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Zhao H, Shi H, Ren Z, He M, Li X, Li Y, Pu Y, Cui L, Wang S, Zhao J, Liu H, Zhang X. Gender and age differences in the associations between personality traits and depressive symptoms among Chinese adults: Based on China Family Panel Study. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e5482-e5494. [PMID: 35993911 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the associations between personality traits and depressive symptoms among Chinese adults and analyse the gender and age differences in the associations. A national representative sample of 28,628 adults aged 18 and above were selected from the 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data. The short version of the Big Five Inventory (CBF-PI-15) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D 8) were used to measure personality traits and depressive symptoms respectively. Binary logistic regression models were employed to analyse the associations between personality traits and depressive symptoms in the whole participants, different age groups and genders respectively. After adjustment, higher levels of conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness were related to lower level of depressive symptoms, while higher levels of openness and neuroticism were related to higher level of depressive symptoms (p < 0.05). A significant interaction between gender and conscientiousness on depressive symptoms was found (interaction p = 0.005), and the association between conscientiousness and depressive symptoms was stronger in males than females (p < 0.001). Significant interactions between age and conscientiousness (interaction p = 0.007), agreeableness (interaction p = 0.001) on depressive symptoms were found respectively. Moreover, the associations of conscientiousness and agreeableness with depressive symptoms were strongest among old group, followed by middle-aged group, and then young group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness had negative associations with depressive symptoms, while openness and neuroticism had positive associations with depressive symptoms. The negative association between conscientiousness and depressive symptoms was stronger among males than females, and the negative associations of conscientiousness and agreeableness with depressive symptoms were strongest among old group, followed by middle-aged group, and then young group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfang Zhao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Ren
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minfu He
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yajiao Pu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shixun Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jieyu Zhao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhao H, Shi H, Ren Z, He M, Li X, Li Y, Pu Y, Cui L, Wang S, Zhao J, Liu H, Zhang X. The Mediating Role of Extra-family Social Relationship Between Personality and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Adults. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604797. [PMID: 36213139 PMCID: PMC9537382 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aims to explore the associations of personality traits and extra-family social relationship with depressive symptoms among Chinese adults. Methods: A nationally representative sample of 29,810 adults aged 16 and above were selected from 2018 CFPS. Personality and depressive symptoms were measured using CBF-PI-15 and the CES-D8 scale. Extra-family social relationship was assessed through the self-rated evaluation. The multiple regression analysis and the PROCESS macro were used for the mediation analysis. Results: Extraversion (OR = 0.807, 95% CI = 0.773, 0.842), agreeableness (OR = 0.795, 95% CI = 0.756, 0.835) and extra-family social relationship (OR = 0.927, 95% CI = 0.913, 0.941) had negative associations with depressive symptoms. Extra-family social relationship could mediate between extraversion and depressive symptoms (Indirect effect = −0.049,95% CI = −0.060, −0.039) as well as agreeableness (Indirect effect = −0.056, 95% CI = −0.068, −0.046) and depressive symptoms. Comparing to females, the indirect effect accounts for a higher proportion of total effect in males. Conclusion: Extra-family social relationship might mediate the association between extraversion and depressive symptoms as well as agreeableness and depressive symptoms.
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Levine SL, Brabander CJ, Moore AM, Holding AC, Koestner R. Unhappy or unsatisfied: distinguishing the role of negative affect and need frustration in depressive symptoms over the academic year and during the COVID-19 pandemic. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021; 46:126-136. [PMID: 34873352 PMCID: PMC8635315 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mental health problems are becoming increasingly prevalent across college campuses. Past research has found that negative affect and frustration of basic psychological needs contribute to the development of depressive symptoms, but there is limited research which compares whether these are antecedents or concomitants of depressive symptoms. The present set of studies aimed to distinguish the differential associations of affect and need frustration on depressive symptoms. Students (Nstudy1 = 379; Nstudy2 = 235) completed measures on negative affect, need frustration (e.g., relatedness, competence, and autonomy), and depressive symptoms over an academic year and during the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In both samples, fully cross-lagged path models were used to examine the relation between need frustration, negative affect, and depressive symptoms over time. Across both studies, basic psychological need frustration was the only consistent predictor of both negative affect and depressive symptoms over time, suggesting that need frustration is an antecedent of depressive symptoms over time, and especially during vulnerable time periods. Additionally, in Study 2, reports from close others confirm that need frustration is the largest indicator of depressive presentation in students. These results highlight the relative importance of basic psychological need frustration in predicting depressive symptoms in university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Levine
- McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1 Canada
| | | | - Amanda M Moore
- McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1 Canada
| | - Anne C Holding
- McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1 Canada
| | - Richard Koestner
- McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1 Canada
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4
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Yang P, Yu Q, Montag C, Becker B, Cheval B, Herold F, Delphine C, Li J, Szabo A, Zou L. Validation of the Chinese Version of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R). Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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5
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Unhappy While Depressed: Examining the Dimensionality, Reliability and Validity of the Subjective Happiness Scale in a Spanish Sample of Patients with Depressive Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010964. [PMID: 34682709 PMCID: PMC8535987 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the considerable amount of research evidence on the significant role of subjective happiness on mental health, there is no psychometric study of the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) in psychiatric samples. This study was aimed at exploring the psychometric properties of the SHS in a Spanish sample of patients with depressive disorders. Participants were 174 patients with a depressive disorder (70% diagnosed as major depressive disorder) who completed the SHS, the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR16), and the EQ-5D Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-5D VAS). Depressive symptoms were also assessed by means of the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17) and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Scale. Dimensionality, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness to change of the SHS were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis replicated the original one-factor structure of the scale. The SHS exhibited good-to-excellent results for internal consistency (α = 0.83) and for convergent [EQ-5D VAS (r = 0.71)] and divergent [QIDS-SR16 (r = -0.72), HDRS17 (r = -0.60) and CGI-S (r = -0.61)] construct validity. The ability of the SHS to differentiate between depression severity levels as well as its responsiveness to clinical change were both highly satisfactory (p < 0.001 in both cases). The SHS retained the soundness of psychometric properties showed in non-clinical samples in a sample of patients with depressive disorders, which supports its use as a reliable and valid outcome measure in the treatment of such disorders.
