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Esposito G, Bergagna S, Colussi S, Shahin K, Rosa R, Volpatti D, Faggio C, Mossotto C, Gabetti A, Maganza A, Bozzetta E, Prearo M, Pastorino P. Changes in blood serum parameters in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during a piscine lactococcosis outbreak. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13994. [PMID: 38953153 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The aquaculture sector plays a vital role in global food security, yet it grapples with significant challenges posed by infectious diseases. Piscine lactococcosis is one of the significant threats in rainbow trout aquaculture due to its potential to cause severe economic losses through mortalities, reduced growth rates, and increased susceptibility to other pathogens. It poses challenges in disease management strategies, impacting the sustainability and profitability of rainbow trout farming. The current study focuses on the variations in serum blood parameters of farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during a lactococcosis outbreak caused by Lactococcus garvieae. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, fish were examined for parasites and bacteria, and DNA from bacterial colonies was PCR-amplified and sequenced for identification. Overall, 13 biochemical parameters, including proteins, enzymes, lipids, chemicals, and minerals, were measured in serum blood samples from both diseased and healthy fish. The results indicate significant alterations in the levels of these parameters during the outbreak, highlighting the impact of infections on the blood profile of farmed rainbow trout. Urea levels were significantly higher in diseased fish compared to controls, and creatinine, phosphorus, and magnesium also showed similar trends. Alanine aminotransferase and total protein levels were higher in control fish. Chloride levels differed significantly between groups. Iron levels were higher in controls and lower in diseased fish. No significant differences were found in other parameters. This study reveals significant changes in serum blood parameters of rainbow trout during a lactococcosis outbreak caused by L. garvieae. These changes highlight the potential of these parameters as tools for monitoring health status, stress, and aquaculture management. Continuous monitoring can provide valuable insights into disease severity and overall fish health, aiding in the development of improved management practices. The presented data contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of piscine lactococcosis and developing effective mitigation strategies for farmed rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Esposito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Bergagna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Colussi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Roberta Rosa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Marine Ecosostenibili, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Camilla Mossotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Gabetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maganza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
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Gajahin Gamage NT, Miyashita R, Takahashi K, Asakawa S, Senevirathna JDM. Proteomic Applications in Aquatic Environment Studies. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10030032. [PMID: 36136310 PMCID: PMC9505238 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome determines the unique individualities of organisms; however, proteins play significant roles in the generation of the colorful life forms below water. Aquatic systems are usually complex and multifaceted and can take on unique modifications and adaptations to environmental changes by altering proteins at the cellular level. Proteomics is an essential strategy for exploring aquatic ecosystems due to the diverse involvement of proteins, proteoforms, and their complexity in basic and advanced cellular functions. Proteomics can expedite the analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying biological processes in an aquatic environment. Previous proteomic studies on aquatic environments have mainly focused on pollution assessments, ecotoxicology, their role in the food industry, and extraction and identification of natural products. Aquatic protein biomarkers have been comprehensively reported and are currently extensively applied in the pharmaceutical and medical industries. Cellular- and molecular-level responses of organisms can be used as indicators of environmental changes and stresses. Conversely, environmental changes are expedient in predicting aquatic health and productivity, which are crucial for ecosystem management and conservation. Recent advances in proteomics have contributed to the development of sustainable aquaculture, seafood safety, and high aquatic food production. Proteomic approaches have expanded to other aspects of the aquatic environment, such as protein fingerprinting for species identification. In this review, we encapsulated current proteomic applications and evaluated the potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of proteomics for future aquatic environmental studies. The review identifies both pros and cons of aquatic proteomics and projects potential challenges and recommendations. We postulate that proteomics is an emerging, powerful, and integrated omics approach for aquatic environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeeka Thushari Gajahin Gamage
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Rina Miyashita
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Takahashi
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jayan Duminda Mahesh Senevirathna
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
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Martorell-Ribera J, Koczan D, Tindara Venuto M, Viergutz T, Brunner RM, Goldammer T, Gimsa U, Rebl A. Experimental Handling Challenges Result in Minor Changes in the Phagocytic Capacity and Transcriptome of Head-Kidney Cells of the Salmonid Fish Coregonus maraena. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889635. [PMID: 35591870 PMCID: PMC9111177 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture management involves regular handling procedures, but these can evoke stress responses in farmed fish. We compiled an extensive list of published parameters that indicate the most likely handling-induced physiological deviations from the norm. However, since these parameters are based almost exclusively on studies of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, we conducted a handling-challenge experiment with maraena whitefish (Coregonus maraena). This salmonid fish was sampled at either 3 or 24 h after a single 1-min handling or after 10 days of daily repeated 1-min handling. The cortisol levels were strongly elevated in some individuals at 3 h after the single handling challenge, but these elevations were not significantly different between the challenged and control cohorts. The phagocytic capacity of myeloid head-kidney cells stimulated with fluorophore-labeled, inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida was significantly decreased in maraena whitefish at 3 h after the handling challenge compared to control fish. Microarray analysis of head-kidney samples from the challenged and control fish revealed 12 differentially expressed genes at 3 h and 70 at 24 h after the single handling episode, but only 5 differentially expressed genes after 10 days of repeated daily handling. The identified genes were assigned to numerous stress- and immune-relevant functional pathways, including “glucocorticoid receptor signaling” (3 h post-challenge), “HIF1A signaling” (24 h post-challenge), or “complement system” (10 days of repeated challenge). Our data reveal the tight interconnection of immune and stress pathways in the head kidney of maraena whitefish and corroborate several parameters previously found regulated in other tissues of handling-stressed rainbow trout. These findings indicate that handling may compromise the health and welfare of maraena whitefish in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Martorell-Ribera
