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Nichols AR, Haeri S, Rudine A, Burns N, Rathouz PJ, Hedderson MM, Abrams SA, Foster SF, Rickman R, McDonnold M, Widen EM. Prenatal Weight Change Trajectories and Perinatal Outcomes among Twin Gestations. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:1445-1454. [PMID: 37164320 PMCID: PMC10782825 DOI: 10.1055/a-2091-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite an increase in twin pregnancies in recent decades, the Institute of Medicine twin weight gain recommendations remain provisional and provide no guidance for the pattern or timing of weight change. We sought to characterize gestational weight change trajectory patterns and examine associations with birth outcomes in a cohort of twin pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN Prenatal and delivery records were examined for 320 twin pregnancies from a maternal-fetal medicine practice in Austin, TX 2011-2019. Prenatal weights for those with >1 measured weight in the first trimester and ≥3 prenatal weights were included in analyses. Trajectories were estimated to 32 weeks (mean delivery: 33.7 ± 3.3 weeks) using flexible latent class mixed models with low-rank thin-plate splines. Associations between trajectory classes and infant outcomes were analyzed using multivariable Poisson or linear regression. RESULTS Weight change from prepregnancy to delivery was 15.4 ± 6.3 kg for people with an underweight body mass index, 15.4 ± 5.8 kg for healthy weight, 14.7 ± 6.9 kg for overweight, and 12.5 ± 6.4 kg for obesity. Three trajectory classes were identified: low (Class 1), moderate (Class 2), or high gain (Class 3). Class 1 (24.7%) maintained weight for 15 weeks and then gained an estimated 6.6 kg at 32 weeks. Class 2 (60.9%) exhibited steady gain with 13.5 kg predicted total gain, and Class 3 (14.4%) showed rapid gain across pregnancy with 21.3 kg predicted gain. Compared to Class 1, Class 3 was associated with higher birth weight z-score (β = 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31,0.96), increased risk for large for gestational age (IRR = 5.60, 95% CI: 1.59, 19.67), and birth <32 weeks (IRR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.10, 5.4) that was attenuated in sensitivity analyses. Class 2 was associated with moderately elevated birth weight z-score (β = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.48, p = 0.050). CONCLUSION Gestational weight change followed a low, moderate, or high trajectory; both moderate and high gain patterns were associated with increased infant size outcomes. Optimal patterns of weight change that balance risk during the prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal periods require further investigation, particularly in high-risk twin pregnancies. KEY POINTS · A majority gained weight below IOM twin recommendations.. · Three patterns of GWC across pregnancy were identified.. · Moderate or high GWC was associated with infant size..
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Nichols
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sina Haeri
- Women's Center of Texas, St. David's Healthcare, Austin, Texas
| | - Anthony Rudine
- Office of Research, St. David's Healthcare, Austin, Texas
| | - Natalie Burns
- Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Paul J Rathouz
- Department of Population Health and Biomedical Data Science Hub, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Monique M Hedderson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Steven A Abrams
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Saralyn F Foster
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Rachel Rickman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | - Elizabeth M Widen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Ma K, Zheng W, Yuan X, Zhang P, Xu L, Han W, Huang J, Yan X, Zhang L, Yang R, Chen T, Zhang Y, Li G. Associations of gestational weight gain with birth weight outcomes in early pregnancy weight loss women: Findings from the Beijing Birth Cohort Study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 165:1031-1039. [PMID: 38055337 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth weight outcomes and establish suggested GWG patterns in early pregnancy weight loss women. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted based on the Beijing Birth Cohort Study from 2014 to 2021 and included 20 688 women. Weight change in early pregnancy was calculated using weight measurements within 16 weeks of gestation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the relationships of different GWG categories, based on the Chinese standard, and birth weight outcomes. The statistical-based approach was used to determine the optimal GWG ranges and weekly weight gain. RESULTS Compared to 3313 women who gained appropriate weight in early pregnancy, 2614 women who lost weight in the same period increased the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.14-1.80, P = 0.002). However, the relationship disappeared after adjusting for total GWG. Among the early pregnancy weight loss women, both excessive GWG and inadequate GWG were associated with adverse birth weight outcomes after adjusting for confounders. The suggested GWG range and rate were 11.0 ~ 16.0 kg and 0.46 to 0.67 kg/week from 16 weeks to delivery for women with normal body mass index (BMI) and weight loss in early pregnancy. CONCLUSION Weight loss in early pregnancy was not the independent risk factor of birth weight outcomes. GWG may offset the expected effects. To achieve optimal outcomes, women with normal BMI and weight loss in early pregnancy need to have a higher weight gain rate in mid-late pregnancy but similar total GWG ranges with the Chinese standard for general women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianxian Yuan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Puyang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiling Han
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lirui Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tengda Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
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Lackovic M, Nikolic D, Milicic B, Dimitrijevic D, Jovanovic I, Radosavljevic S, Mihajlovic S. Pre-Pregnancy Obesity and Infants' Motor Development within the First Twelve Months of Life: Who Is Expected to Be the Ultimate Carrier of the Obesity Burden? Nutrients 2024; 16:1260. [PMID: 38732507 PMCID: PMC11085635 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-pregnancy obesity is a significant public health concern with profound implications for maternal and child health. The burgeoning evidence suggests that maternal obesity prior to conception is intricately linked with an increased risk of gestational complications, as well as with adverse neonatal outcomes. Furthermore, the long and short-term health of offspring, including the risk of early motor development impairment, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in childhood and adulthood, may be adversely affected as well. Addressing pre-pregnancy obesity is critical for improving overall maternal and child health outcomes, and therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the connections linking pre-pregnancy obesity with infants' motor development within the first twelve months of infants' lives. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study included 200 mother-infant pairs divided into two groups based on their pre-pregnancy body mass index values. To assess infants' early motor development, we used the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and evaluated the parameters of infants' early motor development at the ages of three, six, nine, and twelve months. RESULTS Pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity was significantly associated with excessive gestational weight gain (p < 0.001), fetal macrosomia (p = 0.022), and a family history of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.048 and p = 0.041, respectively), as well as with all observed parameters of early motor development at the ages of three, six, nine, and twelve months: AIMS 3 months total (p < 0.001), AIMS 6 months total (p < 0.001), AIMS 9 months total (p < 0.001), and AIMS 12 months total (p < 0.001). Furthermore, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity was a significant predictor for AIMS 6 months total (p = 0.043) and AIMS 6 months supination (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Pre-pregnancy obesity is a critical determinant of pregnancy outcomes and offspring early motor development, with possible far-reaching implications for children's long-term well-being. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that includes preconception weight management, targeted interventions during the pregnancy and postpartum periods, and ongoing research to better understand the underlying mechanisms and develop effective strategies for prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Lackovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital “Dragisa Misovic”, Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.N.); (D.D.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Children’s Hospital, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Milicic
- Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Dimitrijevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.N.); (D.D.)
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics “Narodni Front”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivona Jovanovic
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics “Narodni Front”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Sofija Radosavljevic
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital “Dragisa Misovic”, Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sladjana Mihajlovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital “Dragisa Misovic”, Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.N.); (D.D.)