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6
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Brooke CM, Intrieri RC. The influence of anxiety sensitivity, & personality on social anxiety symptoms. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abernathy D, Zettle RD. Inducing Amusement in the Laboratory and Its Moderation by Experiential Approach. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:2213-2231. [PMID: 33878971 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211007935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The relative ability of four comedic sketches to induce amusement in the laboratory and its moderation by dispositional differences in experiential approach as a form of positive emotion regulation were investigated. College student participants reported significant and equivalent diminished levels of negative affect relative to baseline following each sketch, while the level of positive affect induced by The Office exceeded that elicited by two of the three other sketches as well as by a top-ranked French comedic film clip. Regression models indicated that the two subscales of the Experiential Approach Scale and their interaction accounted for significant variability in negative mood reductions following the sketches. Unexpectedly, college student participants who enjoyed the greatest decrement in negative affect reported a regulation style in which anxiously clinging to positive emotions dominates over sustaining and savoring them. The limitations of this project and implications of its findings for laboratory inductions of amusement, as well as further investigations of its possible moderation by experiential approach as form of positive emotion regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danette Abernathy
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Robert D Zettle
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
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8
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Wilson S, Olino TM. A developmental perspective on personality and psychopathology across the life span. J Pers 2021; 89:915-932. [PMID: 33550639 PMCID: PMC10142293 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Taking a developmental perspective, guided by core principles of developmental science and developmental psychopathology, is necessary to move the fields of personality science and psychopathology forward. Personality and psychopathology can be delineated using hierarchical models of individual differences, as evidenced by decades of converging evidence across community and psychiatric samples, countries and cultures, and ages and developmental periods. A large body of empirical research likewise documents associations between personality and various forms of psychopathology. Cross-sectional investigations of personality-psychopathology links in samples of adults now yield diminishing returns. Prospective, longitudinal investigations that assess personality, psychopathology, and their co-development across the life span are needed to determine their temporal ordering, capture dynamic associations over time and development, and elucidate causal origins and underlying mechanisms. We lay out a developmental framework that integrates across the developmental, personality, and psychopathology literatures in order to further understanding and guide future investigations of the nature of personality-psychopathology links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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DeYoung CG, Chmielewski M, Clark LA, Condon DM, Kotov R, Krueger RF, Lynam DR, Markon KE, Miller JD, Mullins-Sweatt SN, Samuel DB, Sellbom M, South SC, Thomas KM, Watson D, Watts AL, Widiger TA, Wright AGC. The distinction between symptoms and traits in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). J Pers 2020; 90:20-33. [PMID: 32978977 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an empirically and quantitatively derived dimensional classification system designed to describe the features of psychopathology and, ultimately, to replace categorical nosologies. Among the constructs that HiTOP organizes are "symptom components" and "maladaptive traits," but past HiTOP publications have not fully explicated the distinction between symptoms and traits. We propose working definitions of symptoms and traits and explore challenges, exceptions, and remaining questions. Specifically, we propose that the only systematic difference between symptoms and traits in HiTOP is one of time frame. Maladaptive traits are dispositional constructs that describe persistent tendencies to manifest features of psychopathology, whereas symptoms are features of psychopathology as they are manifest during any specific time period (from moments to days to months). This has the consequence that almost every HiTOP dimension, at any level of the hierarchy, can be assessed as either a trait or a symptom dimension, by adjusting the framing of the assessment. We discuss the implications of these definitions for causal models of the relations between symptoms and traits and for distinctions between psychopathology, normal personality variation, and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Lee Anna Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - David M Condon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Douglas B Samuel
- Department of Psychology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Susan C South
- Department of Psychology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ashley L Watts
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thomas A Widiger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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10
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Fournier JC, Wright A, Tackett JL, Uliaszek A, Pilkonis PA, Manuck SB, Bagby RM. Decoupling Personality and Acute Psychiatric Symptoms in a Depressed Sample and a Community Sample. Clin Psychol Sci 2019; 17:566-581. [PMID: 31595211 PMCID: PMC6782051 DOI: 10.1177/2167702618813989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The association between depression and neuroticism is complex, but due to the difficulty in assessing neuroticism during mood episodes, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood. In this study, we sought to decompose neuroticism into finer-grained elements that were uncorrelated with psychiatric symptoms and to examine the incremental validity of those elements in explaining deficits in interpersonal functioning. A bifactor model with one general factor and six specific factors fit the data well in both a depressed (N=807) and a community (N=1,284) sample, and the specific factors were relatively independent of acute symptoms. Moreover, two specific factors (Angry Hostility and Self-Consciousness) accounted for incremental variance in interpersonal functioning problems in the community sample and in a subgroup of depressed participants. The results demonstrate that neuroticism can be decomposed into components that are distinct from symptoms and that are incrementally associated with deficits in interpersonal functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Fournier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Aidan Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | | | - Paul A Pilkonis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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11
