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Betson N, Hajahmed M, Gebretsadek T, Ndebele K, Ahmad HA, Tchounwou PB, Spiegelman VS, Noubissi FK. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to chemotherapeutics. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:816-829. [PMID: 36479210 PMCID: PMC9721091 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment has seen a remarkable improvement in the recent years, many patients will develop metastasis due to the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutics. Targeting mechanisms driving the resistance of CRC cells to treatment would significantly reduce cases of metastasis and death. Induction of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1), a direct target of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, might promote resistance of CRC cells to treatment via activation of anti-apoptotic pathways and induction of the multidrug resistance (MDR1) membrane transporter that pumps drugs out of the cells. We hypothesized that inhibition of IGF2BP1 will sensitize CRC cells to chemotherapeutics. We used CRC cell lines with different status of activation of Wnt signaling to show that inhibition of IGF2BP1 potentiates the anti-growth and anti-proliferative effects of chemotherapeutics on CRC cells with activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We observed that the inhibition of IGF2BP1 significantly increases apoptosis in the same cells. A remarkable reduction in the migratory capability of those cells was noted as well. We found that inhibition of IGF2BP1 is sufficient to decrease the resistance of chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells with activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These findings portray IGF2BP1 as a good candidate for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Betson
- Department of BiologyJackson State UniversityJacksonMississippiUSA
| | | | | | - Kenneth Ndebele
- Department of BiologyJackson State UniversityJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - H. Anwar Ahmad
- Department of BiologyJackson State UniversityJacksonMississippiUSA
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI), Center for Health Disparity Research (RCMI‐CHDR)Jackson State UniversityJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Paul B. Tchounwou
- Department of BiologyJackson State UniversityJacksonMississippiUSA
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI), Center for Health Disparity Research (RCMI‐CHDR)Jackson State UniversityJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Vladimir S. Spiegelman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/OncologyPennsylvania State University, Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Felicite K. Noubissi
- Department of BiologyJackson State UniversityJacksonMississippiUSA
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI), Center for Health Disparity Research (RCMI‐CHDR)Jackson State UniversityJacksonMississippiUSA
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Otaegi-Ugartemendia M, Matheu A, Carrasco-Garcia E. Impact of Cancer Stem Cells on Therapy Resistance in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061457. [PMID: 35326607 PMCID: PMC8946717 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with an average 5-year survival rate of 32%, being of 6% for patients presenting distant metastasis. Despite the advances made in the treatment of GC, chemoresistance phenomena arise and promote recurrence, dissemination and dismal prognosis. In this context, gastric cancer stem cells (gCSCs), a small subset of cancer cells that exhibit unique characteristics, are decisive in therapy failure. gCSCs develop different protective mechanisms, such as the maintenance in a quiescent state as well as enhanced detoxification procedures and drug efflux activity, that make them insusceptible to current treatments. This, together with their self-renewal capacity and differentiation ability, represents major obstacles for the eradication of this disease. Different gCSC regulators have been described and used to isolate and characterize these cell populations. However, at the moment, no therapeutic strategy has achieved the effective targeting of gCSCs. This review will focus on the properties of cancer stem cells in the context of therapy resistance and will summarize current knowledge regarding the impact of the gCSC regulators that have been associated with GC chemoradioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (M.O.-U.); (A.M.)
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Estefania Carrasco-Garcia
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (M.O.-U.); (A.M.)
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943-006296
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Hsieh HL, Yu MC, Cheng LC, Yeh TS, Tsai MM. Molecular mechanism of therapeutic approaches for human gastric cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:76-91. [PMID: 35126829 PMCID: PMC8788185 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i1.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a primary cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and even after therapeutic gastrectomy, survival rates remain poor. The presence of gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) is thought to be the major reason for resistance to anticancer treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy), and for the development of tumor recurrence, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and metastases. Additionally, GCSCs have the capacity for self-renewal, differentiation, and tumor initiation. They also synthesize antiapoptotic factors, demonstrate higher performance of drug efflux pumps, and display cell plasticity abilities. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment (TME; tumor niche) that surrounds GCSCs contains secreted growth factors and supports angiogenesis and is thus responsible for the maintenance of the growing tumor. However, the genesis of GCSCs is unclear and exploration of the source of GCSCs is essential. In this review, we provide up-to-date information about GCSC-surface/intracellular markers and GCSC-mediated pathways and their role in tumor development. This information will support improved diagnosis, novel therapeutic approaches, and better prognosis using GCSC-targeting agents as a potentially effective treatment choice following surgical resection or in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. To date, most anti-GCSC blockers when used alone have been reported as unsatisfactory anticancer agents. However, when used in combination with adjuvant therapy, treatment can improve. By providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of GCSCs associated with tumors in GC, the aim is to optimize anti-GCSCs molecular approaches for GC therapy in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or other adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei 236, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
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4
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Gisina AM, Kim YS, Yarygin KN, Lupatov AY. [Identification of the side population associated with ATP-binding cassette transporters activity using imaging flow cytometry]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 67:137-143. [PMID: 33860770 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216702137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
DyeCycle Violet efflux, caused by ATP-binding cassette transporters activity, was analyzed in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines SW480, HT-29, Caco-2 by neans of FACSAria III flow cytometer and ImageStreamX Mk II imaging flow cytometer. Along with similarity of cytometry data obtained on the two instruments, the use of imaging flow cytometry made it possible to characterize the morphology of side population cells, as well as morphology of other cell populations differing in the degree of dye accumulation. The population of cells, which are smaller than the side population cells and practically do not take the dye, is of the special interest. Probably, this population may contribute to the tumor resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gisina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y S Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - K N Yarygin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Lupatov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Xu Y, Yang X, Mei S, Sun Y, Li J. Acquisition of temozolomide resistance by the rat C6 glioma cell line increases cell migration and side population phenotype. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2355-2362. [PMID: 31578583 PMCID: PMC6826311 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are reportedly associated with drug resistance in glioma, but there are conflicting findings on the effects of cancer stem cells on drug resistance. The aim of the present study was to identify the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance in rat C6 glioma cells, through the use of Transwell invasion assays, flow cytometric and western blot analyses as well as immunohistochemical staining. The results revealed that acquisition of drug resistance by C6 cells enhanced migration ability in vivo and in vitro. Notably, drug resistance did not depend on the cancer stem cells of C6 cells, but on the increase of a side population phenotype. Blockade of the ABC transporter could increase sensitivity to temozolomide and temozolomide‑induced apoptosis in C6 cells. Collectively, these data indicated that drug resistance of C6 cells was mediated by the side population phenotype rather than by cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Xiangcai Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Shuting Mei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Jiejing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
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Ishiwata T, Matsuda Y, Yoshimura H, Sasaki N, Ishiwata S, Ishikawa N, Takubo K, Arai T, Aida J. Pancreatic cancer stem cells: features and detection methods. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 24:797-805. [PMID: 29948612 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a high incidence of distant metastasis and recurrence. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are pluripotent, self-renewable, and capable of forming tumors, contribute to PDAC initiation and metastasis and are responsible for resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Three types of experimental methods are commonly used to identify CSCs: CSC-specific marker detection, a sphere-formation assay that reveals cell proliferation under non-adherent conditions, and detection of side-population (SP) cells that possess high intracellular-to-extracellular pump functions. Several CSC-specific markers have been reported in PDACs, including CD133, CD24, CD44, CXCR4, EpCAM, ABCG2, c-Met, ALDH-1, and nestin. There remains controversy regarding which markers are specific to PDAC CSCs and which are expressed alone or in combination in CSCs. Examining characteristics of isolated CSCs and discovering CSC-specific treatment options are important to improve the prognosis of PDAC cases. This review summarizes CSC-detection methods for PDAC, including CSC-marker detection, the sphere-formation assay, and detection of SP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, 180-0022, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Shunji Ishiwata
- Division of Medical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naoshi Ishikawa
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Junko Aida
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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8
