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Cronan JE. Lipoic acid attachment to proteins: stimulating new developments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0000524. [PMID: 38624243 PMCID: PMC11332335 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00005-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYLipoic acid-modified proteins are essential for central metabolism and pathogenesis. In recent years, the Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis lipoyl assembly pathways have been modified and extended to archaea and diverse eukaryotes including humans. These extensions include a new pathway to insert the key sulfur atoms of lipoate, several new pathways of lipoate salvage, and a novel use of lipoic acid in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Other advances are the modification of E. coli LplA for studies of protein localization and protein-protein interactions in cell biology and in enzymatic removal of lipoate from lipoyl proteins. Finally, scenarios have been put forth for the evolution of lipoate assembly in archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Cronan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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2
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Longhitano L, Distefano A, Amorini AM, Orlando L, Giallongo S, Tibullo D, Lazzarino G, Nicolosi A, Alanazi AM, Saoca C, Macaione V, Aguennouz M, Salomone F, Tropea E, Barbagallo IA, Volti GL, Lazzarino G. (+)-Lipoic Acid Reduces Lipotoxicity and Regulates Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Energy Balance in an In Vitro Model of Liver Steatosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14491. [PMID: 37833939 PMCID: PMC10572323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipids within hepatocytes, which compromises liver functionality following mitochondrial dysfunction and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lipoic acid is one of the prosthetic groups of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex also known for its ability to confer protection from oxidative damage because of its antioxidant properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of lipoic acid on lipotoxicity and mitochondrial dynamics in an in vitro model of liver steatosis. HepG2 cells were treated with palmitic acid and oleic acid (1:2) to induce steatosis, without and with 1 and 5 µM lipoic acid. Following treatments, cell proliferation and lipid droplets accumulation were evaluated. Mitochondrial functions were assessed through the evaluation of membrane potential, MitoTracker Red staining, expression of genes of the mitochondrial quality control, and analysis of energy metabolism by HPLC and Seahorse. We showed that lipoic acid treatment restored membrane potential to values comparable to control cells, as well as protected cells from mitochondrial fragmentation following PA:OA treatment. Furthermore, our data showed that lipoic acid was able to determine an increase in the expression of mitochondrial fusion genes and a decrease in mitochondrial fission genes, as well as to restore the bioenergetics of cells after treatment with palmitic acid and oleic acid. In conclusion, our data suggest that lipoic acid reduces lipotoxicity and improves mitochondrial functions in an in vitro model of steatosis, thus providing a potentially valuable pharmacological tool for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Longhitano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (A.D.); (A.M.A.); (L.O.); (S.G.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (E.T.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Alfio Distefano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (A.D.); (A.M.A.); (L.O.); (S.G.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (E.T.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Angela Maria Amorini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (A.D.); (A.M.A.); (L.O.); (S.G.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (E.T.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Laura Orlando
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (A.D.); (A.M.A.); (L.O.); (S.G.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (E.T.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (A.D.); (A.M.A.); (L.O.); (S.G.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (E.T.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (A.D.); (A.M.A.); (L.O.); (S.G.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (E.T.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (A.D.); (A.M.A.); (L.O.); (S.G.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (E.T.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Anna Nicolosi
- Hospital Pharmacy Unit, Ospedale Cannizzaro, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Amer M. Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Concetta Saoca
- Department Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.S.); (V.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Macaione
- Department Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.S.); (V.M.); (M.A.)