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Madlala HP, Bengtson AM, Hannan L, Malaba TR, Kalk E, Nyemba D, Boulle A, Myer L. Maternal weight trajectories and associations with infant growth in South African women. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2055. [PMID: 37858163 PMCID: PMC10588171 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the close relationship between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum weight (PPW), these factors are often studied separately. There are no data characterising longitudinal weight trajectories among pregnant and postpartum women in urban African populations. We examined maternal weight trajectories from pregnancy through to 12 months postpartum, factors associated with higher weight trajectory class membership and associations of weight trajectories with infant growth at 12 months. METHODS Data from 989 women were examined for weight trajectories from first antenatal care visit in pregnancy to 12 months postpartum using latent-class growth models. Baseline factors associated with class membership were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Of the enrolled women, 613 of their infants were assessed for growth at 12 months. Anthropometry measurements for mothers and infants were conducted by a trained study nurse. Associations between maternal weight trajectory class and infant weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), weight-for-length (WLZ) at 12 months of age were analysed using linear regression. RESULTS Four distinct classes of maternal weight trajectories were identified. The classes included consistent low (29%), consistent medium (37%), medium-high (24%) and consistent high (10%) trajectories. Similar to trends observed with medium-high trajectory, baseline factors positively associated with consistent high class membership included age (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09), pre-pregnancy BMI (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.97-2.56), stage 1 hypertension (OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.68-6.41), haemoglobin levels (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.11-1.74) and parity (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.15-1.67); living with HIV (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.30-0.74) was inversely associated. In adjusted analyses, compared to consistent medium weight trajectory, consistent low weight trajectory (mean difference -0.41, 95% CI -0.71;-0.12) was associated with decreased, and consistent high weight trajectory (mean difference 1.21, 95% CI 0.59-1.83) with increased infant WAZ at 12 months of age. CONCLUSION Identification of unique longitudinal weight trajectory groupings might inform comprehensive efforts targeted at improving healthy maternal weight and infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlengiwe P Madlala
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Angela M Bengtson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Luke Hannan
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thokozile R Malaba
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emma Kalk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dorothy Nyemba
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Boulle
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- Health Impact Assessment Unit, Western Cape Department of Health, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Landon Myer
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Layden AJ, Bertolet M, Parks WT, Adibi JJ, Roberts JM, Catov JM. Prepregnancy obesity and risk of placental inflammation at term: a selection bias analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 86:25-33.e7. [PMID: 37302673 PMCID: PMC10546767 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Placental histopathology is a resource for investigating obesity-associated pregnancy conditions. However, studies oversample adverse pregnancies, biasing findings. We examine the association between prepregnancy obesity (risk factor for inflammation) and histologic placental inflammation (correlated with impaired infant neurodevelopment) and how selection bias may influence the association. METHODS Singleton term deliveries between 2008 and 2012 from the Magee Obstetric Maternal and Infant database were analyzed. Prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) was categorized as underweight, lean (referent), overweight, and obese. Outcomes were diagnoses of acute (acute chorioamnionitis and fetal inflammation) and chronic placental inflammation (chronic villitis). Risk ratios for associations between BMI and placental inflammation were estimated using selection bias approaches: complete case, exclusion of pregnancy complications, multiple imputation, and inverse probability weighting. E-values approximated how susceptible estimates were to residual selection bias. RESULTS Across methods, obesity was associated with an 8-15% lower risk of acute chorioamnionitis, a 7%-14% lower risk of acute fetal inflammation, and a 12%-30% higher risk of chronic villitis relative to lean women. E-values indicated modest residual selection bias could explain away associations, though few measured indications of placental evaluations met this threshold. CONCLUSIONS Obesity may contribute to placental inflammation, and we highlight robust methods to analyze clinical data susceptible to selection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marnie Bertolet
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - W Tony Parks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James M Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Janet M Catov
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
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Nichols AR, Burns N, Xu F, Foster SF, Rickman R, Hedderson MM, Widen EM. Novel approaches to examining weight changes in pregnancies affected by obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:1026-1034. [PMID: 36878431 PMCID: PMC10273092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current gestational weight change (GWC) recommendations for obese individuals were established with limited evidence of the pattern and timing of weight change across pregnancy. Similarly, the recommendation of 5-9 kg does not differentiate by the severity of obesity. OBJECTIVES We sought to describe GWC trajectory classes by obesity grade and associated infant outcomes among a large, diverse cohort. METHODS The study population included 22,355 individuals with singleton pregnancies, obesity (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2), and normal glucose tolerance who delivered at Kaiser Permanente Northern California between 2008 and 2013. Obesity grade-specific GWC trajectories were modeled at 38 wk using flexible latent class mixed modeling (package lcmm) in R. Multivariable Poisson or linear regression models estimated the associations between the GWC trajectory class and infant outcomes (size-for-gestational age and preterm birth) by obesity grade. RESULTS Five GWC trajectory classes were identified for each obesity grade, each with a distinct pattern of weight change before 15 wk (including loss, stability, and gain) followed by weight gain thereafter (low, moderate, and high). Two classes with high overall gain were associated with an increased risk for large for gestational age (LGA) in obesity grade 1 (IRR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.46; IRR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.74). Both high (IRR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.61, 2.52; IRR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.52, 2.58) and 2 moderate-gain classes (IRR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.14, 1.71; IRR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.90) were associated with LGA in grade 2, and only early loss/late moderate-gain class 3 (IRR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.62) was associated in grade 3. This class was also associated with preterm birth in grade 2. No associations were detected between GWC and small for gestational age (SGA). CONCLUSIONS Among the pregnancies affected by obesity, GWC was not linear or uniform. Different patterns of high gain were associated with an increased risk for LGA with the greatest magnitude in obesity grade 2, whereas GWC patterns were not associated with SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Nichols
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Natalie Burns
- Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fei Xu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Saralyn F Foster
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Rachel Rickman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Monique M Hedderson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States.
| | - Elizabeth M Widen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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Petersen JM, Hutcheon JA, Bodnar LM, Parker SE, Ahrens KA, Werler MM. Weight gain patterns among pregnancies with obesity and small- and large-for-gestational-age births. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1133-1145. [PMID: 36942419 PMCID: PMC10034596 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This case-cohort study estimated associations between gestational weight gain (GWG) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) births stratified by obesity class (I: 30-34.9 kg/m2 ; II: 35-39.9 kg/m2 ; III: ≥40 kg/m2 ) (Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1998-2011). METHODS First-trimester GWG was categorized as being below (<0.2 kg), within (0.2-2.0 kg), or above (>2.0 kg) the Institute of Medicine recommendations. For second- and third-trimester GWG, four linear trajectories were derived: approximating maintenance (slope -0.05 ± 0.03 kg/wk), approximating the recommendations (0.27 ± 0.01 kg/wk; reference), higher than the recommendations (0.54 ± 0.01 kg/wk), and highest among those above the recommendations (0.91 ± 0.02 kg/wk). RESULTS For classes I, II, and III, respectively, there were 1290, 1247, and 1198 pregnancies in the subcohort; 262, 171, and 123 SGA cases; and 353, 286, and 257 LGA cases. First-trimester GWG was not associated with SGA/LGA births. Second- and third-trimester weight maintenance was associated with potentially lower LGA risk (risk ratio [RR]: 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-1.1) but not higher SGA risk (RR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.64-1.5) for class III. In addition, some sensitivity analyses supported no increased SGA risk with second- and third-trimester weight maintenance for classes I and II. CONCLUSIONS Second- and third-trimester weight maintenance may be associated with more optimal birth weight for gestational age. However, how this could be achieved (e.g., through diet and exercise interventions) is unclear, given the observational design of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Petersen
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Talbot Building, 715 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 02118
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Building, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 15261
| | - Jennifer A. Hutcheon
- University of British Columbia, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Shaughnessy Building C408A, 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6N 3N1, Canada
| | - Lisa M. Bodnar
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Building, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 15261
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samantha E. Parker
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Talbot Building, 715 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 02118
| | - Katherine A. Ahrens
- University of Southern Maine Muskie School of Public Service, Wishcamper Center. 34 Bedford Street, Portland, Maine, USA 04102
| | - Martha M. Werler
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Talbot Building, 715 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 02118
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Layden AJ, Bertolet M, Parks WT, Roberts JM, Adibi JJ, Catov JM. Latent class analysis of placental histopathology: a novel approach to classifying early and late preterm births. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:290.e1-290.e21. [PMID: 35288092 PMCID: PMC9308632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal morbidity attributable to prematurity predominantly occurs among early preterm births (<32 weeks) rather than late preterm births (32 to <37 weeks). Methods to distinguish early and late preterm births are lacking given the heterogeneity in pathophysiology and risk factors, including maternal obesity. Although preterm births are often characterized by clinical presentation (spontaneous or clinically indicated), classifying deliveries by placental features detected on histopathology reports may help identify subgroups of preterm births with similar etiology and risk factors. Latent class analysis is an empirical approach to characterize preterm births on the basis of observed combinations of placental features. OBJECTIVE To identify histopathologic markers that can distinguish early (<32 weeks) and late preterm births (32 to <37 weeks) that are also associated with maternal obesity and neonatal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Women with a singleton preterm birth at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Magee-Womens Hospital (Pittsburgh, PA) from 2008 to 2012 and a placental evaluation (89% of preterm births) were stratified into early (n=900, 61% spontaneous) and late preterm births (n=3362, 57% spontaneous). Prepregnancy body mass index was self-reported at first prenatal visit and 16 abstracted placental features were analyzed. Placental subgroups (ie, latent classes) of early and late preterm births were determined separately by latent class analysis of placental features. The optimal number of latent classes was selected by comparing fit statistics. The probability of latent class membership across prepregnancy body mass indexes was estimated in early preterm births and in late preterm births by an extension of multinomial regression called pseudo-class regression, adjusting for race, smoking, education, and parity. The frequencies of severe neonatal morbidity (composite outcome: respiratory distress, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, periventricular leukomalacia, patent ductus arteriosus, and retinopathy of prematurity), small-for-gestational-age, and length of neonatal intensive care unit stay were compared across latent classes by chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS Early preterm births were grouped into 4 latent classes based on placental histopathologic features: acute inflammation (38% of cases), maternal vascular malperfusion with inflammation (29%), maternal vascular malperfusion (25%), and fetal vascular thrombosis with hemorrhage (8%). As body mass index increased from 20 to 50kg/m2, the probability of maternal vascular malperfusion and fetal vascular thrombosis with hemorrhage increased, whereas the probability of maternal vascular malperfusion with inflammation decreased. There was minimal change in the probability of acute inflammation with increasing body mass index. Late preterm births also had 4 latent classes: maternal vascular malperfusion (22%), acute inflammation (12%), fetal vascular thrombosis with hemorrhage (9%), and low-risk pathology (58%). Body mass index was not associated with major changes in likelihood of the latent classes in late preterm births. Associations between body mass index and likelihood of the latent classes were not modified by type of delivery (spontaneous or indicated) in early or late preterm births. Maternal malperfusion and fetal vascular thrombosis with hemorrhage were associated with greater neonatal morbidity than the other latent classes in early and late preterm births. CONCLUSION Obesity may predispose women to early but not late preterm birth through placental vascular impairment. Latent class analysis of placental histopathologic data provides an evidence-based approach to group preterm births with shared underlying etiology and risk factors.