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Vargová J, Mikeš J, Jendželovský R, Mikešová L, Kuchárová B, Čulka Ľ, Fedr R, Remšík J, Souček K, Kozubík A, Fedoročko P. Hypericin affects cancer side populations via competitive inhibition of BCRP. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:511-522. [PMID: 29665654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) are considered a root of tumorigenicity and resistance. However, their identification remains challenging. The use of the side population (SP) assay as a credible marker of CSLCs remains controversial. The SP assay relies on the elevated activity of ABC transporters that, in turn, can be modulated by hypericin (HYP), a photosensitizer and bioactive compound of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum), a popular over-the-counter antidepressant. Here we aimed to comprehensively characterize the SP phenotype of cancer cells and to determine the impact of HYP on these cells. METHODS Flow cytometry and sorting-based assays were employed, including CD24-, CD44-, CD133-, and ALDH-positivity, clonogenicity, 3D-forming ability, ABC transporter expression and activity, and intracellular accumulation of HYP/Hoechst 33342. The tumorigenic ability of SP, nonSP, and HYP-treated cells was verified by xenotransplantation into immunodeficient mice. RESULTS The SP phenotype was associated with elevated expression of several investigated transporters and more intensive growth in non-adherent conditions but not with higher clonogenicity, tumorigenicity or ALDH-positivity. Despite stimulated BCRP level and MRP1 activity, HYP reversibly decreased the SP proportion, presumably via competitive inhibition of BCRP. HYP-selected SP cells acquired additional traits of resistance and extensively eliminated HYP. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SP is not an unequivocal CSLC-marker. However, SP could play an important role in modulating HYP-treatment and serve as a negative predictive tool for HYP-based therapies. Moreover, the use of supplements containing HYP by cancer patients should be carefully considered, due to its proposed effect on drug efflux and complex impact on tumor cells, which have not yet been sufficiently characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vargová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromír Mikeš
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Mikešová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Kuchárová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Čulka
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Remšík
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Kozubík
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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Kim JB, Hwang SE, Yoon SP. Dexamethasone reduces side population fraction through downregulation of ABCG2 transporter in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:453-458. [PMID: 28498438 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Side population (SP) cells represent a rare population among breast cancer cells. SP cells have been reported to act as cancer stem‑like cells, and to participate in the development of multidrug resistance via modulating the expression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid drug that has been used as an adjuvant treatment to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents; however, its effects in breast cancer have yet to be thoroughly investigated. In the present study, the effects of dexamethasone were investigated using the human MCF‑7 breast cancer cell line, and SPs were examined in detail. Cellular proliferation, SP fractions and ABCG2 expression were examined following treatment of MCF‑7 cells with dexamethasone. Dexamethasone was revealed to cause a dose‑ and time‑dependent decrease in cancer cell proliferation, and it also decreased the size of the SP fraction of MCF‑7 cells and the expression of the ABCG2 transporter. The effects of dexamethasone on cellular proliferation, SP fraction and ABCG2 expression were abolished following the administration of the glucocorticoid antagonist RU486. These results suggested that dexamethasone may target breast cancer cell SPs and thus increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that dexamethasone can be used as a chemosensitizer in the adjuvant treatment of patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bin Kim
- Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Hwang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Pil Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Qureshi-Baig K, Ullmann P, Haan S, Letellier E. Tumor-Initiating Cells: a criTICal review of isolation approaches and new challenges in targeting strategies. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:40. [PMID: 28209178 PMCID: PMC5314476 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancers contain a subpopulation of highly tumorigenic cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs). Targeting TICs may be essential to achieve cure, because of their self-renewal and tumorigenic properties as well as their resistance to conventional therapies. Despite significant advances in TIC biology, their isolation and identification remain largely disputed and incompletely established. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in isolation and culturing approaches of TICs, with focus on colorectal cancer (CRC). We feature recent findings on TIC-relevant signaling pathways and the metabolic identity of TICs, as well as their current clinical implications. Lastly, we highlight the influence of inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity on TIC function and targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Qureshi-Baig
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Pit Ullmann
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Haan
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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11
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Prasanphanich AF, White DE, Gran MA, Kemp ML. Kinetic Modeling of ABCG2 Transporter Heterogeneity: A Quantitative, Single-Cell Analysis of the Side Population Assay. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005188. [PMID: 27851764 PMCID: PMC5113006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The side population (SP) assay, a technique used in cancer and stem cell research, assesses the activity of ABC transporters on Hoechst staining in the presence and absence of transporter inhibition, identifying SP and non-SP cell (NSP) subpopulations by differential staining intensity. The interpretation of the assay is complicated because the transporter-mediated mechanisms fail to account for cell-to-cell variability within a population or adequately control the direct role of transporter activity on staining intensity. We hypothesized that differences in dye kinetics at the single-cell level, such as ABCG2 transporter-mediated efflux and DNA binding, are responsible for the differential cell staining that demarcates SP/NSP identity. We report changes in A549 phenotype during time in culture and with TGFβ treatment that correlate with SP size. Clonal expansion of individually sorted cells re-established both SP and NSPs, indicating that SP membership is dynamic. To assess the validity of a purely kinetics-based interpretation of SP/NSP identity, we developed a computational approach that simulated cell staining within a heterogeneous cell population; this exercise allowed for the direct inference of the role of transporter activity and inhibition on cell staining. Our simulated SP assay yielded appropriate SP responses for kinetic scenarios in which high transporter activity existed in a portion of the cells and little differential staining occurred in the majority of the population. With our approach for single-cell analysis, we observed SP and NSP cells at both ends of a transporter activity continuum, demonstrating that features of transporter activity as well as DNA content are determinants of SP/NSP identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F. Prasanphanich
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Douglas E. White
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Gran
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Wei Z, Lv S, Wang Y, Sun M, Chi G, Guo J, Song P, Fu X, Zhang S, Li Y. Biological characteristics of side population cells in a self-established human ovarian cancer cell line. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:41-48. [PMID: 27347097 PMCID: PMC4907021 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish an ovarian cancer (OC) cell line from ascites of an ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma patient and investigate the biological characteristics of its side population (SP) cells. The OC cell line was established by isolating, purifying and subculturing primary cells from ascites of an ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma patient (stage IIIc; grade 3). SP and non-SP (NSP) cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and cultured in serum-free medium and soft agar to compare the tumorsphere and colony formation capacities. Furthermore, SP and NSP cell tumorigenesis was examined by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection of the cells to non-obese diabetic/severe combined immune deficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. Drug resistance to cisplatin was examined by cell counting kit-8. The OC cell line was successfully established from ascites of an ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma patient, which exhibited properties similar to primary tumors subsequent to >50 passages and >2 years of culture. The SP cell ratio was 0.38% in the OC cell line, and a similar SP cell ratio (0.39%) was observed when sorted SP cells were cultured for 3 weeks. Compared with NSP cells, SP cells exhibited increased abilities in differentiation and tumorsphere and colony formation, in addition to the formation of xenografted tumors and ascites and metastasis of the tumors in NOD/SCID mice, even at low cell numbers (3.0×103 cells). The xenografted tumors demonstrated histological features similar to primary tumors and expressed the ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma marker CA125. In addition, SP cells demonstrated a significantly stronger drug resistance to cisplatin compared with NSP and unsorted cells, while treatment with verapamil, an inhibitor of ATP-binding cassette transporters, potently abrogated SP cell drug resistance. In conclusion, the present study verified SP cells from an established OC cell line and characterized the cells with self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, tumorigenesis and stronger drug resistance capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Meiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guangfan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Peiye Song
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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13
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Gastric cancer stem cells: evidence, potential markers, and clinical implications. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:313-26. [PMID: 26428661 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a significant global health problem. It is the fifth most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide (Torre et al. in CA Cancer J Clin 65(2):87-108, 2015). Despite advances in treatment, overall prognosis remains poor, due to tumour relapse and metastasis. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches to improve clinical outcomes in gastric cancer. The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been proposed to explain the high rate of relapse and subsequent resistance of cancer to current systemic treatments (Vermeulen et al. in Lancet Oncol 13(2):e83-e89, 2012). CSCs have been identified in many solid malignancies, including gastric cancer, and have significant clinical implications, as targeting the CSC population may be essential in preventing the recurrence and spread of a tumour (Dewi et al. in J Gastroenterol 46(10):1145-1157, 2011). This review seeks to summarise the current evidence for CSC in gastric cancer, with an emphasis on candidate CSC markers, clinical implications, and potential therapeutic approaches.