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Wróbel M, Finogenow M, Szymańska P, Laurent J. Measuring Positive and Negative Affect in a School-Based Sample: A Polish Version of the PANAS-C. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Yiend J, Barnicot K, Williams M, Fox E. The influence of positive and negative affect on emotional attention. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 61:80-86. [PMID: 29990682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mechanisms of engagement and disengagement of attention to emotional information are thought to contribute to the onset and maintenance of anxiety and depression, a conclusion based largely on findings in analogue subclinical samples. However, we argue that traditionally defined analogue samples can be misleading. Firstly, research has challenged the adequacy of conventional measures of subclinical traits by illustrating that supposedly distinct scales are highly inter-correlated and do not therefore measure independent constructs. Secondly, recent research in clinical groups has revealed results opposite to those expected from the analogue literature, suggesting speeded, rather than impaired, disengagement from threat. METHODS We present analogue findings, from a sample of 70 healthy participants, allowing a purer distinction between the phenomenology of anxiety versus depression using the orthogonal traits of positive and negative affect to classify individuals. RESULTS Using emotional peripheral cueing we found that, at short cue durations, dysphoric individuals' (those with low positive and high negative affect) attention to facial expressions was slowed by emotional compared to neutral invalid cues. LIMITATIONS Limitations included a small sample size and limited generalisability due to sampling from a student population. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that, in line with the previous subclinical literature, dysphoric individuals are slow to disengage attention from emotional information at early stages of processing and are consistent with the possibility that patterns of orienting of attention might be qualitatively different in subclinical versus clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yiend
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, United Kingdom.
| | - K Barnicot
- Centre for Psychiatry, Central & North West London NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - M Williams
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, United Kingdom
| | - E Fox
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Murphy MLM, Janicki-Deverts D, Cohen S. Receiving a hug is associated with the attenuation of negative mood that occurs on days with interpersonal conflict. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203522. [PMID: 30281606 PMCID: PMC6169869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal touch is emerging as an important topic in the study of adult relationships, with recent research showing that such behaviors can promote better relationship functioning and individual well-being. This investigation considers whether being hugged is associated with reduced conflict-related decreases in positive affect and increases in negative affect as well as whether these associations differ between women and men. A sample of 404 adults were interviewed every night for 14 consecutive days about their conflicts, hug receipt, and positive and negative affect. Results indicated that there was an interaction between hug receipt and conflict exposure such that receiving a hug was associated with a smaller conflict-related decrease in positive affect and a smaller conflict-related increase in negative affect when assessed concurrently. Hug receipt was also prospectively associated with a smaller conflict-related increase in next day negative affect but was not associated with next day positive affect. Associations between hug receipt and conflict-related changes in affect did not differ between women and men, between individuals who were married or in a marital-like relationship and those who were not, or as a function of individual differences in baseline perceived social support. While correlational, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that hugs buffer against deleterious changes in affect associated with experiencing interpersonal conflict. Possible mechanisms through which hugs facilitate positive adaptation to conflict are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. M. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Denise Janicki-Deverts
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Santos-Lopes-Santos ACD, García del Castillo J, Marzo JC. The impact of affectivity on the behaviour of Portuguese adolescents / El impacto de la afectividad en la conducta de los adolescentes portugueses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2018.1449622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Neuroticism and Individual Differences in Neural Function in Unmedicated Major Depression: Findings from the EMBARC Study. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 2:138-148. [PMID: 28983519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality dysfunction represents one of the only predictors of differential response between active treatments for depression to have replicated. In this study, we examine whether depressed patients with higher neuroticism scores, a marker of personality dysfunction, show differences versus depressed patients with lower scores in the functioning of two brain regions associated with treatment response, the anterior cingulate and anterior insula cortices. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging data during an emotional Stroop task were collected from 135 adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder at four academic medical centers participating in the Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response for Clinical Care (EMBARC) study. Secondary analyses were conducted including a sample of 28 healthy individuals. RESULTS In whole-brain analyses, higher neuroticism among depressed adults was associated with increased activity in and connectivity with the right anterior insula cortex to incongruent compared to congruent emotional stimuli (ks>281, ps<0.05 FWE corrected), covarying for concurrent psychiatric distress. We also observed an unanticipated relationship between neuroticism and reduced activity in the precuneus (k=269, p<0.05 FWE corrected). Exploratory analyses including healthy individuals suggested that associations between neuroticism and brain function may be nonlinear over the full range of neuroticism scores. CONCLUSIONS This study provides convergent evidence for the importance of the right anterior insula cortex as a brain-based marker of clinically meaningful individual differences in neuroticism among adults with depression. This is a critical next step in linking personality dysfunction, a replicated clinical predictor of differential antidepressant treatment response, with differences in underlying brain function.