| | - M’hammed Aguennouz
- Department Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.S.); (V.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Federico Salomone
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedale di Acireale, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catania, 95024 Catania, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Tropea
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (A.D.); (A.M.A.); (L.O.); (S.G.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (E.T.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Ignazio Alberto Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (A.D.); (A.M.A.); (L.O.); (S.G.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (E.T.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (A.D.); (A.M.A.); (L.O.); (S.G.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (E.T.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy;
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Feng J, Cheng F, Lv Y, Yu Z, Zhang M, Chen L, Xu M, Guan F. Effects of (20 R)-Panaxadiol on NAFLD using non‑targeted metabolomics in stool. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115555. [PMID: 37473506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hepatocyte steatosis and adipose accumulation with the main lesion in the hepatic lobule, but without a history of excessive alcohol consumption. NAFLD ranges from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and may further accumulate fibrosis leading to cirrhosis. Many studies have found that ginseng can treat NAFLD. (20 R)-Panaxadiol (PD) is a panax ginseng diol type compound, has been proved that can treat the obesity. This study wants to investigate the effect of PD on non-alcoholic liver disease. We used 20 ob/ob mice and 10 C57BL/6 J mice. C57BL/6 J mice as CONTROL group, ob/ob mice were divided into model group and PD group. In PD group, ob/ob mice were treated with PD for eight weeks(10 mg/kg, the CON and OB group was given the same amount of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), detected the weight, food intake and serum index, observed the HE staining of liver and intestine, performed the 16 S rRNA and untargeted metabolomics analysis used mice feces, and verify the results by detect the expression of TNF-α, MDA and SOD. In vivo results, PD can improve abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism and liver function. In 16 S rRNA result, we found beneficial bacteria Muribaculaceae and Lactobacillus increased; in untargeted metabolomics analysis, inflammatory metabolites prostaglandin (PG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) decreased, antioxidant metabolites FAD and lipoic acid increased. Then, we proceeded the association analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites, the result showed gut microbiota have strongly associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant metabolites. In addition, PD improves intestinal wall integrity. Meanwhile, the expression of TNF-α、MDA and SOD were detected, it was verified that PD has the effect of antioxidant and anti-inflammation. Our study showed that PD, as an active ingredient of ginseng, can play an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role by improving intestinal metabolites, thereby preventing and treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fanghui Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqian Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Department of Basic Medicine, Changchun Medical College, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingzhu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Fengying Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Xiao J, Guo S, Shi X. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of (R)-α-lipoic acid. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:273-286. [PMID: 36586051 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To increase the production of (R)-α-lipoic acid directly from octanoic acid using engineered Escherichia coli with the regeneration of S-adenosylmethionine. RESULTS The biosynthesis of (R)-α-lipoic acid (LA) in E. coli BL21(DE3) is improved by co-expression of lipoate-protein ligase A (LplA) from E. coli MG1655 and lipoate synthase (LipA) from Vibrio vulnificus. The engineered strain produces 20.99 µg l-1 of LA in shake flask cultures. The titers of LA are increased to 169.28 µg l-1 after the optimization of the medium components and fermentation conditions. We find that the [4Fe-4S] cluster is important for the activity of LipA and co-expression of iscSUA promotes the regeneration of the [4Fe-4S] cluster and leads to the highest LA titer of 589.30 µg l-1. CONCLUSION The method described here can be widely applied for the biosynthesis of (R)-α-lipoic acid and other metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Xiao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Shaobin Guo
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Xian'ai Shi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Fujian Key Lab of Medical Instrument and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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Espíndola KMM, Varela ELP, de Albuquerque RDFV, Figueiredo RA, dos Santos SM, Malcher NS, da S. Seabra PS, Fonseca ADN, de Azevedo Sousa KM, de Oliveira SBB, Carneiro ADS, Coleman MD, Monteiro MC. Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Its Enantiomers Prevent Methemoglobin Formation and DNA Damage Induced by Dapsone Hydroxylamine: Molecular Mechanism and Antioxidant Action. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010057. [PMID: 36613503 PMCID: PMC9820452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dapsone (DDS) therapy can frequently lead to hematological side effects, such as methemoglobinemia and DNA damage. In this study, we aim to evaluate the protective effect of racemic alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and its enantiomers on methemoglobin induction. The pre- and post-treatment of erythrocytes with ALA, ALA isomers, or MB (methylene blue), and treatment with DDS-NOH (apsone hydroxylamine) was performed to assess the protective and inhibiting effect on methemoglobin (MetHb) formation. Methemoglobin percentage and DNA damage caused by dapsone and its metabolites were also determined by the comet assay. We also evaluated oxidative parameters such as SOD, GSH, TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and MDA (malondialdehyde). In pretreatment, ALA showed the best protector effect in 2.5 µg/mL of DDS-NOH. ALA (1000 µM) was able to inhibit the induced MetHb formation even at the highest concentrations of DDS-NOH. All ALA tested concentrations (100 and 1000 µM) were able to inhibit ROS and CAT activity, and induced increases in GSH production. ALA also showed an effect on DNA damage induced by DDS-NOH (2.5 µg/mL). Both isomers were able to inhibit MetHb formation and the S-ALA was able to elevate GSH levels by stimulating the production of this antioxidant. In post-treatment with the R-ALA, this enantiomer inhibited MetHb formation and increased GSH levels. The pretreatment with R-ALA or S-ALA prevented the increase in SOD and decrease in TEAC, while R-ALA decreased the levels of MDA; and this pretreatment with R-ALA or S-ALA showed the effect of ALA enantiomers on DNA damage. These data show that ALA can be used in future therapies in patients who use dapsone chronically, including leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio Murilo Monteiro Espíndola