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- Psychophysiology Unit, Institute of Behavioural Physiology, FBN, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona – UB, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Core Facility for Microarray Analysis, Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Viergutz
- Service Group Cytometry, Institute of Reproductive Biology, FBN, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ronald M. Brunner
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- Molecular Biology and Fish Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ulrike Gimsa
- Psychophysiology Unit, Institute of Behavioural Physiology, FBN, Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ulrike Gimsa
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- Alexander Rebl
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Horiuchi R, Ozawa M, Tomii T, Kashiwada S, Miyanishi N. Structural analysis of N-glycans in medaka gut exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:58799-58806. [PMID: 34120284 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are in general use in a broad range of industries. However, there are concerns that their intense use leads to heavy damage to the aquatic environment, and their discharge harms many aquatic organisms. N-Glycans are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms and are intimately involved in most life phenomena. However, little is known about N-glycans in aquatic organisms exposed to nanomaterials. In this study, we investigated how nanomaterials affect N-glycans in the gut of adult female medaka. We found that silver nanoparticles exposure had little effect on gut N-glycans, whereas titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exposure increased the relative levels of several N-glycans in comparison with control. Structural analysis showed high levels of N-glycans of the high-mannose type, of which five N-glycans were free N-glycans with one β-N-acetylglucosamine residue on the reducing end. The levels of free N-glycans are closely related to protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. Our results suggest that TiO2NPs exposure increases the levels of misfolded glycoproteins, resulting in generation of considerable amounts of free N-glycans. Our findings also suggest that TiO2NPs exposure suppresses cytosolic α-mannosidase trimming. This study provides new evidence for the effect of TiO2NPs on medaka gut from the aspect of environmental glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Horiuchi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1, Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
- Research Centre for Life and Environmental Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1, Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Mika Ozawa
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1, Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Tomii
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1, Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Shosaku Kashiwada
- Department of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1, Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
- Research Centre for Life and Environmental Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1, Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Nobumitsu Miyanishi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1, Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan.
- Research Centre for Life and Environmental Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1, Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan.
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Seibel H, Baßmann B, Rebl A. Blood Will Tell: What Hematological Analyses Can Reveal About Fish Welfare. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:616955. [PMID: 33860003 PMCID: PMC8042153 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.616955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood analyses provide substantial information about the physiological aspects of animal welfare assessment, including the activation status of the neuroendocrine and immune system, acute and long-term impacts due to adverse husbandry conditions, potential diseases, and genetic predispositions. However, fish blood is still not routinely analyzed in research or aquaculture for the assessment of health and/or welfare. Over the years, the investigative techniques have evolved from antibody-based or PCR-based single-parameter analyses to now include transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomic approaches and from hematological observations to fluorescence-activated blood cell sorting in high-throughput modes. The range of testing techniques established for blood is now broader than for any other biogenic test material. Evaluation of the particular characteristics of fish blood, such as its cell composition, the nucleation of distinct blood cells, or the multiple isoforms of certain immune factors, requires adapted protocols and careful attention to the experimental designs and interpretation of the data. Analyses of fish blood can provide an integrated picture of the endocrine, immunological, reproductive, and genetic functions under defined environmental conditions and treatments. Therefore, the scarcity of high-throughput approaches using fish blood as a test material for fish physiology studies is surprising. This review summarizes the wide range of techniques that allow monitoring of informative fish blood parameters that are modulated by different stressors, conditions, and/or treatments. We provide a compact overview of several simple plasma tests and of multiparametric analyses of fish blood, and we discuss their potential use in the assessment of fish welfare and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Seibel
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH (GMA), Büsum, Germany
| | - Björn Baßmann
- Department of Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Zhang Y, Hu Z, Zhang C, Liu BF, Liu X. A robust glycan labeling strategy using a new cationic hydrazide tag for MALDI-MS-based rapid and sensitive glycomics analysis. Talanta 2020; 219:121356. [PMID: 32887081 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical derivatization of glycans is a common strategy to increase the analytical performance of MALDI-MS-based glycan profiling techniques. Hydrazide, one of the most popular tags, offers important advantages including allowing purification-free procedures. Several hydrazides have thus been used for glycomics combined with an on-target strategy to further simplify the analytical procedures. Usually, gentle heating and mildly acidic conditions with somewhat long reaction times are needed for these hydrazide derivatizations to reach a high reaction efficiency, which makes the current hydrazide tags not yet perfectly conducive to high-throughput analysis. To further optimize these hydrazide tags for high-throughput analysis, based on the structure of a reported hydrazide and the theoretical calculations, a new cationic hydrazide tag, 4-(hydrazinecarbonyl)-N,N,N-trimethylbenzenaminium (HTMBA), was designed, synthesized and tested in this work. HTMBA could completely derivatize glycans at room temperature in several seconds under very mildly acidic conditions (<3% acetic acid). A 19-fold enhancement in the signal intensity was obtained without interference from alkali adduct ions in the MALDI-MS detection of HTMBA-labeled maltoheptaose. To broaden the applicability of HTMBA, an HTMBA on-target derivatization (HOD) strategy was developed and fully validated with maltoheptaose and RNase B, and the method showed a good repeatability and stability. Finally, the HOD strategy was successfully applied to serum samples, 44 glycans in human serum were detected, and the O-acetylation information of sialic acid in horse serum was preserved. These results showed that the HOD strategy was suitable for the MS-based rapid analysis of all glycoforms in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Zhaoyu Hu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chun Zhang
