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Interventions and Outcomes for Neoadjuvant Treatment of T4 Colon Cancer: A Scoping Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:2065-2078. [PMID: 34072615 PMCID: PMC8261638 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
While adjuvant treatment of colon cancers that penetrate the serosa (T4) have been well-established, neoadjuvant strategies have yet to be formally evaluated. Our objective was to perform a scoping review of eligibility criteria, treatment regimens, and primary outcomes for neoadjuvant approaches to T4 colon cancer. A librarian-led, systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CINAHL up to 11 February 2020 was performed. Primary research evaluating neoadjuvant treatment in T4 colon cancer were included. Screening and data abstraction were performed in duplicate; analyses were descriptive or thematic. A total of twenty studies were included, most of which were single-arm, single-center, and retrospective. The primary objectives of the literature to date has been to evaluate treatment feasibility, tumor response, disease-free survival, and overall survival in healthy patients. Conventional XELOX and FOLFOX chemotherapy were the most commonly administered interventions. Rationale for selecting a specific regimen and for treatment eligibility criteria were poorly documented across studies. The current literature on neoadjuvant strategies for T4 colon cancer is overrepresented by single-center, retrospective studies that evaluate treatment feasibility and efficacy in healthy patients. Future studies should prioritize evaluating clear selection criteria and rationale for specific neoadjuvant strategies. Validation of outcomes in multi-center, randomized trials for XELOX and FOLFOX have the most to contribute to the growing evidence for this poorly managed disease.
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Nomura M, Takahashi H, Fujii M, Miyoshi N, Haraguchi N, Hata T, Matsuda C, Yamamoto H, Mizushima T, Mori M, Doki Y. Clinical significance of invasion distance relative to prognosis in pathological T3 colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5614-5620. [PMID: 31620203 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The T3 subdivision has been reported to predict prognosis in rectal cancer. However, few studies describe a correlation between T3 subdivision and prognosis in colon cancer. The current study aimed validate the correlation between the invasion distance (ID) beyond the muscularis propria and prognosis in colorectal cancer. The present retrospective study included 148 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed T3 colorectal cancer, who underwent resection between January 2008 and October 2012. T3 stage was subdivided based on ID: T3a, ID<1 mm; T3b, ID=1-5 mm; and T3c, ID>5 mm. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate correlations between T3 subdivision groups (T3a + T3b versus T3c) and clinicopathological factors. Compared with the T3a + T3b group, the T3c group exhibited worse 3-year RFS (P=0.003) and 5-year CSS (P=0.006). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that 3-year RFS was significantly correlated with sex (P=0.03) and ID (P=0.02), and 5-year CSS was significantly correlated with lymphoid dissection number (P=0.02) and ID (P=0.03). A ROC curve was constructed using ID values and recurrence data, and the area under the curve was 0.63. These data revealed that ID beyond the muscularis propria was significantly associated with prognosis in T3 colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nomura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujii
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Department of Mathematical Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Haraguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taishi Hata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chu Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Liu F, Tong T, Huang D, Yuan W, Li D, Lin J, Cai S, Xu Y, Chen W, Sun Y, Zhuang J. CapeOX perioperative chemotherapy versus postoperative chemotherapy for locally advanced resectable colon cancer: protocol for a two-period randomised controlled phase III trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e017637. [PMID: 30700474 PMCID: PMC6352769 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adjuvant chemotherapy with the CapeOX regimen is now widely used for treating colorectal cancer. However, prior studies have demonstrated better efficacy of pre-operative/neoadjuvant chemotherapy without increase of safety risks. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase III study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of perioperative CapeOX chemotherapy with the postoperative one for treating patients with locally advanced R0 resectable colon cancers in China. In total 1370 eligible patients will be randomised to: the test group, up to four cycles (every 3 weeks is a cycle, Q3W) of chemotherapy plus radical surgery plus up to four cycles of post-operative chemotherapy; or the control group, radical surgery first, then up to eight cycles of chemotherapy. In each cycle, oxaliplatin will be given at a dose of 130 mg/m2 through continuous IV infusion for 2 hours on the first day. From day 1 to day 14, capecitabine will be taken orally every morning and evening at a dose of 1000mg/m2/d. The primary outcome measure is the 3-year disease free survival. The objective response rate, R0 resection rate, overall survival, as well as the adverse events will also be measured as second endpoints. The study may include two periods. If results of period 1 are not favourable, period 2 will be initiated, recruiting genetically sensitive patients and repeating the same process with period 1. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Informed consent will be required from, and provided, by all subjects. The study protocol has been approved by the independent ethics committee of Shanghai Fudan University Cancer Centre. This study will clearly demonstrate the potential benefit of perioperative chemotherapy with the CapeOX regimen. Results will be shared among all the participating centres, and with policymakers and the academic community to promote the clinical management of colon cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03125980.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqi Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China
- Department Of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Tong
- Department Of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department Of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Weitang Yuan
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dechuan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianjiang Lin
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China
- Department Of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China
- Department Of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhengzhou University Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Tomic-Canic M, Wong LL, Smola H. The epithelialisation phase in wound healing: options to enhance wound closure. J Wound Care 2018; 27:646-658. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2018.27.10.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majana Tomic-Canic
- Professor and Vice Chair of Research; Director, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program; Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, US
| | - Lulu L. Wong
- MD Candidate; Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, US
| | - Hans Smola
- Professor of Dermatology, Medical Director, PAUL HARTMANN AG, Heidenheim and Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Sundaram GM, Quah S, Sampath P. Cancer: the dark side of wound healing. FEBS J 2018; 285:4516-4534. [PMID: 29905002 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Complex multicellular organisms have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to rapidly resolve epithelial injuries. Epithelial integrity is critical to maintaining internal homeostasis. An epithelial breach represents the potential for pathogen ingress and fluid loss, both of which may have severe consequences if not limited. The mammalian wound healing response involves a finely tuned, self-limiting series of cellular and molecular events orchestrated by the transient activation of specific signalling pathways. Accurate regulation of these events is essential; failure to initiate key steps at the right time delays healing and leads to chronic wounds, while aberrant initiation of wound healing processes may produce cell behaviours that promote cancer progression. In this review, we discuss how wound healing pathways co-opted in cancer lose their stringent regulation and become compromised in their reversibility. We hypothesize on how the commandeering of wound healing 'master regulators' is involved in this process, and also highlight the implications of these findings in the treatment of both chronic wounds and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath M Sundaram
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shan Quah
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Prabha Sampath
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore