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Urry HL, Nitschke JB, Dolski I, Jackson DC, Dalton KM, Mueller CJ, Rosenkranz MA, Ryff CD, Singer BH, Davidson RJ. Making a Life Worth Living. Psychol Sci 2016; 15:367-72. [PMID: 15147488 DOI: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the vast literature that has implicated asymmetric activation of the prefrontal cortex in approach-withdrawal motivation and emotion, no published reports have directly explored the neural correlates of well-being. Eighty-four right-handed adults (ages 57–60) completed self-report measures of eudaimonic well-being, hedonic well-being, and positive affect prior to resting electroencephalography. As hypothesized, greater left than right superior frontal activation was associated with higher levels of both forms of well-being. Hemisphere-specific analyses documented the importance of goal-directed approach tendencies beyond those captured by approach-related positive affect for eudaimonic but not for hedonic well-being. Appropriately engaging sources of appetitive motivation, characteristic of higher left than right baseline levels of prefrontal activation, may encourage the experience of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Urry
- Department of Psychology and W.M. Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Durai M, Searchfield G. Anxiety and depression, personality traits relevant to tinnitus: A scoping review. Int J Audiol 2016; 55:605-15. [DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2016.1198966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Durai
- School of Population Health - Audiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Grant Searchfield
- School of Population Health - Audiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Fish J, Osberg TM, Syed M. "This is the way we were raised": Alcohol beliefs and acculturation in relation to alcohol consumption among Native Americans. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2016; 16:219-245. [PMID: 26979126 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2015.1133362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Native Americans have the highest rates of alcohol use in comparison to other ethnic groups, placing them at risk for experiencing alcohol-related problems. The present study examined the beliefs that some Native Americans may have related to alcohol use; specifically, the belief that alcohol is a key component in Native American cultures. To assess these beliefs, we developed the Stereotypical Alcohol Beliefs Scale for Native Americans (SABSNA). The new 20-item measure was administered to 144 individuals who identified as Native American along with a measure of acculturation and other drinking-related measures, including perceived norms, alcohol expectancies, and drinking motives. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that the measure is unidimensional in structure and has excellent internal consistency. SABSNA scores were found to be positively associated with typical week drinking, alcohol expectancies, and drinking motives (social, coping, enhancement, and conformity). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that level of acculturation moderated the association between alcohol beliefs and weekly drinking. Native Americans who identified less with mainstream culture demonstrated a positive association between their cultural alcohol beliefs and their weekly drinking. The findings suggest that alcohol beliefs would be an appropriate additional target for interventions for individuals who are not oriented to the mainstream culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Fish
- a Niagara University Lewistown , New York , USA.,b University of Minnesota, Twin Cities , Minneapolis , Minnesota
| | | | - Moin Syed
- b University of Minnesota, Twin Cities , Minneapolis , Minnesota
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Prospective Pilot Investigation: Presurgical Depressive Symptom Severity and Anesthesia Response in Women Undergoing Surgery for Gynecologic Mass Removal. Int J Behav Med 2016; 22:521-9. [PMID: 25421878 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-014-9451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anesthesia depth has been associated with mortality. The association between anesthesia depth and presurgery physical and health status, however, is currently debated. Depression is one comorbid condition that warrants investigation given its association to reduced frontal lobe activity and high prevalence in known surgery samples (e.g., gynecologic mass removal). PURPOSE This pilot study examined the hypothesis that severity of acute depressive symptoms would associate with greater sensitivity to anesthesia as measured by a frontal lobe electroencephalogram (EEG)-based monitor during the anesthesia induction phase among women undergoing gynecologic mass removal. METHOD This was a prospective and surgery anesthesia-controlled pilot investigation with 31 women undergoing surgery for removal of pelvic/gynecologic masses. Participants completed the Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic (MBMD) inventory to assess depressive-related symptomatology. A Bispectral Index Score (BIS™) monitor (Aspect Medical Systems Inc., MA) was placed on the left frontal region to measure change in response from a set pre-anesthesia baseline point throughout the induction phase (6.5 min of the anesthetic). BIS™ change was calculated using a modified "area under the curve with respect to ground" formula. RESULTS Greater sensitivity to anesthesia during induction was significantly associated with higher MBMD future pessimism scores and marginally associated with higher MBMD depression scores. Depressive personality, anxiety severity, tumor type, age, medication use, and comorbidity scores were not found to be predictors of BIS score change. CONCLUSION These pilot findings suggest that preoperative psychological health and anesthesia response are not independent. Acute presurgery depression and anesthesia response warrant closer empirical examination.
