1
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Craig B, Townsend P, de Leon CP, Skylaris CK, Kramer D. An Electronic Structure Investigation of PEDOT with AlCl 4- Anions-A Promising Redox Combination for Energy Storage Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1376. [PMID: 38794569 PMCID: PMC11125351 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we use density functional theory to investigate the electronic structure of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) oligomers with co-located AlCl4- anions, a promising combination for energy storage. The 1980s bipolaron model remains the dominant interpretation of the electronic structure of PEDOT despite recent theoretical progress that has provided new definitions of bipolarons and polarons. By considering the influence of oligomer length, oxidation or anion concentration and spin state, we find no evidence for many of the assertions of the 1980s bipolaron model and so further contribute to a new understanding. No self-localisation of positive charges in PEDOT is found, as predicted by the bipolaron model at the hybrid functional level. Instead, our results show distortions that exhibit a single or a double peak in bond length alternations and charge density. Either can occur at different oxidation or anion concentrations. Rather than representing bipolarons or polaron pairs in the original model, these are electron distributions driven by a range of factors. Distortions can span an arbitrary number of nearby anions. We also contribute a novel conductivity hypothesis. Conductivity in conducting polymers has been observed to reduce at anion concentrations above 0.5. We show that at high anion concentrations, the energy of the localised, non-bonding anionic orbitals approaches that of the system HOMO due to Coulombic repulsion between anions. We hypothesize that with nucleic motion in the macropolymer, these orbitals will interfere with the hopping of charge carriers between sites of similar energy, lowering conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Craig
- School of Engineering, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (C.P.d.L.)
| | - Peter Townsend
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Carlos Ponce de Leon
- School of Engineering, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (C.P.d.L.)
| | - Chris-Kriton Skylaris
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Denis Kramer
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Xiong Y, Chikkaraddy R, Readman C, Hu S, Xiong K, Peng J, Lin Q, Baumberg JJ. Metal to insulator transition for conducting polymers in plasmonic nanogaps. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:3. [PMID: 38161207 PMCID: PMC10757999 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are promising material candidates for many future applications in flexible displays, organic circuits, and sensors. Their performance is strongly affected by their structural conformation including both electrical and optical anisotropy. Particularly for thin layers or close to crucial interfaces, there are few methods to track their organization and functional behaviors. Here we present a platform based on plasmonic nanogaps that can assess the chemical structure and orientation of conjugated polymers down to sub-10 nm thickness using light. We focus on a representative conjugated polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), of varying thickness (2-20 nm) while it undergoes redox in situ. This allows dynamic switching of the plasmonic gap spacer through a metal-insulator transition. Both dark-field (DF) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra track the optical anisotropy and orientation of polymer chains close to a metallic interface. Moreover, we demonstrate how this influences both optical and redox switching for nanothick PEDOT devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Xiong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Rohit Chikkaraddy
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charlie Readman
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Shu Hu
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Kunli Xiong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jialong Peng
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qianqi Lin
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Hybrid Materials for Opto-Electronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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3
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Ponder JF, Gregory SA, Atassi A, Advincula AA, Rinehart JM, Freychet G, Su GM, Yee SK, Reynolds JR. Metal-like Charge Transport in PEDOT(OH) Films by Post-processing Side Chain Removal from a Soluble Precursor Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211600. [PMID: 36269867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a route to produce highly electrically conductive doped hydroxymethyl functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films, termed PEDOT(OH) with metal-like charge transport properties using a fully solution processable precursor polymer is reported. This is achieved via an ester-functionalized PEDOT derivative [PEDOT(EHE)] that is soluble in a range of solvents with excellent film-forming ability. PEDOT(EHE) demonstrates moderate electrical conductivities of 20-60 S cm-1 and hopping-like (i.e., thermally activated) transport when doped with ferric tosylate (FeTos3 ). Upon basic hydrolysis of PEDOT(EHE) films, the electrically insulative side chains are cleaved and washed from the polymer film, leaving a densified film of PEDOT(OH). These films, when optimally doped, reach electrical conductivities of ≈1200 S cm-1 and demonstrate metal-like (i.e., thermally deactivated and band-like) transport properties and high stability at comparable doping levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Ponder
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 45433, United States.,UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, USA
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Abigail A Advincula
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Joshua M Rinehart
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Gregory M Su
- Advanced Light Source & Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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4