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Kersh AE, Ng S, Chang YM, Sasaki M, Thomas SN, Kissick HT, Lesinski GB, Kudchadkar RR, Waller EK, Pollack BP. Targeted Therapies: Immunologic Effects and Potential Applications Outside of Cancer. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:7-24. [PMID: 29136276 PMCID: PMC5972536 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Two pharmacologic approaches that are currently at the forefront of treating advanced cancer are those that center on disrupting critical growth/survival signaling pathways within tumor cells (commonly referred to as "targeted therapies") and those that center on enhancing the capacity of a patient's immune system to mount an antitumor response (immunotherapy). Maximizing responses to both of these approaches requires an understanding of the oncogenic events present in a given patient's tumor and the nature of the tumor-immune microenvironment. Although these 2 modalities were developed and initially used independently, combination regimens are now being tested in clinical trials, underscoring the need to understand how targeted therapies influence immunologic events. Translational studies and preclinical models have demonstrated that targeted therapies can influence immune cell trafficking, the production of and response to chemokines and cytokines, antigen presentation, and other processes relevant to antitumor immunity and immune homeostasis. Moreover, because these and other effects of targeted therapies occur in nonmalignant cells, targeted therapies are being evaluated for use in applications outside of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Kersh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Spencer Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yun Min Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Susan N. Thomas
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haydn T. Kissick
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ragini R. Kudchadkar
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edmund K. Waller
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian P. Pollack
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Sato M, Shoda T, Shimizu H, Orihara K, Futamura K, Matsuda A, Yamada Y, Irie R, Yoshioka T, Shimizu T, Ohya Y, Nomura I, Matsumoto K, Arai K. Gene Expression Patterns in Distinct Endoscopic Findings for Eosinophilic Gastritis in Children. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2017; 5:1639-1649.e2. [PMID: 28526277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic gastritis (EG) is clinicopathologically characterized by both marked gastric eosinophilia and clinical symptoms. The endoscopic findings in EG vary among patients, leading to clinical confusion. However, little is known about the relationship between precise endoscopic findings and the pathophysiological process responsible for EG. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate whether the gross endoscopic findings of EG can be classified into distinct gene expression profiles. METHODS We enrolled pediatric patients who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy for clinical symptoms suggestive of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder between 2011 and 2016. EG was diagnosed when gastric eosinophilia was greater than or equal to 30 eosinophils/hpf. The gene expression profiles of gastric biopsies were assessed using microarray technology. RESULTS Patients with EG and control subjects (n = 8, each) were examined. On the microarray, 1,999 genes were differentially expressed between EG and the controls (≥2-fold difference, adjusted P value < .05), including significant upregulation of eotaxin-3 (C-C chemokine ligand 26). The endoscopic findings of patients with EG fell roughly into 2 types, namely, ulcerative and nodular lesions. Despite identifying distinct patterns of gene expression, most differentially regulated genes overlapped between the 2 endoscopic finding types. Several gene ontology terms were enriched in the substantially overlapped genes, but not in each of the distinct genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly indicate that ulcerative and nodular lesions are a single disease, EG, or a variation thereof, in spite of morphological differences. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of EG, as well as to more accurate diagnosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shoda
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Allergy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Shimizu
- Division of Gastroenterology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanami Orihara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Futamura
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Matsuda
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamada
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
| | - Rie Irie
- Department of Pathology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Yoshioka
- Department of Pathology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohya
- Division of Allergy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nomura
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Allergy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Arai
- Division of Gastroenterology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Aragona M, Dekoninck S, Rulands S, Lenglez S, Mascré G, Simons BD, Blanpain C. Defining stem cell dynamics and migration during wound healing in mouse skin epidermis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14684. [PMID: 28248284 PMCID: PMC5339881 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is essential to repair the skin after injury. In the epidermis, distinct stem cells (SCs) populations contribute to wound healing. However, how SCs balance proliferation, differentiation and migration to repair a wound remains poorly understood. Here, we show the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate wound healing in mouse tail epidermis. Using a combination of proliferation kinetics experiments and molecular profiling, we identify the gene signatures associated with proliferation, differentiation and migration in different regions surrounding the wound. Functional experiments show that SC proliferation, migration and differentiation can be uncoupled during wound healing. Lineage tracing and quantitative clonal analysis reveal that, following wounding, progenitors divide more rapidly, but conserve their homoeostatic mode of division, leading to their rapid depletion, whereas SCs become active, giving rise to new progenitors that expand and repair the wound. These results have important implications for tissue regeneration, acute and chronic wound disorders. Wound healing is essential to repair the skin after injury and distinct stem cells in the epidermis are known to contribute to the process. Here the authors perform molecular, functional and clonal analysis and reveal the individual contribution of stem cells coming from different epidermal compartments to the wound-healing process in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steffen Rulands
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | | | - Guilhem Mascré
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels B-1070, Belgium.,WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
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Stoll SW, Stuart PE, Swindell WR, Tsoi LC, Li B, Gandarillas A, Lambert S, Johnston A, Nair RP, Elder JT. The EGF receptor ligand amphiregulin controls cell division via FoxM1. Oncogene 2016; 35:2075-86. [PMID: 26234682 PMCID: PMC4788585 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is central to epithelial cell physiology, and deregulated EGFR signaling has an important role in a variety of human carcinomas. Here we show that silencing of the EGF-related factor amphiregulin (AREG) markedly inhibits the expansion of human keratinocytes through mitotic failure and accumulation of cells with ⩾ 4n DNA content. RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis revealed that tetracycline-mediated AREG silencing significantly altered the expression of 2331 genes, 623 of which were not normalized by treatment with EGF. Interestingly, genes irreversibly upregulated by suppression of AREG overlapped with genes involved in keratinocyte differentiation. Moreover, a significant proportion of the irreversibly downregulated genes featured upstream binding sites recognized by forkhead box protein M1 (FoxM1), a key transcription factor in the control of mitosis that is widely dysregulated in cancer. The downregulation of FoxM1 and its target genes preceded mitotic arrest. Constitutive expression of FoxM1 in AREG knockdown cells normalized cell proliferation, reduced the number of cells with ⩾ 4n DNA content and rescued expression of FoxM1 target genes. These results demonstrate that AREG controls G2/M progression and cytokinesis in keratinocytes via activation of a FoxM1-dependent transcriptional program, suggesting new avenues for treatment of epithelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W. Stoll
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Philip E. Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Bingshan Li
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Alberto Gandarillas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Instituto de Investigación Marques de Valdecilla-IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Sylviane Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrew Johnston
