1
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Jones REH, Aspin P, Davies SH, Mann I, Priestley C, Roberts AD, Zotova-Eldridge N, Leahy JH. Use of Phosphazene Base BTPP for Phosphorylative Activation in the Scale-Up of BET Inhibitor GSK525762. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon E. H. Jones
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Peter Aspin
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Suzanne H. Davies
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Inderjit Mann
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Catherine Priestley
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Roberts
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Natalia Zotova-Eldridge
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - John H. Leahy
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
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2
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Shen K, Zou X, Wang J. Simultaneous determination of the four key fluoroquinolones and two antipsychotics in fish and shrimp by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:678-686. [PMID: 35302928 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2032381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method used to simultaneously determine levels of four fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, and pefloxacin) and two antipsychotics (diazepam and methaqualone) in fish and shrimp. The samples were extracted with a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulfate and acetonitrile, and purified by C18 cartridge solid-phase extraction with an optimized eluent. The MS2 method was applied to recognize the molecular structure of these compounds according to a main fragmentation scheme. The key ions of identification and quantification were deduced from chemical structures. Multiple reaction monitoring was used to quantitatively analyse the compounds of interest. Satisfactory linearities were obtained (R2 ≥0.99) with the limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranging between 0.03 and 1.96 μg kg-1. The recoveries were 74-122%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 4.9% for these compounds at the spiking level of three, five, and ten times the LODs, respectively. The LC-MS/MS method allows precise and sensitive determination of residues of six important banned veterinary drugs in fish and shrimp tissue. This methodological approach solved the problem imposed by the need for two or more analysis methods to analyse the compounds of interest described in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Shen
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zou
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhang X, Shi J, Huang X, Shao B. Formation and occurrence of disinfection byproducts of benzodiazepine drug estazolam in drinking water of Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150028. [PMID: 34798715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Estazolam (EZ) is a long-acting benzodiazepine (BZD) drug with high clinical consumption in China to treat anxiety, depression and other syndromes. Recently, it has been found as a leading potentially inappropriate medication among hospitalized elderly patients, increasing the risk of falls. It is discharged into the aquatic environment after use and has been frequently detected, ultimately affecting the safety of drinking water. In the present study, the reaction of EZ during chlorination disinfection was investigated in detail with regard to its transformation and kinetics. By means of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS), four main disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were tentatively identified, and the transformation pathways were speculated to be cleavage at the imine linkage and oxidation on the diazepinone ring. The chlorination reaction rate in the pseudo-first-order kinetic model was significantly affected by free available chlorine (FAC) and pH. The increase in pH value led to a decrease in the reaction rate, while a higher dosage of chlorine resulted in a faster kinetic rate. We further estimated the potential toxicities of EZ and its DBPs using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) software tools. DBPs exhibited much higher toxicity than EZ and exhibited developmental toxicity and mutagenicity. Finally, a total of 108 drinking water samples were collected in the wet and dry seasons to determine actual residue changes in real environmental conditions. The detection frequency was 29% for EZ, and the highest concentration of 0.60 ng L-1 was found for its DBPs in tap water. No seasonal variations in concentration were observed. Overall, the results indicate that EZ and its DBPs may persist in drinking water, posing potential risks to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiaoyong Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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4
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Mitsika EE, Christophoridis C, Kouinoglou N, Lazaridis N, Zacharis CK, Fytianos K. Optimized Photo-Fenton degradation of psychoactive pharmaceuticals alprazolam and diazepam using a chemometric approach-Structure and toxicity of transformation products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123819. [PMID: 33264914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were: a) to evaluate the photocatalytic degradation of two benzodiazepine pharmaceuticals, alprazolam and diazepam, using Photo-Fenton, b) to optimize the experimental parameters through a central composite experimental design, c) to assess their mineralization and toxicity variations and d) to identify the transformation products during the process and to propose transformation pathways. Response Surface Methodology proved to be a useful tool for the optimization of the degradation process as the statistical coefficients (R2 = 0.967 for alprazolam and R2 = 0.929 for diazepam) showed satisfactory values confirming the adequate correlation between the predicted models and experimental values. Two sets of experimental conditions were proposed taking into consideration criteria related to the reaction rate and the minimum use of iron. Toxicity of the system varied with time after the treatment, indicating the gradual production of transformation products which differ in their toxic potential. Fifteen and twenty-three photocatalytic degradation products were identified for ALP and DZP respectively using LC-(ESI)MS/MS. In the case of ALP, the main degradation reactions included, phenyl-group removal and the opening of the 7-membered ring, while for DZP, degradation occurred through hydroxylation, formation of benzophenone and the opening of the 7-membered cyclic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Mitsika
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Christophoros Christophoridis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kouinoglou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Lazaridis
- Division of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantinos K Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.