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Keene ST, Gueskine V, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Exploiting mixed conducting polymers in organic and bioelectronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19144-19163. [PMID: 35942679 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transport of both ionic and electronic charges in conjugated polymers (CPs) has enabled a wide range of novel electrochemical devices spanning applications from energy storage to bioelectronic devices. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the fundamental physical processes which underlie the operation of mixed conducting polymer (MCP) devices. While charge injection and transport have been studied extensively in both ionic and electronic conductors, translating these principles to mixed conducting systems proves challenging due to the complex relationships among the individual materials properties. We break down the process of electrochemical (de)doping, the basic feature exploited in mixed conducting devices, into its key steps, highlighting recent advances in the study of these physical processes in the context of MCPs. Furthermore, we identify remaining challenges in further extending fundamental understanding of MCP-based device operation. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the elementary processes governing operation in MCPs will drive the advancement in both materials design and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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5
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Kondratenko K, Guérin D, Wallart X, Lenfant S, Vuillaume D. Thermal and electrical cross-plane conductivity at the nanoscale in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):trifluoromethanesulfonate thin films. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:6075-6084. [PMID: 35383814 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00819j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cross-plane electrical and thermal transport in thin films of a conducting polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT) stabilized with trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf) is investigated in this study. We explore their electrical properties by conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), which reveals the presence of highly conductive nano-domains. Thermal conductivity in the cross-plane direction is measured by null-point scanning thermal microscopy (NP-SThM). PEDOT:OTf indeed demonstrates a non-negligible electronic contribution to the thermal transport. We further investigate the correlation between electrical and thermal conductivity by applying post-treatment: chemical reduction (de-doping) to lower charge carrier concentration and hence, electrical conductivity and acid treatment (over-doping) to increase the latter. From our measurements, we find a vibrational thermal conductivity of 0.34 ± 0.04 W m-1 K-1. From the linear dependence or the electronic contribution of thermal conductivity vs. the electronic conductivity (Wiedemann-Franz law), we infer a Lorenz number 6 times larger than the classical Sommerfeld value as also observed in many organic materials for in-plane thermal transport. By applying the recently proposed molecular Wiedemann-Franz law, we deduced a reorganization energy of 0.53 ± 0.06 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kondratenko
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - David Guérin
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Xavier Wallart
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Stéphane Lenfant
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Dominique Vuillaume
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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6
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Abstract
Now in their 5th decade of research and development, conducting polymers represent an interesting class of materials to underpin new wearable or conformable electronic devices. Of particular interest over the years has been poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), commonly known as PEDOT, owing to its ease of fabrication and relative stability under typical ambient conditions. Understanding PEDOT from a variety of fundamental and applied perspectives is important for how it can be enhanced, modified, functionalised, and/or processed for use in commercial products. This feature article highlights the contribution of the research team at the University of South Australia led by Professor Evans, and their collaborators, putting their work into the broader context of conducting polymer research and application. This review focuses on the vapour synthesis of PEDOT doped with the tosylate anion, the benefits of controlling its morphology/structure during synthesis, and its application as an active material interacting with secondary anions in sensors, energy devices and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Evans
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, 5095, Australia.
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7
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Kim D, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Zozoulenko I. How Long are Polymer Chains in Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Tosylate Films? An Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10324-10334. [PMID: 34473507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is one of the most important conductive polymers utilized in a variety of applications in organic electronics and bioelectronics and energy storage. PEDOT chains are believed to be rather short, but detailed knowledge of their length is missing because of the challenges in its experimental determination due to insolubility of PEDOT films. Here, we report a molecular dynamics (MD) study of in situ oxidative chemical polymerization and simultaneous crystallization of molecularly doped PEDOT focusing on the determination of its chain lengths at different polymerization temperatures. We find the average chain length to be 6, 7, and 11 monomers for 298, 323 and 373 K, respectively. At the same time, the length distribution is rather broad, for example, between 2 and 16 monomer units for T = 323 K. We demonstrate that the limiting factor determining the chain length is the diffusivity of the reactants (PEDOT monomers and oligomers). We also study the polymer film formation during solvent evaporation, and we find that although crystallization starts and proceeds already during the polymerization and doping phases, it mostly occurs during the evaporation phase. Finally, we believe that our results providing the oligomer chain length and polymerization and crystallization mechanisms obtained by means of MD "computational microscopy" provide an important insight into the morphology of PEDOT that cannot be obtained by other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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8
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Delavari N, Gladisch J, Petsagkourakis I, Liu X, Modarresi M, Fahlman M, Stavrinidou E, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Water Intake and Ion Exchange in PEDOT:Tos Films upon Cyclic Voltammetry: Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Delavari
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Group of Scientific Visualization, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Center (SeRC), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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9
