348, p = 0.006) and LDL-C (β = 0.408, p = 0.001). For girls, improvements in handgrip strength was negatively associated with TG concentration (β = -0.306, p = 0.017); and improvements in standing long jump were negatively associated with non-HDL-C (β = -0.269, p = 0.021) and LDL-C (β = -0.275, p = 0.019). For boys and girls, there were no significant simultaneous associations between 2-year changes in PF and 2-year changes in blood lipid concentrations. In conclusion, preceding change in physical fitness in relation to change in blood lipid concentration likely reflect a physiological adaptation to growth and maturation since these associations diminished in the subsequent year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kidokoro
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Edamoto
- Department of Education, Faculty of Letters, Kanazawa Gakuin University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Yan Y, Li S, Liu Y, Bazzano L, He J, Mi J, Chen W. The impact of body weight trajectory from childhood on chronic inflammation in adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatr Investig 2021; 5:21-27. [PMID: 33778423 PMCID: PMC7984006 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The impact of long-term burden of excessive body weight, beginning in childhood, on inflammatory status in adulthood has been poorly described. OBJECTIVE To characterize the longitudinal body mass index (BMI) trajectory from childhood and examine its relationship with inflammatory status in adulthood. METHODS We included 1285 adults who had 4-15 repeat measurements of BMI from childhood to adulthood. The area under the curve (AUC) of growth curves was calculated to characterize long-term burden (total AUC) and trends (incremental AUC) of BMI. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, higher values of BMI in terms of childhood and adulthood, as well as total and incremental AUC, were strongly associated with elevated levels of adult C-reactive protein (CRP) in the four race-sex groups. There were significant differences in linear and nonlinear curve parameters between the normal and high CRP groups for all race-sex groups (P < 0.01). Compared with participants who had consistently low BMI in both childhood and adulthood, participants with high BMI in adulthood had higher CRP levels (P < 0.001), irrespective of their childhood BMI status; participants with high BMI in childhood but low BMI in adulthood had similar adult CRP levels. INTERPRETATION The impact of excessive body weight on inflammation is cumulative and exacerbated over time. The influence of childhood overweight/obesity on inflammatory status in adulthood can be alleviated by reducing adiposity in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinkun Yan
- Department of Non‐communicable Disease ManagementBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijingChina
- Department of EpidemiologyTulane University School of Public Health and Tropical MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Shengxu Li
- Children’s Minnesota Research InstituteChildren’s Hospitals and Clinics of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of EpidemiologyTulane University School of Public Health and Tropical MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Lydia Bazzano
- Department of EpidemiologyTulane University School of Public Health and Tropical MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of EpidemiologyTulane University School of Public Health and Tropical MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Non‐communicable Disease ManagementBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijingChina
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of EpidemiologyTulane University School of Public Health and Tropical MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
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Cardiorespiratory Fitness Predicted by Fibrinogen and Leptin Concentrations in Children with Obesity and Risk for Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study and a ROC Curve Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020674. [PMID: 33669882 PMCID: PMC7923274 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. The ability to exercise is affected by adiposity, and this mechanism involves low-grade chronic inflammation and homeostatic stress produced mainly in adipocytes, which can result in abnormal adipokine secretion. To date, the gold standard for cardiorespiratory fitness assessment is considered to be the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). The aim of the present study was to assess the prognostic value of hematological parameters of childhood obesity, as potential predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), using a sample of children and adolescents with obesity and risk for diabetes. A total of 84 clinically healthy children and adolescents were recruited, of which 21 were considered lean, 22 overweight and 41 obese, with a mean age of 12.0 ± 1.9, 11.4 ± 2.0, and 11.2 ± 2.1 years old, in each weight status category, respectively. Age and sex did not differ between groups. Hematologic testing was performed after 12 h of fasting including glucose, serum lipids, insulin, hc-CRP, adiponectin, leptin and fibrinogen levels. Cardiorespiratory capacity for exercise was assessed to determine VO2max, using a cycle ergometer. The VO2max was negatively correlated with progressive strength to the BMIz (-0.656, p ≤ 0.001), hs-CRP (r = -0.341, p ≤ 0.002), glucose (r = -0.404, p ≤ 0.001) and insulin levels (r = -0.348, p ≤ 0.001), the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = -0.345, p ≤ 0.002), as well as to the leptin (r = -0.639, p ≤ 0.001) and fibrinogen concentrations (r = -0.520, p ≤ 0.001). The multivariate analysis revealed that only leptin and fibrinogen concentrations could predict the VO2max adjusted for the BMIz of participants. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the diagnostic accuracy of leptin, hs-CRP and fibrinogen concentrations for the prediction of VO2max revealed a good diagnostic ability for all parameters, with leptin being the most promising one (area under the curve (AUC): 99%). The results verify that in children with obesity, VO2max may be predicted from hematological parameters (leptin and fibrinogen), possibly bypassing more invasive methods.