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5
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Chen L, van Breemen RB. Validation of a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method for cytochrome P450 probe substrates caffeine, tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, and alprazolam in human serum reveals drug contamination of serum used for research. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112983. [PMID: 31744669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the potential for interactions between botanical dietary supplements and drug metabolism, Phase I clinical pharmacokinetics studies are conducted using an oral cocktail of probe substrates of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. A sensitive, specific, and fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for determination of caffeine (probe of CYP1A2), tolbutamide (probe of CYP2C9), dextromethorphan (probe of CYP2D6), and alprazolam (probe of CYP3A4/5) in human serum. Stable isotope-labelled analogs were used as internal standards, and sample preparation involved only rapid protein precipitation and centrifugation. The method of standard addition was used for the measurement of caffeine, because commercially available pooled human serum contains caffeine. Out of 18 lots of pooled human serum tested, caffeine was detection in all lots, alprazolam was detected in 13 lots, 8 lots contained dextromethorphan, and no tolbutamide was detected. Only serum prepared from the blood of select individuals was determined to be drug-free. The analytical method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy and precision, recovery, stability, and matrix effects. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 25-12,000 ng/mL for caffeine, 75-36,000 ng/mL for tolbutamide, 0.05-30 ng/mL for dextromethorphan, and 0.1-60 ng/mL for alprazolam. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (%CV) and %Bias were <13 % (<17 % at the lower limit of quantitation). The recovery of each probe substrate ranged from 84.2%-98.5 %. All analytes were stable during sample storage and handling. Matrix effects were minimized by using stable isotope-labeled internal standards. The method was successfully applied to clinical studies investigating the pharmacokinetic alterations of probe substrates caused by chronic consumption of botanical dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331 USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331 USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
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6
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Shi X, Liu JB, Hosseini M, Shemshadi R, Razavi R, Parsaee Z. Ultrasound-aasisted photodegradation of Alprazolam in aqueous media using a novel high performance nanocomosite hybridation g-C3N4/MWCNT/ZnO. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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7
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Campbell JM, Grinias K, Facchine K, Igne B, Clawson J, Peterson J, Wolters A, Barry J, Watson S, Leach K. Analysis of unstable degradation impurities of a benzodiazepine and their quantification without isolation using multiple linear regression. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 167:1-6. [PMID: 30731352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a novel methodology for calculating the relative response factors (RRFs) of unstable degradation impurities of molibresib (1). The degradation impurities were observed by HPLC during stress testing and were accompanied by large mass balance deficits. However, the impurities could not be isolated for traditional RRF determination due to their instability. The RRFs of two degradation impurities were determined without isolation by multiple linear regression analysis of HPLC-UV data. The results permitted accurate quantification of the degradants. The benefits and drawbacks of the approach are discussed, including suggested validation acceptance criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Campbell
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA.