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Matute SED, Pinos CAS, Tupiza SM, Brunherotti MAA, Martinez EZ. Maternal and neonatal variables associated with premature birth and low birth weight in a tertiary hospital in Ecuador. Midwifery 2022; 109:103332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2022.103332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Pietrosanu M, Kong L, Yuan Y, Bell RC, Letourneau N, Jiang B. Associations between Longitudinal Gestational Weight Gain and Scalar Infant Birth Weight: A Bayesian Joint Modeling Approach. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24020232. [PMID: 35205525 PMCID: PMC8871134 DOI: 10.3390/e24020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of maternal gestational weight gain, it is not yet conclusively understood how weight gain during different stages of pregnancy influences health outcomes for either mother or child. We partially attribute this to differences in and the validity of statistical methods for the analysis of longitudinal and scalar outcome data. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian joint regression model that estimates and uses trajectory parameters as predictors of a scalar response. Our model remedies notable issues with traditional linear regression approaches found in the clinical literature. In particular, our methodology accommodates nonprospective designs by correcting for bias in self-reported prestudy measures; truly accommodates sparse longitudinal observations and short-term variation without data aggregation or precomputation; and is more robust to the choice of model changepoints. We demonstrate these advantages through a real-world application to the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) dataset and a comparison to a linear regression approach from the clinical literature. Our methods extend naturally to other maternal and infant outcomes as well as to areas of research that employ similarly structured data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pietrosanu
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G1, Canada; (M.P.); (L.K.)
| | - Linglong Kong
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G1, Canada; (M.P.); (L.K.)
| | - Yan Yuan
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada;
| | - Rhonda C. Bell
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
| | - Nicole Letourneau
- Faculty of Nursing and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Bei Jiang
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G1, Canada; (M.P.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Catov JM, Sun B, Lewis CE, Bertolet M, Gunderson EP. Prepregnancy weight change associated with high gestational weight gain. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:524-534. [PMID: 35080338 PMCID: PMC9996907 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gestational weight gain (GWG) above recommendations is a risk factor for adverse maternal, perinatal, and long-term outcomes. This study hypothesized that prepregnancy weight gain may portend excess GWG. METHODS Among 1,126 women (51% of whom were of Black race) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study with post-baseline births, the prepregnancy annual rate of BMI change per woman was estimated (slope; 5 years before pregnancy) and was related to the risk of GWG above Institute of Medicine recommendations using mixed-effects models (binary) and GWG z score (continuous), adjusting for confounders, and stratified by prepregnancy overweight/obesity status. RESULTS A total of 626 women (56%) had excess GWG. Each standard deviation increase in prepregnancy BMI (0.16 kg/m2 per year) was associated with an 18% increased risk of excess GWG (95% CI: 1.13-1.23), adjusted for covariates. Stratified results showed an association for women without overweight or obesity (adjusted relative risk = 1.71 [95% CI: 1.38-2.13]) but not among those with overweight or obesity (adjusted relative risk = 0.98 [95% CI: 0.91-1.05]). When evaluated as a z score, prepregnancy weight gain was associated with higher GWG among women with and without overweight or obesity (mean = 0.24 [0.10] and 0.28 [0.12] z score, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Weight gain before pregnancy is associated with higher GWG during pregnancy. Assessment of prepregnancy weight changes may identify those at risk for high GWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Catov
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Baiyang Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Marnie Bertolet
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erica P Gunderson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
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Emery RL, Benno MT, Conlon RPK, Marcus MD, Levine MD. Factors associated with early gestational weight gain among women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2021; 41:864-869. [PMID: 33078645 PMCID: PMC8055717 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2020.1803242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to document the prevalence of and identify factors associated with excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) in early pregnancy among women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity. Women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (n = 247) were recruited between 12 and 20 weeks of gestation and completed questionnaires and were weighed to estimate early GWG. Nearly one-third of women met (17%, n = 42) or exceeded (13%, n = 33) guidelines for total GWG in early pregnancy. Univariate analyses showed race, income, and pre-pregnancy weight status to be significantly related to GWG category in early pregnancy (p < .009). Only race and pre-pregnancy weight status remained significant in a multivariate model, with Black women and women with pre-pregnancy obesity having higher odds of having met or exceeded guidelines for total GWG in early pregnancy compared with White women and women with pre-pregnancy overweight (p < .04). These findings highlight the need for early intervention to reduce weight-related complications among pregnant women.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity who gain excessive gestational weight early in pregnancy are at unique risk for pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes.What do the results of this study add? The present study adds to a growing body of literature documenting that a notable amount of women are gaining excessive gestational weight early in pregnancy. The present study further documents that Black women and women with pre-pregnancy obesity are at particular risk of gaining excessive gestational weight early in pregnancy.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Additional work examining modifiable risk factors, particularly among Black women and women with pre-pregnancy obesity, that contribute to excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) in the first half of pregnancy is warranted and will be necessary to inform interventions aimed at promoting weight loss during the preconception and interconception periods or encouraging appropriate GWG across the entire course of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Emery
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria Tina Benno
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel P. K. Conlon
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marsha D. Marcus
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michele D. Levine
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Meyer DM, Stecher L, Brei C, Hauner H. Mid-pregnancy weight gain is associated with offspring adiposity outcomes in early childhood. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:390-396. [PMID: 33069163 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational weight gain (GWG) has been linked to childhood obesity. However, it is unclear if the timing of weight gain influences offspring body composition. A secondary analysis of a clinical trial examined the influence of total, early, and mid-pregnancy GWG on adiposity outcomes in 186 children at birth, 1, 3, and 5 years. METHODS Early (<15 weeks) and mid-pregnancy GWG (15-32 weeks) were assessed. Anthropometrics and abdominal ultrasound were measured annually in children from birth to 5 years. MRI was performed in a sub-group of 44 children at 5 years to estimate abdominal fat. RESULTS Almost half of the women (n = 86/186) gained excess weight in pregnancy, and women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (n = 33) were more likely to gain in excess. Mid-pregnancy GWG predicted higher weight (g) and subcutaneous fat by ultrasound (mm2) and MRI (cm3) at 5 years [β: 139.34 g (95% CI: -0.22; 278.90), p = 0.050; β: 1.42 mm2 (95% CI: 0.06; 2.78), p = 0.041; and β: 18.56 cm3 (95% CI: 1.30; 35.82) p = 0.036, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Mid-pregnancy weight gain was associated with greater fat depots at 5 years, which suggests that the timing of GWG has differential effects on offspring adiposity outcomes. IMPACT Gestational weight gained in mid-pregnancy is associated with growth and adipose tissue development at 5 years. We observed that maternal weight gain in early and mid-gestation has differential effects on offspring body composition. Mid-pregnancy weight gain (15-32 weeks gestation) appears to influence child growth and abdominal fat accretion which may have implications for long-term metabolic health. Interventions that prevent excessive gestational weight gain in mid-pregnancy may affect obesity risk in early childhood. Prenatal care should stress the importance of optimal weight gain throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Marie Meyer
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Lynne Stecher
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Brei
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992, Munich, Germany.
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Tucker AR, Brown HL, Dotters-Katz SK. Maternal Weight Gain and Infant Birth Weight in Women with Class III Obesity. Am J Perinatol 2021; 38:816-820. [PMID: 31891955 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to describe the impact of maternal weight gain on infant birth weight among women with Class III obesity. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort of women with body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2 at initial prenatal visit, delivered from July 2013 to December 2017. Women presenting 14/0 weeks of gestational age (GA), delivering preterm, or had multiples or major fetal anomalies excluded. Maternal demographics and complications, intrapartum events, and neonatal outcomes abstracted. Primary outcomes were delivery of large for gestational age or small for gestational age (SGA) infant. Bivariate statistics used to compare women gaining less than Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations (LTR) and women gaining within recommendations (11-20 pounds/5-9.1 kg) (at recommended [AR]). Regression models used to estimate odds of primary outcomes. RESULTS Of included women (n = 230), 129 (56%) gained LTR and 101 (44%) gained AR. In sum, 71 (31%) infants were LGA and 2 (0.8%) were SGA. Women gaining LTR had higher median entry BMI (46 vs. 43, p < 0.01); other demographics did not differ. LTR women were equally likely to deliver an LGA infant (29 vs. 34%, p = 0.5) but not more likely to deliver an SGA infant (0.8 vs. 1%, p > 0.99). After controlling for confounders, the AOR of an LGA baby for LTR women was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.4-1.4). CONCLUSION In this cohort of morbidly obese women, gaining less than IOM recommendations did not impact risk of having an LGA infant, without increasing risk of an SGA infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Tucker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Haywood L Brown
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sarah K Dotters-Katz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Jones MA, Catov JM, Jeyabalan A, Whitaker KM, Gibbs BB. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity across pregnancy and birth outcomes. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2021; 35:341-349. [PMID: 33124060 PMCID: PMC8186559 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shorter gestation or smaller birth size are indicators of a suboptimal fetal environment and negatively impact short- and long-term offspring health. Understanding how modifiable maternal behaviours, such as moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) or sedentary behaviour (SED), improve fetal outcomes could inform strategies to improve health across the lifespan. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the association of MVPA and SED across pregnancy trimesters on gestational age at delivery and newborn anthropometrics. METHODS The MoM Health Study measured SED (thigh-mounted activPAL3 micro) and MVPA (waist-worn Actigraph GTX3) in each trimester of pregnancy. Birth outcomes (gestational age at delivery, birthweight, birth length, and head circumference) were abstracted from medical records and used to calculate ponderal index (grams*100/cm3 ) and size-for-gestational age percentiles. Associations of group-based trajectories and trimester-specific SED and MVPA with birth outcomes were analysed using regression models. RESULTS Low, medium, and high trajectory groups were generated SED and MVPA in 103 and 99 pregnant women, respectively. High vs low SED trajectory was associated with earlier gestational age at delivery (β -1.03 weeks, 95% CI -2.01, -0.06), larger head circumference (β 0.83 cm, 95% CI 0.24, 1.63), longer birth length (β 1.37 cm, 95% CI 0.09, 2.64), and lower ponderal index (β -0.24 g*100/cm3 , 95% CI -0.42, -0.06), after adjustment for demographics, pre-pregnancy BMI, and (for newborn anthropometric outcomes) gestational age. The association of high SED with lower ponderal index was the most robust across progressively adjusted models (β -0.25 g*100/cm3 , 95% CI -0.44, -0.07). SED trajectory was not associated with birthweight or size-for-gestational age. High vs low MVPA trajectory was only associated with smaller head circumference (β -0.86 cm, 95% CI -1.70, -0.02). CONCLUSIONS Higher SED during pregnancy may result in shorter gestation and inhibited fetal growth. Further research evaluating the effect of reducing SED during pregnancy on birth outcomes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Jones
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Janet M. Catov
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Clinical and Translational Sciences Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arun Jeyabalan
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Clinical and Translational Sciences Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kara M. Whitaker
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bethany Barone Gibbs
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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The relationship between gestational weight gain, maternal upper-body subcutaneous fat changes and infant birth size: A pilot observational study amongst women with obesity. Early Hum Dev 2021; 154:105307. [PMID: 33453458 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely acknowledged that maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with increased risk of fetal macrosomia and recent studies have suggested a role for the timing and composition of GWG. AIMS To examine the effect of the rate of change in GWG and maternal upper-body subcutaneous fat on neonatal anthropometric outcomes in a pilot observational study amongst women with obesity. STUDY DESIGN Expectant women with a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 at first antenatal appointment were recruited at 12 weeks gestation. Maternal height, weight and skinfold thickness (SFT) measurements were collected at baseline and repeated at 28 and 36 weeks gestation. Following delivery, World Health Organisation (WHO)-UK infant birthweight z-scores were calculated, and infant anthropometric measurements were obtained. RESULTS The sum of upper body SFT measurements increased in mid-pregnancy (0.08 ± 0.71 mm/week) and decreased in late pregnancy (-0.04 ± 1.17 mm/week). After adjustment for maternal age, BMI and parity, mid- but not late- pregnancy GWG was positively associated with infant birthweight z-score (p<0.05), while mid- but not late-pregnancy changes in the sum of SFT were inversely associated with infant birthweight z-score (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that mid- rather than late-pregnancy changes in weight and upper-body subcutaneous fat are associated with infant birthweight. Further research is required in larger, more diverse populations to explore whether pregnancy interventions aiming to improve maternal and offspring health can be personalised beyond BMI and GWG.