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Everton Luiz Pompeu Varela
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Rosiane Araújo Figueiredo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Sávio Monteiro dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Nívea Silva Malcher
- Laboratory Immunology, Microbiology and In Vitro Assays (LABEIM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Pamela Suelen da S. Seabra
- Laboratory Immunology, Microbiology and In Vitro Assays (LABEIM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Andréia do Nascimento Fonseca
- Laboratory Immunology, Microbiology and In Vitro Assays (LABEIM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Karla Marcely de Azevedo Sousa
- Laboratory Immunology, Microbiology and In Vitro Assays (LABEIM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Susan Beatriz Batista de Oliveira
- Central Laboratory of the State of Pará-CLSP, Belém 66823-010, PA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo da Silva Carneiro
- Postgraduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Michael D. Coleman
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Laboratory Immunology, Microbiology and In Vitro Assays (LABEIM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Hansen GE, Gibson GE. The α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex as a Hub of Plasticity in Neurodegeneration and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12403. [PMID: 36293260 PMCID: PMC9603878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal glucose metabolism is central to neurodegeneration, and considerable evidence suggests that abnormalities in key enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle underlie the metabolic deficits. Significant recent advances in the role of metabolism in cancer provide new insight that facilitates our understanding of the role of metabolism in neurodegeneration. Research indicates that the rate-limiting step of the TCA cycle, the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) and its substrate alpha ketoglutarate (KG), serve as a signaling hub that regulates multiple cellular processes: (1) is the rate-limiting step of the TCA cycle, (2) is sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and produces ROS, (3) determines whether KG is used for energy or synthesis of compounds to support growth, (4) regulates the cellular responses to hypoxia, (5) controls the post-translational modification of hundreds of cell proteins in the mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus through succinylation, (6) controls critical aspects of transcription, (7) modulates protein signaling within cells, and (8) modulates cellular calcium. The primary focus of this review is to understand how reductions in KGDHC are translated to pathologically important changes that underlie both neurodegeneration and cancer. An understanding of each role is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies to treat neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01852, USA
| | - Gary E. Gibson
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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Petrillo T, Semprini E, Tomatis V, Arnesano M, Ambrosetti F, Battipaglia C, Sponzilli A, Ricciardiello F, Genazzani AR, Genazzani AD. Putative Complementary Compounds to Counteract Insulin-Resistance in PCOS Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081924. [PMID: 36009471 PMCID: PMC9406066 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrine-metabolic disorder among women at reproductive age. The diagnosis is based on the presence of at least two out of three criteria of the Rotterdam criteria (2003). In the last decades, the dysmetabolic aspect of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia have been taken into account as the additional key features in the etiopathology of PCOS, and they have been widely studied. Since PCOS is a complex and multifactorial syndrome with different clinical manifestations, it is difficult to find the gold standard treatment. Therefore, a great variety of integrative treatments have been reported to counteract insulin resistance. PCOS patients need a tailored therapeutic strategy, according to the patient’s BMI, the presence or absence of familiar predisposition to diabetes, and the patient’s desire to achieve pregnancy or not. The present review analyzes and discloses the main clinical insight of such complementary substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabatha Petrillo
- Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Semprini
- Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Veronica Tomatis
- Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Melania Arnesano
- Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Fedora Ambrosetti
- Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Christian Battipaglia
- Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sponzilli
- Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Ricciardiello
- Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea R. Genazzani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro D. Genazzani
- Gynecological Endocrinology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence:
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How evolution dismantles and reassembles multienzyme complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2120286118. [PMID: 34996854 PMCID: PMC8740704 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120286118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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9
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Actinobacteria challenge the paradigm: A unique protein architecture for a well-known, central metabolic complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112107118. [PMID: 34819376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
α-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes are large, tripartite enzymatic machineries carrying out key reactions in central metabolism. Extremely conserved across the tree of life, they have been, so far, all considered to be structured around a high-molecular weight hollow core, consisting of up to 60 subunits of the acyltransferase component. We provide here evidence that Actinobacteria break the rule by possessing an acetyltranferase component reduced to its minimally active, trimeric unit, characterized by a unique C-terminal helix bearing an actinobacterial specific insertion that precludes larger protein oligomerization. This particular feature, together with the presence of an odhA gene coding for both the decarboxylase and the acyltransferase domains on the same polypetide, is spread over Actinobacteria and reflects the association of PDH and ODH into a single physical complex. Considering the central role of the pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate nodes in central metabolism, our findings pave the way to both therapeutic and metabolic engineering applications.