| | - Kaitie Grinias
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Facchine
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Benoît Igne
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Jacalyn Clawson
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - John Peterson
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Andy Wolters
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy Barry
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Simon Watson
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Kevin Leach
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
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8
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Shen F, Shen J, Shao B. Determination of emerging chlorinated byproducts of diazepam in drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:223-231. [PMID: 30471503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diazepam (DZP) is often found in source water and drinking water at dozens of nanograms per liter levels. The transformation of DZP in water chlorination disinfection process has aroused new concern because the toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) might be produced. However, the DBPs of DZP have not been fully identified, and their occurrence levels in drinking water have not been reported. In our chlorination experiment, five emerging DBPs of diazepam: (5-chloro-2-(methylamino) phenyl) (phenyl)methanone (BP-246), 6-chloro-1-methyl-4-phenylquinazolin-2(1H)-one (BP-271), N-(2-benzoyl-4,6-dichlorophenyl)formamide (BP-294), methyl-(2-benzoyl-4-chlorophenyl) (methyl)carbamate (BP-304 (1)) and 6-chloro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydro2H -benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-2-one (BP-304 (2)), were tentatively identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and further characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We developed a trace analytical method for the analysis of these five DBPs in drinking water based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric detection. Ultrahigh sensitivities were achieved with limits of detection as low as 7 pg per liter. The recoveries at different spiking levels were all higher than 80% except for that of BP-246. Four of the DBPs and DZP were detected in real drinking water samples at concentrations ranging from several to dozens of nanograms per liter with relatively high detection frequencies. This is the first report on the existence of DZP-DBPs in drinking water. The method and results will be useful for further studies on the occurrence, toxicity, human exposure and control measures of these DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China; School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yunjia Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Fan Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China.
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9
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Carpinteiro I, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Cela R. Reaction of diazepam and related benzodiazepines with chlorine. Kinetics, transformation products and in-silico toxicological assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 120:280-289. [PMID: 28549311 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the reaction of four benzodiazepines (diazepam, oxazepam, nordazepam and temazepam) during water chlorination was studied by means of liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). For those compounds that showed a significant degradation, i.e. diazepam, oxazepam and nordazepam, parameters affecting to the reaction kinetics (pH, chlorine and bromide level) were studied in detail and transformation products were tentatively identified. The oxidation reactions followed pseudofirst-order kinetics with rate constants in the range of 1.8-42.5 M-1 s-1, 0.13-1.16 M-1 s-1 and 0.04-20.4 M-1 s-1 corresponding to half-life values in the range of 1.9-146 min, 1.8-87 h and 2.5-637 h for oxazepam, nordazepam and diazepam, respectively, depending of the levels of studied parameters. Chlorine and pH affected significantly the reaction kinetics, where an increase of the pH resulted into a decrease of the reaction rate, whereas higher chlorine dosages led to faster kinetics, as expected in this case. The transformation of the studied benzodiazepines occurs mainly at the 1,4-diazepine 7-membered-ring, resulting in ring opening to form benzophenone derivatives or the formation of a 6-membered pyrimidine ring, leading to quinazoline derivatives. The formation of these by-products was also tested in real surface water samples observing kinetics of oxazepam degradation slower in river than in creek water, while the degradation of the two other benzodiazepines occurred only in the simpler sample (creek water). Finally, the acute and chronical toxicity and mutagenicity of precursors and transformation products were estimated using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) software tools: Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST), finding that some transformation products could be more toxic/mutagenic than the precursor drug, but additional test would be needed to confirm this fact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Carpinteiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS), Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'Environnement (LPTC), Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence Cedex, France.