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Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity Across 3 Trimesters of Pregnancy: The Monitoring Movement and Health Study. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:254-261. [PMID: 33508775 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity is recommended, limited research exists on sedentary behavior (SED) during pregnancy. METHODS The authors conducted a prospective cohort study to describe objectively measured patterns of SED and activity during each trimester of pregnancy. Women wore thigh- (activPAL3) and waist-mounted (ActiGraph GT3X) activity monitors. SED and activity were compared across trimesters using likelihood ratio tests and described using group-based trajectories. Exploratory analyses associated SED and activity trajectories with adverse pregnancy outcomes and excessive gestational weight gain. RESULTS Pregnant women (n = 105; mean [SD] age = 31 [5] y; prepregnancy body mass index = 26.2 [6.6] kg/m2) had mean SED of 9.7, 9.5, and 9.5 hours per day (P = .062) across trimesters, respectively. Some activities differed across trimesters: standing (increased, P = .01), stepping (highest in second trimester, P = .04), steps per day (highest in second trimester, P = .008), and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (decreased, P < .001). Prolonged SED (bouts ≥ 30 min) and bouted moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (≥10 min) were stable (P > .05). In exploratory analyses, higher SED and lower standing, stepping, and steps per day trajectories were associated with increased odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes (P < .05). No trajectories were associated with excessive gestational weight gain. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women exhibited stable SED of nearly 10 hours per day across pregnancy. Future research evaluating SED across pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome risk is warranted.
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Meinich T, Trovik J. Early maternal weight gain as a risk factor for SGA in pregnancies with hyperemesis gravidarum: a 15-year hospital cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:255. [PMID: 32345259 PMCID: PMC7189646 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-02947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate maternal weight gain increases the risk of small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants. Women with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) are at risk of significant early pregnancy weight loss and insufficient total pregnancy weight gain. Recent studies have implied that weight gain during the first half of pregnancy is more crucial to pregnancy outcome than total weight gain. The aim of this study was to investigate whether not regaining prepregnancy weight by 13-18 weeks of gestation contributed to not reaching minimum body mass index (BMI)-specific total pregnancy weight gain and influenced the risk of SGA outcome in HG pregnancies. METHODS In this retrospective 15-year cohort (2002-2016) of women hospitalized due to hyperemesis gravidarum, we reviewed individual patient hospital files and corresponding outpatient maternity records to collect prepregnancy BMI and weight, pregnancy weight gain (spanning 3-week intervals), delivery weight and foetal outcomes. BMI and total pregnancy weight gain goals were categorized according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2009 guidelines: BMI < 18,5 kg/m2: 12.5-18 kg, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2: 11.5-16 kg, 25-29.9 kg/m2: 7-11.5 kg and > 30 kg/m2: 5-9 kg. Birth weight was categorized as SGA if less than the 10th percentile of sex- and gestational length-specific Norwegian neonatal weight charts. Nonparametric tests were used to compare weight categories, and logistic regression was used to predict the odds ratio (OR) of inadequate total pregnancy weight gain or SGA delivery. RESULTS Out of 892 women hospitalized for HG during 2002-2016, 784 had a pregnancy lasting > 24 weeks, of which 746 were singleton pregnancies with follow-up until delivery. Among these women, 42 were classified as underweight, 514 as normal weight, 230 as overweight and 102 as obese before pregnancy. Not regaining prepregnancy weight by week 13-18 was an independent predictor of inadequate total gestational weight gain with an OR of 7.05 (95% CI 4.24-11.71) and an independent predictor for SGA outcome with an OR of 2.66 (95% CI 1.11-6.34), even when adjusted for total pregnancy weight gain, prepregnancy BMI, parity, age and smoking status. CONCLUSION Inadequate total maternal weight gain and not regaining prepregnancy weight by week 13-18 may be considered independent risk factors for delivering a baby that is small for gestational age in pregnancies with hyperemesis gravidarum. Achieving adequate weight gain during the first trimester in HG pregnancies is important for the foetal outcome, underscoring the importance of nutritional treatment during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tale Meinich
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 72, 5053, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jone Trovik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 72, 5053, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 72, 5053, Bergen, Norway.
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Hillier TA, Ogasawara KK, Pedula KL, Vesco KK, Oshiro CES, Van Marter JL. Timing of Gestational Diabetes Diagnosis by Maternal Obesity Status: Impact on Gestational Weight Gain in a Diverse Population. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2020; 29:1068-1076. [PMID: 32330405 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We hypothesized that earlier gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis and treatment of high-risk women would reduce gestational weight gain (GWG) in the first trimester and overall. Materials and Methods: We evaluated timing of GDM diagnosis among 5,391 pregnant women who delivered singleton births 2010-2013 in a large diverse health maintenance organization (HMO). All GDM screening was by the same oral glucose tolerance testing protocol; GDM treatment protocols were also consistent irrespective of timing of diagnosis. Women without risk factors were universally screened at 24-28 weeks gestation (Usual). Early screening was recommended in obese and other high-risk women at the first prenatal visit; those who screened negative Early were rescreened at 24-28 weeks (Early+Usual). Results: Average GWG for all women was 12.8 kg; 10.7% of women were diagnosed with GDM. Average GWG for all women diagnosed with GDM was 10.7 kg, adjusted for gestational age. Women with EarlyGDM averaged 2.4 kg less GWG than women diagnosed with UsualGDM (p < 0.0001). Among obese women, only women diagnosed with EarlyGDM averaged overall GWG within Institute of Medicine (IOM) weight guidelines (mean 8.1 kg) and were weight neutral in the first trimester (-0.2 kg). Overall, 43% of all pregnant women exceeded IOM GWG guidelines (gained more total weight than recommended); 60% of obese women exceeded guidelines. Obese women diagnosed with GDM were less likely to exceed IOM guidelines if diagnosed earlier in pregnancy (35% EarlyGDM vs. 59% UsualGDM exceeded guidelines, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Our results suggest that EarlyGDM diagnosis (and thus treatment) in high-risk women is beneficial for optimizing GWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Hillier
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Keith K Ogasawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Kathryn L Pedula
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Kimberly K Vesco
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Caryn E S Oshiro
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Jan L Van Marter
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Meek CL, Devoy B, Simmons D, Patient CJ, Aiken AR, Murphy HR, Aiken CE. Seasonal variations in incidence and maternal-fetal outcomes of gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 2020; 37:674-680. [PMID: 31955458 PMCID: PMC8597396 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether the neonatal and delivery outcomes of gestational diabetes vary seasonally in the context of a relatively cool temperate climate. METHODS A retrospect cohort of 23 735 women consecutively delivering singleton, live-born term infants in a single tertiary obstetrics centre in the UK (2004-2008) was identified. A total of 985 (4.1%) met the diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes. Additive dynamic regression models, adjusted for maternal age, BMI, parity and ethnicity, were used to compare gestational diabetes incidence and outcomes over annual cycles. Outcomes included: random plasma glucose at booking; gestational diabetes diagnosis; birth weight centile; and delivery mode. RESULTS The incidence of gestational diabetes varied by 30% from peak incidence (October births) to lowest incidence (March births; P=0.031). Ambient temperature at time of testing (28 weeks) was strongly positively associated with diagnosis (P<0.001). Significant seasonal variation was evident in birth weight in gestational diabetes-affected pregnancies (average 54th centile June to September; average 60th centile December to March; P=0.027). Emergency Caesarean rates also showed significant seasonal variation of up to 50% (P=0.038), which was closely temporally correlated with increased birth weights. CONCLUSIONS There is substantial seasonal variation in gestational diabetes incidence and maternal-fetal outcomes, even in a relatively cool temperate climate. The highest average birth weight and greatest risk of emergency Caesarean delivery occurs in women delivering during the spring months. Recognizing seasonal variation in neonatal and delivery outcomes provides new opportunity for individualizing approaches to managing gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Meek
- Institute of Metabolic ScienceAddenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUK
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryCambridge University HospitalsAddenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUK
- Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrinology ClinicCambridge University HospitalsAddenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUK
- Department of ChemistryPeterborough City HospitalPeterboroughUK
| | - B. Devoy
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyRosie HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUK
| | - D. Simmons
- School of MedicineWestern Sydney University CampbelltownNSWAustralia
| | - C. J. Patient
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyRosie HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUK
| | - A. R. Aiken
- LBJ School of Public AffairsUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | - H. R. Murphy
- Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrinology ClinicCambridge University HospitalsAddenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUK
- Norwich Medical SchoolBob Champion Research BuildingUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Department of Women's HealthKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - C. E. Aiken
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyRosie HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUK
- University Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of CambridgeNIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUK
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21