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Esposito C, Ugo Garzarella E, Santarcangelo C, Di Minno A, Dacrema M, Sacchi R, Piccinocchi G, Piccinocchi R, Daglia M. Safety and efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid oral supplementation in the reduction of pain with unknown etiology: A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112308. [PMID: 34649217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extensive evidence suggests that alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is effective in diabetic neuropathy pain management. However, little is known on its safety and efficacy in reducing idiopathic pain in normoglycemic subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate ALA food supplement safety and efficacy in the reduction of different forms of idiopathic pain. METHODS Two-hundred and ten normoglycemic adults suffering from idiopathic pain (i.e. 57 subjects with primitive neuropathic pain, 141 subjects with arthralgia with unknown etiology, and 12 subjects with idiopathic myalgia) were randomized to receive placebo, 400 mg/day, or 800 mg/day of ALA. Participants underwent two visits (at baseline = t0, and after 2 months = t1) in which two validated questionaries for pain (numerical rating scale [NRS] and visual analogue scale [VAS]) were collected; fasting blood glucose assessment, adverse effects, and renal and hepatic toxicity were also monitored. RESULTS At t1, none of subjects treated with ALA reported a decreased glycemia or adverse effects. The treated subjects showed a significant reduction in NRS (p < 0.001) while the placebo group did not show any NRS reduction (p = 0.86). Similar results were also obtained for VAS. Statistical analysis aimed at detecting possible differences in NRS and VAS scores among treatment groups based on the source of pain did not reveal any significant effect. CONCLUSIONS Since the management of idiopathic pain is challenging for physicians, the use of ALA food supplements could be a feasible option, based on its safety and efficacy compared to commonly-used analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Esposito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Ugo Garzarella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Santarcangelo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Dacrema
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacchi
- Applied Statistic Unit, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 24, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Piccinocchi
- Comegen S.c.S., Società Cooperativa Sociale di Medici di Medicina Generale, Viale Maria Bakunin, 41, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Piccinocchi
- Level 1 Medical Director Anaesthesia and Resuscitation A. U. O. Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China.
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11
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Das M, Dewan A, Shee S, Singh A. The Multifaceted Bacterial Cysteine Desulfurases: From Metabolism to Pathogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:997. [PMID: 34201508 PMCID: PMC8300815 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Living cells have developed a relay system to efficiently transfer sulfur (S) from cysteine to various thio-cofactors (iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, thiamine, molybdopterin, lipoic acid, and biotin) and thiolated tRNA. The presence of such a transit route involves multiple protein components that allow the flux of S to be precisely regulated as a function of environmental cues to avoid the unnecessary accumulation of toxic concentrations of soluble sulfide (S2-). The first enzyme in this relay system is cysteine desulfurase (CSD). CSD catalyzes the release of sulfane S from L-cysteine by converting it to L-alanine by forming an enzyme-linked persulfide intermediate on its conserved cysteine residue. The persulfide S is then transferred to diverse acceptor proteins for its incorporation into the thio-cofactors. The thio-cofactor binding-proteins participate in essential and diverse cellular processes, including DNA repair, respiration, intermediary metabolism, gene regulation, and redox sensing. Additionally, CSD modulates pathogenesis, antibiotic susceptibility, metabolism, and survival of several pathogenic microbes within their hosts. In this review, we aim to comprehensively illustrate the impact of CSD on bacterial core metabolic processes and its requirement to combat redox stresses and antibiotics. Targeting CSD in human pathogens can be a potential therapy for better treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amit Singh
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (M.D.); (A.D.); (S.S.)
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12
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Roy P, Tomassoni D, Traini E, Martinelli I, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Cifani C, Amenta F, Tayebati SK. Natural Antioxidant Application on Fat Accumulation: Preclinical Evidence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060858. [PMID: 34071903 PMCID: PMC8227384 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity represents one of the most important challenges in the contemporary world that must be overcome. Different pathological consequences of these physical conditions have been studied for more than 30 years. The most nagging effects were found early in the cardiovascular system. However, later, its negative impact was also investigated in several other organs. Damage at cellular structures due to overexpression of reactive oxygen species together with mechanisms that cause under-production of antioxidants leads to the development of obesity-related complications. In this view, the negative results of oxidant molecules due to obesity were studied in various districts of the body. In the last ten years, scientific literature has reported reasonable evidence regarding natural and synthetic compounds' supplementation, which showed benefits in reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in animal models of obesity. This article attempts to clarify the role of oxidative stress due to obesity and the opposing role of antioxidants to counter it, reported in preclinical studies. This analysis aims to clear-up different mechanisms that lead to the build-up of pro-oxidants during obesity and how various molecules of different origins hinder this phenomenon, behaving as antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proshanta Roy
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (P.R.); (D.T.)