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Romeiro A, Freitas D, Emília Azenha M, Canle M, Burrows HD. Effect of the calcination temperature on the photocatalytic efficiency of acidic sol-gel synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles in the degradation of alprazolam. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:935-945. [PMID: 28443909 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00447d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a comparative study on the photodegradation of the widely used benzodiazepine psychoactive drug alprazolam (8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine, ALP) using direct photolysis, and titanium dioxide photocatalyzed reaction. Titanium dioxide photocatalysts were prepared as nanoparticles by acidic sol-gel methods, calcined at two different temperatures, and their behavior compared with P25 (Degussa type) TiO2. Efficient photodegradation was observed in the photocatalytic process, with over 90% degradation after 90 minutes under optimized conditions. Triazolaminoquinoline, 5-chloro-(5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzophenone, triazolbenzophenone, and α-hydroxyalprazolam were identified as the degradation products by fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC-MS. A comparison with the literature suggests that 8H-alprazolam may also be formed. Good mineralization was observed with TiO2 photocatalysts. ALP photodegradation with TiO2 follows pseudo-first order kinetics, with rates depending on the photocatalyst used. The effects of the quantity of the photocatalyst and concentration of alprazolam were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Romeiro
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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11
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Jiménez JJ, Sánchez MI, Muñoz BE, Pardo R. Persistence of alprazolam in river water according to forced and non-forced degradation assays: adsorption to sediment and long-term degradation products. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1204-1213. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry (UIC090), Faculty of Sciences, Campus Miguel Delibes; University of Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 7 47011 Valladolid Spain
- I.U. CINQUIMA, Campus Miguel Delibes; University of Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 5 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - María I. Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Industrial Engineers; University of Valladolid; Francisco Mendizábal 1 47014 Valladolid Spain
| | - Beatriz E. Muñoz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Industrial Engineers; University of Valladolid; Francisco Mendizábal 1 47014 Valladolid Spain
| | - Rafael Pardo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry (UIC090), Faculty of Sciences, Campus Miguel Delibes; University of Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 7 47011 Valladolid Spain
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12
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Trawiński J, Skibiński R. Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1152-1199. [PMID: 27696160 PMCID: PMC5306312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites were detected in river, lake, and sea water, as well as in tissues of aquatic organisms. Their ecotoxicity was proved by numerous studies. It should be noticed that interaction between psychotropic pharmaceuticals and radiation may lead to formation of potentially more toxic intermediates. On the other hand, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods can be used as an efficient way to eliminate them from the environment. Many methods based on photolysis and photocatalysis were proposed and developed recently; nevertheless, the problem is still unsolved. However, according to recent studies, photocatalysis could be considered as the most promising and far more effective than regular photolysis. An overview on photolytic as well as homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation methods with the use of various catalysts is presented. The photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceuticals were also discussed. Various analytical methods were used for the photodegradation research, and this issue was also compared and summarized. Use of high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (Q-TOF, ion trap, Orbitrap) was suggested. The combined techniques such as LC-MS, GC-MS, and LC-NMR, which enable qualitative and quantitative analyses in one run, proved to be the most valuable in this case. Assembling of MS/MS spectra libraries of drug molecules and their phototransformation products was identified as the future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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13
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Maślanka A, Krzek J, Szlósarczyk M, Żmudzki P, Wach K. Dependence of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters on hydrophilic-lipophilic character of alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, doxepin and haloperidol in alkaline environment. Int J Pharm 2013; 455:104-12. [PMID: 23916826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Examination of the stability of clonazepam, diazepam, alprazolam, haloperidol, and doxepin in basic solutions was performed, together with an assessment of the kinetic (k, t0.1i t0.5) and thermodynamic (Ea, ΔH(++)i ΔS(++)) stability-indicating parameters, which were compared with the lipophilicity (logP) of the studied drugs. It was observed that the calculated values of Ea, ΔH(++) and ΔS(++) for the studied drugs increased from 41.04 kJ/mol to 125.50 kJ/mol, from 37.82 kJ/mol to 122.24 kJ/mol and from -167.09 J/Kmol to 53.02 J/Kmol, respectively, along with an increase of lipophilicity (logP) from 2.12 to 4.30 for the most hydrophilic alprazolam to the most lipophilic haloperidol. The degradation products were identified using UPLC/MS/MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maślanka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
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Innovative Approach for Interstitial Cystitis: Vaginal Pessaries Loaded Diazepam-A Preliminary Study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2013; 2013:386546. [PMID: 26555976 PMCID: PMC4590789 DOI: 10.1155/2013/386546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bladder pain is a characteristic disorder of interstitial cystitis. Diazepam is well known for its antispasmodic activity in the treatment of muscular hypertonus. The aim of this work was to develop and characterize vaginal pessaries as an intravaginal delivery system of diazepam for the treatment of interstitial cystitis. In particular, the performance of two types of formulations, with and without beta-glucan, was compared. In particular, the preparation of pessaries, according to the modified Pharmacopeia protocol, the setup of the analytical method to determine diazepam, pH evaluation, dissolution profile, and photostability assay were reported. Results showed that the modified protocol permitted obtaining optimal vaginal pessaries, without air bubbles, with good consistency and handling and with good pH profiles. In order to determine the diazepam amount, calibration curves with good correlation coefficients were obtained, by the spectrophotometric method, using placebo pessaries as matrix with the addition of diazepam standard solution. This method was demonstrated sensible and accurate to determine the amount of drug in batches. Dissolution profiles showed a complete diazepam release just after 15 minutes, even if beta-glucan pessaries released drug more gradually. Finally, a possible drug photodegradation after exacerbated UV-visible exposition was evaluated.