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Wright EL, Baker PR. Neonatal Macrosomia is an Interfering Factor for Analytes on the Colorado State Newborn Screen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5775549. [PMID: 32126138 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neonatal macrosomia is a known complication of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes, and it is a risk factor for obesity and diabetes in offspring. Amino acids and acylcarnitines are biomarkers for obesity in children and adults. These analytes, which are also routinely obtained on the newborn screen, have not been well-characterized in macrosomic newborns. The impact of macrosomia on rates of false-positive results in the newborn screen has also not been well-studied. We test the hypothesis that macrosomia is an interfering factor for amino acids and/or acylcarnitines on the newborn screen. METHODS Newborn screening analytes determined by tandem mass spectroscopy were obtained from the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment archives (2016-2018). This included metabolite concentrations obtained at 24-72 hours of life from newborns with birth weight 2500 to 3999 g (nonmacrosomic, n = 131 896) versus 4000 to 8000 g (macrosomic, n = 7806). Mother/infant phenotypic data were limited to information provided on the newborn screening dried blood spot card. Data were analyzed using Student t-test and chi-squared analysis. RESULTS Macrosomic newborns had elevations in C2, C3, dicarboxylic, and long-chain acylcarnitines (specifically C16 and C18 species). C3 and C18:1 were 2 to 3 times more likely to be above predetermined state cutoffs in macrosomic versus nonmacrosomic newborns (both male and female). MAIN CONCLUSIONS Macrosomia is an interfering factor for the analytes C3 and C18:1, leading to higher risk of false-positive results for methylmalonic/propionic acidemia and carnitine palmitoyl transferase type 2 deficiency, respectively. Analyte patterns found in macrosomic neonates correspond with similar analyte patterns in obese children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Wright
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter R Baker
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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22
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Timing of Gestational Weight Gain and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Women. Obstet Gynecol 2020; 133:962-970. [PMID: 30969214 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain before the third trimester is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and to evaluate the association of weight gain in the third trimester with fetal growth. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of all eligible overweight and obese women with singleton pregnancies delivered at an academic institution between 2012 and 2014. Our primary exposure was inadequate or excess gestational weight gain during the first and second trimesters. Outcomes included small- (SGA) or large- (LGA) for-gestational-age birth weight as well adverse maternal outcomes and composite neonatal morbidity. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between weight gain and perinatal outcomes, and stratified analyses evaluated the relationship between third trimester weight gain and birth weight category. RESULTS Of the 5,814 women, 1,280 (22%) had adequate, 1,428 (24.6%) had inadequate, and 3,106 (53.4%) had excessive weight gain in the first and second trimesters. Women with inadequate early gestational weight gain were more likely to deliver an SGA neonate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.59, 95% CI 1.23-2.06) and less likely to deliver an LGA neonate (aOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.54-0.98), whereas those with excessive early gestational weight gain were less likely to deliver an SGA neonate (aOR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52-0.85) and more likely to deliver an LGA neonate (aOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.32-2.1). Higher weight gain in the third trimester was associated with increased risk for LGA birth weight, but third trimester weight gain was not related to SGA birth weight. CONCLUSION Early gestational weight gain is associated with birth weight category. Modifying weight gain in the third trimester may limit the risk for LGA birth weight, but higher weight gain in late gestation does not alter the association between inadequate early weight gain and the risk for SGA.
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Wang X, Zhang X, Zhou M, Juan J, Wang X. Association of prepregnancy body mass index, rate of gestational weight gain with pregnancy outcomes in Chinese urban women. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:54. [PMID: 31452666 PMCID: PMC6700840 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of obesity and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) has been increasing worldwide. The aims of this study were to evaluate associations of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and rate of GWG in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters with pregnancy outcomes in Chinese urban women, and to examine the dose-response relationship between rate of GWG and pregnancy outcomes. Methods A retrospective analysis included 8926 women who delivered live singletons at ≥28 weeks of gestation between June 2012 and March 2013 among Chinese urban women. BMI was classified into underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 24 kg/m2), overweight (24 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) according to the Chinese standard. Rate of GWG in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters was classified as insufficient, adequate and excessive if it was below, within, or above the 2009 IOM guidelines (0.44–0.58 kg/w [underweight], 0.35–0.50 kg/w [normal], 0.23–0.33 kg/w [overweight], and 0.17–0.27 kg/w [obese]). Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses were used to assess the association of prepregnancy BMI and rate of GWG with cesarean delivery, preterm birth, small-for-gestational age (SGA) and large-for-gestational age (LGA). Results 22.6 and 50.0% of women had insufficient and excessive rate of GWG, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, prepregnancy underweight was associated with increased risk of SGA (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.40–2.09), while both overweight and obesity were associated with higher risk of cesarean delivery (overweight: OR [95% CI] = 1.80 [1.56–2.08]; obese: 2.34 [1.69–3.24]) and LGA (overweight: 1.75 [1.44–2.13]; obese: 2.48 [1.71–3.60]). Both insufficient (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.08–1.65) and excessive rates of GWG (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.20–1.73) were associated with higher risk of preterm birth. Insufficient rate of GWG was associated with increased odds of SGA (OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.16–1.82), while excessive rate of GWG was associated with higher risk for cesarean delivery (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.10–1.35) and LGA (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.33–1.87). Additionally, there were significant nonlinear associations between rate of GWG and preterm birth (U-shaped, P for nonlinear < 0.001). Conclusions Prepregnancy overweight, obesity and underweight, and insufficient and excessive rate of GWG were associated with increased risk of pregnancy outcomes in Chinese urban women. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-019-0386-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034 China
| | - Xiaosong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034 China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034 China
| | - Juan Juan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034 China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034 China
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Guan P, Tang F, Sun G, Ren W. Effect of maternal weight gain according to the Institute of Medicine recommendations on pregnancy outcomes in a Chinese population. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:4397-4412. [PMID: 31342872 PMCID: PMC6753580 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519861463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to analyze the effects of maternal weight on adverse
pregnancy outcomes. Methods Data were retrospectively collected from a hospital in Wuhan, China. A total
of 1593 pregnant women with singletons were included. Adverse outcomes
during pregnancy, such as small for gestational age (SGA), large for
gestational age (LGA), and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) were
analyzed. Results The risks of low birth weight, SGA, and preterm birth were significantly
higher in the inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) group compared with
the adequate GWG group. GWG over the guidelines was related to a higher risk
of macrosomia, LGA, cesarean section, and HDP than GWG within the
guidelines. The risks of low birth weight (OR = 5.082), SGA (OR = 3.959),
preterm birth (OR = 3.422), and gestational diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.784)
were significantly higher in women with a normal pre-pregnancy body mass
index (BMI) and inadequate GWG compared with women with a normal
pre-pregnancy BMI and adequate GWG. The risks of macrosomia (OR = 3.654) and
HDP (OR = 1.992) were increased in women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI and
excessive GWG. Conclusion Women with an abnormal BMI and inappropriate GWG have an increased risk of
adverse maternal and infant outcomes. Weight management during the perinatal
period is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guan
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Fei Tang
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, P.R. China
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Kawai VK, Nwosu SK, Kurnik D, Harrell FE, Stein CM. Variants in BMI-Associated Genes and Adrenergic Genes are not Associated with Gestational Weight Trajectory. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1184-1189. [PMID: 31116007 PMCID: PMC6591076 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to define the association between a genetic risk score (GRS) that combined the effect of multiple BMI-associated variants and gestational weight trajectory. Because pregnancy is a state of sympathetic activation, the association between gestational weight trajectory and variants in adrenergic pathways previously associated with weight was examined. METHODS In a previously defined cohort of pregnant women with (n = 1,504) and without gestational diabetes (GDM) (n = 435), weight trajectory was calculated using all weights during pregnancy. A GRS for BMI (GRSBMI ) was calculated using 31 common variants associated with BMI, and 10 variants in the adrenergic pathways were genotyped. Clinical and genetic factors were studied using generalized linear models. RESULTS Prepregnancy BMI was associated with the GRSBMI (P = 9.3 × 10-11 ) and parity (P = 4.54 × 10-17 ). The GRSBMI was associated with gestational weight trajectory in women with and without GDM (P = 0.041 and P < 0.0001, respectively); however, when prepregnancy BMI was included in the models, the associations disappeared (P > 0.05). Variants in adrenergic genes were not associated with gestational weight trajectory. CONCLUSIONS A GRS for BMI was associated with prepregnancy BMI but was not independently associated with gestational weight trajectory in women with and without GDM. Selected variants in adrenergic genes were not associated with gestational weight trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian K. Kawai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel K. Nwosu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Kurnik
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Frank E. Harrell
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C. Michael Stein