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14
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Enhancement of tumor initiation and expression of KCNMA1, MORF4L2 and ASPM genes in the adenocarcinoma of lung xenograft after vorinostat treatment. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8663-75. [PMID: 25796627 PMCID: PMC4496174 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are usually tolerant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and associated with tumor relapse. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI), is currently being used in clinical trials of lung cancer. However, SAHA facilitates the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. We hypothesized that SAHA would mediate the CSCs properties and subsequently confer a more malignant phenotype in lung cancer. Transfected H1299 lung cancer cells, which stably expresses a triple fused reporter gene (DsRedm-Fluc-tTKsr39) under the control of CMV promoter was used to establish a xenograft mouse model. After the treatment of SAHA, H1299 cell line and tumor xenografts were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) based on aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. We found that SAHA could suppress the growth of xenografted H1299 tumors with decreased proportion of ALDHbr lung cancer cells indicating that SAHA may target CSCs. However, SAHA significantly enhanced the tumor initiating capacity and the expression of malignant genes such as KCNMA1, MORF4L2 and ASPM in the remaining living ALDHbr cells. These findings suggested that SAHA treatment created a more drug-resistant state in residual ALDHbr cells. The in vivo imaging technique may facilitate searching and characterization of CSCs.
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15
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Ota I, Masui T, Kurihara M, Yook JI, Mikami S, Kimura T, Shimada K, Konishi N, Yane K, Yamanaka T, Kitahara T. Snail-induced EMT promotes cancer stem cell-like properties in head and neck cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:261-6. [PMID: 26498709 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process involved in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Furthermore, EMT can induce a cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotype in a number of tumor types. We demonstrated that Snail is one of the master regulators that promotes EMT and mediates cancer cell migration and invasion in many types of malignancies including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In the present study, we investigated the role of Snail in inducing and maintaining CSC-like properties through EMT in HNSCC. We established HNSCC cell lines transfected with Snail. Stem cell markers were evaluated with real-time RT-PCR and western blot analysis. CSC properties were assessed using sphere formation and WST-8 assays as well as chemosensitivity and chick chorioallantoic membrane in vivo invasion assays. Introduction of Snail induced EMT properties in HNSCC cells. Moreover, Snail-induced EMT maintained the CSC-like phenotype, and enhanced sphere formation capability, chemoresistance and invasive ability. These data suggest that Snail could be one of the critical molecular targets for the development of therapeutic strategies for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Ota
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Masui
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Miyako Kurihara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Jong-In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinji Mikami
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Keiji Shimada
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Noboru Konishi
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Katsunari Yane
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Nara Hospital, Ikoma, Nara 630-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yamanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kitahara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
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16
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Cancer stem cells in human digestive tract malignancies. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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17
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Khan MI, Czarnecka AM, Helbrecht I, Bartnik E, Lian F, Szczylik C. Current approaches in identification and isolation of human renal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:178. [PMID: 26377541 PMCID: PMC4574074 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cancer stem cells (CSCs)/tumor initiating cells (TICs) have been identified inside different tumors. However, currently used anti-cancer therapies are mostly directed against somatic tumor cells without targeting CSCs/TICs. CSCs/TICs also gain resistance to chemotherapies/radiotherapies. For the development of efficient treatment strategies, choosing the best method for isolation and characterization of CSCs/TICs is still debated among the scientific community. In this review, we summarize recent data concerning isolation techniques for CSCs using magnetic cell sorting and flow cytometry. The review focuses on the strategies for sample preparation during flow cytometric analysis, elaborating biomarkers such as CXCR4, CD105, and CD133. In addition, functional properties characteristic of CSCs/TICs using side population selection through Hoechst 33342 dye, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, dye-cycle violet, and rhodamine 123 are also discussed. We also include a special focus on enriching CSCs/TICs using three-dimensional cell culture models such as agarose–agarose microbeads and sphere formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Helbrecht
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fei Lian
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Miranda-Lorenzo I, Dorado J, Lonardo E, Alcala S, Serrano AG, Clausell-Tormos J, Cioffi M, Megias D, Zagorac S, Balic A, Hidalgo M, Erkan M, Kleeff J, Scarpa A, Sainz B, Heeschen C. Intracellular autofluorescence: a biomarker for epithelial cancer stem cells. Nat Methods 2014; 11:1161-9. [PMID: 25262208 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to drive tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance. Although surface markers such as CD133 and CD44 have been successfully used to isolate CSCs, their expression is not exclusively linked to the CSC phenotype and is prone to environmental alteration. We identified cells with an autofluorescent subcellular compartment that exclusively showed CSC features across different human tumor types. Primary tumor-derived autofluorescent cells did not overlap with side-population (SP) cells, were enriched in sphere culture and during chemotherapy, strongly expressed pluripotency-associated genes, were highly metastatic and showed long-term in vivo tumorigenicity, even at the single-cell level. Autofluorescence was due to riboflavin accumulation in membrane-bounded cytoplasmic structures bearing ATP-dependent ABCG2 transporters. In summary, we identified and characterized an intrinsic autofluorescent phenotype in CSCs of diverse epithelial cancers and used this marker to isolate and characterize these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Miranda-Lorenzo
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Dorado
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enza Lonardo
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Alcala
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G Serrano
- Melanoma Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jenifer Clausell-Tormos
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Cioffi
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Megias
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Biotechnology Programme, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sladjana Zagorac
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anamaria Balic
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Research Programme, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mert Erkan
- Chirurgische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Joerg Kleeff
- Chirurgische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Università degli Studi di Verona, Centro Ricerca Applicata ARC-NET, Verona, Italy
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- 1] Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain. [2] Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer &Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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19
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Khammanivong A, Gorden BH, Frantz AM, Graef AJ, Dickerson EB. Identification of drug-resistant subpopulations in canine hemangiosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14:e113-25. [PMID: 25112808 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Canine hemangiosarcoma is a rapidly progressive disease that is poorly responsive to conventional chemotherapy. Despite numerous attempts to advance treatment options and improve outcomes, drug resistance remains a hurdle to successful therapy. To address this problem, we used recently characterized progenitor cell populations derived from canine hemangiosarcoma cell lines and grown as non-adherent spheres to identify potential drug resistance mechanisms as well as drug-resistant cell populations. Cells from sphere-forming cultures displayed enhanced resistance to chemotherapy drugs, expansion of dye-excluding side populations and altered ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter expression. Invasion studies demonstrated variability between cell lines as well as between sphere and monolayer cell populations. Collectively, our results suggest that sphere cell populations contain distinct subpopulations of drug-resistant cells that utilize multiple mechanisms to evade cytotoxic drugs. Our approach represents a new tool for the study of drug resistance in hemangiosarcoma, which could alter approaches for treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khammanivong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - B H Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - A M Frantz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - A J Graef