- Technology National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Chengula AA, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø, Munang’andu HM. Tilapia Lake Virus Does Not Hemagglutinate Avian and Piscine Erythrocytes and NH 4Cl Does Not Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121152. [PMID: 31842425 PMCID: PMC6950307 DOI: 10.3390/v11121152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) icosahedral virus classified to be the only member in the family Amnoonviridae. Although TiLV segment-1 shares homology with the influenza C virus PB1 and has four conserved motifs similar to influenza A, B, and C polymerases, it is unknown whether there are other properties shared between TiLV and orthomyxovirus. In the present study, we wanted to determine whether TiLV agglutinated avian and piscine erythrocytes, and whether its replication was inhibited by lysosomotropic agents, such as ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), as seen for orthomyxoviruses. Our findings showed that influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8 (PR8) was able to hemagglutinate turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) red blood cells (RBCs), while infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) only agglutinated Atlantic salmon, but not turkey or tilapia, RBCs. In contrast to PR8 and ISAV, TiLV did not agglutinate turkey, Atlantic salmon, or tilapia RBCs. qRT-PCR analysis showed that 30 mM NH4Cl, a basic lysosomotropic agent, neither inhibited nor enhanced TiLV replication in E-11 cells. There was no difference in viral quantities in the infected cells with or without NH4Cl treatment during virus adsorption or at 1, 2, and 3 h post-infection. Given that hemagglutinin proteins that bind RBCs also serve as ligands that bind host cells during virus entry leading to endocytosis in orthomyxoviruses, the data presented here suggest that TiLV may use mechanisms that are different from orthomyxoviruses for entry and replication in host cells. Therefore, future studies should seek to elucidate the mechanisms used by TiLV for entry into host cells and to determine its mode of replication in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustino Alfred Chengula
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.C.); (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3019 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.C.); (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.C.); (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Hetron Mweemba Munang’andu
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.C.); (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-98-86-86-83
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Johansen W, Grove S, Anonsen JH, Moen A, Agusti-Ridaura C, Azar AS, Strætkvern KO. Complement factor C5 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Characterization of cDNA, protein and glycosylation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 100:103424. [PMID: 31254563 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Complement component 5 (C5) is an essential factor of the defensive complement system in all vertebrates. We report the characterization of C5 cDNA and protein from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a teleost fish species of high importance in aquaculture. The C5 cDNA cloned from liver is 5079 nucleotides long, whose translation product has a molecular weight of 190 kDa, with the classical β-α orientation and motifs/sites for β-α cleavage (678RPKR681) and cleavage by C5 convertases (R758). Mass spectrometric analysis show a single N-linked, biantennary, complex glycan at N1125. Moreover, the N-linked glycan displays an unusual modification in the form of acetylated sialic acid residues. Three anti-C5 antisera produced in mice using purified C5 worked in immunohistochemical analyses of formalin fixed liver tissue. The purification method, whereby inactive and activated (C5b) forms were isolated, opens for interesting studies on the complement function in fish, including possible connection to stress, disease and glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenche Johansen
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Campus Hamar, Norway
| | - Søren Grove
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Fish Health Research Group, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, Diseases and Pathogen Transmission, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haug Anonsen
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences IBV, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Research Center (NORCE), Mekjarvik 12, Randaberg, Norway
| | - Anders Moen
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences IBV, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, Oslo, Norway
| | - Celia Agusti-Ridaura
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Fish Health Research Group, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amir Sefidmouy Azar
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Campus Hamar, Norway
| | - Knut Olav Strætkvern
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Campus Hamar, Norway.
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Metabolomic and glycomic findings in posttraumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 88:181-193. [PMID: 30025792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stressor-related disorder that develops in a subset of individuals exposed to a traumatic experience. Factors associated with vulnerability to PTSD are still not fully understood. PTSD is frequently comorbid with various psychiatric and somatic disorders, moderate response to treatment and remission rates. The term "theranostics" combines diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy and offers targeted therapy based on specific analyses. Theranostics, combined with novel techniques and approaches called "omics", which integrate genomics, transcriptomic, proteomics and metabolomics, might improve knowledge about biological underpinning of PTSD, and offer novel therapeutic strategies. The focus of this review is on metabolomic and glycomic data in PTSD. Metabolomics evaluates changes in the metabolome of an organism by exploring the set of small molecules (metabolites), while glycomics studies the glycome, a complete repertoire of glycan structures with their functional roles in biological systems. Both metabolome and glycome reflect the physiological and pathological conditions in individuals. Only a few studies evaluated metabolic and glycomic changes in patients with PTSD. The metabolomics studies in PTSD patients uncovered different metabolites that might be associated with psychopathological alterations in PTSD. The glycomics study in PTSD patients determined nine N-glycan structures and found accelerated and premature aging in traumatized subjects and subjects with PTSD based on a GlycoAge index. Therefore, further larger studies and replications are needed. Better understanding of the biological basis of PTSD, including metabolomic and glycomic data, and their integration with other "omics" approaches, might identify new molecular targets and might provide improved therapeutic approaches.