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Price SA, Sumithran P, Nankervis A, Permezel M, Proietto J. Preconception management of women with obesity: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2019; 20:510-526. [PMID: 30549166 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of women of child-bearing age with obesity continues to rise at an alarming rate. This has significant implications for both the short-term and long-term health of mother and offspring. Given the paucity of evidence-based literature in this field, the preconception management of women with obesity is highly variable both between institutions and around the world. This systematic review aims to evaluate studies that inform us about the role of preconception weight loss in the fertility and pregnancy outcomes of women with obesity. Current therapeutic interventions are discussed, with a specific focus on the suitability of weight loss interventions for women with obesity planning pregnancy. There are significant knowledge gaps in the current literature; these are discussed and areas for future research are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Price
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg Heights, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg Heights, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael Permezel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Mercy Hospital for Women), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Proietto
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg Heights, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Zheng W, Huang W, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Tian Z, Li G, Zhang W. Patterns of Gestational Weight Gain in Women with Overweight or Obesity and Risk of Large for Gestational Age. Obes Facts 2019; 12:407-415. [PMID: 31261149 PMCID: PMC6758715 DOI: 10.1159/000500748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Timing of gestational weight gain (GWG) may influence perinatal outcomes differently. This study aimed to find associations of latent GWG patterns with risk of large for gestational age (LGA) in women with overweight or obesity. METHODS A total of 4,438 women with overweight or obesity were included in the analyses. Latent trajectories of GWG associated with LGA were identified by trajectory analysis. GWG, risk of LGA and early pregnancy factors were compared between these identified groups. RESULTS This study identified four distinct GWG trajectory groups associated with LGA, each group including, respectively, 78.6, 19.0, 1.4, and 0.9% of the participants. Group 1 presented a typical curve with lower GWG in early pregnancy and relatively higher GWG in mid- and late pregnancy. Women in group 2 showed sustained high GWG and high LGA prevalence than women in group 1 (48.24 vs. 21.56%, p < 0.0001). A catch-up in GWG after low weight gain did not result in significantly higher risk of LGA in group 3 compared to group 1. On the other hand, a rapid GWG in the first two-thirds of pregnancy followed by a strict weight control was associated with elevated risk of LGA in group 4 than group 1 (62.50 vs. 21.56%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Women affected by overweight or obesity combined with high GWG in early mid-pregnancy were at elevated risk of LGA. Early clinical recognition of a poor GWG trajectory will enable early intervention in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Tian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,
| | - Weiyuan Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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de Castro MBT, Cunha DB, Araujo MC, Bezerra IN, Adegboye ARA, Kac G, Sichieri R. High protein diet promotes body weight loss among Brazilian postpartum women. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2018; 15:e12746. [PMID: 30381901 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence in the general population that adhering to a high protein and low carbohydrate diet may help in losing weight. However, there is little evidence among postpartum women. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a high protein diet on weight loss among postpartum women. A parallel-randomized controlled trial with 94 postpartum women was conducted in a maternity ward in Mesquita county (recruitment from February 2009 to December 2010) and in a polyclinic in Rio de Janeiro city (recruitment from December 2010 to December 2011). Women were randomized to the intervention group (IG) or control group (CG), and both groups received an isocaloric diet (1,800 kcal). Additionally, the IG received approximately 25 g of protein obtained from 125 g per week of sardine to increase daily dietary protein content and was advised to restrict carbohydrate intake. The CG received nutritional counselling to follow the national nutrition guidelines (15% protein, 60% carbohydrates, and 25% lipids). A linear mixed-effects model was used to test the effect of high protein intake and macronutrient intake on weight loss during the postpartum period. Body weight decreased in the IG compared with the CG (ß = -0.325; p = 0.049) among overweight and obese postpartum women. The percentage of energy intake from lipid (ß = -0.023; p = 0.050) was negatively associated with body weight, and carbohydrate intake (ß = 0.020; p = 0.026) was positively associated with body weight over time among all women. Protein intake and lower carbohydrate intake may be used as a dietary strategy to improve body weight loss during the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Beatriz Trindade de Castro
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josue de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Graduate Program of Nutrition/INJC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diana Barbosa Cunha
- Department of Epidemiology, Social Medicine Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina Campos Araujo
- Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gilberto Kac
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josue de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Graduate Program of Nutrition/INJC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosely Sichieri
- Department of Epidemiology, Social Medicine Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chang J, Hu S, Wang W, Li Y, Zhi W, Lu S, Shi Q, Wang Y, Yang Y. Matrine inhibits prostate cancer via activation of the unfolded protein response/endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and reversal of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:945-957. [PMID: 29845238 PMCID: PMC6059727 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the sixth global primary cause of malignancy-associated fatality. Increased invasiveness and motility in prostate cancer cells are associated with ubiquitin proteasome system-regulated epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Impairment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress due to the accumulation of unfolded proteins and altered cell survival. In the current study, the effect and mechanism of matrine on cell apoptosis, viability, migration and invasion of human prostate cancer cells in vivo and in vitro through the unfolded protein response (UPR)/ER stress pathway were investigated. Matrine inhibited proteasomal chymotrypsin-like (CT-like) activity in the prostate carcinoma cellular proteasome. Upregulated vimentin and N-cadherin and downregulated E-cadherin were also observed in vitro and in vivo. In vitro analyses showed that matrine repressed cell motility, viability and invasion, arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and induced prostate cancer cell apoptosis. Furthermore, matrine activated the UPR/ER stress signaling cascade in prostate cancer cells and tumor tissues of xenograft-bearing nude mice. Results also demonstrated that the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was downregulated, the pro-apoptotic protein Bak was upregulated and the cell growth and cell cycle-related proteins c-Myc, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1 and CDK1 were downregulated. Moreover, matrine inhibited tumor growth and Ki-67 expression in xenograft-bearing nude mice. To the best of our knowledge, the present study indicated for the first time that matrine exerted marked anticancer functions in human prostate carcinoma in vivo and in vitro through activation of the proteasomal CT-like activity inhibition mediated by the UPR/ER stress signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Chang
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Shaopu Hu
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yimian Li
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Wenlan Zhi
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Lu
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qi Shi
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Vitral GLN, Aguiar RAPL, de Souza IMF, Rego MAS, Guimarães RN, Reis ZSN. Skin thickness as a potential marker of gestational age at birth despite different fetal growth profiles: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196542. [PMID: 29698511 PMCID: PMC5919437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New methodologies to estimate gestational age (GA) at birth are demanded to face the limited access to obstetric ultrasonography and imprecision of postnatal scores. The study analyzed the correlation between neonatal skin thickness and pregnancy duration. Secondarily, it investigated the influence of fetal growth profiles on tissue layer dimensions. METHODS AND FINDINGS In a feasibility study, 222 infants selected at a term-to-preterm ratio of 1:1 were assessed. Reliable information on GA was based on the early ultrasonography-based reference. The thicknesses of the epidermal and dermal skin layers were examined using high-frequency ultrasonography. We scanned the skin over the forearm and foot plantar surface of the newborns. A multivariate regression model was adjusted to determine the correlation of GA with skin layer dimensions. The best model to correlate skin thickness with GA was fitted using the epidermal layer on the forearm site, adjusted to cofactors, as follows: Gestational age (weeks) = -28.0 + 12.8 Ln (Thickness) - 4.4 Incubator staying; R2 = 0.604 (P<0.001). In this model, the constant value for the standard of fetal growth was statistically null. The dermal layer thickness on the forearm and plantar surfaces had a negative moderate linear correlation with GA (R = -0.370, P<0.001 and R = -0.421, P<0.001, respectively). The univariate statistical analyses revealed the influence of underweight and overweight profiles on neonatal skin thickness at birth. Of the 222 infants, 53 (23.9%) had inappropriate fetal growths expected for their GA. Epidermal thickness was not fetal growth standard dependent as follows: 172.2 (19.8) μm for adequate for GA, 171.4 (20.6) μm for SGA, and 177.7 (15.2) μm for LGA (P = 0.525, mean [SD] on the forearm). CONCLUSIONS The analysis highlights a new opportunity to relate GA at birth to neonatal skin layer thickness. As this parameter was not influenced by the standard of fetal growth, skin maturity can contribute to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Luiza Nogueira Vitral
- Postgraduation Program of Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Regina Amélia P. Lopes Aguiar
- Postgraduation Program of Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Michelle Fonseca de Souza
- Postgraduation Program of Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Albertina Santiago Rego
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodney Nascimento Guimarães
- Postgraduation Program of Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Zilma Silveira Nogueira Reis