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Kato TA, Hashimoto R, Hayakawa K, Kubo H, Watabe M, Teo AR, Kanba S. Multidimensional anatomy of 'modern type depression' in Japan: A proposal for a different diagnostic approach to depression beyond the DSM-5. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 70:7-23. [PMID: 26350304 PMCID: PMC5560068 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Japan's prototype of depression was traditionally a melancholic depression based on the premorbid personality known as shūchaku-kishitsu proposed by Mitsuzo Shimoda in the 1930s. However, since around 2000, a novel form of depression has emerged among Japanese youth. Called 'modern type depression (MTD)' by the mass media, the term has quickly gained popularity among the general public, though it has not been regarded as an official medical term. Likewise, lack of consensus guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment, and a dearth of scientific literature on MTD has led to confusion when dealing with it in clinical practice in Japan. In this review article, we summarize and discuss the present situation and issues regarding MTD by focusing on historical, diagnostic, psychosocial, and cultural perspectives. We also draw on international perspectives that begin to suggest that MTD is a phenomenon that may exist not only in Japan but also in many other countries with different sociocultural and historical backgrounds. It is therefore of interest to establish whether MTD is a culture-specific phenomenon in Japan or a syndrome that can be classified using international diagnostic criteria as contained in the ICD or the DSM. We propose a novel diagnostic approach for depression that addresses MTD in order to combat the current confusion about depression under the present diagnostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Hayakawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motoki Watabe
- School of Business, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Alan R Teo
- Mental Health and Neurosciences Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Shigenobu Kanba
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Hakulinen C, Elovainio M, Pulkki-Råback L, Virtanen M, Kivimäki M, Jokela M. PERSONALITY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANT META-ANALYSIS OF 10 COHORT STUDIES. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32:461-70. [PMID: 26014798 PMCID: PMC4605994 DOI: 10.1002/da.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality is suggested to be a major risk factor for depression but large-scale individual participant meta-analyses on this topic are lacking. METHOD Data from 10 prospective community cohort studies with 117,899 participants (mean age 49.0 years; 54.7% women) were pooled for individual participant meta-analysis to determine the association between personality traits of the five-factor model and risk of depressive symptoms. RESULTS In cross-sectional analysis, low extraversion (pooled standardized regression coefficient (B) = -.08; 95% confidence interval = -0.11, -0.04), high neuroticism (B = .39; 0.32, 0.45), and low conscientiousness (B = -.09; -0.10, -0.06) were associated with depressive symptoms. Similar associations were observed in longitudinal analyses adjusted for baseline depressive symptoms (n = 56,735; mean follow-up of 5.0 years): low extraversion (B = -.03; -0.05, -0.01), high neuroticism (B = .12; 0.10, 0.13), and low conscientiousness (B = -.04; -0.06, -0.02) were associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms at follow-up. In turn, depressive symptoms were associated with personality change in extraversion (B = -.07; 95% CI = -0.12, -0.02), neuroticism (B = .23; 0.09, 0.36), agreeableness (B = -.09; -0.15, -0.04), conscientiousness (B = -.14; -0.21, -0.07), and openness to experience (B = -.04; -0.08, 0.00). CONCLUSIONS Personality traits are prospectively associated with the development of depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms, in turn, are associated with changes in personality that may be temporary or persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hakulinen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Elovainio
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Jokela
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Du X, Luo W, Shen Y, Wei D, Xie P, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Qiu J. Brain structure associated with automatic thoughts predicted depression symptoms in healthy individuals. Psychiatry Res 2015; 232:257-63. [PMID: 25914142 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous behavioral studies have examined the correlation between personality and depression, and between negative automatic thoughts and depression. Little is known, however, about the relationships among these three factors. Even less is known about how variations in brain structure are related to negative automatic thoughts, which are thought to mediate the association between personality traits and depressive symptoms. A total of 298 healthy participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging and completed the following questionnaires: a Neuroticism scale, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ), and the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). We first investigated the relationships among the three questionnaires and found that the ATQ was a mediator between the Neuroticism scale and the SDS. Then, we investigated the neuroanatomical correlates of the ATQ in the participants using voxel-based morphometry. We found that the ATQ was significantly positively correlated with the gray matter volume of the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG). Structural Equation Modeling revealed that negative automatic thoughts mediated the relationship between the GMV of the parahippocampal gyrus and depression. Moreover, the interaction between parahippocampal gyrus volume and neuroticism predicted automatic thoughts. These findings highlight that negative automatic thoughts might be a good predictor of depression outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Du