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García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R, García-Alonso Y, Alonso-Martínez AM, Izquierdo M. Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels During Youth With Health Risk Later in Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:952-960. [PMID: 32870243 PMCID: PMC7489376 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health in adults are well understood, to date, no systematic review has quantitatively examined the association between CRF during youth and health parameters later in life. OBJECTIVES To examine the prospective association between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future health status and to assess whether changes in CRF are associated with future health status at least 1 year later. DATA SOURCES For this systematic review and meta-analysis, MEDLINE, Embase, and SPORTDiscus electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published from database inception to January 30, 2020. STUDY SELECTION The following inclusion criteria were used: CRF measured using a validated test and assessed at baseline and/or its change from baseline to the end of follow-up, healthy population with a mean age of 3 to 18 years at baseline, and prospective cohort design with a follow-up period of at least 1 year. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were processed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled effect size. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Anthropometric and adiposity measurements and cardiometabolic health parameters. RESULTS Fifty-five studies were included with a total of 37 563 youths (46% female). Weak-moderate associations were found between CRF at baseline and body mass index (r = -0.11; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.04; I2 = 59.03), waist circumference (r = -0.29; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.14; I2 = 69.42), skinfold thickness (r = -0.34; 95% CI, -0.41 to -0.26; I2 = 83.87), obesity (r = -0.15; 95% CI, -0.23 to -0.06; I2 = 86.75), total cholesterol level (r = -0.12; 95% CI, -0.19 to -0.05; I2 = 75.81), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (r = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.05-0.18; I2 = 69.06), total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio (r = -0.19; 95% CI, -0.26 to -0.13; I2 = 67.07), triglyceride levels (r = -0.10; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.02; I2 = 73.43), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (r = -0.12; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.06; I2 = 68.26), fasting insulin level (r = -0.07; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.03; I2 = 0), and cardiometabolic risk (r = -0.18; 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.07; I2 = 90.61) at follow-up. Meta-regression analyses found that early associations in waist circumference (β = 0.014; 95% CI, 0.002-0.026), skinfold thickness (β = 0.006; 95% CI, 0.002-0.011), HDL-C level (β = -0.006; 95% CI, -0.011 to -0.001), triglyceride levels (β = 0.009; 95% CI, 0.004-0.014), and cardiometabolic risk (β = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.003-0.011) from baseline to follow-up dissipated over time. Weak-moderate associations were found between change in CRF and body mass index (r = -0.17; 95% CI, -0.24 to -0.11; I2 = 39.65), skinfold thickness (r = -0.36; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.09; I2 = 96.84), obesity (r = -0.21; 95% CI, -0.35 to -0.06; I2 = 91.08), HDL-C level (r = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.08; I2 = 0), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (r = -0.06; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.01; I2 = 58.94), and cardiometabolic risk (r = -0.08; 95% CI, -0.15 to -0.02; I2 = 69.53) later in life. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study suggests that early intervention and prevention strategies that target youth CRF may be associated with maintaining health parameters in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain,Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yesenia García-Alonso
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alicia M. Alonso-Martínez
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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7
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Mintjens S, Menting MD, Daams JG, van Poppel MNM, Roseboom TJ, Gemke RJBJ. Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Childhood and Adolescence Affects Future Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Sports Med 2019; 48:2577-2605. [PMID: 30144022 PMCID: PMC6182463 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in childhood and adolescence may be linked to future cardiovascular health, there is currently limited evidence for a longitudinal association. OBJECTIVES To provide a systematic review on the prospective association between CRF in childhood and adolescence and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors at least 2 years later. METHODS Using a systematic search of Medline, Embase, and SPORTDiscus, relevant articles were identified by the following criteria: generally healthy children and adolescents between 3 and 18 years of age with CRF assessed at baseline, and a follow-up period of ≥ 2 years. The outcome measures were CVD risk factors. We appraised quality of the included articles with STROBE and QUIPS checklists. RESULTS After screening 7524 titles and abstracts, we included 38 articles, assessing 44,169 children and adolescents followed up for a median of 6 years. Eleven articles were of high quality. There was considerable heterogeneity in methodology, measurement of CRF, and outcomes, which hampered meta-analysis. In approximately half of the included articles higher CRF in childhood and adolescence was associated with lower body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fatness and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in later life. No associations between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis were observed. CONCLUSION Although about half of the included articles reported inverse associations between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future BMI, body fatness, and metabolic syndrome, evidence for other CVD risk factors was unconvincing. Many articles did not account for important confounding factors such as adiposity. Recommendations for future research include standardizing the measurement of CRF, i.e. by reporting VO2max, using standardized outcome assessments, and performing individual patient data meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Mintjens