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (P.R.); (D.T.)
| | - Enea Traini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.T.); (I.M.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (C.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Ilenia Martinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.T.); (I.M.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (C.C.); (F.A.)
| | | | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.T.); (I.M.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (C.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesco Amenta
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.T.); (I.M.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (C.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Seyed Khosrow Tayebati
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.T.); (I.M.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (C.C.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Abdel-Hady E, Mohamed F, Ahmed M, Abdel-Salam M, Ayobe M. Supplementation of Lipoic Acid, Zinc and Clopidogrel Reduces Mortality Rate and Incidence of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Experimental Myocardial Infarction. Front Physiol 2021; 12:582223. [PMID: 33815129 PMCID: PMC8009994 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.582223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant advances in management of coronary heart diseases, myocardial infarction (MI) is still associated with a high mortality rate. The present study was planned to investigate the possible protective effects of the anti-oxidants lipoic acid and zinc sulfate as well as the anti-platelet clopidogrel on cardiac dysfunction in experimental isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI, aiming at achieving useful means for protection and therapy against MI. Wistar rats of both sexes were allocated into five groups: control, untreated MI and MI pre-treated with lipoic acid, zinc, or clopidogrel. All rats were subjected to ECG recording and measurement of plasma levels of troponin I, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) unit, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The hearts were isolated and studied on Langendorff preparation for assessment of intrinsic cardiac activities. The results revealed that the percent mortality was markedly reduced upon pre-treatment and the total arrhythmia was also decreased except for the zinc pre-treated rats. The ST-segment elevation was significantly reduced and the plasma levels of CK-MB were only decreased in lipoic acid and clopidogrel pre-treated rats with variable hypolipidemic effect. Hearts of clopidogrel pre-treated rats showed augmented inotropic activity both basal and in response to β-adrenergic stimulation. While zinc pre-treated hearts revealed improved rate of contraction and increased myocardial flow rate. Overall, these results indicate that lipoic acid, zinc and clopidogrel were variably effective in modifying the ISO-induced MI insults and offered partial protection against experimental myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Abdel-Hady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Salam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ayobe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Ajith TA. Alpha-lipoic acid: A possible pharmacological agent for treating dry eye disease and retinopathy in diabetes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1883-1890. [PMID: 32621549 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring dithiol micronutrient which acts as a cofactor for mitochondrial enzyme activity. Due to its potential antioxidant activity, it is considered as "universal antioxidant". Previous studies reported the pharmacological benefits of ALA such as glycaemic control, improved insulin sensitivity and alleviation of diabetic complications such as neuropathy and cardiovascular diseases. Dry eye disease and retinopathy are prevalent in diabetic patients. Experimental studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of ALA in dry eye and diabetic retinopathy. ALA can prevent the dry eye by down regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the corneal epithelial cells and activating the antioxidant status of the ocular surface. Furthermore, its direct antioxidant effect can also prevent oxidative stress-induced corneal surface erosion and lachrymal gland damage. ALA prevents diabetic retinopathy through inhibition of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase and nuclear factor-kappa B activity and alleviation of oxidative stress. It can activate the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 and AMP-activated protein kinase in retinal ganglion cells. Clinical trials conducted in pre-retinopathic diabetic patients showed ALA with genistein and vitamins could protect the retinal cells and decline the inflammatory effect in diabetic patients. However, studies are scant to explore its beneficial effects in dry eye disease and diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, this review article discusses an update on the role of ALA in dry eye disease and diabetic retinopathy, two ocular diseases prevalent in diabetic patients.