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MIgGGly (mouse IgG glycosylation analysis) - a high-throughput method for studying Fc-linked IgG N-glycosylation in mice with nanoUPLC-ESI-MS. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13688. [PMID: 30209257 PMCID: PMC6135756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation is crucial for its effector functions. It is a complex trait, and large sample sets are needed to discover multiple genetic factors that underlie it. While in humans such high-throughput studies of IgG N-glycans became usual, only one has been carried out in mice. Here we describe and validate a method for the relative quantification of IgG Fc-linked N-glycans in a subclass-specific manner using nano-reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry (nanoRP-LC-MS) applied to murine IgG. High-throughput data processing is ensured by the LaCyTools software. We have shown that IgG isolation procedure is the main source of technical variation in the current protocol. The major glycoforms were quantified reliably with coefficients of variation below 6% for all the analytes with relative abundances above 5%. We have applied our method to a sample set of 3 inbred strains: BALB/c, C57BL/6 and C3H and observed differences in subclass-specific and strain-specific N-glycosylation of IgG, suggesting a significant genetic component in the regulation of Fc-linked IgG N-glycosylation.
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11
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Li J. Mass spectrometry for protein sialoglycosylation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:652-680. [PMID: 29228471 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of structurally unique and negatively charged nine-carbon sugars, normally found at the terminal positions of glycan chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. The glycosylation of proteins is a universal post-translational modification in eukaryotic species and regulates essential biological functions, in which the most common sialic acid is N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (2-keto-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galactononulopyranos-1-onic acid) (Neu5NAc). Because of the properties of sialic acids under general mass spectrometry (MS) conditions, such as instability, ionization discrimination, and mixed adducts, the use of MS in the analysis of protein sialoglycosylation is still challenging. The present review is focused on the application of MS related methodologies to the study of both N- and O-linked sialoglycans. We reviewed MS-based strategies for characterizing sialylation by analyzing intact glycoproteins, proteolytic digested glycopeptides, and released glycans. The review concludes with future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zack Li
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Investigation of O-glycosylation heterogeneity of recombinant coagulation factor IX using LC–MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1361-1372. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Recombinant coagulation factor IX (rFIX) has extraordinarily multiple post-translational modifications including N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation which have a drastic effect on biological functions and in vivo recovery. Unlike N-glycosylation extensively characterized, there are a few studies on O-glycosylation due to its intrinsic complexity. In-depth O-glycosylation analysis is necessary to better understand and assess pharmacological activity of rFIX. Results: We determined unusual O-glycosylations including O-fucosylation and O-glucosylation which were located at Serine 53 and 61, respectively in EGF domain. Other O-glycosylations bearing core 1 glycan moiety were found on activation peptide. Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive study to characterize O-glycosylation of rFIX using MS-based glycomic and glycoproteomic approaches. Site-specific profiling will be a powerful platform to determine bioequivalence of biosimilars.
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Ravasio V, Damiati E, Zizioli D, Orizio F, Giacopuzzi E, Manzoni M, Bresciani R, Borsani G, Monti E. Genomic and biochemical characterization of sialic acid acetylesterase (siae) in zebrafish. Glycobiology 2017; 27:938-946. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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14
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Characterization of O-acetylation in sialoglycans by MALDI-MS using a combination of methylamidation and permethylation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46206. [PMID: 28387371 PMCID: PMC5384204 DOI: 10.1038/srep46206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Acetylation of sialic acid in protein N-glycans is an important modification and can occur at either 4-, 7-, 8- or 9-position in various combinations. This modification is usually labile under alkaline reaction conditions. Consequently, a permethylation-based analytical method, which has been widely used in glycomics studies, is not suitable for profiling O-acetylation of sialic acids due to the harsh reaction conditions. Alternatively, methylamidation can be used for N-glycan analysis without affecting the base-labile modification of sialic acid. In this report, we applied both permethylation and methylamidation approaches to the analysis of O-acetylation in sialic acids. It has been demonstrated that methylamidation not only stabilizes sialic acids during MALDI processing but also allow for characterization of their O-acetylation pattern. In addition, LC-MS/MS experiments were carried out to distinguish between the O-acetylated glycans with potential isomeric structures. The repeatability of methylamidation was examined to evaluate the applicability of the approach to profiling of O-acetylation in sialic acids. In conclusion, the combination of methylamidation and permethylation methodology is a powerful MALDI-TOF MS-based tool for profiling O-acetylation in sialic acids applicable to screening of N-glycans.