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Room KTC 4-021, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Malou D Menting
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G Daams
- Medical Library AMC, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille N M van Poppel
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Sport Science, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tessa J Roseboom
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud J B J Gemke
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Room KTC 4-021, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and the ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism: evidence of gene-environment interaction effects on adult blood pressure and hypertension status in adulthood. J Hypertens 2018; 36:2168-2176. [PMID: 29939946 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants may modify the associations of adiposity measures with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is an attractive candidate. AIMS To examine interaction effects between I/D polymorphism and adiposity measures (BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and skinfold thickness) during childhood and adulthood in relation to adult BP and hypertension. METHODS Data were available for 4835 participants from three prospective cohort studies. Multivariable linear regression models for adult SBP and DBP, and multivariable logistic regression models for hypertension were fit that included interaction effects between child or adult adiposity and I/D polymorphism. RESULTS Evidence for interaction effects on BP/hypertension were found across the three studies. Compared with childhood measures, the effect modification appeared to be more consistent when using adult adiposity. In particular, the adverse effects of greater adult waist circumference on increasing adult SBP and DBP appeared to be larger among carriers of ACE DD (or GG) [adjusted linear regression coefficients 0.26, 95% CI (0.21-0.31) and 0.28 (0.24-0.32) for SBP and DBP, respectively] and ID (or AG) genotypes [0.25 (0.21-0.29) and 0.25 (0.21-0.28), respectively], whereas those with II (or AA) genotypes had smaller effects [0.15 (0.09-0.21) and 0.19 (0.13-0.23)]. CONCLUSION ACE genetic variation may modify the effect of adult adiposity on increasing BP and risk of hypertension in adulthood. Individuals with ACE DD (or GG) and/or ID (or AG) genotypes, compared with those with II (or AA) genotype, appear more vulnerable to the impact of excess adiposity.
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Park E, Meininger JC, Kang DH, Gabriel KP, Padhye NS. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity with inflammatory biomarkers in young adults. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28094882 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiorespiratory fitness (fitness) has been inversely associated with inflammation, but whether the association is attributed to fitness itself or lower levels of adiposity remains uncertain in young adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of fitness and adiposity with inflammation in young adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 88 participants aged 20-34 years. Fitness was assessed by a submaximal treadmill walking test. Adiposity was assessed by body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Inflammation was measured by plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels using immunoassays. Biological data were log10 transformed. A separate multiple regression analysis was conducted with each inflammatory biomarker as a dependent variable. Covariates (sex, oral contraceptive use, and education level) were adjusted. RESULTS Fitness was inversely associated with log10 CRP after adjustment for covariates but not after adjusting for BMI or WC. Fitness was inversely associated with log10 IL-6 after adjustment for WC and covariates (β = -0.341, P = .049) but not after adjusting for BMI. Fitness × WC interaction (partial eta2 = 0.056, P = .033) indicated that high fitness was more strongly associated with low log10 IL-6 in young adults with high WC than those with low WC. CONCLUSIONS Although adiposity has a stronger association than fitness with CRP and IL-6, higher levels of fitness could be essential for maintaining low levels of IL-6, especially in the presence of high levels of central adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunduck Park
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, , Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Janet C Meininger
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, , Houston, Texas, 77030.,School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Duck-Hee Kang
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, , Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Kelley Pettee Gabriel
- School of Public Health-Austin Campus, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, Texas, 78701
| | - Nikhil S Padhye
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, , Houston, Texas, 77030
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