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Laboratory of Cognition and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Yimo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; The Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Durbin CE, Hicks BM. Personality and Psychopathology: A Stagnant Field in Need of Development. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2014; 28:362-386. [PMID: 25544802 PMCID: PMC4276423 DOI: 10.1002/per.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A dominant paradigm in psychopathology research proposes that individual differences in personality are centrally involved in the origins and manifestations of psychopathology, and structural models of personality and psychopathology have been extremely useful in helping to organize associations among many traits and disorders. However, these models merely describe patterns of covariation; they do not explain the processes by which these patterns emerge. We argue that the field is stagnated, as it is overly focused on the demonstration of concurrent associations and on confirming a spectrum model that proposes traits and disorders are manifestations of the same underlying constructs. We contend that if the field is to move toward an understanding of causal processes, it must integrate knowledge and principles of personality development and developmental psychopathology. To begin this integration, we review (1) normative trends in personality change, (2) age-related changes in the prevalence of disorders, and (3) the impact of onset and chronicity on the severity of disorders. We propose several developmental processes that may contribute to the co-development of personality and psychopathology. We then present novel empirical findings to illustrate how a developmental perspective on traits and disorders can inform new hypotheses, and propose principles and hypotheses that should guide future research.
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Panayiotou G. Maternal neuroticism predicts social anxiety in Cypriot youth: the mediating role of child personality and anxiety sensitivity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2013.866147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Petrie JM, Chapman L, Vines LM. Utility of the PANAS-X in Predicting Social Phobia in African American Females. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798412454677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Burgeoning literature in the field of social anxiety suggests that social phobia may diverge from the other anxiety disorders in terms of the association it shares with low positive affect. Research examining positive affect and social anxiety has contributed to the understanding of social phobia in non-Hispanic White populations, but the cross-cultural generalization of anxiety in African Americans remains unknown. The current study used receiver operating characteristic analysis to estimate the extent to which scores on the Positive and Negative Affect Scales of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Expanded form (PANAS-X) predicted anxiety disorder diagnoses in a sample of 91 community-dwelling African American females. Subsequent receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted to evaluate the utility of the Positive and Negative Affect Scales of the PANAS-X in predicting social phobia specifically. Results suggest that the PANAS-X is a clinically useful measure for predicting anxiety disorder diagnosis and, more specifically, social phobia in African American females. Additionally, optimal cutoff scores were identified, underscoring the potential use of the PANAS-X as a screening device for anxiety in African American females.
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Lambert NM, Fincham FD, Stillman TF. Gratitude and depressive symptoms: the role of positive reframing and positive emotion. Cogn Emot 2011; 26:615-33. [PMID: 21923564 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.595393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Eight studies (N=2,973) tested the theory that gratitude is related to fewer depressive symptoms through positive reframing and positive emotion. Study 1 found a direct path between gratitude and depressive symptoms. Studies 2-5 demonstrated that positive reframing mediated the relationship between gratitude and depressive symptoms. Studies 6-7 showed that positive emotion mediated the relationship between gratitude and depressive symptoms. Study 8 found that positive reframing and positive emotion simultaneously mediated the relationship between gratitude and depressive symptoms. In sum, these eight studies demonstrate that gratitude is related to fewer depressive symptoms, with positive reframing and positive emotion serving as mechanisms that account for this relationship.
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Kotov R, Watson D, Robles JP, Schmidt NB. Personality traits and anxiety symptoms: The multilevel trait predictor model. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45:1485-503. [PMID: 17240351 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of relations between personality traits and mental disorders can inform key issues in psychopathology research. However, it has been hindered by extensive correlations among the traits. Building on studies of affect-psychopathology relations (e.g., the tripartite model), an organizational framework is proposed to solve this problem with respect to anxiety pathology. To test the resulting model, associations between four traits (negative emotionality, positive emotionality, anxiety sensitivity, and negative evaluation sensitivity) and four anxiety symptoms (chronic worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, panic, and social anxiety) were examined in an undergraduate sample (N=907). Confirmatory factor analyses supported operationalizations of the constructs in this study. Examination of the trait-symptom links using hierarchical multiple regression analyses supported most of the predicted relations. Specifically, negative emotionality emerged as a general predictor that was significantly related to all four symptom dimensions. In contrast, anxiety sensitivity was specific to panic and worry, whereas negative evaluation sensitivity was specific to social anxiety and worry. Finally, positive emotionality was uniquely related to social anxiety. The model accounted for a substantial amount of variance in the symptoms and almost all of the covariation among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY 11794-8790, USA.