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Zozoulenko I, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Gueskine V, Mehandzhiyski A, Modarresi M, Rolland N, Tybrandt K. Electronic, Optical, Morphological, Transport, and Electrochemical Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1436, Iran
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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10
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Michaels W, Zhao Y, Qin J. Atomistic Modeling of PEDOT:PSS Complexes II: Force Field Parameterization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Michaels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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11
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Otep S, Ogita K, Yomogita N, Motai K, Wang Y, Tseng YC, Chueh CC, Hayamizu Y, Matsumoto H, Ishikawa K, Mori T, Michinobu T. Cross-Linking of Poly(arylenebutadiynylene)s and Its Effect on Charge Carrier Mobilities in Thin-Film Transistors. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Otep
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ogita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Naomasa Yomogita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kazunori Motai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yuhei Hayamizu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Ishikawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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12
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Paulsen BD, Wu R, Takacs CJ, Steinrück HG, Strzalka J, Zhang Q, Toney MF, Rivnay J. Time-Resolved Structural Kinetics of an Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003404. [PMID: 32864811 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The structure and packing of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors have an especially significant effect on transport properties. In operating devices, this structure is not fixed but is responsive to changes in electrochemical potential, ion intercalation, and solvent swelling. Toward this end, the steady-state and transient structure of the model organic mixed conductor, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), is characterized using multimodal time-resolved operando techniques. Steady-state operando X-ray scattering reveals a doping-induced lamellar expansion of 1.6 Å followed by 0.4 Å relaxation at high doping levels. Time-resolved operando X-ray scattering reveals asymmetric rates of lamellar structural change during doping and dedoping that do not directly depend on potential or charging transients. Time-resolved spectroscopy establishes a link between structural transients and the complex kinetics of electronic charge carrier subpopulations, in particular the polaron-bipolaron equilibrium. These findings provide insight into the factors limiting the response time of organic mixed-conductor-based devices, and present the first real-time observation of the structural changes during doping and dedoping of a conjugated polymer system via X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Christopher J Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, Paderborn, 33098, Germany
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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13
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Modarresi M, Mehandzhiyski A, Fahlman M, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Microscopic Understanding of the Granular Structure and the Swelling of PEDOT:PSS. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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14
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Rehmen J, Zuber K, Modarresi M, Kim D, Charrault E, Jannasch P, Zozoulenko I, Evans D, Karlsson C. Structural Control of Charge Storage Capacity to Achieve 100% Doping in Vapor Phase-Polymerized PEDOT/Tosylate. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21818-21826. [PMID: 31891059 PMCID: PMC6933595 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vapor phase polymerization (VPP) is used to fabricate a series of tosylate-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodes on carbon paper. The series of VPP PEDOT/tosylate coatings has varying levels of crystallinity and electrical conductivity because of the use (or not) of nonionic triblock copolymers in the oxidant solution during synthesis. As a result, the impact of the structure on charge storage capacity is investigated using tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate (0.1 M in acetonitrile). The ability to insert anions, and hence store charge, of the VPP PEDOT/tosylate is inversely related to its electrical conductivity. In the case of no nonionic triblock copolymer employed, the VPP PEDOT/tosylate achieves electrochemical doping levels of 1.0 charge per monomer or greater (≥100% doping level). Such high doping levels are demonstrated to be plausible by molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations. Experiments show that this high doping level is attainable when the PEDOT structure is weakly crystalline with (relatively) large crystallite domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaiz Rehmen
- Thin
Film Coating Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001 SA, Australia
| | - Kamil Zuber
- Thin
Film Coating Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001 SA, Australia
| | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department
of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
- Department
of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601
74, Sweden
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Department
of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601
74, Sweden
| | - Eric Charrault
- Thin
Film Coating Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001 SA, Australia
| | - Patric Jannasch
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Department
of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601
74, Sweden
| | - Drew Evans
- Thin
Film Coating Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001 SA, Australia
| | - Christoffer Karlsson
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
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15
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Kim D, Zozoulenko I. Why Is Pristine PEDOT Oxidized to 33%? A Density Functional Theory Study of Oxidative Polymerization Mechanism. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5160-5167. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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16