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - E B Dickerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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20
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Zhang L, Xia Y, Li L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li C, Yu T. Cancer stem cell-like cells exist in mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line MC3. Oncol Res 2014; 20:589-600. [PMID: 24139417 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13775486749452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence for the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumors exists. CSCs play an important role in the development, invasion, and drug resistance of carcinoma. Poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a lethal malignancy of human salivary gland tumors. However, whether there are CSCs in MEC and their phenotypes remains unclear. We isolated side population (SP) and sphere-forming cells from the MEC cell line MC3 and identified their characteristics. The results showed that sphere-forming assays could enrich stem cell-like cells, with this group of cells exhibiting high cloning efficiency, possessing strong tumorigenic ability, and highly expressing Oct4 based on PCR and immunocytochemistry assays. They also highly expressed CD44 and lowly expressed CD24 according to PCR, immunocytochemistry assays, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Higher cloning efficiency was observed in the SP cells, but PCR revealed that the SP and non-SP cells did not statistically differ in their expression of ABCG2, Oct4, CD44, and CD24. In spite of these, the findings were not conclusive on whether SP cells are stem cell-like cells. In conclusion, CSC-like cells do exist in the MC3 cell line, and sphere-forming assays could enrich them, sphere-forming and SP cells are not the same kind of cell subpopulations, and the characteristics of SP cells need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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21
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Xiong B, Ma L, Hu X, Zhang C, Cheng Y. Characterization of side population cells isolated from the colon cancer cell line SW480. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1175-83. [PMID: 24926880 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Side population (SP) cells may play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and the recurrence of cancer. Many types of cell lines and tissues have demonstrated the presence of SP cells, including colon cancer cell lines. This study aimed to identify cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the SP of the colon cancer cell line SW480. SP cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), followed by serum-free medium (SFM) culture. The self-renewal, differentiated progeny, clone formation, proliferation, invasion ability, cell cycle, chemosensitivity and tumorigenic properties in SP and non-SP (NSP) cells were investigated through in vitro culture and in vivo serial transplantation. The expression profiles of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein transporters and stem cell-related genes were examined by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The human colon cancer cell lines SW480, Lovo and HCT116 contain 1.1 ± 0.10, 0.93 ± 0.11 and 1.33 ± 0.05% SP cells, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that SP cells could differentiate into SP and NSP cells. SP cells had a higher proliferation potency and CFE than NSP cells. Compared to NSP cells, SP cells were also more resistant to CDDP and 5-FU, and were more invasive and displayed increased tumorigenic ability. Moreover, SP cells showed higher mRNA and protein expression of ABCG2, MDR1, OCT-4, NANOG, SOX-2, CD44 and CD133. SP cells isolated from human colon cancer cell lines harbor CSC properties that may be related to the invasive potential and therapeutic resistance of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghong Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chongqing Huaxi Hospital, Banan, Chongqing 400054, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Caiquan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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22
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Nakayama M, Ogasawara S, Akiba J, Ueda K, Koura K, Todoroki K, Kinoshita H, Yano H. Side population cell fractions from hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines increased with tumor dedifferentiation, but lack characteristic features of cancer stem cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:1092-101. [PMID: 24325739 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a minority population with stem cell-like characteristics, play important roles in cancer development and progression. Putative CSC markers, such as CD13, CD90, CD133, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and side population (SP) technique are generally used in an attempt to isolate CSCs. We aimed to clarify the relationship between CSCs and clonal dedifferentiation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We used a well-differentiated HCC cell line (HAK-1A) and a poorly differentiated HCC cell line (HAK-1B) established from a single nodule with histological heterogeneity. HAK-1B arose because of clonal dedifferentiation of HAK-1A. The SP cells and non-SP (NSP) cells were isolated from the two cell lines with a FACSAria II and used for the analyses. RESULTS The SP cell fractions in HAK-1A and HAK-1B were 0.2% and 0.9%, respectively. CD90 or EpCAM was not expressed in either HAK-1A or HAK-1B, while CD13 and CD133 were expressed in HAK-1B alone. Although sphere forming ability, tumorigenicity, growth rate, and CD13 expression were higher in HAK-1B SP cells than HAK-1B NSP cells, there were no differences in drug resistance, colony forming ability, or cell cycle rates between HAK-1B SP and NSP cells, suggesting HAK-1B SP cells do not fulfill CSC criteria. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested a possible relationship between the expression of CSC markers and clonal dedifferentiation. However, the complete features of CSC could not be identified in SP cells, and the concept of SP cells as a universal marker for CSC may not apply to HAK-1A and HAK-1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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23
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Morita R, Nishizawa S, Torigoe T, Takahashi A, Tamura Y, Tsukahara T, Kanaseki T, Sokolovskaya A, Kochin V, Kondo T, Hashino S, Asaka M, Hara I, Hirohashi Y, Sato N. Heat shock protein DNAJB8 is a novel target for immunotherapy of colon cancer-initiating cells. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:389-95. [PMID: 24450541 PMCID: PMC4317808 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish cancer stem-like cell/cancer-initiating cell (CSC/CIC)-targeting immunotherapy. The CSC/CIC are thought to be essential for tumor maintenance, recurrence and distant metastasis. Therefore they are reasonable targets for cancer therapy. In the present study, we found that a heat shock protein (HSP) 40 family member, DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 8 (DNAJB8), is preferentially expressed in CSC/CIC derived from colorectal cancer (CRC) cells rather than in non-CSC/CIC. Overexpression of DNAJB8 enhanced the expression of stem cell markers and tumorigenicity, indicating that DNAJB8 has a role in CRC CSC/CIC. A DNAJB8-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response could be induced by a DNAJB8-derived antigenic peptide. A CTL clone specific for DNAJB8 peptide showed higher killing activity to CRC CSC/CIC compared with non-CSC/CIC, and CTL adoptive transfer into CRC CSC/CIC showed an antitumor effect in vivo. Taken together, the results indicate that DNAJB8 is expressed and has role in CRC CSC/CIC and that DNAJB8 is a novel target of CRC CSC/CIC-targeting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Morita
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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24
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Hes1 is involved in the self-renewal and tumourigenicity of stem-like cancer cells in colon cancer. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3963. [PMID: 24492635 PMCID: PMC3912485 DOI: 10.1038/srep03963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A small subpopulation of cancer cells with stem cell-like features might be responsible for tumour generation, progression, and chemoresistance. Hes1 influences the maintenance of certain stem cells and progenitor cells and the digestive systems. We found upregulated Hes1 in poorly differentiated cancer samples compared with well-differentiated tumour samples, and most of the adenocarcinomas exhibited significantly higher levels of Hes1 mRNA compared with that observed in matched normal colon samples. Moreover, Hes1 expression was found to be correlated with the expression of stem cell markers in colon cancer samples, and Hes1 upregulates the expression of stemness-related genes in colon cancer cells. In addition, Hes1 enhances the self-renewal properties of the stem-like cells by increasing the sizes of CD133+ cells and SP cells and the ability of tumour sphere formation. Additionally, the Hes1-overexpressing cells formed significantly larger and higher number of colonies, as determined through the colony and the soft agar assays. More importantly, Hes1 enhances the tumourigenicity of colon cancer cell lines in nude mice and exhibits a strong tumour-formation ability at a cell density of 1 × 10(3). Taken together, our data indicate that Hes1 induces stem-like cell self-renewal and increases the number of tumour-initiating cells in colon cancer.