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Kronmüller KT, Mundt C. Persönlichkeit, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Depression. DER NERVENARZT 2006; 77:863-76; quiz 877-8. [PMID: 16596428 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-006-2071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Personality is one of most frequently investigated fields in depression research and, despite changes in research paradigms, has not lost its relevance. Numerous results concerning the conceptualization of conspicuous personality traits, their aetiopathogenetic significance, and their effect on treatment and course have contributed to a better understanding of depression. Genetics and neurobiology provide new incentives for research in this field. We present an overview of aspects relevant to personality research in depression including personality types, personality traits, temperament factors, and personality disorders. Especially results on personality factors' effect on treatment and course of depression, integrating these results with different personality models in depression, and their consequences to treatment and further research of personality traits in depression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-T Kronmüller
- Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg.
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Abstract
This review highlights consistent patterns in the literature associating positive affect (PA) and physical health. However, it also raises serious conceptual and methodological reservations. Evidence suggests an association of trait PA and lower morbidity and of state and trait PA and decreased symptoms and pain. Trait PA is also associated with increased longevity among older community-dwelling individuals. The literature on PA and surviving serious illness is inconsistent. Experimentally inducing intense bouts of activated state PA triggers short-term rises in physiological arousal and associated (potentially harmful) effects on immune, cardiovascular, and pulmonary function. However, arousing effects of state PA are not generally found in naturalistic ambulatory studies in which bouts of PA are typically less intense and often associated with health protective responses. A theoretical framework to guide further study is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University
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Clark LA. Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006; 114:505-21. [PMID: 16351374 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Personality and psychopathology long have been viewed as related domains, but the precise nature of their relations remains unclear. Through most of the 20th century, they were studied as separate fields; within psychopathology, clinical syndromes were separated from personality disorders in 1980. This division led to the revelation of substantial overlap among disorders both within and across axes and to the joint study of normal and abnormal personality. The author reviews these literatures and proposes an integrative framework to explain personality-psychopathology relations: Three broad, innate temperament dimensions--negative affectivity, positive affectivity, and disinhibition--differentiate through both biologically and environmentally based developmental processes into a hierarchical personality trait structure and, at their extremes, are risk factors (diatheses) for psychopathology, especially given adverse life experiences (stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Anna Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1316, USA.
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Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychol Bull 2005; 131:803-55. [PMID: 16351326 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1948] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, and health. The authors suggest a conceptual model to account for these findings, arguing that the happiness-success link exists not only because success makes people happy, but also because positive affect engenders success. Three classes of evidence--crosssectional, longitudinal, and experimental--are documented to test their model. Relevant studies are described and their effect sizes combined meta-analytically. The results reveal that happiness is associated with and precedes numerous successful outcomes, as well as behaviors paralleling success. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that positive affect--the hallmark of well-being--may be the cause of many of the desirable characteristics, resources, and successes correlated with happiness. Limitations, empirical issues, and important future research questions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Lyubomirsky
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Watson D, Gamez W, Simms LJ. Basic dimensions of temperament and their relation to anxiety and depression: A symptom-based perspective. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success? Psychol Bull 2005. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success? Psychol Bull 2005. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success? Psychol Bull 2005. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success? Psychol Bull 2005. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success? Psychol Bull 2005. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success? Psychol Bull 2005. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success? Psychol Bull 2005. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Klein DN, Santiago NJ. Dysthymia and chronic depression: introduction, classification, risk factors, and course. J Clin Psychol 2003; 59:807-16. [PMID: 12858423 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.10174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chronic forms of depression are more common and impairing than is generally recognized. This article introduces an In Session issue devoted to dysthymic disorder and chronic depression, and it reviews current knowledge about these disorders. First, we discuss nosological issues, followed by a summary of potential risk factors. Finally, the naturalistic course of chronic depression is described and implications for clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Klein
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794-2500, USA.
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Abstract
Results have been inconsistent regarding the ability of personality measures to predict future depression severity levels, leading some researchers to question the validity of personality assessment, especially when patients are acutely depressed. Using a combination of regression and factor analytic techniques, we separated the variance of personality measures into stable trait and variable state-affect components. Findings supported the hypotheses that depression severity measured at different time points would correlate with both stable trait and concurrent state-affect components in personality measures, whereas change in depression severity would correlate with state changes but not with stable trait scores. Thus, personality assessments tap both state affect and trait variance, with the state-affect variance masking the trait variance when patients are depressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Anna Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA.