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rajan P. Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - James T. Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI
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Seeger MA, Paller AS. The Roles of Growth Factors in Keratinocyte Migration. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:213-224. [PMID: 25945284 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: The re-epithelialization of wounded skin requires the rapid and coordinated migration of keratinocytes (KC) into the wound bed. Almost immediately after wounding, cells present at or attracted to the wound site begin to secrete a complex milieu of growth factors. These growth factors exert mitogenic and motogenic effects on KCs, inducing the rapid proliferation and migration of KCs at the wound edge. Recent Advances: New roles for growth factors in KC biology are currently being discovered and investigated. This review will highlight the growth factors, particularly transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7), FGF-10, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which have conclusively been shown to be the most motogenic for KCs. Critical Issues: The cellular and molecular heterogeneity of wounded tissue makes establishing direct relationships between specific growth factors and KC migration difficult in situ. The absence of this complexity in simplified in vitro experimental models of migration makes the clinical relevance of the results obtained from these in vitro studies ambiguous. Future Directions: Deciphering the relationship between growth factors and KC migration is critical for understanding the process of wound healing in normal and disease states. Insights into the basic science of the effects of growth factors on KC migration will hopefully lead to the development of new therapies to treat acute and chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Seeger
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy S. Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Feasibility of preoperative chemotherapy for locally advanced, operable colon cancer: the pilot phase of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:1152-60. [PMID: 23017669 PMCID: PMC3488188 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy and radiotherapy are more effective than similar postoperative treatment for oesophageal, gastric, and rectal cancers, perhaps because of more effective micrometastasis eradication and reduced risk of incomplete excision and tumour cell shedding during surgery. The FOxTROT trial aims to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of preoperative chemotherapy for colon cancer. Methods In the pilot stage of this randomised controlled trial, 150 patients with radiologically staged locally advanced (T3 with ≥5 mm invasion beyond the muscularis propria or T4) tumours from 35 UK centres were randomly assigned (2:1) to preoperative (three cycles of OxMdG [oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2, l-folinic acid 175 mg, fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 bolus, then 2400 mg/m2 by 46 h infusion] repeated at 2-weekly intervals followed by surgery and a further nine cycles of OxMdG) or standard postoperative chemotherapy (12 cycles of OxMdG). Patients with KRAS wild-type tumours were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive panitumumab (6 mg/kg; every 2 weeks with the first 6 weeks of chemotherapy) or not. Treatment allocation was through a central randomisation service using a minimised randomisation procedure including age, radiological T and N stage, site of tumour, and presence of defunctioning colostomy as stratification variables. Primary outcome measures of the pilot phase were feasibility, safety, and tolerance of preoperative therapy, and accuracy of radiological staging. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered, number ISRCTN 87163246. Findings 96% (95 of 99) of patients started and 89% (85 of 95) completed preoperative chemotherapy with grade 3–4 gastrointestinal toxicity in 7% (seven of 94) of patients. All 99 tumours in the preoperative group were resected, with no significant differences in postoperative morbidity between the preoperative and control groups: 14% (14 of 99) versus 12% (six of 51) had complications prolonging hospital stay (p=0·81). 98% (50 of 51) of postoperative chemotherapy patients had T3 or more advanced tumours confirmed at post-resection pathology compared with 91% (90 of 99) of patients following preoperative chemotherapy (p=0·10). Preoperative therapy resulted in significant downstaging of TNM5 compared with the postoperative group (p=0·04), including two pathological complete responses, apical node involvement (1% [one of 98] vs 20% [ten of 50], p<0·0001), resection margin involvement (4% [four of 99] vs 20% [ten of 50], p=0·002), and blinded centrally scored tumour regression grading: 31% (29 of 94) vs 2% (one of 46) moderate or greater regression (p=0·0001). Interpretation Preoperative chemotherapy for radiologically staged, locally advanced operable primary colon cancer is feasible with acceptable toxicity and perioperative morbidity. Proceeding to the phase 3 trial, to establish whether the encouraging pathological responses seen with preoperative therapy translates into improved long-term oncological outcome, is appropriate. Funding Cancer Research UK.
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Kim JS, Choi IG, Lee BC, Park JB, Kim JH, Jeong JH, Jeong JH, Seo CH. Neuregulin induces CTGF expression in hypertrophic scarring fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:181-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kim JS, Bak EJ, Lee BC, Kim YS, Park JB, Choi IG. Neuregulin induces HaCaT keratinocyte migration via Rac1-mediated NADPH-oxidase activation. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3014-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Yoshizawa M, Koyama T, Kojima T, Kato H, Ono Y, Saito C. Keratinocytes of tissue-engineered human oral mucosa promote re-epithelialization after intraoral grafting in athymic mice. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 70:1199-214. [PMID: 21802815 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2011.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate the role of grafted oral keratinocytes in a transplanted ex vivo-produced oral mucosa equivalent (EVPOME) in the regeneration and/or healing process of the oral mucosa at the recipient site. MATERIALS AND METHODS The EVPOME was developed in a serum-free defined culture system without a feeder layer. EVPOME is composed of a stratified layer of human oral keratinocytes that are seeded onto a human cadaveric dermis, AlloDerm (LifeCell, Branchburg, NJ). Intraorally grafted EVPOMEs in athymic mice (BALB/c) were excised, contiguous with the surrounding oral mucosa, on days 5, 7, 14, and 21 after grafting. Serial sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemically analyzed for cytokeratin 17 (CK17) expression to distinguish the human-cultured EVPOME epithelial keratinocytes from murine oral keratinocytes. RESULTS All EVPOME epithelial cells showed intense immunoreactivity for CK17, whereas mouse buccal mucosal epithelial cells did not show CK17 immunoreactivity. The grafted EVPOME maintained a stratified epithelial layer for up to 5 days after grafting. By day 7 after grafting, a portion of the EVPOME epithelial layer peeled away from the AlloDerm, and a thin, CK17-immunonegative epithelial layer extended from the adjacent thick epithelial layer of the mouse and contacted the CK17-immunopositive EVPOME epithelium. From days 14 to 21 after grafting, the stratification of the CK17-immunonegative continuous mouse epithelium increased compared with earlier time points and showed a similar appearance to the epithelium of the adjacent mouse mucosa. In contrast, no epithelial coverage of the AlloDerm that was grafted without keratinocytes was observed for up to 21 days after grafting. The grafted AlloDerm without cells resulted in tissue necrosis that was accompanied by a dramatic infiltration of inflammatory cells by day 14. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that grafting of EVPOME with viable oral keratinocytes onto an intraoral mucosal wound plays an active role in promotion of re-epithelialization of the oral wound during the subsequent healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yoshizawa