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Kim JB, Ann YH, Park SY, Jee HG, Kim HR, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Lee HS, Kim YJ. Side population in LX2 cells decreased by transforming growth factor-β. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:229-37. [PMID: 23578133 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Side population (SP) cells are known to be enriched in stem/progenitor-like cells. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling is associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) production in hepatic stellate cells. We hypothesized that the SP fraction in LX2 cells is associated with ECM deposition, which is regulated through TGF-β signaling. METHODS We investigated the relationship between SP cells and TGF-β signaling in the hepatic stellate cell line LX2. The effects of TGF-β and SB431542 on the SP fraction and expression of collagen type I and phospho-Smad2 was determined. RESULTS We identified 0.8-3% SP cells in LX2 cells. The growth rate of sorted SP and non-SP cells was similar to that of the original LX2 population, but population of the G0/G1 phase was increased in SP cells. Treatment of LX2 cells with TGF-β decreased the SP fraction in a dose-dependent manner and increased the production of collagen type I. Treatment of LX2 cells with SB431542 blocked the effect of TGF-β on the SP fraction and the expression of collagen type I. We cultured LX2 cells on collagen-coated dishes to observe the effect of ECM deposition on the SP fraction. The growth rate and cell cycle distribution was similar to that observed on normal tissue culture dishes, but the SP fraction was decreased when LX2 cells were cultured on collagen-coated plates. CONCLUSION These results show that LX2 cells contain an SP fraction and that TGF-β signaling is involved in the induction of ECM deposition as well as the number of SP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Yu L, Yang L, An W, Su X. Anticancer Bioactive Peptide-3 Inhibits Human Gastric Cancer Growth by Suppressing Gastric Cancer Stem Cells. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:697-711. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Department of Cell Biology; Capital Medical University; No. 10 You An Men Wai Street Fengtai District Beijing 100069 China
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Medical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital; Inner Mongolia Medical University; No. 1 Tongdao North Street Huimin District Hohhot 010050 China
| | - Wei An
- Department of Cell Biology; Capital Medical University; No. 10 You An Men Wai Street Fengtai District Beijing 100069 China
| | - Xiulan Su
- Department of Cell Biology; Capital Medical University; No. 10 You An Men Wai Street Fengtai District Beijing 100069 China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital; Inner Mongolia Medical University; No. 1 Tongdao North Street Huimin District Hohhot 010050 China
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27
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So KA, Hong JH, Jin HM, Kim JW, Song JY, Lee JK, Lee NW. The prognostic significance of preoperative leukocytosis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 132:551-5. [PMID: 24440470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preoperative leukocytosis is known to be a negative prognostic factor for several gynecologic malignancies, but its relationship with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is unknown. We sought to evaluate the prognostic implications of preoperative leukocytosis for women with EOC. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent primary debulking surgery and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for EOC between January 1993 and October 2011. Associations between leukocytosis and recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined by univariate analyses. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify independent prognostic factors for RFS and OS. RESULTS Of 155 women, 23 (14.8%) had leukocytosis and 132 (85.2%) did not have leukocytosis. RFS and OS were significantly shorter for women with leukocytosis than for women without leukocytosis (P=0.009 and P<0.0001, respectively). The mortality rate was also higher among women with leukocytosis (P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative leukocytosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.55-4.41; P=0.009), advanced stage (HR: 3.12; 95% CI: 1.44-6.75; P=0.004), and optimal cytoreduction (HR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.14-0.70; P=0.031) were independent prognostic factors for RFS. Additionally, preoperative leukocytosis was independently associated with decreased OS (HR: 7.66; 95% CI: 2.78-21.16; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Among women with EOC, preoperative leukocytosis might be an independent prognostic factor for RFS and OS. A larger-scaled, prospective study is needed to verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong A So
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Mi Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anam Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwan Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak Woo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zhang FL, Wang P, Liu YH, Liu LB, Liu XB, Li Z, Xue YX. Topoisomerase I inhibitors, shikonin and topotecan, inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of glioma cells and glioma stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81815. [PMID: 24303074 PMCID: PMC3841142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, the most malignant form of brain tumors, contain a small subpopulation of glioma stem cells (GSCs) that are implicated in therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence. Topoisomerase I inhibitors, shikonin and topotecan, play a crucial role in anti-cancer therapies. After isolated and identified the GSCs from glioma cells successfully, U251, U87, GSCs-U251 and GSCs-U87 cells were administrated with various concentrations of shikonin or topotecan at different time points to seek for the optimal administration concentration and time point. The cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis were detected using cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometer to observe the inhibitory effects on glioma cells and GSCs. We demonstrated that shikonin and topotecan obviously inhibited proliferation of not only human glioma cells but also GSCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. According to the IC50 values at 24 h, 2 μmol/L of shikonin and 3 μmol/L of topotecan were selected as the optimal administration concentration. In addition, shikonin and topotecan induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and S phases and promoted apoptosis. The down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression with the activation of caspase 9/3-dependent pathway was involved in the apoptosis process. Therefore, the above results showed that topoisomerase I inhibitors, shikonin and topotecan, inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of GSCs as well as glioma cells, which suggested that they might be the potential anticancer agents targeting gliomas to provide a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-bo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bai Liu
- The 96 Class, 7-Year Program, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Ectopically expressed variant form of sperm mitochondria-associated cysteine-rich protein augments tumorigenicity of the stem cell population of lung adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69095. [PMID: 24244262 PMCID: PMC3823879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are defined as a small population of cancer cells that have self-renewal ability, differentiation ability and high tumor-initiating ability. CSCs/CICs are resistant to cancer therapies including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, CSCs/CICs are thought to be responsible for cancer recurrence and distant metastasis after treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms of CSCs/CICs are still elusive. In this study, we isolated CSCs/CICs as side population (SP) cells from lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma and breast carcinoma cells and analyzed the molecular mechanisms of CSCs/CICs. cDNA micro-array screening and RT-PCR analysis revealed that sperm mitochondria-associated cysteine-rich protein (SMCP) is ectopically expressed in SP cells. 5′-Rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) analysis revealed that the SMCP transcript in SP cells was a variant form (termed vt2) which is composed from only one exon. SMCP vt2 was detected in only cancer cells, whereas the wild-type (vt1) form of SMCP was expressed in the testis. SMCP was shown to have a role in tumor initiation by SMCP overexpression and SMCP knockdown using siRNAs in lung cancer cells. Taken together, the initiation results indicate that an ectopically expressed variant form of SMCP has a role in tumor initiation of CSCs/CICs and that the variant form of SMCP might be a novel CSC/CIC marker and a potential and promising target of CSC/CIC-targeting therapy.
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30
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Ueda K, Ogasawara S, Akiba J, Nakayama M, Todoroki K, Ueda K, Sanada S, Suekane S, Noguchi M, Matsuoka K, Yano H. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 identifies cells with cancer stem cell-like properties in a human renal cell carcinoma cell line. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75463. [PMID: 24116047 PMCID: PMC3792959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) or cancer stem cell-like cells (CSC-LCs) have been identified in many malignant tumors. CSCs are proposed to be related with drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis and are considered as a new target for cancer treatment; however, there are only a few reports on CSCs or CSC-LCs in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Different approaches have been reported for CSC identification, but there are no universal markers for CSC. We used two different approaches, the traditional side population (SP) approach, and the enzymatic (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)) approach to identify CSC-LC population in two RCC cell lines, ACHN and KRC/Y. We found that ACHN and KRC/Y contain 1.4% and 1.7% SP cells, respectively. ACHN SP cells showed a higher sphere forming ability, drug resistance, and a slightly higher tumorigenic ability in NOD/SCID mice than Non-SP (NSP) cells, suggesting that cells with CSC-LC properties are included in ACHN SP cells. KRC/Y SP and NSP cells showed no difference in such properties. ALDH1 activity analysis revealed that ACHN SP cells expressed a higher level of activity than NSP cells (SP vs. NSP: 32.7% vs 14.6%). Analysis of ALDH1-positive ACHN cells revealed that they have a higher sphere forming ability, self-renewal ability, tumorigenicity and express higher mRNA levels of CSC-LC property-related genes (e.g., ABC transporter genes, self-replication genes, anti-apoptosis genes, and so forth) than ALDH1-negative cells. Drug treatment or exposure to hypoxic condition induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in number of ALDH1-positive cells. In conclusion, the results suggest that the ALDH1-positive cell population rather than SP cells show CSC-LC properties in a RCC cell line, ACHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Akiba
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masamichi Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keita Todoroki
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sakiko Sanada
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Suekane
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Noguchi
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Center of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Matsuoka
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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Sutherland JM, McLaughlin EA, Hime GR, Siddall NA. The Musashi family of RNA binding proteins: master regulators of multiple stem cell populations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 786:233-45. [PMID: 23696360 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6621-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to maintain their unlimited capacity to divide, stem cells require controlled temporal and spatial protein expression. The Musashi family of RNA-binding proteins have been shown to exhibit this necessary translational control through both repression and activation in order to regulate multiple stem cell populations. This chapter looks in depth at the initial discovery and characterisation of Musashi in the model organism Drosophila, and its subsequent emergence as a master regulator in a number of stem cell populations. Furthermore the unique roles for mammalian Musashi-1 and Musashi-2 in different stem cell types are correlated with the perceived diagnostic power of Musashi expression in specific stem cell derived oncologies. In particular the potential role for Musashi in the identification and treatment of human cancer is considered, with a focus on the role of Musashi-2 in leukaemia. Finally, the manipulation of Musashi expression is proposed as a potential avenue towards the targeted treatment of specific aggressive stem cell cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie M Sutherland