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Calisto V, Domingues MRM, Esteves VI. Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments--kinetics and photodegradation products. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:6097-106. [PMID: 21943883 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are widely consumed psychiatric pharmaceuticals which are frequently detected in the environment. The environmental persistence and fate of these pharmaceuticals as well as their degradation products is of high relevance and it is, yet, scarcely elucidated. In this study, the relevance of photodegradation processes on the environmental persistence of four benzodiazepines (oxazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and alprazolam) was investigated. Benzodiazepines were irradiated under simulated solar irradiation and direct and indirect (together with three different fractions of humic substances) photodegradation kinetics were determined. Lorazepam was shown to be quickly photodegradated by direct solar radiation, with a half-life time lower than one summer sunny day. On the contrary, oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam showed to be highly resistant to photodegradation with half-life times of 4, 7 and 228 summer sunny days, respectively. Apparent indirect and direct photodegradation rates are of the same order of magnitude. However, humic acids were consistently responsible for a decrease in the photodegradation rates while fulvic acids and XAD4 fraction caused an enhancement of the photodegradation. Overall, the results highlight that photodegradation might not be an efficient pathway to prevent the aquatic environmental accumulation of oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam. Also, nineteen direct photodegradation products were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry, the majority of which are newly identified photoproducts. This identification is crucial to a more complete understanding of the environmental impact of benzodiazepines in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Calisto
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Bugaj AM, Billert H, Kołodziejska P, Limaszewska A, Stochmal Z. Effect of disodium N,N-dialanyl protoporphyrinate, diarginine protoporphyrinate and diarginine N,N-dialanyl protoporphyrinate on respiratory burst of human neutrophils in vitro. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2010. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424610001921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of three amino acid protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) derivatives evaluated as sensitizers in photodynamic therapy — disodium N,N -dialanyl protoporphyrinate ( PP(Ala)2Na2), diarginine protoporphyrinate (PPArg2) and diarginine N,N -dialanyl protoporphyrinate (PP(Ala)2Arg2) – non-irradiated and pre-irradiated with UV-A, on respiratory burst of non-stimulated and opsonized zymosan stimulated neutrophils was studied. A potential synergistic effect of diazepam (7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) was also examined. PP(Ala)2Na2showed strong pro-oxidant effect towards non-stimulated neutrophils, while PPArg2and PP(Ala)2Arg2revealed no significant effect. In the case of stimulated neutrophils all studied porphyrins showed antioxidant effect, although for PP(Ala)2Na2this effect was significantly weaker than that of PPArg2and PP(Ala)2Arg2. After pre-irradiation with UV-A (λ = 365 nm, fluence 2.0 J.cm-2, fluence rate 6.7 mW.cm-2) the antioxidant activity of all studied sensitizers towards non-stimulated granulocytes did not change significantly when compared to effects of non-irradiated porphyrins, while in the case of stimulated cells, only PPArg2caused significant decrease of respiratory burst. Non-irradiated diazepam showed significant antioxidant effect and enhanced antioxidant effect of all studied porphyrins towards stimulated neutrophils, while after UV-A pre-irradiation it revealed no significant antioxidant effect on non-stimulated and stimulated neutrophils, both alone and in combination with porphyrin sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej M. Bugaj
- University of Health, Beauty and Education, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Billert
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kołodziejska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Alina Limaszewska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Formulate-ability of ten compounds with different physicochemical profiles in SMEDDS. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:479-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Castañeda B, Ortiz-Cala W, Gallardo-Cabrera C, Nudelman NS. Stability studies of alprazolam tablets: effects of chemical interactions with some excipients in pharmaceutical solid preparations. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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