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Modarresi M, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Zozoulenko I. Computational microscopy study of the granular structure and pH dependence of PEDOT:PSS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6699-6711. [PMID: 30855609 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computational microscopy based on Martini coarse grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a doped conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate (best known as PEDOT:PSS) was performed focussing on the formation of the granular structure and PEDOT crystallites, and the effect of pH on the material morphology. The PEDOT:PSS morphology is shown to be sensitive to the initial distribution of PEDOT and PSS in the solution, and the results of the modelling suggest that the experimentally observed granular structure of PEDOT:PSS can be only obtained if the PEDOT/PSS solution is in the dispersive state in the initial crystallization stages. Variation of the pH is demonstrated to strongly affect the morphology of PEDOT:PSS films, altering their structure between granular-type and homogeneous. It also affects the size of crystallites and the relative arrangement of PEDOT and PSS chains. It is shown that the crystallites in PEDOT:PSS are smaller than those in PEDOT with molecular counterions such as PEDOT:tosylate, which is consistent with the available experimental data. The predicted changes of the PEDOT:PSS morphology with variation of the pH can be tested experimentally, and the calculated atomistic picture of PEDOT:PSS films (not accessible by conventional experimental techniques) is instrumental for understanding the material structure and building realistic models of PEDOT:PSS morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Jia Y, Liu C, Liu J, Liu C, Xu J, Li X, Shen L, Jiang Q, Wang X, Yang J, Jiang F. Efficient enhancement of the thermoelectric performance of vapor phase polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films with poly(ethyleneimine). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Jia
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Shen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglin Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxing Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
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18
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Sequential Solution Polymerization of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Using V 2O 5 as Oxidant for Flexible Touch Sensors. iScience 2019; 12:66-75. [PMID: 30677740 PMCID: PMC6352564 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various in situ synthesis methods have been developed for the polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomers, such as electropolymerization, oxidative chemical vapor deposition, and vapor phase polymerization. Meeting industrial requirements through these techniques has, however, proven challenging. Here, we introduce an alternative method to fabricate highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films in situ by solution means. The process involves sequential deposition of oxidants (V2O5 in this case) and monomers. Excess reactants and by-products can be completely removed from the PEDOT film by MeOH rinsing. The obtained PEDOT films possess good crystallinity and high doping level, with carrier concentration three orders of magnitude higher than that of the commercial product (PH1000, Heraeus GmbH). The electrical conductivity of the as-cast PEDOT film reaches up to 1,420 S/cm. In addition, this method is fully compatible with large-scale printing techniques. These PEDOT conducting films enable the realization of flexible touch sensors, which demonstrate superior flexibility and sensitivity. Sequential solution polymerization (SSP) of PEDOT film delivers high conductivity The SSP method is compatible with large-scale printing technologies Touch sensor made with SSP PEDOT exhibits superior flexibility and sensitivity
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19
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Sahalianov I, Singh SK, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Zozoulenko I. The intrinsic volumetric capacitance of conducting polymers: pseudo-capacitors or double-layer supercapacitors? RSC Adv 2019; 9:42498-42508. [PMID: 35542835 PMCID: PMC9076818 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacitance of conducting polymers represents one of the most important material parameters that in many cases determines the device and material performances. Despite a vast number of experimental studies, the theoretical understanding of the origin of the capacitance in conducting polymers remains unsatisfactory and appears even controversial. Here, we present a theoretical method, based on first principle capacitance calculations using density functional theory (DFT), and apply it to calculate the volumetric capacitance of two archetypical conducting polymers: poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polypyrrole (PPy). Our aim is to achieve a quantitate description of the volumetric capacitance and to provide a qualitative understanding of its nature at the atomistic level. We find that the volumetric capacitance of PEDOT and PPy is ≈100 F cm−3 and ≈300 F cm−3, respectively, which is within the range of the corresponding reported experimental results. We demonstrate that the capacitance of conducting polymers originates from charges stored in atomistic Stern layers formed by counterions and doped polymeric chains. The Stern layers have a purely electrostatic origin, since the counterions do not form any bonds with the atoms of the polymeric chains, and no charge transfer between the counterions and conducting polymer takes place. This classifies the conducting polymers as double-layer supercapacitors rather than pseudo-capacitors. Further, we analyze contributions to the total capacitance originating from the classical capacitance CC and the quantum capacitance CQ, respectively, and find that the latter provides a dominant contribution. The method of calculations of the capacitance developed in the present paper is rather general and opens up the way for engineering and optimizing the capacitive response of the conducting polymers. Using the density functional theory, the intrinsic volumetric capacitance of conducting polymers is calculated. It is shown that conducting polymers operate as double-layer supercapacitors rather than pseudo-capacitors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
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20