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Gao F, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Yang J. Water bath hyperthermia reduces stemness of colon cancer cells. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1747-50. [PMID: 24028900 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Researchers have proposed that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the driving force of tumorigenesis, recurrence, and metastases, contributing to the failure of some cancer treatments. Water bath hyperthermia, a novel treatment for cancer, can be highly effective when combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy. Side population (SP) cells are part of a subpopulation of cells that have stem cell-like characteristics. In preliminary experiments, we discovered a decrease in SP cells in heat-treated colon cancer cells, which encouraged us to investigate whether hyperthermia had in fact played a role in regulating the stemness of colon cancer cells. DESIGN AND METHODS We determined the number of SP cells and CD133-positive cells using flow cytometry; surveyed the expression of stemness-related genes and proteins by using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively; and evaluated tumor formation ability by using the tumor sphere formation assay. RESULTS We found that water bath hyperthermia at 40 °C results in a decreased percentage of SP cells (i.e. decreased from 0.6% to 0.0% and 1.1% to 0.1% among heat-treated HCT116 cells and SW620 cell respectively) and CD133-positive cells (i.e. decreased from 25.1 ± 1.2% to 18.7 ± 1.3% and 33.6 ± 3.2% to 23.5 ± 2.5% among heat-treated HCT116 cells and SW620 cell separately), weakens stem cell self-renewal properties (i.e., tumor colony formation ability), and downregulates the expression of stem-like cellular markers in colon cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS All the findings indicate that hyperthermia has an important effect on the stemness of colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Yasuda K, Torigoe T, Morita R, Kuroda T, Takahashi A, Matsuzaki J, Kochin V, Asanuma H, Hasegawa T, Saito T, Hirohashi Y, Sato N. Ovarian cancer stem cells are enriched in side population and aldehyde dehydrogenase bright overlapping population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68187. [PMID: 23967051 PMCID: PMC3742724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiaiting cells (CICs) are defined as a small population of cancer cells that have self-renewal capacity, differentiation potential and high tumor-initiating ability. CSCs/CICs of ovarian cancer have been isolated by side population (SP) analysis, ALDEFLUOR assay and using cell surface markers. However, these approaches are not definitive markers for CSCs/CICs, and it is necessary to refine recent methods for identifying more highly purified CSCs/CICs. In this study, we analyzed SP cells and aldehyde dehydrogenese bright (ALDHBr) cells from ovarian cancer cells. Both SP cells and ALDHBr cells exhibited higher tumor-initiating ability and higher expression level of a stem cell marker, sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), than those of main population (MP) cells and ALDHLow cells, respectively. We analyzed an SP and ALDHBr overlapping population (SP/ALDHBr), and the SP/ALDHBr population exhibited higher tumor-initiating ability than that of SP cells or ALDHBr cells, enabling initiation of tumor with as few as 102 cells. Furthermore, SP/ADLHBr population showed higher sphere-forming ability, cisplatin resistance, adipocyte differentiation ability and expression of SOX2 than those of SP/ALDHLow, MP/ALDHBr and MP/ALDHLow cells. Gene knockdown of SOX2 suppressed the tumor-initiation of ovarian cancer cells. An SP/ALDHBr population was detected in several gynecological cancer cells with ratios of 0.1% for HEC—1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma cells to 1% for MCAS ovary mucinous adenocarcinoma cells. Taken together, use of the SP and ALDHBr overlapping population is a promising approach to isolate highly purified CSCs/CICs and SOX2 might be a novel functional marker for ovarian CSCs/CICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (YH)
| | - Rena Morita
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahumi Kuroda
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akari Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Vitaly Kochin
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Asanuma
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (YH)
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most common cancers worldwide. Its prevalence is still on the rise in the developing countries due to the ageing population. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory provides a new insight into the interpretation of tumor initiation, aggressive growth, recurrence, and metastasis of cancer, as well as the development of new strategies for cancer treatment. This review will focus on the progress of biomarkers and signaling pathways of CSCs, the complex crosstalk networks between the microenvironment and CSCs, and the development of therapeutic approaches against CSCs, predominantly focusing on GC.
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35
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Kuroda T, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Yasuda K, Takahashi A, Asanuma H, Morita R, Mariya T, Asano T, Mizuuchi M, Saito T, Sato N. ALDH1-high ovarian cancer stem-like cells can be isolated from serous and clear cell adenocarcinoma cells, and ALDH1 high expression is associated with poor prognosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65158. [PMID: 23762304 PMCID: PMC3675199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are defined as a small population of cancer cells that have high tumorigenicity. Furthermore, CSCs/CICs are resistant to several cancer therapies, and CSCs/CICs are therefore thought to be responsible for cancer recurrence after treatment and distant metastasis. In epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cases, disease recurrence after chemotherapy is frequently observed, suggesting ovarian CSCs/CICs are involved. There are four major histological subtypes in EOC, and serous adenocarcinoma and clear cell adenocarcinoma are high-grade malignancies. We therefore analyzed ovarian CSCs/CICs from ovarian carcinoma cell lines (serous adenocarcinoma and clear cell adenocarcinoma) and primary ovarian cancer cells in this study. We isolated ovarian CSCs/CICs as an aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 high (ALDH1(high)) population from 6 EOC cell lines (3 serous adenocarcinomas and 3 clear cell adenocarcinomas) by the ALDEFLUOR assay. ALDH1(high) cells showed greater sphere-forming ability, higher tumorigenicity and greater invasive capability, indicating that ovarian CSCs/CICs are enriched in ALDH1(high) cells. ALDH1(high) cells could also be isolated from 8 of 11 primary ovarian carcinoma samples. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that higher ALDH1 expression levels in ovary cancer cases are related to poorer prognosis in both serous adenocarcinoma cases and clear cell adenocarcinoma cases. Taken together, the results indicate that ALDH1 is a marker for ovarian CSCs/CICs and that the expression level of ALDH1 might be a novel biomarker for prediction of poor prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/diagnosis
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/enzymology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Organ Specificity
- Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Ovarian Neoplasms/enzymology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Prognosis
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Kuroda
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (YH)
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (YH)
| | - Kazuyo Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akari Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Asanuma
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rena Morita
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tasuku Mariya
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Asano
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahito Mizuuchi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Puglisi MA, Tesori V, Lattanzi W, Gasbarrini GB, Gasbarrini A. Colon cancer stem cells: Controversies and perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2997-3006. [PMID: 23716979 PMCID: PMC3662939 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i20.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors have long been viewed as a population in which all cells have the equal propensity to form new tumors, the so called conventional stochastic model. The cutting-edge theory on tumor origin and progression, tends to consider cancer as a stem cell disease. Stem cells are actively involved in the onset and maintenance of colon cancer. This review is intended to examine the state of the art on colon cancer stem cells (CSCs), with regard to the recent achievements of basic research and to the corresponding translational consequences. Specific prominence is given to the hypothesized origin of CSCs and to the methods for their identification. The growing understanding of CSC biology is driving the optimization of novel anti-cancer targeted drugs.
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Duan JJ, Qiu W, Xu SL, Wang B, Ye XZ, Ping YF, Zhang X, Bian XW, Yu SC. Strategies for isolating and enriching cancer stem cells: well begun is half done. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2221-39. [PMID: 23540661 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a subpopulation of cancer cells that have the potential for self-renewal, multipotent differentiation, and tumorigenicity. Studies on CSC biology and CSC-targeted therapies depend on CSC isolation and/or enrichment methodologies. Scientists have conducted extensive research in this field since John Dick's group successfully isolated CSCs based on the expression of the CD34 and CD38 surface markers. Progress in CSC research has been greatly facilitated by the enrichment and isolation of these cells. In this review, we summarize the current strategies used in our and other laboratories for CSC isolation and enrichment, including methods based on stem cell surface markers, intracellular enzyme activity, the concentration of reactive oxygen species, the mitochondrial membrane potential, promoter-driven fluorescent protein expression, autofluorescence, suspension/adherent culture, cell division, the identification of side population cells, resistance to cytotoxic compounds or hypoxia, invasiveness/adhesion, immunoselection, and physical property. Although many challenges remain to be overcome, it is reasonable to believe that more reliable, efficient, and convenient methods will be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jie Duan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Adherent culture conditions enrich the side population obtained from the cochlear modiolus-derived stem/progenitor cells. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:779-84. [PMID: 23489885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previously, our group reported that sphere-forming cells derived from the organ of Corti represent the stem/progenitor cells (SPCs) of the cochlea due to their properties of self-renewal and multipotency. However, long-term propagation of sphere-forming cells under suspension culture conditions may fail to maintain the characteristic stemness of these cells. Therefore, this study investigated whether an adherent culture system would be beneficial in terms of preserving more stem-like cells for long-term manipulations in vitro. METHODS Isolated modiolus-derived SPCs were placed on poly-d-lysine-coated petri dishes to form the so-called "adherent" culture system. RESULTS Modiolus SPCs cultured under adherent conditions exhibited a significantly increased percentage of cells with the side population (SP) phenotype (18.6%) compared with cells cultured under conventional suspension culture conditions (0.8%). Even after repeated passages, modiolus SPCs cultured under adherent culture conditions preserved more SP phenotype cells. In comparison with the non-SP phenotype cells, the sorted SP cells exhibited more stem-like but less differentiated properties, with an upregulated expression of the ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), Nestin, Sox2, and Nanog proteins. Furthermore, Retinoic acid (RA) treatment confirmed the expression of the multipotent differentiation markers in the SP cells, including TUJ1, pancytokeratin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and p27(Kip1). CONCLUSION Employment of an adherent culture system, instead of a suspension culture system, resulted in the enrichment of the SP cells from SPCs while retaining their stemness and multipotency.