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Course for Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Peura M, Siltanen A, Saarinen I, Soots A, Bizik J, Vuola J, Harjula A, Kankuri E. Paracrine factors from fibroblast aggregates in a fibrin-matrix carrier enhance keratinocyte viability and migration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 95:658-64. [PMID: 20725975 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient re-epithelialization of skin lesions is dependent on paracrine support from connective tissue fibroblasts. In deep skin defects, the supporting growth factor incentive is lacking. Current methods of keratinocyte transplantation with compromised attachment, spread, and cell proliferation warrant improvement and refinement. We describe here how human keratinocytes can be stimulated by matrix-embedded factors from a novel process of fibroblast activation: nemosis. Interestingly, the unique set of mediators released in this process also plays a key role in normal wound healing. To develop a system for targeted delivery of nemosis-derived paracrine effectors, herein designated as Finectra, we combined them with fibrin to establish a controlled-release gel. Keratinocytes seeded to cover this active matrix showed better adherence, outgrowth, and viability than did cells on control matrix. The matrix incorporating Finectra supported viability of both primary keratinocytes and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled HaCaT cells, as evaluated by MTT assay and persistence of GFP-fluorescence. The fibrin-Finectra matrix promoted migration of keratinocytes to cover a larger area on the matrix, suggesting better wound coverage on transplantation. An inhibitor of EGFR/c-Met receptor tyrosine kinases abolished keratinocyte responses to fibrin-Finectra matrix. This matrix can thus deliver biologically relevant synergistic stimuli to keratinocytes and hasten re-epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Peura
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Sun W, Jia L, Ma S, Gao Y. Strategy for studying the liver secretome on the organ level. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1894-901. [PMID: 20148517 DOI: 10.1021/pr901057k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Secretome study presents new possibilities for understanding liver secretory function in a comprehensive and exploratory way. Perfusates from isolated perfused rat liver are good targets for liver secretome study on the organ level. There are two major concerns in this type of study, cytosolic and blood contaminations in the perfusates. Therefore, the perfusion conditions were carefully controlled and alanine aminotransferase levels in the perfusates were monitored as indicators of liver integrity and cytosolic contamination. The protein pattern of perfusate was significantly different from cell lysate, which showed low cytosolic contamination. The amount of immunoglobulins in the perfusates identified by both Western blot and MS/MS indicated low serum contamination. In total, 357 secretory protein candidates were identified by the Enrichment Index method or N-terminal signal peptide prediction. Secretory proteins annotated by Swiss-Prot were 5-fold enriched in the perfusates and around 10-fold enriched in the portion identified by the Enrichment Index method. Some cytokines, secretory proteins from liver interstitial cells, and components of the liver microenvironment were found in the perfusates, highlighting the advantages of studying the liver secretome on the organ level. The strategy can be used in physiology research and biomarker discovery for diseases in the liver as well as other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Neuregulin-ErbB signaling promotes microglial proliferation and chemotaxis contributing to microgliosis and pain after peripheral nerve injury. J Neurosci 2010; 30:5437-50. [PMID: 20392965 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5169-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component in the response of the nervous system to injury is the proliferation and switch to a "proinflammatory" phenotype by microglia (microgliosis). In situations where the blood-brain barrier is intact, microglial numbers increase via the proliferation and chemotaxis of resident microglia; however, there is limited knowledge regarding the factors mediating this response. After peripheral nerve injury, a dorsal horn microgliosis develops, which directly contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a growth and differentiation factor with a well characterized role in neural and cardiac development. Microglia express the NRG1 receptors erbB2, 3, and 4, and NRG1 signaling via the erbB2 receptor stimulated microglial proliferation, chemotaxis, and survival, as well as interleukin-1beta release in vitro. Intrathecal treatment with NRG1 resulted in microglial proliferation within the dorsal horn, and these cells developed an activated morphology. This microglial response was associated with the development of both mechanical and cold pain-related hypersensitivity. Primary afferents express NRG1, and after spinal nerve ligation (SNL) we observed both an increase in NRG1 within the dorsal horn as well as activation of erbB2 specifically within microglia. Blockade of the erbB2 receptor or sequestration of endogenous NRG after SNL reduced the proliferation, the number of microglia with an activated morphology, and the expression of phospho-P38 by microglia. Furthermore, consequent to such changes, the mechanical pain-related hypersensitivity and cold allodynia were reduced. NRG1-erbB signaling therefore represents a novel pathway regulating the injury response of microglia.
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Forsberg S, Rollman O. Re-epithelialization from human skin explant cultures is promoted by ligand-activated HER3 receptor. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 59:7-15. [PMID: 20537867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligand-stimulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER1) plays a fundamental role in skin biology as potent transducer of mitotic and anti-apoptotic stimuli in keratinocytes. In human epidermis, at least two additional EGFR family members--HER2 and HER3--are expressed but their biological functions in normal and diseased human skin remain obscure. OBJECTIVE Here, we studied the expression and biological impact of HER3 in regenerating human epidermis formed from skin explants adhered to acellular dermis. METHODS Neoepidermal HER3 expression was examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The dynamic effect of HER3 receptor stimulation by recombinant heregulin (HRG)-beta1 was assessed by fluorescence imaging of re-epithelialization. RESULTS In the neoepidermis, HER3 mRNA and protein were detected with activated receptors being immunolocalized at basal and low suprabasal levels. Exogenous HRG-beta1 at 10-20 ng/ml increased the outgrowth rate corresponding to approximately 30% the response of exogenous EGF. The growth-promoting effect of HRG-beta1 was associated with enhanced HER3 phosphorylation, keratinocyte proliferation and thickening of viable neoepidermis whereas blockade of ligand-binding to HER3 delayed the outgrowth process and inhibited both constitutive and ligand-induced HER3 phosphorylation. HER2 antagonism using an anti-dimerization antibody, pertuzumab, impeded the re-epithelialization rate. In addition, a selective HER2 kinase inhibitor, CP654577, downregulated phospho-HER3 expression suggesting that transactivation of kinase-deficient HER3 was accomplished through dimerization with HER2. CONCLUSION The study emphasizes the central role of EGFR in epidermal renewal and demonstrates that HRG-activated HER3 contributes to the outgrowth process of epidermis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Forsberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Stoll SW, Johnson JL, Bhasin A, Johnston A, Gudjonsson JE, Rittié L, Elder JT. Metalloproteinase-mediated, context-dependent function of amphiregulin and HB-EGF in human keratinocytes and skin. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:295-304. [PMID: 19609315 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human keratinocytes (KCs) express multiple EGF receptor (EGFR) ligands; however, their functions in specific cellular contexts remain largely undefined. To address this issue, first we measured mRNA and protein levels for multiple EGFR ligands in KCs and skin. Amphiregulin (AREG) was by far the most abundant EGFR ligand in cultured KCs, with >19 times more mRNA and >7.5 times more shed protein than any other family member. EGFR ligand expression in normal skin was low (<8 per thousand of RPLP0/36B4); however, HB-EGF and AREG mRNAs were strongly induced in human skin organ culture. KC migration in scratch wound assays was highly metalloproteinase (MP)- and EGFR dependent, and was markedly inhibited by EGFR ligand antibodies. However, lentivirus-mediated expression of soluble HB-EGF, but not soluble AREG, strongly enhanced KC migration, even in the presence of MP inhibitors. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced ERK phosphorylation was also strongly EGFR and MP dependent and markedly inhibited by neutralization of HB-EGF. In contrast, autocrine KC proliferation and ERK phosphorylation were selectively blocked by neutralization of AREG. These data show that distinct EGFR ligands stimulate KC behavior in different cellular contexts, and in an MP-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Stoll