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15
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Tian S, Nakamura J, Hiller S, Simington S, Holley DW, Mota R, Willis MS, Bultman SJ, Luft JC, DeSimone JM, Jia Z, Maeda N, Yi X. New insights into immunomodulation via overexpressing lipoic acid synthase as a therapeutic potential to reduce atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 133-134:106777. [PMID: 32750408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a systemic chronic inflammatory disease. Many antioxidants including alpha-lipoic acid (LA), a product of lipoic acid synthase (Lias), have proven to be effective for treatment of this disease. However, the question remains whether LA regulates the immune response as a protective mechanism against atherosclerosis. We initially investigated whether enhanced endogenous antioxidant can retard the development of atherosclerosis via immunomodulation. To explore the impact of enhanced endogenous antioxidant on the retardation of atherosclerosis via immune regulation, our laboratory has recently created a double mutant mouse model, using apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice crossbred with mice overexpressing lipoic acid synthase gene (LiasH/H), designated as LiasH/HApoe-/- mice. Their littermates, Lias+/+Apoe-/- mice, served as a control. Distinct redox environments between the two strains of mice have been established and they can be used to facilitate identification of antioxidant targets in the immune response. At 6 months of age, LiasH/HApoe-/- mice had profoundly decreased atherosclerotic lesion size in the aortic sinus compared to their Lias+/+Apoe-/- littermates, accompanied by significantly enhanced numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and anti-oxidized LDL autoantibody in the vascular system, and reduced T cell infiltrates in aortic walls. Our results represent a novel exploration into an environment with increased endogenous antioxidant and its ability to alleviate atherosclerosis, likely through regulation of the immune response. These outcomes shed light on a new therapeutic strategy using antioxidants to lessen atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Tian
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Japan
| | - Sylvia Hiller
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephen Simington
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Darcy W Holley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Roberto Mota
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Monte S Willis
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, and Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Van Nuys MS 5067, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Scott J Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J Christopher Luft
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph M DeSimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xianwen Yi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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16
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Vajdi M, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation significantly reduces the risk of obesity in an updated systematic review and dose response meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74:e13493. [PMID: 32091656 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous trials reported the effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on obesity measurements; while no summarised dose-response meta-analysis is available to address the effects of dose and duration of ALA supplementation on obesity measurements. We aimed to summarise the results of studies evaluating the effects of ALA supplementation on obesity measurements in a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. METHODS AND MATERIALS In a systematic search from Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Proquest electronic databases up to January 2020 relevant studies were retrieved. Randomised, placebo-controlled trials investigating the effect of ALA supplementation on obesity measurements including weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and fat mass (FM) were included. Two class and dose-response meta-analysis were performed to data analysis. RESULTS Totally, 18, 21 and 8 studies were included for the meta-analysis of ALA-weight, ALA-BMI, ALA-WC, respectively. In the two-class meta-analysis, ALA treatment significantly reduced weight (WMD: -2.29 kg, 95% CI: -2.98, 1.60, P < .01) and BMI (WMD: -0.49 kg/m2 , 95% CI:-0.83,-0.15, P = .005) but no effect on WC (WMD: -2.57 cm, 95% CI: -8.91, 3.76; P = .426). While the dose-response meta-analysis revealed that the duration of ALA treatment is a significant factor affecting WC reduction (Pnon-linearity = .047). While no evidence of departure from linearity was observed for other variables; moreover, subgrouping also revealed that gender could be an important factor affecting the ALA impact on WC which was significant among women (WMD: -4.099; CI: -7.837, -0.361; P = .032). CONCLUSION According to our finding, ALA treatment significantly reduced BMI, weight in a two-class meta-analysis without evidence of departure from linearity in terms of dose or duration. While the association of ALA treatment on WC is dependent to the duration of the study. Although further trials evaluating the other obesity measurements specially central obesity will be helpful to infer a more reliable result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Vajdi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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17
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Grayczyk JP, Alonzo F. Staphylococcus aureus Lipoic Acid Synthesis Limits Macrophage Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Production To Promote Survival during Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00344-19. [PMID: 31308080 PMCID: PMC6759302 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00344-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of innate immunity and must be overcome for bacterial pathogens to cause disease. The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus produces virulence factors that impede macrophages and other immune cells. We previously determined that production of the metabolic cofactor lipoic acid by the lipoic acid synthetase, LipA, blunts macrophage activation. A ΔlipA mutant was attenuated during infection and was more readily cleared from the host. We hypothesized that bacterial lipoic acid synthesis perturbs macrophage antimicrobial functions and therefore hinders the clearance of S. aureus Here, we found that enhanced innate immune cell activation after infection with a ΔlipA mutant was central to attenuation in vivo, whereas a growth defect imparted by the lipA mutation made a negligible contribution to overall clearance. Macrophages recruited to the site of infection with the ΔlipA mutant produced larger amounts of bactericidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) than those recruited to the site of infection with the wild-type strain or the mutant strain complemented with lipA ROS derived from the NADPH phagocyte oxidase complex and RNS derived from the inducible nitric oxide synthetase, but not mitochondrial ROS, were critical for the restriction of bacterial growth under these conditions. Despite enhanced antimicrobial immunity upon primary infection with the ΔlipA mutant, we found that the host failed to mount an improved recall response to secondary infection. Our data suggest that lipoic acid synthesis in S. aureus promotes bacterial persistence during infection through limitation of ROS and RNS generation by macrophages. Broadly, this work furthers our understanding of the intersections between bacterial metabolism and immune responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Grayczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago-Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago-Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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18