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Barteneva NS, Ketman K, Fasler-Kan E, Potashnikova D, Vorobjev IA. Cell sorting in cancer research--diminishing degree of cell heterogeneity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:105-22. [PMID: 23481260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence of intratumor heterogeneity and its augmentation due to selective pressure of microenvironment and recent achievements in cancer therapeutics lead to the need to investigate and track the tumor subclonal structure. Cell sorting of heterogeneous subpopulations of tumor and tumor-associated cells has been a long established strategy in cancer research. Advancement in lasers, computer technology and optics has led to a new generation of flow cytometers and cell sorters capable of high-speed processing of single cell suspensions. Over the last several years cell sorting was used in combination with molecular biological methods, imaging and proteomics to characterize primary and metastatic cancer cell populations, minimal residual disease and single tumor cells. It was the principal method for identification and characterization of cancer stem cells. Analysis of single cancer cells may improve early detection of tumors, monitoring of circulating tumor cells, evaluation of intratumor heterogeneity and chemotherapeutic treatments. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of major cell sorting applications and approaches with new prospective developments such as microfluidics and microchip technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Barteneva
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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40
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Lee H, Park S, Kim JB, Kim J, Kim H. Entrapped doxorubicin nanoparticles for the treatment of metastatic anoikis-resistant cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 332:110-9. [PMID: 23348696 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Metastasized and chemoresistant secondary breast cancer treatment commonly shows very low efficacy. A new efficient treatment method is required to overcome the limitation against the secondary breast cancer. In this study, anoikis-resistant breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 were developed as models of chemoresistant and metastatic breast cancer. Doxorubicin encapsulating human serum albumin nanoparticles (HSA+DOX NPs) were fabricated to confirm the benefits of nanoparticles at the treatment of anoikis-resistant breast cancer cells. The side population (SP) fraction in the anoikis-resistant cancer cells was higher than the parental cells. HSA+DOX NPs were more cytotoxic to anoikis-resistant cancer cells than free doxorubicin. The confocal microscope images demonstrated HSA+DOX NPs to deliver more doxorubicin into cells compared to the free doxorubicin by bypassing the drug efflux pump systems of anoikis-resistant cancer cells. In this study, a nanomedicine-based drug delivery carrier shows a potential in treating a metastasized and chemoresistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hohyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, #1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The cancer stem cell hypothesis is an appealing concept to account for intratumoral heterogeneity and the observation that systemic metastasis and treatment failure are often associated with the survival of a small number of cancer cells. Whilst in vivo evidence forms the foundation of this concept, in vitro methods and reagents are attractive as they offer opportunities to perform experiments that are not possible in an animal model. While there is abundant evidence that existing cancer cell lines are not reliable models of tumor heterogeneity, recent advances based on well validated novel cancer cell lines established de novo in defined serum-free media are encouraging, particularly in the study of glioblastoma multiforme. In this chapter we wish to broadly outline the process of establishing, characterizing, and managing novel cancer cell lines in defined serum-free media, and discuss the limitations and potential opportunities that may arise from these model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Gedye
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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42
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Liu J, Ma L, Xu J, Liu C, Zhang J, Liu J, Chen R, Zhou Y. Spheroid body-forming cells in the human gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 possess cancer stem cell properties. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:453-9. [PMID: 23229446 PMCID: PMC3583623 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell theory hypothesizes that cancer stem cells (CSCs), which possess self-renewal and other stem cell properties, are regarded as the cause of tumor formation, recurrence and metastasis. The isolation and identification of CSCs could help to develop novel therapeutic strategies specifically targeting CSCs. In this study, we enriched gastric cancer stem cells through spheroid body formation by cultivating the human gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 in defined serum-free medium. The stemness characteristics of spheroid body-forming cells, including self-renewal, proliferation, chemoresistance, tumorigenicity of the MKN-45 spheroid body-forming cells were evaluated, and the expression levels of stemness genes and related proteins in the MKN-45 spheroid body-forming cells were assessed. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining for the stem cell markers on spheroid body-forming cells was examined to evaluate the association between stemness factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog) and the proposed CSC marker CD44. Our data demonstrated that non-adherent spheroid body-forming cells from the gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 cultured in stem cell-conditioned medium possessed gastric CSC properties, such as persistent self-renewal, extensive proliferation, drug resistance, high tumorigenic capacity and overexpression of CSC-related genes and proteins (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and CD44), compared with the parental cells. More importantly, CD44-positive cells co-expressing the pluripotency genes Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog may represent gastric CSCs. Further experiments using more refined selection criteria such as a combination of two or multiple markers would be useful to specifically identify and purify CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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Muraro MG, Mele V, Däster S, Han J, Heberer M, Cesare Spagnoli G, Iezzi G. CD133+, CD166+CD44+, and CD24+CD44+ phenotypes fail to reliably identify cell populations with cancer stem cell functional features in established human colorectal cancer cell lines. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197865 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence that cancers originate from small populations of so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs), capable of surviving conventional chemotherapies and regenerating the original tumor, urges the development of novel CSC-targeted treatments. Screening of new anticancer compounds is conventionally conducted on established tumor cell lines, providing sufficient material for high-throughput studies. Whether tumor cell lines might comprise CSC populations resembling those of primary tumors, however, remains highly debated. We have analyzed the expression of defined phenotypic profiles, including CD133+, CD166+CD44+, and CD24+CD44+, reported as CSC-specific in human primary colorectal cancer (CRC), on a panel of 10 established CRC cell lines and evaluated their correlation with CSC properties. None of the putative CSC phenotypes consistently correlated with stem cell-like features, including spheroid formation ability, clonogenicity, aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 activity, and side population phenotype. Importantly, CRC cells expressing putative CSC markers did not exhibit increased survival when treated with chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro or display higher tumorigenicity in vivo. Thus, the expression of CD133 or the coexpression of CD166/CD44 or CD24/CD44 did not appear to reliably identify CSC populations in established CRC cell lines. Our findings question the suitability of cell lines for the screening of CSC-specific therapies and underline the urgency of developing novel platforms for anticancer drug discovery.