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Di Tommaso L, Franchi G, Destro A, Broglia F, Minuti F, Rahal D, Roncalli M. Toker cells of the breast. Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of 40 cases. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:1295-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Wansbury O, Panchal H, James M, Parry S, Ashworth A, Howard B. Dynamic Expression of Erbb Pathway Members during Early Mammary Gland Morphogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1009-21. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Yotsumoto F, Yagi H, Suzuki SO, Oki E, Tsujioka H, Hachisuga T, Sonoda K, Kawarabayashi T, Mekada E, Miyamoto S. Validation of HB-EGF and amphiregulin as targets for human cancer therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 365:555-61. [PMID: 18023415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its cognate ligands have been recognized as one of the causes of cancer progression. To investigate the validity of EGFR ligands as targets for cancer therapy, we examined the expression of EGFR ligands and in vitro anti-tumor effects of small interference RNA (siRNA) for EGFR ligands in various cancer cells. HB-EGF expression was dominantly elevated in ovarian, gastric, and breast cancer, melanoma and glioblastoma cells, whereas amphiregulin was primarily expressed in pancreatic, colon, and prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma cells. Transfection of siRNAs for HB-EGF or amphiregulin into these cells significantly increased the numbers of apoptotic cells with attenuation of EGFR and ERK activation. In lung cancer cells, any EGFR ligand was not recognized as a validated target for cancer therapy. These results suggest that HB-EGF and amphiregulin are promising targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusanori Yotsumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Panchal H, Wansbury O, Parry S, Ashworth A, Howard B. Neuregulin3 alters cell fate in the epidermis and mammary gland. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:105. [PMID: 17880691 PMCID: PMC2110892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Neuregulin family of ligands and their receptors, the Erbb tyrosine kinases, have important roles in epidermal and mammary gland development as well as during carcinogenesis. Previously, we demonstrated that Neuregulin3 (Nrg3) is a specification signal for mammary placode formation in mice. Nrg3 is a growth factor, which binds and activates Erbb4, a receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. To understand the role of Neuregulin3 in epidermal morphogenesis, we have developed a transgenic mouse model that expresses Nrg3 throughout the basal layer (progenitor/stem cell compartment) of mouse epidermis and the outer root sheath of developing hair follicles. RESULTS Transgenic females formed supernumerary nipples and mammary glands along and adjacent to the mammary line providing strong evidence that Nrg3 has a role in the initiation of mammary placodes along the body axis. In addition, alterations in morphogenesis and differentiation of other epidermal appendages were observed, including the hair follicles. The transgenic epidermis is hyperplastic with excessive sebaceous differentiation and shows striking similarities to mouse models in which c-Myc is activated in the basal layer including decreased expression levels of the adhesion receptors, alpha6-integrin and beta1-integrin. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the epidermis is sensitive to Nrg3 signaling, and that this growth factor can regulate cell fate of pluripotent epidermal cell populations including that of the mammary gland. Nrg3 appears to act, in part, by inducing c-Myc, altering the proliferation and adhesion properties of the basal epidermis, and may promote exit from the stem cell compartment. The results we describe provide significant insight into how growth factors, such as Nrg3, regulate epidermal homeostasis by influencing the balance between stem cell renewal, lineage selection and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Panchal
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Olivia Wansbury
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Suzanne Parry
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Beatrice Howard
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Bertram I, Bernstein HG, Lendeckel U, Bukowska A, Dobrowolny H, Keilhoff G, Kanakis D, Mawrin C, Bielau H, Falkai P, Bogerts B. Immunohistochemical Evidence for Impaired Neuregulin-1 Signaling in the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia and in Unipolar Depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1096:147-56. [PMID: 17405926 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) proteins function in neuronal migration, differentiation, and survival of oligodendrocytes. The NRG-1 gene codes for at least 15 different isoforms, which may be classified on the basis of their molecular structure. At least two different haplotypes of the NRG-1 gene may be associated with schizophrenia. An abnormal expression pattern of NRG-1 mRNA was found in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients in comparison to controls. We here show that the NRG-1alpha isoform is significantly reduced in white matter of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia but not in affective disorder. In the prefrontal gray matter, the density of NRG-1alpha expressing neurons was reduced in individuals with schizophrenia and in unipolar patients. We studied brains of 22 schizophrenics, 12 patients with affective disorders (7 unipolar and 5 bipolar), and 22 matched controls. NRG-1alpha immunoreactive material was detected with a polyclonal antiserum against the synthetic peptide from alpha-type EGF-like domain of human NRG. The demonstrated decreased number of NRG-1 immunoreactive neurons in the brains of schizophrenics and patients with unipolar depression points to an important role of this NRG-1alpha splice variant in neuropsychiatric disorders. Reduced NRG-1alpha protein concentrations were found in brains of schizophrenics after Western blot analysis. The diminished expression of NRG-1alpha strongly supports an early neurodevelopmental component to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Bertram
- Exp. Psychiatry Lab., University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Okwueze MI, Cardwell NL, Pollins AC, Nanney LB. Modulation of porcine wound repair with a transfected ErbB3 gene and relevant EGF-like ligands. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:1030-41. [PMID: 17124505 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our in vivo study used an ErbB3 receptor transfection strategy to determine if topical application of EGF-like ligands would enhance repair. Partial-thickness porcine wounds transfected with adenoviral particles containing an ErbB3 receptor gene or a vehicle beta-galactosidase gene were introduced and wounds were concomitantly supplied with a variety of EGF-like ligands--EGF, epiregulin (EPR), heparin binding EGF (HB-EGF), and heregulin/neuregulin (HRG). Comparisons of cutaneous repair (resurfacing, dermal depth, proliferation, macrophage infiltration, microvascular density, apoptosis) were assessed after a 5-day healing interval. Differential effects were noted. In wounds transfected with additional ErbB3, either EPR or HB-EGF promoted resurfacing greater than EGF, HRG, or controls. Dermal responses differed significantly after EPR or HB-EGF treatments compared to EGF, HRG, ErbB3 only, or empty vehicle. Hallmarks of enhanced wound maturity were noted in EPR- and HB-EGF-treated wounds transfected with ErbB3. Our data confirmed that an ErbB3-driven pathway mediates a net positive influence in an in vivo model closely resembling human repair. The sensitivity in this system was sufficient to reveal differential outcomes following stimulation with various EGF ligands. We conclude that selective stimulation through an ErbB3-driven pathway shows promise as a therapeutic strategy to hasten wound maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina I Okwueze
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Huang CM, Wang CC, Barnes S, Elmets CA. In vivo detection of secreted proteins from wounded skin using capillary ultrafiltration probes and mass spectrometric proteomics. Proteomics 2006; 6:5805-14. [PMID: 17001601 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The identification of in vivo secreted proteins is a major challenge in systems biology. Here we report a novel technique using capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes to identify the secreted proteins involved in wound healing. CUF probes, which use semipermeable membrane hollow fibers to continuously capture secreted proteins, were used to sample skin wound fluids. To identify low-abundance proteins, we digested the CUF probe-collected wound fluid with trypsin and then directly subjected it to MS without using 2-DE separation. Two protein fragments with masses of 1565.7 and 1694.8 Da were identified by MS as peptides of thymosin beta10 and beta4, respectively. This is the first identification of thymosin beta10 as an in vivo constituent of the skin wound fluid. The LKKTETQ peptide, a common actin-binding domain of thymosin beta4 and beta10, significantly enhanced skin wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggest that the enhancement of wound healing by LKKTETQ may be mediated by purinergic receptors. The technique of using CUF probes linked to mass spectrometric proteomics represents a powerful method to identify in vivo secreted proteins, and may be applicable for identification of proteins relevant in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Huang CM, Ananthaswamy HN, Barnes S, Ma Y, Kawai M, Elmets CA. Mass spectrometric proteomics profiles ofin vivo tumor secretomes: Capillary ultrafiltration sampling of regressive tumor masses. Proteomics 2006; 6:6107-16. [PMID: 17051643 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identification of in vivo secreted peptides/proteins (secretomes) in tumor masses has the potential to provide important biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. However, limitations of existing technologies have made obtaining these secretomes for analysis extremely difficult. Here we employed an in vivo sampling technique using capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes to collect secretomes directly from tumor masses. Mass spectrometric proteomics approaches were then used to identify the tumor secretomes. A UV-induced skin fibrosarcoma cell line (UV-2240) was subcutaneously injected into C3H/NeH mice, resulting in tumor masses that initially progressed, then regressed and eventually eradicated. We then implanted CUF probes into tumor masses at the progressive and regressive stage. Five secreted proteins (cyclophilin-A, S100A4, profilin-1, thymosin beta 4 and 10), previously associated with tumor progression, were identified from tumor masses at the progressive stage. Five secreted proteins including three protease inhibitors (fetuin-A, alpha-1 antitrypsin 1-6, and contrapsin) were identified from tumor masses at the regressive stage. The technique involving CUF probes linked to mass spectrometric proteomics reinforces systems biology studies of cell-cell interactions and is potentially applicable to the discovery of in vivo biomarkers in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Nagata K, Wada K, Tatsuguchi A, Futagami S, Gudis K, Miyake K, Tsukui T, Sakamoto C. Heregulin-alpha and heregulin-beta expression is linked to a COX-2-PGE2 pathway in human gastric fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G1243-51. [PMID: 16357062 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00253.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown heregulin (HRG)-alpha expression in human gastric fibroblasts and its stimulation of gastric epithelial cell growth. Although cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 has also been shown to stimulate growth factor production in these cells, the interaction between COX-2 and HRG remains unknown. Conditioned media (CM) from gastric fibroblasts incubated with PGE(2) or interleukin (IL)-1beta, a well known COX-2 inducer, were analyzed for their effect on erbB3 tyrosine phosphorylation in MKN28 gastric epithelial cells. HRG protein expression in fibroblast lysates and CM was also examined by western blot. HRG-alpha and HRG-beta mRNA expression in gastric fibroblasts and human gastric tissue was examined by real-time quantitative PCR. HRG and COX-2 expressions in surgical resections of human gastric ulcer tissue were examined immunohistochemically. CM from fibroblasts incubated with PGE(2), or IL-1beta, stimulated erbB3 phosphorylation in MKN28 cells. Preincubation of the fibroblasts with celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, suppressed CM-induced erbB3 phosphorylation. This inhibition was reversed by exogenous PGE(2). As with erbB3 phophorylation, IL-1beta stimulated both HRG-alpha and HRG-beta mRNA expression, as well as HRG release into gastric fibroblast CM. IL-1beta-stimulated HRG expression and release were also inhibited by celecoxib, and exogenous PGE(2) restored this inhibitory effect, suggesting the activation of an IL-1beta-COX-2-PGE(2) pathway that culminates in the release of HRG from fibroblasts. HRG-alpha and HRG-beta mRNA levels were significantly higher in gastric ulcer tissue than in normal gastric mucosa. HRG immunoreactivity was found in interstitial cells of the gastric ulcer bed and coexpressed with COX-2. These results suggest that HRG might be a new member of the growth factor family involved in the COX-2-dependent ulcer repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nagata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Koivisto L, Jiang G, Häkkinen L, Chan B, Larjava H. HaCaT keratinocyte migration is dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:2791-805. [PMID: 16806170 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
After epithelial disruption by tissue injury, keratinocytes migrate from the wound edge into a provisional matrix. This process is stimulated by growth factors that signal through epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, including EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and by for example keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and TGF-beta1 that function through different receptors. We have previously shown that keratinocyte migration induced by EGF or staurosporine is dependent on the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). In the present study, we show that keratinocyte migration induced by TGF-beta1, KGF, EGF, TGF-alpha and staurosporine depends on EGFR signaling, involves autocrine HB-EGF expression and is potently blocked by GSK-3 inhibitors SB-415286 and LiCl. Inhibition of GSK-3 also retards wound reepithelialization in vivo in mice. Moreover, inhibition of GSK-3 activity prevented cell rounding that is an early event in EGFR-mediated keratinocyte migration. Isoform-specific GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta knockdown and overexpression experiments with siRNAs and adenoviral constructs, respectively, revealed that GSK-3alpha is required for keratinocyte migration, whereas excessive activity of GSK-3beta is inhibitory. Thus, induction of keratinocyte migration is conveyed through EGFR, promoted by endogenous HB-EGF and requires GSK-3alpha activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeni Koivisto
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, Canada BC V6T 1Z3.
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Rittié L, Varani J, Kang S, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ. Retinoid-induced epidermal hyperplasia is mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor activation via specific induction of its ligands heparin-binding EGF and amphiregulin in human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:732-9. [PMID: 16470170 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids are widely used in the treatment of photoaging to stimulate dermal repair. However, retinoids also induce epidermal hyperplasia, which can lead to excessive scaling. Scaling is the major deterrent to topical retinoid therapy. Keratinocyte growth is strongly stimulated via ligand activation of EGFR. We examined regulation of EGFR ligands by retinoids and the role of EGFR in retinoid-induced hyperplasia in human skin in vivo. Topical treatment of human skin with all-trans retinoic acid (tRA) induces EGFR ligands heparin-binding (HB)-EGF and amphiregulin (AR), and reduces betacellulin mRNA levels. Laser capture microdissection-coupled real-time reverse transcription-PCR reveals that tRA increases HB-EGF mRNA throughout the epidermis, whereas AR induction is limited to basal keratinocytes. Topical tRA activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) downstream EGFR effectors in human skin in vivo. tRA increases the soluble forms of AR and HB-EGF proteins, and induces epidermal hyperplasia, in human skin organ culture. Neutralization of HB-EGF or AR with specific antibodies strongly reduces tRA-induced epidermal hyperplasia. Finally, inhibition of EGFR activation by genistein reduces epidermal hyperplasia caused by topical retinoid treatment. These data demonstrate the central role of EGFR activation in retinoid-induced epidermal hyperplasia, and suggest that EGFR inhibitors can mitigate retinoid-induced scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Rittié
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0609, USA
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Huang CM, Wang CC, Kawai M, Barnes S, Elmets CA. In vivo protein sampling using capillary ultrafiltration semi-permeable hollow fiber and protein identification via mass spectrometry-based proteomics. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1109:144-51. [PMID: 16376900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we advanced a novel technique using capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes to collect in vivo secreted proteins in the subcutaneous tissue of mouse ear. We fabricated two kinds of CUF probe, one with and one without a semi-permeable membrane hollow fiber. Proteins collected by CUF probes were profiled and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MADLI-TOF-MS) and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS) without using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) separation. Five proteins including cofilin-1, futuin-A, complement C3, gelsolin, and apolipoprotein C-1 were identified from the sample collected by the CUF probe with a semi-permeable membrane hollow fiber. The presence of well documented secretory proteins supports the efficiency of CUF probes in sampling in vivo secreted proteins. We also found that hemoglobin collected by the CUF probe without a semi-permeable membrane hollow fiber completely masked protein identification by mass spectrometry. The presence of relatively large amounts of hemoglobin in this condition illustrates the necessity of the semi-permeable membrane hollow fiber to the technique of CUF probe in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Also, the technique represents a powerful method for the identification of in vivo secreted proteins and has potential application for in the detection of biomarkers for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VH-566A, 1670 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA.