- Postgraduation Program of Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Retnakaran R, Wen SW, Tan H, Zhou S, Ye C, Shen M, Smith GN, Walker MC. Association of Timing of Weight Gain in Pregnancy With Infant Birth Weight. JAMA Pediatr 2018; 172:136-142. [PMID: 29279903 PMCID: PMC5796742 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Gestational weight gain is a determinant of infant birth weight, but it is unclear whether its timing in pregnancy may hold implications in this regard. Previous studies have yielded conflicting findings on the association of maternal weight gain in early pregnancy with birth weight. However, as these studies have typically recruited women during the first trimester, they are inherently limited by a reliance on self-reported pregravid weight. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations of directly measured maternal pregravid weight and the timing of subsequent weight gain across pregnancy with infant birth weight. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this prospective, preconception, observational cohort study, 1164 newly married women in Liuyang, China, underwent pregravid evaluation at a median of 19.9 weeks before a singleton pregnancy during which they underwent serial weight measurements. The study was conducted from February 1, 2009, to November 4, 2015. Data analysis was performed between September 1, 2016, and May 6, 2017. EXPOSURE Maternal weight gain was calculated for the following 10 gestational intervals: from pregravid to less than 14, 14 to 18, 19 to 23, 24 to 28, 29 to 30, 31 to 32, 33 to 34, 35 to 36, 37 to 38, and 39 to 40 weeks. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Associations of pregravid weight and weight gain within each of the 10 gestational intervals with the outcome of infant birth weight. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the 1164 women included in the study was 25.3 (3.1) years. Pregravid weight was consistently associated with infant birth weight. However, among the 10 gestational intervals, only weight gain from pregravid to 14 weeks and from 14 to 18 weeks was associated with birth weight. Birth weight increased by 13.6 g/kg (95% CI, 3.2-24.1 g/kg) of maternal weight gain from pregravid to 14 weeks and by 26.1 g/kg (95% CI, 3.8-48.4 g/kg) of maternal weight gain from 14 to 18 weeks. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Maternal weight only in the first half of gestation is a determinant of infant birth weight. Before pregnancy and early gestation may be a critical window for intervention to affect subsequent birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Retnakaran
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- OMNI Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongzhuan Tan
- School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shujin Zhou
- Liuyang Municipal Hospital of Maternal and Child Health, Beizheng, Liuyang, China
| | - Chang Ye
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minxue Shen
- OMNI Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Graeme N. Smith
- Queen’s Perinatal Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark C. Walker
- OMNI Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Hand DJ, Ellis JD, Carr MM, Abatemarco DJ, Ledgerwood DM. Contingency management interventions for tobacco and other substance use disorders in pregnancy. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 31:907-921. [PMID: 28639813 PMCID: PMC5714659 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Contingency management (CM) is an effective intervention for reducing use of licit and illicit substances in a variety of populations. Pregnant women are a vulnerable population with much to gain from effective interventions for substance use disorders, and for whom CM interventions may be especially well-suited. We reviewed the literature on CM interventions among pregnant women with tobacco and other substance use disorders with 3 aims: (a) describe the effectiveness of CM for reducing use of tobacco and other substances during pregnancy, (b) describe the effects of CM interventions on infant outcomes, and (c) identify needs for future research on CM in pregnancy. Our search strategy revealed 27 primary studies of CM in pregnancy. CM was effective in the majority of studies targeting nicotine abstinence, and results were mixed in studies targeting illicit substances. A variety of methodologies were used within the relatively small number of studies making it difficult to identify underlying mechanisms. Also, very few studies reported maternal and infant outcomes, and significant effects of CM were only apparent when secondary analyses pooled data from multiple studies. Furthermore, there is extremely limited data on the cost effectiveness of CM interventions in pregnancy. Future research should address these 3 areas to better determine the ultimate value of CM as an efficacious treatment for pregnant women with substance use disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Hand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University
| | - Jennifer D Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University
| | - Meagan M Carr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University
| | | | - David M Ledgerwood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University
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Broskey NT, Wang P, Li N, Leng J, Li W, Wang L, Gilmore LA, Hu G, Redman LM. Early Pregnancy Weight Gain Exerts the Strongest Effect on Birth Weight, Posing a Critical Time to Prevent Childhood Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1569-1576. [PMID: 28845614 PMCID: PMC5604854 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with infant birth weight and childhood obesity; however, the patterns of GWG on infant birth weight are poorly understood. METHODS This analysis in 16,218 mother-child dyads from Tianjin, China, determined the risk of infant size at birth according to GWG occurring throughout the first and second trimester (early GWG) or during the third trimester (late GWG), according to maternal prepregnancy BMI and the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations. RESULTS Excessive GWG in early and late pregnancy had an increased risk for large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-4.0, P < 0.001). Regardless of prepregnancy BMI, excessive GWG early in pregnancy (< 24 weeks) was associated with an increased risk of LGA infants (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 2.1-3.1, P < 0.001), and inadequate early GWG was associated with a higher risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2-1.7, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The pattern of GWG early in pregnancy, regardless of GWG later in pregnancy, had the greatest impact on infant size at birth. Interventions initiated early in pregnancy may facilitate better adherence to the GWG guidelines and minimize the risk of LGA and SGA infants, a potential precursor for childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Wang
- Tianjin Women’s and Children’s Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Li
- Tianjin Women’s and Children’s Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Junhong Leng
- Tianjin Women’s and Children’s Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiqin Li
- Tianjin Women’s and Children’s Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Leishen Wang
- Tianjin Women’s and Children’s Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - L. Anne Gilmore
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Gang Hu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
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Pugh SJ, Albert PS, Kim S, Grobman W, Hinkle SN, Newman RB, Wing DA, Grantz KL. Patterns of gestational weight gain and birthweight outcomes in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 217:346.e1-346.e11. [PMID: 28502760 PMCID: PMC5581247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate or excessive total gestational weight gain is associated with increased risks of small- and large-for-gestational-age births, respectively, but evidence is sparse regarding overall and trimester-specific patterns of gestational weight gain in relation to these risks. Characterizing the interrelationship between patterns of gestational weight gain across trimesters can reveal whether the trajectory of gestational weight gain in the first trimester sets the path for gestational weight gain in subsequent trimesters, thereby serving as an early marker for at-risk pregnancies. OBJECTIVE We sought to describe overall trajectories of gestational weight gain across gestation and assess the risk of adverse birthweight outcomes associated with the overall trajectory and whether the timing of gestational weight gain (first vs second/third trimester) is differentially associated with adverse outcomes. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of 2802 singleton pregnancies from 12 US prenatal centers (2009 through 2013). Small and large for gestational age were calculated using sex-specific birthweight references <5th, <10th, or ≥90th percentiles, respectively. At each of the research visits, women's weight was measured following a standardized anthropometric protocol. Maternal weight at antenatal clinical visits was also abstracted from the prenatal records. Semiparametric, group-based, latent class, trajectory models estimated overall gestational weight gain and separate first- and second-/third-trimester trajectories to assess tracking. Robust Poisson regression was used to estimate the relative risk of small- and large-for-gestational-age outcomes by the probability of trajectory membership. We tested whether relationships were modified by prepregnancy body mass index. RESULTS There were 2779 women with a mean of 15 (SD 5) weights measured across gestation. Four distinct gestational weight gain trajectories were identified based on the lowest Bayesian information criterion value, classifying 10.0%, 41.8%, 39.2%, and 9.0% of the population from lowest to highest weight gain trajectories, with an inflection at 14 weeks. The average rate in each trajectory group from lowest to highest for 0-<14 weeks was -0.20, 0.04, 0.21, and 0.52 kg/wk and for 14-39 weeks was 0.29, 0.48, 0.63, and 0.79 kg/wk, respectively; the second lowest gaining trajectory resembled the Institute of Medicine recommendations and was designated as the reference with the other trajectories classified as low, moderate-high, or high. Accuracy of assignment was assessed and found to be high (median posterior probability 0.99, interquartile range 0.99-1.00). Compared with the referent trajectory, a low overall trajectory, but not other trajectories, was associated with a 1.55-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.25) and 1.58-fold (95% confidence interval, 0.88-2.82) increased risk of small-for-gestational-age <10th and <5th, respectively, while a moderate-high and high trajectory were associated with a 1.78-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.31-2.41) and 2.45-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.66-3.61) increased risk of large for gestational age, respectively. In a separate analysis investigating whether early (<14 weeks) gestational weight gain tracked with later (≥14 weeks) gestational weight gain, only 49% (n = 127) of women in the low first-trimester trajectory group continued as low in the second/third trimester, and had a 1.59-fold increased risk of small for gestational age; for the other 51% (n = 129) of women without a subsequently low second-/third-trimester gestational weight gain trajectory, there was no increased risk of small for gestational age (relative risk, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-1.38). Prepregnancy body mass index did not modify the association between gestational weight gain trajectory and small for gestational age (P = 0.52) or large for gestational age (P = .69). CONCLUSION Our findings are reassuring for women who experience weight loss or excessive weight gain in the first trimester; however, the risk of small or large for gestational age is significantly increased if women gain weight below or above the reference trajectory in the second/third trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Pugh
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul S Albert
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Sungduk Kim
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - William Grobman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Stefanie N Hinkle
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Roger B Newman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Deborah A Wing
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, CA; Miller Children's Hospital/Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - Katherine L Grantz
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD.