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Wang X, Zhang X, Sun L, Lee D, Lee S, Wang M, Zhao J, Shao-Horn Y, Dincă M, Palacios T, Gleason KK. High electrical conductivity and carrier mobility in oCVD PEDOT thin films by engineered crystallization and acid treatment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat5780. [PMID: 30225366 PMCID: PMC6140612 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Air-stable, lightweight, and electrically conductive polymers are highly desired as the electrodes for next-generation electronic devices. However, the low electrical conductivity and low carrier mobility of polymers are the key bottlenecks that limit their adoption. We demonstrate that the key to addressing these limitations is to molecularly engineer the crystallization and morphology of polymers. We use oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) and hydrobromic acid treatment as an effective tool to achieve such engineering for conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). We demonstrate PEDOT thin films with a record-high electrical conductivity of 6259 S/cm and a remarkably high carrier mobility of 18.45 cm2 V-1 s-1 by inducing a crystallite-configuration transition using oCVD. Subsequent theoretical modeling reveals a metallic nature and an effective reduction of the carrier transport energy barrier between crystallized domains in these thin films. To validate this metallic nature, we successfully fabricate PEDOT-Si Schottky diode arrays operating at 13.56 MHz for radio frequency identification (RFID) readers, demonstrating wafer-scale fabrication compatible with conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The oCVD PEDOT thin films with ultrahigh electrical conductivity and high carrier mobility show great promise for novel high-speed organic electronics with low energy consumption and better charge carrier transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sunghwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tomás Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karen K. Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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21
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Franco-Gonzalez JF, Rolland N, Zozoulenko IV. Substrate-Dependent Morphology and Its Effect on Electrical Mobility of Doped Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29115-29126. [PMID: 30070463 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Deposition dynamics, crystallization, molecular packing, and electronic mobility of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films are affected by the nature of the substrate. Computational microscopy has been carried out to reveal the morphology-substrate dependence for PEDOT thin films doped with molecular tosylate deposited on different substrates including graphite, Si3N4, silicon, and amorphous SiO2. It is shown that the substrate is instrumental in formation of the lamellar structure. PEDOT films on the ordered substrates (graphite, Si3N4, and silicon) exhibit preferential face-on orientation, with graphite showing the most ordered and pronounced face-on packing. In contrast, PEDOT on amorphous SiO2 exhibits the dominant edge-on orientation, except in the dry state where both packings are equally presented. The role of water and the porosity of the substrate in formation of the edge-on structure on SiO2 is outlined. On the basis of the calculated morphology, the multiscale calculations of the electronic transport and percolative analysis are performed outlining how the character of the substrate affects the electron mobility. It is demonstrated that good crystallinity (PEDOT on graphite substrate) and high content of edge-on (PEDOT on SiO2 substrate) are not enough to achieve the highest electrical in-plane mobility. Instead, the least ordered material with lower degree of the edge-on content (PEDOT on silicon substrate) provides the highest mobility because it exhibits an efficient network of π-π stacked chain extending throughout the entire sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Felipe Franco-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , SE-601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , SE-601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Igor V Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , SE-601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
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22
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ElMahmoudy M, Curto VF, Ferro M, Hama A, Malliaras GG, O'Connor RP, Sanaur S. Electrically controlled cellular migration on a periodically micropatterned PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer platform. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. ElMahmoudy
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - V. F. Curto
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - M. Ferro
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - A. Hama
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - G. G. Malliaras
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - R. P. O'Connor
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - S. Sanaur
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Flexible Electronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
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23
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de Izarra A, Park S, Lee J, Lansac Y, Jang YH. Ionic Liquid Designed for PEDOT:PSS Conductivity Enhancement. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5375-5384. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise de Izarra
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- GREMAN, UMR 7347, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Seongjin Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- GREMAN, UMR 7347, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
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24
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Yasin MN, Brooke RK, Rudd S, Chan A, Chen WT, Waterhouse GI, Evans D, Rupenthal ID, Svirskis D. 3-Dimensionally ordered macroporous PEDOT ion-exchange resins prepared by vapor phase polymerization for triggered drug delivery: Fabrication and characterization. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Evans D. A bird's eye view of the synthesis and practical application of conducting polymers. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew Evans
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes Australia
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26
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Modarresi M, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Zozoulenko I. Morphology and ion diffusion in PEDOT:Tos. A coarse grained molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:17188-17198. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02902d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Martini coarse-grained Molecular Dynamics (MD) model for the doped conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is developed. It is shown that the diffusion coefficients decrease exponentially as the hydration level is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Modarresi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- Department of Science and Technology
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Juan Felipe Franco-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- Department of Science and Technology
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- Department of Science and Technology
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
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