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O'Reilly SM, Leonard MO, Kieran N, Comerford KM, Cummins E, Pouliot M, Lee SB, Taylor CT. Hypoxia induces epithelial amphiregulin gene expression in a CREB-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 290:C592-600. [PMID: 16207795 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00278.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs during a number of conditions in which altered epithelial proliferation is critical, including tumor development. Microarray analysis of colon-derived epithelial cells revealed a hypoxia-dependent increase in the expression of amphiregulin, an EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand that activates epithelial proliferation and has been associated with the development of colonic tumors. Amphiregulin expression was also induced in tissues from mice exposed to whole animal hypoxia. The hypoxic upregulation of amphiregulin was independent of the classic transcriptional response mediated via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Transfection of HeLa cells with truncated amphiregulin promoter reporter constructs revealed that a 37-bp segment upstream from the TATA box retained hypoxic sensitivity. This sequence contains an evolutionarily conserved cAMP response element (CRE) that constitutively binds the CRE binding protein (CREB). Deletion of the CRE abolished sensitivity to hypoxia. Thus hypoxia promotes intestinal epithelial amphiregulin expression in a CRE-dependent manner, an event that may contribute to increased proliferation. These data also further support a role for CREB as an HIF-independent hypoxia-responsive transcription factor in the regulation of intestinal epithelial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M O'Reilly
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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34
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Smiley AK, Klingenberg JM, Aronow BJ, Boyce ST, Kitzmiller WJ, Supp DM. Microarray analysis of gene expression in cultured skin substitutes compared with native human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 125:1286-301. [PMID: 16354201 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cultured skin substitutes (CSS), prepared using keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and biopolymers, can facilitate closure of massive burn wounds by increasing the availability of autologous tissue for grafting. But because they contain only two cell types, skin substitutes cannot replace all of the functions of native human skin. To better understand the physiological and molecular differences between CSS and native skin, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of gene expression in native skin, cultured keratinocytes, cultured fibroblasts, and skin substitutes using Affymetrix gene chip microarrays. Hierarchical tree clustering identified six major clusters of coordinately regulated genes, using a list of 1030 genes that were the most differentially expressed between groups. These clusters correspond to biomarker pools representing expression signatures for native skin, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and cultured skin. The expression analysis revealed that entire clusters of genes were either up- or downregulated upon combination of fibroblasts and keratinocytes in cultured skin grafts. Further, several categories of genes were overexpressed in CSS compared with native skin, including genes associated with hyperproliferative skin or activated keratinocytes. The observed pattern of expression indicates that CSS in vitro, which display a well-differentiated epidermal layer, exhibit a hyperproliferative phenotype similar to wounded native skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Smiley
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati Burns Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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35
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Agadjanian H, Weaver JJ, Mahammed A, Rentsendorj A, Bass S, Kim J, Dmochowski IJ, Margalit R, Gray HB, Gross Z, Medina-Kauwe LK. Specific delivery of corroles to cells via noncovalent conjugates with viral proteins. Pharm Res 2006; 23:367-77. [PMID: 16411149 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-9225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Corroles are amphiphilic macrocycles that can bind and transport metal ions, and thus may be toxic to cells. We predicted that anionic corroles would poorly enter cells due to the negatively charged cell membrane, but could be ideal tumor-targeted drugs if appropriate carriers enabled delivery into tumor cells. In this work, we test the hypothesis that recombinant cell penetrating proteins of the adenovirus (Ad) capsid form noncovalent conjugates with corroles to facilitate target-specific delivery and cell death. METHODS Corroles mixed with recombinant proteins were tested for conjugate assembly, cell penetration, stability, targeted binding, and cell killing in vitro. RESULTS Sulfonated corroles entered cells only with carrier proteins, and formed stable complexes with recombinant Ad capsid proteins. ErbB receptor-targeted conjugates were cytotoxic to ErbB2-positive but not ErbB2-negative breast cancer cells, whereas molar equivalents of free corrole had no effect on these cells. CONCLUSIONS Sulfonated corroles are cytotoxic to ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells when delivered by a targeted cell penetrating protein. The relatively low dose required to accomplish this compared to untargeted compounds suggests that corroles may lend themselves to targeted therapy. Importantly, the amphiphilicity of corroles enables a unique approach to bioconjugate formation whereby the carrier and drug form a stable complex by noncovalent assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasmik Agadjanian
- The Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis 5092, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Cote GM, Miller TA, Lebrasseur NK, Kuramochi Y, Sawyer DB. Neuregulin-1alpha and beta isoform expression in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells and function in cardiac myocytes in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2005; 311:135-46. [PMID: 16185687 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulins (NRGs) are a family of alternatively spliced growth factors that act through receptor tyrosine kinases of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family in diverse tissues. The NRG-erbB signaling axis is a critical mediator of cardiac development, and growing evidence supports a role for this system in the intricate cross-talk between the microvascular endothelium and myocytes in the adult heart. The purpose of this study was first to examine the expression of splice variants of the NRG1 gene in adult rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells and second to compare the function of these variants in cardiac myocytes. We demonstrate that cardiac microvascular endothelial cells in rat culture express multiple Type I NRG1 gene products, including both alpha and beta variants. Comparison of the activity of recombinant NRG1alpha and NRG1beta EGF-like domain proteins in cardiac myocytes shows that the beta ligand is a more potent activator of receptor phosphorylation and intracellular signaling than the alpha ligand, and only the beta ligand stimulated glucose uptake and protein synthesis in these culture conditions. Thus, cardiac microvascular endothelial cells express multiple NRG1 isotypes, but only beta-variants are biologically active on cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Cote
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute and Molecular Stress Response Unit, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Boston, X-320, MA 02118, USA