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Ruipérez MÁ, Ibáñez MI, Lorente E, Moro M, Ortet G. Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the BSI. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2001. [DOI: 10.1027//1015-5759.17.3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Summary: This study investigates in a nonclinical sample some aspects of the reliability and validity of the Spanish adaptation of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) as well as the relationship of personality dimensions and psychopathological symptoms. Factor analysis showed a six-factor structure: depression, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, obsession-compulsion, somatization, and hostility/aggressivity. Alpha reliabilities for the six BSI scales showed optimal indices (between 0.70 and 0.91). Furthermore, the relationships among BSI-extracted factors and extraversion (E), neuroticism (N), and psychoticism (P) scales of the EPQ-R were also studied. Phobic anxiety and somatization were related to N and P; hostility/aggressivity was related to N, P and E; obsession-compulsion was related to N, P and inversely to E. In conclusion, the Spanish version of the BSI is a reliable, valid, and rapid tool for the assessment of symptoms of depression, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, obsession-compulsion, somatization, and hostility/aggressivity in the nonclinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esther Lorente
- Department of Psychology, Jaume I University of Castelló, Spain
| | - Micaela Moro
- Department of Psychology, Jaume I University of Castelló, Spain
| | - Generós Ortet
- Department of Psychology, Jaume I University of Castelló, Spain
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Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) developed by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) is a compelling effort at a best approximation to date of a scientifically based nomenclature, but even its authors have acknowledged that its diagnoses and criterion sets are highly debatable. Well-meaning clinicians, theorists, and researchers could find some basis for fault in virtually every sentence, due in part to the absence of adequate research to guide its construction. Some points of disagreement, however, are more fundamental than others. The authors discuss issues that cut across individual diagnostic categories and that should receive particular attention in DSM-V: (a) the process by which the diagnostic manual is developed, (b) the differentiation from normal psychological functioning, (c) the differentiation among diagnostic categories, (d) cross-sectional vs. longitudinal diagnoses, and (e) the role of laboratory instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Widiger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA.
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Cosway R, Endler NS, Sadler AJ, Deary IJ. The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations: Factorial Structure and Associations With Personality Traits and Psychological Health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9861.2000.tb00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Johnson SL, Jacob T. Sequential interactions in the marital communication of depressed men and women. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68:4-12. [PMID: 10710835 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.68.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite studies showing patterns of sequential interaction between depressed wives and their husbands, no published research has contrasted sequential interactions of depressed husbands and their wives. This study compared problem-solving interactions of 49 couples with a depressed husband, 41 with a depressed wife, and 50 normal controls. Interactions were coded using the Marital Interaction Coding System. Although no clear patterns of sequential interaction distinguished couples with a depressed wife from normal control couples, results suggested a unique pattern of interaction between depressed husbands and their spouses, whereby positive communications from the husband resulted in decreased positivity and increased negativity from their wives. Given the importance of positivity for promoting effective problem solving, this pattern appears to have important implications for couples' long-term marital satisfaction and husbands' mood regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables 33124-2070, USA.
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Katainen S, Räikkönen K, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Adolescent temperament, perceived social support, and depressive tendencies as predictors of depressive tendencies in young adulthood. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199905/06)13:3<183::aid-per327>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Katainen S, Räikkönen K, Keskivaara P, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Maternal Child-Rearing Attitudes and Role Satisfaction and Children's Temperament as Antecedents of Adolescent Depressive Tendencies: Follow-up Study of 6- to 15-Year-Olds. J Youth Adolesc 1999. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1021645213549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
DSM-IV's strong empirical base has yielded an instrument with good to excellent reliability and improved validity. Diagnostic reliability depends on both the clarity and validity of diagnostic criteria and the changeability of disorders over time: The reliability of schizophrenic spectrum disorders, personality disorders, and some childhood and adolescent disorders remains problematic. Findings on diagnostic validity appear paradoxical: Attempts to validate schizophrenic spectrum disorders with neurobiological and genetic-familial validators have been only modestly successful, whereas the tripartite personality trait model has differentiated a range of depressive and anxiety disorders. Research on comorbidity has identified several highly comorbid disorders (substance-related disorders, personality disorders, depression, and anxiety) as well as some adverse consequences of comorbidity. The advantages of dimensional approaches to diagnosis have largely been demonstrated conceptually; ultimate conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of dimensional and syndromal methods await substantial additional empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Nathan
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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Abstract
Research on relationships between anxiety and depression has proceeded at a rapid pace since the 1980s. The similarities and differences between these two conditions, as well as many of the important features of the comorbidity of these disorders, are well understood. The genotypic structure of anxiety and depression is also fairly well documented. Generalized anxiety and major depression share a common genetic diathesis, but the anxiety disorders themselves are genetically hetergeneous. Sophisticated phenotypic models have also emerged, with data converging on an integrative hierarchical model of mood and anxiety disorders in which each individual syndrome contains both a common and a unique component. Finally, considerable progress has been made in understanding cognitive aspects of these disorders. This work has focused on both the cognitive content of anxiety and depression and on the effects that anxiety and depression have on information processing for mood-congruent material.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mineka
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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