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15
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Wasik BR, Barnard KN, Parrish CR. Effects of Sialic Acid Modifications on Virus Binding and Infection. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:991-1001. [PMID: 27491885 PMCID: PMC5123965 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are abundantly displayed on the surfaces of vertebrate cells, and particularly on all mucosal surfaces. Sias interact with microbes of many types, and are the targets of specific recognition by many different viruses. They may mediate virus binding and infection of cells, or alternatively can act as decoy receptors that bind virions and block virus infection. These nine-carbon backbone monosaccharides naturally occur in many different modified forms, and are attached to underlying glycans through varied linkages, creating significant diversity in the pathogen receptor forms. Here we review the current knowledge regarding the distribution of modified Sias in different vertebrate hosts, tissues, and cells, their effects on viral pathogens where those have been examined, and outline unresolved questions. Sialic acids (Sias) are components of cell-surface glycoproteins and glycolipids, as well as secreted glycoproteins and milk oligosaccharides. Sias play important roles in cell signaling, development, and host–pathogen interactions. Cellular enzymes can modify Sias, yet how modifications vary between tissues and hosts has not been fully elucidated. Many viruses use Sias as receptors, with different modifications aiding or inhibiting virus infection. How modified Sias influence viral protein evolution and determine host/tissue tropism are poorly understood, and are important areas of research. New advances in molecular glycobiology using pathogen proteins to detect varied forms allows for improved study of modified Sias that have otherwise proven difficult to isolate. This opens new avenues of inquiry for virology, as well as host interactions with bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Karen N Barnard
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Microfluidic Chip-LC/MS-based Glycomic Analysis Revealed Distinct N-glycan Profile of Rat Serum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12844. [PMID: 26248949 PMCID: PMC4650694 DOI: 10.1038/srep12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat is an important alternative for studying human pathology owing to certain similarities to humans. Glycomic studies on rat serum have revealed that variations in the N-glycans of glycoproteins correlated with disease progression, which is consistent with the findings in human serum. Therefore, we comprehensively characterized the rat serum N-glycome using microfluidic chip-LC-ESI-QTOF MS and MS/MS techniques. In total, 282 N-glycans, including isomers, were identified. This study is the first to present comprehensive profiling of N-glycans containing O-acetylated sialic acid, among which 27 N-glycans are novel. In addition, the co-existence of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) in a single N-glycan ('mixed' N-glycan) was detected and represents a new type of N-glycan in rat serum. The existence of O-acetylated sialic acid is the characteristic feature of rat serum that distinguishes it from mouse and human sera. Comparisons between the rat, mouse, and human serum glycomes revealed that the rat glycome is more similar to that of human sera than to that of mouse sera. Our findings highlight the similarities between the glycomic profile of rat and human sera and provided important selection criteria for choosing an appropriate animal model for pathological and pharmacological studies.
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17
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Zhong X, Chen Z, Snovida S, Liu Y, Rogers JC, Li L. Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Analysis of Glycans Labeled with Multiplex Carbonyl-Reactive Tandem Mass Tags. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6527-34. [PMID: 25981625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently developed carbonyl-reactive aminoxy tandem mass tag (aminoxyTMT) reagents enable multiplexed characterization and quantitative comparison of structurally complex glycans between different biological samples. Compared to some previously reported isotopic labeling strategies for glycans, the use of the aminoxyTMT method features a simple labeling procedure, excellent labeling efficiency, and reduced spectral complexity at the MS(1) level. Presence of the tertiary amine functionality in the reporter region of the aminoxyTMT labels leads to increased ionization efficiency of the labeled glycans thus improving electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) detection sensitivity. The use of the labeling reagent also makes electrophoretic separation of the labeled neutral and acidic glycans feasible. In this work, we characterized the ESI and collision induced dissociation (CID) behavior of the aminoxyTMT-labeled neutral and sialylated glycans. For the high-mannose N-glycans and small sialylated oligosaccharides, CID fragmentation of [M + Na + H](2+) provides the most informative MS(2) spectra for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. For complex N-glycans, MS(3) of the protonated Y1(H) ion can be used for relative quantification without interference from the HexNAc fragments. Online capillary electrophoresis (CE)-ESI-MS/MS analyses of multiplexed aminoxyTMT-labeled human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and different types of N-glycans released from glycoprotein standards were demonstrated. Improved resolution and quantification accuracy of the labeled HMO isomers was achieved by coupling CE with traveling wave ion mobility (TWIM)-CID-MS/MS. N-Glycans released from human serum protein digests were labeled with six-plex aminoxyTMT and subjected to CE-ESI-MS/pseudo-MS(3) analysis, which demonstrated the potential utility of this glycan relative quantification platform for more complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhong
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sergei Snovida
- §Thermo Scientific Pierce Protein Research, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois 61105, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- ∥School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - John C Rogers
- §Thermo Scientific Pierce Protein Research, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois 61105, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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18
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Berg TO, Gurung MK, Altermark B, Smalås AO, Ræder ILU. Characterization of the N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase (NeuB) from the psychrophilic fish pathogen Moritella viscosa. Carbohydr Res 2015; 402:133-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Di Girolamo F, D'Amato A, Lante I, Signore F, Muraca M, Putignani L. Farm animal serum proteomics and impact on human health. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15396-411. [PMID: 25257521 PMCID: PMC4200749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the incompleteness of animal genome sequencing, the analysis and characterization of serum proteomes of most farm animals are still in their infancy, compared to the already well-documented human serum proteome. This review focuses on the implications of the farm animal serum proteomics in order to identify novel biomarkers for animal welfare, early diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of infectious disease treatment, and develop new vaccines, aiming at determining the reciprocal benefits for humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Girolamo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | - Alfonsina D'Amato
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy.
| | - Isabella Lante
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Camillo Hospital, Viale Vittorio Veneto 18, Treviso 31100, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Signore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense, 87, Rome 00151, Italy.
| | - Marta Muraca
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Parasitology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy.