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Mendoza-Núñez VM, García-Martínez BI, Rosado-Pérez J, Santiago-Osorio E, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Hernández-Abad VJ. The Effect of 600 mg Alpha-lipoic Acid Supplementation on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and RAGE in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3276958. [PMID: 31285784 PMCID: PMC6594273 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3276958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has been used as a dietary supplement at different doses in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects. However, the reports on the effects of ALA are controversial. For this reason, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of 600 mg/day of ALA on the markers of oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation and RAGE in older adults with T2DM. A quasiexperimental study was carried out with a sample of 135 sedentary subjects (98 women and 37 men) with a mean age of 64 ± 1 years, who all had T2DM. The sample was divided into three groups: (i) experimental group (EG) with 50 subjects, (ii) placebo group (PG) with 50 subjects, and control group (CG) with 35 subjects. We obtained the following measurements in all subjects (pre- and posttreatment): glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), 8-isoprostane, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant status (TAS), and inflammatory (CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) markers. Regarding the effect of ALA on HbA1c, a decrease was observed in the EG (baseline 8.9 ± 0.2 vs. posttreatment 8.6 ± 0.3) and the PG (baseline 8.8 ± 0.2 vs. posttreatment 8.4 ± 0.3) compared to the CG (baseline 8.8 ± 0.3 vs. six months 9.1 ± 0.3) although the difference was not statistically significant (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the blood concentration of 8-isoprostane in the EG and PG with respect to the CG (EG: baseline 100 ± 3 vs. posttreatment 57 ± 3, PG: baseline 106 ± 7 vs. posttreatment 77 ± 5, and CG: baseline 94 ± 10 vs. six months 107 ± 11 pg/mL). Likewise, a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the concentration of the RAGE was found in the EG (baseline 1636 ± 88 vs. posttreatment 1144 ± 68) and the PG (baseline 1506 ± 97 vs. posttreatment 1016 ± 82) compared to CG (baseline 1407 ± 112 vs. six months 1506 ± 128). A statistically significant decrease was also observed in all markers of inflammation and in the activity of SOD and GPx in the CG with respect to the EG and PG. Our findings suggest that the administration of ALA at a dose of 600 mg/day for six months has a similar effect to that of placebo on oxidative stress, inflammation, and RAGE in older adults with T2DM. Therefore, higher doses of ALA should be tried to have this effect. This trial is registered with trial registration number ISRCTN13159380.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juana Rosado-Pérez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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19
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Valdecantos MP, Pérez-Matute P, Prieto-Hontoria P, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Martínez JA. Impact of dietary lipoic acid supplementation on liver mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative status on normally fed Wistar rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 70:834-844. [PMID: 30764676 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1572716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of α-lipoic acid (α-LA) on liver mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative status for 8 weeks in normal-healthy animals. A pair-fed group was included to differentiate between α-LA direct effects and those changes due to reduced food intake. α-LA decreased body weight gain, liver weight and insulin levels with no differences compared to its pair-fed group. α-LA significantly reduced energy efficiency, the activity of the electron transport chain complexes and induced a lower efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation with reduced ATP production. α-LA supplementation directly decreased plasma triglycerides (TGs), free fatty acids and ketone bodies levels. A significant reduction in hepatic TG content was also observed. A significant up-regulation of Cpt1a, Acadl and Sirt3, all β-oxidation genes, along with a significant deacetylation of the forkhead transcription factor 3a (FOXO3A) was found in α-LA-treated animals. Thus, α-LA along with a standard chow diet has direct actions on lipid metabolism and liver by modulating mitochondrial function in normal-weight rats. These results should be taken into account when α-LA is administered or recommended to a healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Valdecantos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - P Pérez-Matute
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR) , Logroño, Spain
| | - P Prieto-Hontoria
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - M J Moreno-Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn) , Madrid , Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute , Pamplona , Spain
| | - J A Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn) , Madrid , Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute , Pamplona , Spain.,IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC , Madrid , Spain
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20
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Protein moonlighting elucidates the essential human pathway catalyzing lipoic acid assembly on its cognate enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7063-E7072. [PMID: 29987032 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805862115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of attachment of lipoic acid to its cognate enzyme proteins results in devastating human metabolic disorders. These mitochondrial disorders are evident soon after birth and generally result in early death. The mutations causing specific defects in lipoyl assembly map in three genes, LIAS, LIPT1, and LIPT2 Although physiological roles have been proposed for the encoded proteins, only the LIPT1 protein had been studied at the enzyme level. LIPT1 was reported to catalyze only the second partial reaction of the classical lipoate ligase mechanism. We report that the physiologically relevant LIPT1 enzyme activity is transfer of lipoyl moieties from the H protein of the glycine cleavage system to the E2 subunits of the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases required for respiration (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase) and amino acid degradation. We also report that LIPT2 encodes an octanoyl transferase that initiates lipoyl group assembly. The human pathway is now biochemically defined.