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44
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Wei B, Han XY, Qi CL, Zhang S, Zheng ZH, Huang Y, Chen TF, Wei HB. Coaction of spheroid-derived stem-like cells and endothelial progenitor cells promotes development of colon cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39069. [PMID: 22745705 PMCID: PMC3383752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some studies described the characteristics of colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the role of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in neovascularization, it is still controversial whether an interaction exists or not between CSCs and EPCs. In the present study, HCT116 and HT29 sphere models, which are known to be the cells enriching CSCs, were established to investigate the roles of this interaction in development and metastasis of colon cancer. Compared with their parental counterparts, spheroid cells demonstrated higher capacity of invasion, higher tumorigenic and metastatic potential. Then the in vitro and in vivo relationship between CSCs and EPCs were studied by using capillary tube formation assay and xenograft models. Our results showed that spheroid cells could promote the proliferation, migration and tube formation of EPCs through secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Meanwhile, the EPCs could increase tumorigenic capacity of spheroid cells through angiogenesis. Furthermore, higher microvessel density was detected in the area enriching cancer stem cells in human colon cancer tissue. Our findings indicate that spheroid cells possess the characteristics of cancer stem cells, and the coaction of CSCs and EPCs may play an important role in the development of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Han
- Central Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui-Ling Qi
- Institute of Vascular Biology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zong-Heng Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tu-Feng Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Matsuda Y, Kure S, Ishiwata T. Nestin and other putative cancer stem cell markers in pancreatic cancer. Med Mol Morphol 2012; 45:59-65. [PMID: 22718289 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-012-0571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a high incidence of distant metastasis. Recent studies have shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have the potential to self-renew and are pluripotent, are crucially important in cancer cell growth, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence. Recently, several CSC-specific markers for pancreatic cancer have been reported, including CD133, CD24, CD44, CXCR4, EpCAM, ABCG2, c-Met, ALDH-1, and nestin, but their use is controversial. Nestin is one of the class VI intermediate filament proteins and a marker of exocrine progenitors of normal pancreatic tissue. Activated mutations of K-ras in nestin-positive progenitors of pancreatic tissue have been reported to induce cell growth in vitro and induce the formation of precancerous pancreatic lesions. We have reported that downregulation of nestin in PDAC cells inhibits liver metastasis in vivo. Nestin may modulate the invasion and metastasis of nestin-positive progenitor cells during PDAC development and may serve as a novel target for suppressing invasion and metastasis in PDAC. In this review, we summarize what is known about the correlation between PDAC and CSC markers, including nestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuda
- Departments of Pathology and Integrative Oncological Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
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46
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Current strategies for identification of glioma stem cells: adequate or unsatisfactory? JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:376894. [PMID: 22685459 PMCID: PMC3366252 DOI: 10.1155/2012/376894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) were isolated in multiple tumor types, including human glioblastomas, and although the presence of surface markers selectively expressed on CSCs can be used to isolate them, no marker/pattern of markers are sufficiently robust to definitively identify stem cells in tumors. Several markers were evaluated for their prognostic value with promising early results, however none of them was proven to be clinically useful in large-scale studies, leading to outstanding efforts to identify new markers. Given the heterogeneity of human glioblastomas further investigations are necessary to identify both cancer stem cell-specific markers and the molecular mechanisms sustaining the tumorigenic potential of these cells to develop tailored treatments. Markers for glioblastoma stem cells such as CD133, CD15, integrin-α6, L1CAM might be informative to identify these cells but cannot be conclusively linked to a stem cell phenotype. Overlap of expression, functional state and morphology of different subpopulations lead to carefully consider the techniques employed so far to isolate these cells. Due to a dearth of methods and markers reliably identifying the candidate cancer stem cells, the isolation/enrichment of cancer stem cells to be therapeutically targeted remains a major challenge.
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47
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Xu XT, Xu Q, Tong JL, Zhu MM, Nie F, Chen X, Xiao SD, Ran ZH. MicroRNA expression profiling identifies miR-328 regulates cancer stem cell-like SP cells in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1320-30. [PMID: 22453125 PMCID: PMC3314795 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Side population (SP) cells and their relationship to stem cell-like properties have been insufficiently studied in colorectal cancer (CRC). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted much attention but their roles in the maintenance of SP phenotype remain unclear. Methods: The SPs from CRC cell lines and primary cell cultures were analysed for stem cell-like properties. MiRNA microarray analysis identified miR-328 as a potential stemness miRNA of SP phenotype. The level of miR-328 expression in clinical samples and its correlation with SP fraction were determined. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies were performed to examine its roles in cancer stem-like SP cells. Furthermore, bioinformatics prediction and experimental validation were used to identify miR-328 target genes. Results: The SP cells sorted from CRC possess cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties, including self-renewal, differentiation, resistance to chemotherapy, invasive and strong tumour formation ability. MiR-328 expression was significantly reduced in SP cells compared with Non-SP cells (P<0.05). Moreover, miR-328 expression was downregulated in CRC (n=33, P<0.05) and low miR-328 expression tend to correlate with high SP fraction (n=15, r=0.6559, P<0.05, Pearson's correlation). Functional studies indicated that miR-328 expression affects the number of SP cells. In addition, miR-328 overexpression reversed drug resistance and inhibited cell invasion of SP cells. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-328 directly targets ABCG2 and MMP16 and affects the levels of mRNA and protein expression in SP cells. Conclusion: These findings indicate that CRC contain cancer stem-like SP cells. MiR-328 has an important role in maintaining cancer stem-like SP phenotype that may be a potential target for effective CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X T Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University), 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
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Nishizawa S, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Takahashi A, Tamura Y, Mori T, Kanaseki T, Kamiguchi K, Asanuma H, Morita R, Sokolovskaya A, Matsuzaki J, Yamada R, Fujii R, Kampinga HH, Kondo T, Hasegawa T, Hara I, Sato N. HSP DNAJB8 controls tumor-initiating ability in renal cancer stem-like cells. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2844-54. [PMID: 22552285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSC) are a small population of cancer cells with superior tumor initiating, self-renewal, and differentiation properties. In this study, we show that the cancer-testis antigen and HSP40 family member DNAJB8 contributes to the CSC phenotype in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). DNAJB8 overexpression increased the percentage of side population (SP) cells representing CSCs in RCC cells, enhancing their tumor-initiating ability. Conversely, attenuation of DNAJB8 decreased SP cells and reduced tumor-initiating ability. The utility of DNAJB8 as an immunologic target was established in DNA vaccination experiments. Compared with immunization with the tumor-associated antigen survivin, which was expressed in both CSCs and non-CSCs in RCC, immunization with Dnajb8 expression plasmids yielded stronger antitumor effects. Together, our findings suggest that DNAJB8 plays a role in CSC maintenance and that it offers a candidate for CSC-targeting immunotherapy in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishizawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Liu GM, Zhou C, Xie C, Yang Z, Lv NH. Recent advances in research of gastric cancer stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:574-579. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i7.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a common malignancy of the digestive tract that has a high mortality and seriously affects people's health. At present, the pathogenesis of gastric cancer is still unclear. According to the cancer stem cell theory, cancer stem cells are malignant cells with the characteristics of normal stem cells, probably formed by the mutation of normal stem cells. Tumor stem cells have been identified in a variety of solid tumors. Recent studies have shown that the location of gastric cancer is consistent with the settlement area of stem cells, indicating that gastric cancer may be a kind of stem cells disease. In this article we will review the existence, origin, identification and separation of cancer stem cells.
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50
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Mori T, Nishizawa S, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Tamura Y, Takahashi A, Kochin V, Fujii R, Kondo T, Greene MI, Hara I, Sato N. Efficiency of G2/M-related tumor-associated antigen-targeting cancer immunotherapy depends on antigen expression in the cancer stem-like population. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 92:27-32. [PMID: 22001602 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a novel efficient cancer DNA vaccine approach. Many tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been reported; however, there is little information of the efficiency of each TAA. Normal cells barely undergo mitosis, whereas cancer cells divide frequently and grow well. Thus, G2/M-related antigens are cancer cell-specific and are regarded to be suitable candidates as targets of cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we compared the efficiencies of G2/M-related antigens including Birc5, Aurka, Nke2 and Plk1 by using a DNA vaccination model. Mice that had been immunized with G2/M-related antigens coding plasmid were challenged with CT26 colon cancer cells. Interestingly, Birc5- and Aurka-immunized mice showed an anti-tumor effect, whereas Nek2- and Plk1-immunized mice did not show any anti-tumor effect. We investigated the expression of G2/M-related antigens in cancer stem-like cell (CSC)/cancer-initiating cell (CIC) population to verify the difference in the anti-tumor effect. CSCs/CICs were isolated as side population (SP) cells using Hoechst 33342 dye from CT 26 cells. It was found that Birc5 and Aurka are expressed in both CSCs/CICs and non-CSCs/CICs (shared antigens), whereas Nek2 and Plk1 are expressed preferentially in non-CSCs/CICs (non-CSC antigens). Therefore, antigen expression in the CSC/CIC population might be related to the anti-tumor efficiency of cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, we established a heat shock protein (Hsp90)-fused Birc5 plasmid to improve anti-cancer immunity. Birc5 fused to the N-terminal region of Hsp90 showed a stronger anti-tumor effect, whereas Birc5 fused to the C-terminal region of Hsp90 did not show enhancement compared with Birc5. These observations indicate that expression in the CSC/CIC population is essential to achieve tumor regression and that fusing antigens to the N-terminal region of Hsp90 enhances the anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mori
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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