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20
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Rhee JS, Lee JS. Whole genome data for omics-based research on the self-fertilizing fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:532-541. [PMID: 24759509 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome resources have advantages for understanding diverse areas such as biological patterns and functioning of organisms. Omics platforms are useful approaches for the study of organs and organisms. These approaches can be powerful screening tools for whole genome, proteome, and metabolome profiling, and can be used to understand molecular changes in response to internal and external stimuli. This methodology has been applied successfully in freshwater model fish such as the zebrafish Danio rerio and the Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes in research areas such as basic physiology, developmental biology, genetics, and environmental biology. However, information is still scarce about model fish that inhabit brackish water or seawater. To develop the self-fertilizing killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus as a potential model species with unique characteristics and research merits, we obtained genomic information about K. marmoratus. We address ways to use these data for genome-based molecular mechanistic studies. We review the current state of genome information on K. marmoratus to initiate omics approaches. We evaluate the potential applications of integrated omics platforms for future studies in environmental science, developmental biology, and biomedical research. We conclude that information about the K. marmoratus genome will provide a better understanding of the molecular functions of genes, proteins, and metabolites that are involved in the biological functions of this species. Omics platforms, particularly combined technologies that make effective use of bioinformatics, will provide powerful tools for hypothesis-driven investigations and discovery-driven discussions on diverse aspects of this species and on fish and vertebrates in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea.
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21
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Li H, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Feng X, Liu BF, Liu X. Solid-phase methylamidation for sialoglycomics by MALDI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6235-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Zhang Q, Li H, Feng X, Liu BF, Liu X. Purification of derivatized oligosaccharides by solid phase extraction for glycomic analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94232. [PMID: 24705408 PMCID: PMC3976416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Profiling of glycans released from proteins is very complex and important. To enhance the detection sensitivity, chemical derivatization is required for the analysis of carbohydrates. Due to the interference of excess reagents, a simple and reliable purification method is usually necessary for the derivatized oligosaccharides. Various SPE based methods have been applied for the clean-up process. To demonstrate the differences among these methods, seven types of self-packed SPE cartridges were systematically compared in this study. The optimized conditions were determined for each type of cartridge and it was found that microcrystalline cellulose was the most appropriate SPE material for the purification of derivatized oligosaccharide. Normal phase HPLC analysis of the derivatized maltoheptaose was realized with a detection limit of 0.12 pmol (S N−1 = 3) and a recovery over 70%. With the optimized SPE method, relative quantification analysis of N-glycans from model glycoproteins were carried out accurately and over 40 N-glycans from human serum samples were determined regardless of the isomers. Due to the high stability and sensitivity, microcrystalline cellulose cartridge showed potential applications in glycomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics–Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Henghui Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics–Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics–Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (XJF); (XL)
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics–Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics–Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (XJF); (XL)
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Schilling J, Nepomuceno A, Schaff JE, Muddiman DC, Daniels HV, Reading BJ. Compartment Proteomics Analysis of White Perch (Morone americana) Ovary Using Support Vector Machines. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1515-26. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Schilling
- Department of Applied Ecology, College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, ‡W. M. Keck FT-ICR
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and §Genomic Sciences
Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United States
| | - Angelito Nepomuceno
- Department of Applied Ecology, College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, ‡W. M. Keck FT-ICR
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and §Genomic Sciences
Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Schaff
- Department of Applied Ecology, College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, ‡W. M. Keck FT-ICR
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and §Genomic Sciences
Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United States
| | - David C. Muddiman
- Department of Applied Ecology, College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, ‡W. M. Keck FT-ICR
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and §Genomic Sciences
Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United States
| | - Harry V. Daniels
- Department of Applied Ecology, College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, ‡W. M. Keck FT-ICR
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and §Genomic Sciences
Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Reading
- Department of Applied Ecology, College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, ‡W. M. Keck FT-ICR
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and §Genomic Sciences
Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United States
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24
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Gurung MK, Ræder ILU, Altermark B, Smalås AO. Characterization of the sialic acid synthase from Aliivibrio salmonicida suggests a novel pathway for bacterial synthesis of 7-O-acetylated sialic acids. Glycobiology 2013; 23:806-19. [PMID: 23481098 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolving the enzymatic pathways leading to sialic acids (Sias) in bacteria are vitally important for understanding their roles in pathogenesis and for subsequent development of tools to combat infections. A detailed characterization of the involved enzymes is also essential due to the highly applicable properties of Sias, i.e., as used in a wide range of medical applications and human nutrition. Bacterial strains that produce Sias display them mainly on their cell surface to mimic animal cells thereby evading the host's immune system. Despite several studies, little is known about the virulence mechanisms of the fish pathogen Aliivibrio salmonicida. The genome of A. salmonicida LFI1238 contains a gene cluster homologous to the Escherichia coli neuraminic acid (Neu) gene cluster involved in biosynthesis of Sias found in the E. coli capsule. This cluster is probably responsible for the biosynthesis of Neu found in A. salmonicida. In this work, we have produced and characterized the sialic acid (Sia) synthase NeuB1, the key enzyme in the pathway. The Sia synthase is an enzyme producing N-acetylneuraminic acid by the condensation of N-acetylmannosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. Genome content, kinetic data obtained, together with structural considerations, have led us to the prediction that the substrate for NeuB1 from A. salmonicida, E. coli and Streptococcus agalactiae among others, is 4-O-acetyl-N-acetylmannosamine. This means that the product of its enzymatic reaction is 7-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid. We propose a pathway for production of this Sia in A. salmonicida, and present evidence for the presence of diacetylated Neu in the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man K Gurung
- Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian Structural Biology Center NorStruct, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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25
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Reading BJ, Williams VN, Chapman RW, Williams TI, Sullivan CV. Dynamics of the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) ovary proteome reveal a complex network of the translasome. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1691-9. [PMID: 23414552 DOI: 10.1021/pr3010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated changes in the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) ovary proteome during the annual reproductive cycle using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and a novel machine learning analysis based on K-means clustering and support vector machines. Modulated modularity clustering was used to group co-variable proteins into expression modules and Gene Ontology (GO) biological process and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were conducted for proteins within those modules. We discovered that components of the ribosome along with translation initiation and elongation factors generally decrease as the annual ovarian cycle progresses toward ovulation, concomitant with a slight increase in components of the 26S-proteasome. Co-variation within more than one expression module of components from these two multi-protein complexes suggests that they are not only co-regulated, but that co-regulation occurs through more than one sub-network. These components also co-vary with subunits of the TCP-1 chaperonin system and enzymes of intermediary metabolic pathways, suggesting that protein folding and cellular bioenergetic state play important roles in protein synthesis and degradation. We provide further evidence to suggest that protein synthesis and degradation are intimately linked, and our results support function of a proteasome-ribosome supercomplex known as the translasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Reading
- Department of Biology and §Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
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26
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Thaysen-Andersen M, Larsen MR, Packer NH, Palmisano G. Structural analysis of glycoprotein sialylation – Part I: pre-LC-MS analytical strategies. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Jayo RG, Li J, Chen DDY. Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry for the Characterization of O-Acetylated N-Glycans from Fish Serum. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8756-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301889k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana G. Jayo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- Human
Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ontario, Canada
| | - David D. Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada
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28
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Zhang H, Wang Z, Stupak J, Ghribi O, Geiger JD, Liu QY, Li J. Targeted glycomics by selected reaction monitoring for highly sensitive glycan compositional analysis. Proteomics 2012; 12:2510-22. [PMID: 22821818 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of glycomics increasingly requires the detection and quantification of large numbers of glycans, which is only partially achieved by current glycomics approaches. Taking advantage of selected reaction monitoring to enhance both sensitivity and selectivity, we report here a strategy termed targeted glycomics that enables highly sensitive and consistent identification and quantification of diverse glycans across multiple samples at the same time. In this proof-of-principle study, we validated the method by analyzing global N-glycans expressed in different systems: single proteins, cancer cells, and serum samples. A dynamic range of three orders of magnitude was obtained for the detection of all five glycans released from ribonuclease B. The limit of detection of 80 attomole for Man(9)GlcNAc(2) demonstrated the excellent sensitivity of the method. The capability of the strategy to identify diverse glycans was demonstrated by identification and detection of 162 different glycans and isomers from pancreatic cancer cells. The sensitivity of the method was illustrated further by the ability to detect eight glycans from 250 cancer cells and five glycans released from 100 cancer cells. In serum obtained from rabbits fed control diet or diet enriched with 2% cholesterol, differences to 42 glycans were accurately measured and this indicates that this strategy might find use in studies of biomarker discovery and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Zhang
- National Research Council Canada-Institute for Biological Sciences, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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29
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Rodrigues PM, Silva TS, Dias J, Jessen F. PROTEOMICS in aquaculture: applications and trends. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4325-45. [PMID: 22498885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last forty years global aquaculture presented a growth rate of 6.9% per annum with an amazing production of 52.5 million tonnes in 2008, and a contribution of 43% of aquatic animal food for human consumption. In order to meet the world's health requirements of fish protein, a continuous growth in production is still expected for decades to come. Aquaculture is, though, a very competitive market, and a global awareness regarding the use of scientific knowledge and emerging technologies to obtain a better farmed organism through a sustainable production has enhanced the importance of proteomics in seafood biology research. Proteomics, as a powerful comparative tool, has therefore been increasingly used over the last decade to address different questions in aquaculture, regarding welfare, nutrition, health, quality, and safety. In this paper we will give an overview of these biological questions and the role of proteomics in their investigation, outlining the advantages, disadvantages and future challenges. A brief description of the proteomics technical approaches will be presented. Special focus will be on the latest trends related to the aquaculture production of fish with defined nutritional, health or quality properties for functional foods and the integration of proteomics techniques in addressing this challenging issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Rodrigues
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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30
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:183-311. [PMID: 21850673 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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31