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Raimondo S, Nicolino S, Tos P, Battiston B, Giacobini-Robecchi MG, Perroteau I, Geuna S. Schwann cell behavior after nerve repair by means of tissue-engineered muscle-vein combined guides. J Comp Neurol 2005; 489:249-59. [PMID: 15984006 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration. When a non-nervous conduit is used to bridge a nerve defect, the conduit is soon colonized by a number of Schwann cells that make a pathway for regrowing axons. By using electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, we have investigated the behavior of migratory glial cells along a particular type of autologous tissue-engineered conduit made of a vein filled with fresh skeletal muscle, using the rat sciatic nerve model. With this particular type of autograft, our data show that many Schwann cells soon take up a close relationship with grafted muscle fibers, and especially with their basal lamina, which appears to serve as a migration pathway for them. The early and massive colonization of the conduit is sustained by both Schwann cell migration and proliferation, as demonstrated by PCNA immunostaining. Later, as they meet regenerating axons, Schwann cells become closely associated with them and eventually lose their connections with grafted muscle fibers because of the formation of perineurial envelopes. Because previous studies showed that alpha(2a-2b) NRG1 is overexpressed at early stages along the muscle-vein combined tubes, we have also investigated mRNA expression of its two receptors, erbB2 and erbB3. Both messengers are overexpressed, although with different time courses. Overall, our results provide some morphological and biochemical bases for explaining the effectiveness of fresh muscle-vein combined nerve guides and throw an interesting light on the possible role of alpha(2a-2b) NRG1 through the erbB2/erbB3 heterodimer receptor for nerve regeneration inside non-nervous conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Raimondo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
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Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases has frequently been implicated in cancer. Apart from overexpression or mutation of these receptors, also the aberrant autocrine or paracrine activation of HERs by EGF-like ligands may be important in cancer progression. Neuregulins constitute a family of EGF-like ligands that bind to HER3 or HER4, preferably forming heterodimers with the orphan receptor HER2. Mesenchymal neuregulin typically serves as a pro-survival and pro-differentiation signal for adjacent epithelia. Disruption of the balance between proliferation and differentiation, because of autocrine production by the epithelial cells, increased sensitivity to paracrine signals or disruption of the spatial organization, may lead to constitutive receptor activation, in the absence of receptor overexpression. Consequently, the analysis of ligand expression and/or activated receptors in tumor samples may broaden the group of patients that can benefit from targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Chernyavsky AI, Arredondo J, Marubio LM, Grando SA. Differential regulation of keratinocyte chemokinesis and chemotaxis through distinct nicotinic receptor subtypes. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:5665-79. [PMID: 15494367 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinergic agents can act as both chemokines and chemoattractants for cell migration. Epidermal keratinocytes both synthesize acetylcholine and use it as a paracrine and autocrine regulator of cell motility. To gain a mechanistic insight into nicotinergic control of keratinocyte motility, we determined types of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and signaling pathways regulating keratinocyte chemokinesis and chemotaxis, using respective modifications of the agarose gel keratinocyte outgrowth assay. Random migration of keratinocytes was significantly (P<0.05) inhibited by hemicholinum-3, a metabolic inhibitor of acetylcholine synthesis, as well as by the alpha-conotoxins MII and AuIB, preferentially blocking alpha3-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The use of antisense oligonucleotides specific for nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor subunits and knockout mice demonstrated pivotal role for the alpha3beta2 channel in mediating acetylcholine-dependent chemokinesis. Signaling pathways downstream of alpha3beta2 included activation of the protein-kinase-C isoform delta and RhoA-dependent events. The nicotinergic chemotaxis of keratinocytes was most pronounced towards the concentration gradient of choline, a potent agonist of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The alpha7-preferring antagonist alpha-bungarotoxin significantly (P<0.05) diminished keratinocyte chemotaxis, further suggesting a central role for the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This hypothesis was confirmed in experiments with anti-alpha7 antisense oligonucleotides and alpha7-knockout mice. The signaling pathway mediating alpha7-dependent keratinocyte chemotaxis included intracellular calcium, activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein-kinase II, conventional isoforms of protein-kinase C, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and engagement of Rac/Cdc42. Redistribution of alpha7 immunoreactivity to the leading edge of keratinocytes upon exposure to a chemoattractant preceded crescent shape formation and directional migration. Application of high-resolution deconvolution microscopy demonstrated that, on the cell membrane of keratinocytes, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits localize with the integrin beta1. The obtained results demonstrate for the first time that alpha3 and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors regulate keratinocyte chemokinesis and chemotaxis, respectively, and identify signaling pathways mediating these functions, which has clinical implications for wound healing and control of cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex I Chernyavsky
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Raabe TD, Deadwyler G, Varga JW, Devries GH. Localization of neuregulin isoforms and erbB receptors in myelinating glial cells. Glia 2004; 45:197-207. [PMID: 14730713 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulins (NRGs) are growth factors present in neurons and glial cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems and play a role in the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of these cells. We now report the localization of the two major isoforms of NRG (alpha and beta) and their receptors (erbB) in cultured Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes isolated from neonatal rat pups. Immunocytochemistry and Western blots for NRG and erbB receptors in defined subcellular fractions were utilized to assess cellular localization. Less differentiated oligodendrocytes contain both NRG isoforms in the cell bodies but not the processes, while only NRG-1beta was found in the nucleus. In contrast, more differentiated oligodendrocytes contained neither isoform in the nucleus while both isoforms were colocalized in the cytoplasm and cell processes. In Schwann cells, both NRG-1beta and NRG-1alpha were colocalized in the cytoplasm and processes. The Schwann cell nucleus had weak immunoreactivity for both NRG-1 isoforms, although NRG-1beta was predominant. ErbB2 and erbB3 receptors, which transduce the NRG-1 signal in Schwann cells, were found throughout the cytoplasm and in the processes and were also localized in the cell nucleus. The nuclear localization of NRG-1 isoforms and/or erbB receptors in both cell types was confirmed by Western blotting of nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. Stimulation of Schwann cells with mitotic agents increased NRG-1beta expression in the nucleus and dramatically suppressed NRG-1alpha expression throughout the cell. The functional implications of this differential localization in myelinating cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Raabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA.
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Stove C, Stove V, Derycke L, Van Marck V, Mareel M, Bracke M. The heregulin/human epidermal growth factor receptor as a new growth factor system in melanoma with multiple ways of deregulation. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:802-12. [PMID: 14632199 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In a screening for new growth factors released by melanoma cells, we found that the p185-phosphorylating capacity of a medium conditioned by a melanoma cell line was due to the secretion of heregulin, a ligand for the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Expression of heregulin, including a new isoform, and secretion of functionally active protein was found in several cell lines. Receptor activation by heregulin, either autocrine or paracrine, resulted in a potent growth stimulation of both melanocytes and melanoma cells. Heregulin receptor HER3 and coreceptor HER2 were the main receptors expressed by these cells. Nevertheless, none of the cell lines in our panel overexpressed HER2 or HER3. In contrast, loss of HER3 was found in two cell lines, whereas one cell line showed loss of functional HER2, both types of deregulations resulting in unresponsiveness to heregulin. This implies the heregulin/HER system as a possible important physiologic growth regulatory system in melanocytes in which multiple deregulations may occur during progression toward melanoma, all resulting in, or indicating, growth factor independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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