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Association of maternal gestational weight gain with their offspring's anthropometric outcomes at late infancy and 6 years old: mediating roles of birth weight and breastfeeding duration. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:8-14. [PMID: 28775373 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal studies examining the potential mediating roles of birth weight and breastfeeding duration on the pathways between maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and offspring anthropometric outcomes are lacking. METHODS We analyzed data from the mother-child pairs in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (IFPS II) in late infancy (n=1548) and at the Year 6 Follow-up (n=1514) Study. Child anthropometrics included age- and sex-specific Z-scores for weight for age (WAZ), height /length for age, weight for height/length and body mass index (BMIZ). Structural equation models were used to estimate the total, direct and indirect effects of GWG on child anthropometrics through birth weight and breastfeeding duration. RESULTS The total effect of GWG on offspring anthropometric outcomes was significant for WAZ (β=0.107, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.052, 0.161) at late infancy and for WAZ (β=0.122, 95% CI: 0.066, 0.177) and BMIZ (β=0.120, 95% CI: 0.063, 0.178) at 6 years old. The direct effects of GWG on offspring's WAZ and BMIZ were observed only at 6 years old. The indirect effects of GWG through birth weight were significant on most of the offspring's anthropometric measures. Compared to breastfeeding duration, birth weight was a stronger mediator on the pathways between GWG and all proposed anthropometric measures both in late infancy and in early childhood. Longer duration of breastfeeding was inversely associated with all offspring anthropometric outcomes at late infancy but not with those outcomes at 6 years old. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a stronger indirect rather than direct effect of GWG on children's anthropometric outcomes mainly through birth weight, independent of maternal sociodemographic and reproductive factors. Longer duration of breastfeeding might suppress the positive relationship between GWG, birth weight and anthropometric outcomes in late infancy but not among 6 years old.
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Headen I, Cohen AK, Mujahid M, Abrams B. The accuracy of self-reported pregnancy-related weight: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2017; 18:350-369. [PMID: 28170169 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Self-reported maternal weight is error-prone, and the context of pregnancy may impact error distributions. This systematic review summarizes error in self-reported weight across pregnancy and assesses implications for bias in associations between pregnancy-related weight and birth outcomes. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar through November 2015 for peer-reviewed articles reporting accuracy of self-reported, pregnancy-related weight at four time points: prepregnancy, delivery, over gestation and postpartum. Included studies compared maternal self-report to anthropometric measurement or medical report of weights. Sixty-two studies met inclusion criteria. We extracted data on magnitude of error and misclassification. We assessed impact of reporting error on bias in associations between pregnancy-related weight and birth outcomes. Women underreported prepregnancy (PPW: -2.94 to -0.29 kg) and delivery weight (DW: -1.28 to 0.07 kg), and over-reported gestational weight gain (GWG: 0.33 to 3 kg). Magnitude of error was small, ranged widely, and varied by prepregnancy weight class and race/ethnicity. Misclassification was moderate (PPW: 0-48.3%; DW: 39.0-49.0%; GWG: 16.7-59.1%), and overestimated some estimates of population prevalence. However, reporting error did not largely bias associations between pregnancy-related weight and birth outcomes. Although measured weight is preferable, self-report is a cost-effective and practical measurement approach. Future researchers should develop bias correction techniques for self-reported pregnancy-related weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Headen
- Division of Community Health Science, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A K Cohen
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Mujahid
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - B Abrams
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Maternal excess gestational weight gain and infant waist circumference: a 2-y observational study. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:63-67. [PMID: 27632776 PMCID: PMC6257997 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of gestational weight gain (GWG) and infant feeding practices on infant growth parameters in infants from 6 to 24 mo of age. METHODS Forty mother-infant pairs were recruited after delivery and followed up to 24 mo postpartum. GWG was calculated as prepregnancy weight subtracted from weight at delivery. Infant weight velocity was calculated as the change in weight between consecutive visits divided by the intervening time. Infant feeding practices were measured by interview and infant growth and waist circumference by standard anthropometry. RESULTS Infants born to mothers with excess GWG were heavier at birth (3,521 ± 91 vs. 3,196 ± 97 g, P = 0.02) and had an average 2.16 ± 1.1 cm (P = 0.03) larger waist circumference throughout the 24 mo compared with infants born to mothers with appropriate GWG. Waist circumference increased by 0.12 and 2.0 cm for every 1 unit increase in GWG and infant birth weight. CONCLUSION Infants born to women who exceeded the Institute of Medicine (IOM)-recommended guidelines for GWG were heavier at birth and had a significantly higher waist circumference up to 2 y of age. Strategies to control maternal excess GWG and thus the outcome on infant birth weight and waist circumference should be pursued.
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Gestational Weight Gain: Results from the Delta Healthy Sprouts Comparative Impact Trial. J Pregnancy 2016; 2016:5703607. [PMID: 27595023 PMCID: PMC4993958 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5703607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Delta Healthy Sprouts trial was designed to test the comparative impact of two home visiting programs on weight status, dietary intake, and health behaviors of Southern African American women and their infants. Results pertaining to the primary outcome, gestational weight gain, are reported. Methods. Participants (n = 82), enrolled early in their second trimester of pregnancy, were randomly assigned to one of two treatment arms. Gestational weight gain, measured at six monthly home visits, was calculated by subtracting measured weight at each visit from self-reported prepregnancy weight. Weight gain was classified as under, within, or exceeding the Institute of Medicine recommendations based on prepregnancy body mass index. Chi-square tests and generalized linear mixed models were used to test for significant differences in percentages of participants within recommended weight gain ranges. Results. Differences in percentages of participants within the gestational weight gain guidelines were not significant between treatment arms across all visits. Conclusions. Enhancing the gestational nutrition and physical activity components of an existing home visiting program is feasible in a high risk population of primarily low income African American women. The impact of these enhancements on appropriate gestational weight gain is questionable given the more basic living needs of such women. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01746394, registered 4 December 2012.
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Effects of lactation on postpartum blood pressure among women with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:241.e1-8. [PMID: 26945604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are at an increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in later life. Lactation has been associated with a reduced risk of maternal hypertension, both in the postpartum period and later life. However, little is known about whether lactation is also cardioprotective in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy such as preeclampsia or gestational hypertension. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterize the relationship between lactation and postpartum blood pressure among women with preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. STUDY DESIGN Data were obtained from women who participated in the Prenatal Exposures and Preeclampsia Prevention study (n = 379; 66% African American; 85% overweight or obese). Women enrolled during pregnancy and attended a postpartum visit (on average, 9.1 months after delivery) during which data on lactation duration and blood pressure were collected. The significance of the associations between postpartum blood pressure and lactation among women who remained normotensive during pregnancy, developed gestational hypertension, or developed preeclampsia were assessed with an analysis of variance. Linear regression models were used to adjust for maternal age, race, education, prepregnancy weight, and time since delivery. RESULTS Gestational hypertension affected 42 subjects (11%) and preeclampsia affected 33 (9%). Lactation was reported by 217 (57%) with 78 (21%) reporting ≥ 6 months of lactation. Women who lactated were somewhat older, more educated, and had higher socioeconomic status. Among women who had gestational hypertension, lactation was associated with lower systolic blood pressure (P = .02) and diastolic blood pressure (P = .02). This association persisted after adjustment for age, race, education, prepregnancy weight, and time since delivery. However, for women who had preeclampsia and women who remained normotensive during pregnancy, lactation was not associated with postpartum blood pressure in either bivariate or multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION This study found that lactation is associated with lower postpartum blood pressure among overweight women who develop gestational hypertension but not among women who develop preeclampsia. Future studies are needed to explore the association of lactation and blood pressure in later life for women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
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Fotakis C, Zoga M, Baskakis C, Tsiaka T, Boutsikou T, Briana DD, Dendrinou K, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Zoumpoulakis P. Investigating the metabolic fingerprint of term infants with normal and increased fetal growth. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12403h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An NMR metabolomic approach was employed to highlight the metabolic changes underlying prenatal disorders and determine metabolites that could serve as potential markers in relation to large for gestational age (LGA) newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Fotakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- Athens
- Greece
| | - M. Zoga
- Department of Neonatology
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Athens
- Greece
| | - C. Baskakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- Athens
- Greece
| | - Th. Tsiaka
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- Athens
- Greece
| | - T. Boutsikou
- Department of Neonatology
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Athens
- Greece
| | - D. D. Briana
- Department of Neonatology
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Athens
- Greece
| | - K. Dendrinou
- Department of Neonatology
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Athens
- Greece
| | - A. Malamitsi-Puchner
- Department of Neonatology
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Athens
- Greece
| | - P. Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- Athens
- Greece
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In Reply. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126:1310. [PMID: 26595570 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cho EH, Hur J, Lee KJ. Early Gestational Weight Gain Rate and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Korean Women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140376. [PMID: 26465322 PMCID: PMC4605500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, many women gain excessive weight, which is related to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. In this study, we evaluated whether rate of gestational weight gain (RGWG) in early, mid, and late pregnancy is strongly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A retrospective chart review of 2,789 pregnant Korean women was performed. Weights were recorded at the first clinic visit, during the screening test for fetal anomaly, and during the 50g oral glucose challenge test and delivery, to represent early, mid, and late pregnancy, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between RGWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes. At early pregnancy, the RGWG was significantly associated with high risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), large for gestational age (LGA) infants, macrosomia, and primary cesarean section (P-CS). The RGWG of mid pregnancy was not significantly associated with any adverse pregnancy outcomes. The RGWG at late pregnancy was significantly associated with a lower risk of developing GDM, preterm birth and P-CS, but with a higher risk of developing LGA infants and macrosomia. When the subjects were divided into three groups (Underweight, Normal, and Obese), based on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), the relationship between early RGWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes was significantly different across the three BMI groups. At early pregnancy, RGWG was not significantly associated to adverse pregnancy outcomes for subjects in the Underweight group. In the Normal group, however, early RGWG was significantly associated with GDM, PIH, LGA infants, macrosomia, P-CS, and small for gestational weight (SGA) infants, whereas early RGWG was significantly associated with only a high risk of PIH in the Obese group. The results of our study suggest that early RGWG is significantly associated with various adverse pregnancy outcomes and that proper preemptive management of early weight gain, particularly in pregnant women with a normal or obese pre-pregnancy BMI, is necessary to reduce the risk of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kyung-Ju Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangnam CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
- Integrative Medicine Center, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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