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Liu X, Qiu H, Lee RK, Chen W, Li J. Methylamidation for sialoglycomics by MALDI-MS: a facile derivatization strategy for both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids. Anal Chem 2011; 82:8300-6. [PMID: 20831242 DOI: 10.1021/ac101831t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutralization of carboxylic acid is an important means to avoid sialic acid dissociation when sialylated glycans are analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). In this paper, we describe a simple and rapid method to modify the sialic acids of sialylated glycans in the presence of methylamine and (7-azabenzotriazol-1-yloxy) trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyAOP). After methylamidation, sialylated glycans can be analyzed by MALDI-MS without loss of the sialic acid moiety. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and MALDI-MS analysis of both 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose derivatives indicated that the quantitative conversion of sialic acids was achieved, regardless of their linkage types. This derivatization strategy was further validated with the N-glycans released from three standard glycoproteins (fetuin, human acid glycoprotein, and bovine acid glycoprotein) containing different types of complex glycans. Most importantly, this derivatization method enabled the successful characterization of N-glycans of sera from different species (human, mouse, and rat) by MALDI-MS. Because of the mild reaction conditions, the modification in sialic acid residues can be retained. This improvement makes it possible to detect sialylated glycans containing O-acetylated sialic acid moieties using MALDI-MS in positive-ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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32
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Easy RH, Ross NW. Changes in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar mucus components following short- and long-term handling stress. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 77:1616-1631. [PMID: 21078022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined changes in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar epidermal mucus proteins following short- and long-term handling stress. Short-term stress consisted of a single removal of fish from water for 15 s with long-term stress consisting of daily removal of fish from water for 15 s over 21 days. In the long-term handling stress study, there was a high level of individual variability with respect to mucus alkaline phosphatase, cathepsin B and lysozyme activities, with no correlation to treatment group. There was limited or no positive correlation between lysozyme, cathepsin B or alkaline phosphatase activities and plasma cortisol. There was a significant difference in lysozyme activity for both control and stressed fish at day 21 compared to other sampling days. In the short-term study, there was again high variability in mucus enzyme activities with no difference observed between groups. Immunoblotting also showed variability in mucus actin breakdown products in both short- and long-term handling stress studies. There appeared, however, to be a shift towards a more thorough breakdown of actin at day 14 in the stressed group. This shift suggested changes in mucus proteases in response to long-term handling stress. In summary, there were correlations of some mucus enzyme/protein profiles with stress or cortisol; however, the variability in S. salar mucus enzyme levels and actin fragmentation patterns suggested other triggers for inducing changes in mucus protein composition that need to be investigated further in order to better understand the role of mucus in the response of S. salar to external stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Easy
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada.
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33
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Matsunaga W, Watanabe E. Habituation of medaka (Oryzias latipes) demonstrated by open-field testing. Behav Processes 2010; 85:142-50. [PMID: 20615458 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Habituation to novel environments is frequently studied to analyze cognitive phenotypes in animals, and an open-field test is generally conducted to investigate the changes that occur in animals during habituation. The test has not been used in behavioral studies of medaka (Oryzias latipes), which is recently being used in behavioral research. Therefore, we examined the open-field behavior of medaka on the basis of temporal changes in 2 conventional indexes of locomotion and position. The findings of our study clearly showed that medaka changed its behavior through multiple temporal phases as it became more familiar with new surroundings; this finding is consistent with those of other ethological studies in animals. During repeated open-field testing on 2 consecutive days, we observed that horizontal locomotion on the second day was less than that on the first day, which suggested that habituation is retained in fish for days. This temporal habituation was critically affected by water factors or visual cues of the tank, thereby suggesting that fish have spatial memory of their surroundings. Thus, the data from this study will afford useful fundamental information for behavioral phenotyping of medaka and for elucidating cognitive phenotypes in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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34
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Liu X, Afonso L. Is permethylation strategy always applicable to protein N-glycosylation study?: A case study on the O-acetylation of sialic acid in fish serum glycans. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 600:259-268. [PMID: 19882134 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-454-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
O-Acetylation is one of the major modifications of sialic acids that significantly alters biological properties of the parent molecule. These O-acetylated forms are components of the cellular membrane and can affect physiological and pathological responses. Understanding the role of N-glycans in physiology is of increasing relevance to cellular biologists in various disciplines who study glycoproteomics yet lack information regarding the function of the attached glycans. However, permethylation, the most common mass spectrometric analytical means, leads to the loss of O-linked acetyl groups in sialic acids. In this chapter, we demonstrated that O-acetylation of sialic acid in Atlantic salmon serum N-glycan can be well investigated by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Forné I, Abián J, Cerdà J. Fish proteome analysis: Model organisms and non-sequenced species. Proteomics 2009; 10:858-72. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Badawy RAB, Harvey AS, Macdonell RAL. Cortical hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis: Understanding the mechanisms of epilepsy - part 2. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16:485-500. [PMID: 19230676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy encompasses a diverse group of seizure disorders caused by a variety of structural, cellular and molecular alterations of the brain primarily affecting the cerebral cortex, leading to recurrent unprovoked epileptic seizures. In this two-part review we examine the mechanisms underlying normal neuronal function and those predisposing to recurrent epileptic seizures starting at the most basic cellular derangements (Part 1, Volume 16, Issue 3) and working up to the highly complex epileptic networks and factors that modulate the predisposition to seizures (Part 2). We attempt to show that multiple factors can modify the epileptic process and that different mechanisms underlie different types of epilepsy, and in most situations there is an interplay between multiple genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa A B Badawy
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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