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21
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Amenta F, Buccioni M, Ben DD, Lambertucci C, Navia AM, Ngouadjeu Ngnintedem MA, Ricciutelli M, Spinaci A, Volpini R, Marucci G. Ex-vivo absorption study of lysine R-lipoate salt, a new pharmaceutical form of R-ALA. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 118:200-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Ambrosi N, Guerrieri D, Caro F, Sanchez F, Haeublein G, Casadei D, Incardona C, Chuluyan E. Alpha Lipoic Acid: A Therapeutic Strategy that Tend to Limit the Action of Free Radicals in Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010102. [PMID: 29300330 PMCID: PMC5796052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ replacement is an option to mitigate irreversible organ damage. This procedure has achieved a considerable degree of acceptance. However, several factors significantly limit its effectiveness. Among them, the initial inflammatory graft reaction due to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has a fundamental influence on the short and long term organ function. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during the IRI actively participates in these adverse events. Therapeutic strategies that tend to limit the action of free radicals could result in beneficial effects in transplantation outcome. Accordingly, the anti-oxidant α-lipoic acid (ALA) have been proved to be protective in several animal experimental models and humans. In a clinical trial, ALA was found to decrease hepatic IRI after hepatic occlusion and resection. Furthermore, the treatment of cadaveric donor and recipient with ALA had a protective effect in the short-term outcome in simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplanted patients. These studies support ALA as a drug to mitigate the damage caused by IRI and reinforce the knowledge about the deleterious consequences of ROS on graft injury in transplantation. The goal of this review is to overview the current knowledge about ROS in transplantation and the use of ALA to mitigate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nella Ambrosi
- CEFYBO-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
| | - Diego Guerrieri
- CEFYBO-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
| | - Fiorella Caro
- CEFYBO-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
| | - Francisco Sanchez
- CEFYBO-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
| | - Geraldine Haeublein
- CEFYBO-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
| | - Domingo Casadei
- Instituto de Nefrología de Buenos Aires, Nephrology, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
| | - Claudio Incardona
- GADOR SA, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
- Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo Chuluyan
- CEFYBO-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
- Instituto de Nefrología de Buenos Aires, Nephrology, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
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α -Lipoic acid ameliorated oxidative stress induced by perilla oil, but the combination of these dietary factors was ineffective to cause marked deceases in serum lipid levels in rats. Nutr Res 2017; 48:49-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Krishnamoorthy E, Hassan S, Hanna LE, Padmalayam I, Rajaram R, Viswanathan V. Homology modeling of Homo sapiens lipoic acid synthase: Substrate docking and insights on its binding mode. J Theor Biol 2017; 420:259-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Ide T. Physiological activities of the combination of fish oil and α-lipoic acid affecting hepatic lipogenesis and parameters related to oxidative stress in rats. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1545-1561. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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Ikuta N, Chikamoto K, Asano Y, Yasui Y, Yokokawa H, Terao K, Rimbach G, Matsugo S. Time Course Effect of R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Cellular Metabolomics in Cultured Hepatoma Cells. J Med Food 2017; 20:211-222. [PMID: 28296595 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) is a powerful antioxidant. LA has two enantiomers, R(+)-LA (R-LA) and S(-)-LA (S-LA). Of these, R-LA is naturally occurring and an essential cofactor in energy metabolism. R-LA treatment has been reported to affect glucose metabolism in rat hepatoma cells. This study analyzed the time course of metabolite levels in LA-treated cultured H4IIEC3 rat hepatoma cells, including a specific evaluation of the effect of R-LA and the enantioselectivity of LA. Principal component analysis showed that this experiment was well designed to observe enantioselectivity. R-LA treatment was found to inhibit the glycolysis and Thr-Gly-Ser pathways, as well as lactic acid production, leading to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis in starved H4IIEC3 cells. This study may provide mechanistic insight into how R-LA induces apoptosis in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Ikuta
- 1 Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University , Kobe, Japan
| | - Keita Chikamoto
- 2 College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuya Asano
- 2 College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasui
- 2 College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Haruka Yokokawa
- 2 College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Gerald Rimbach
- 4 Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel , Kiel, Germany
| | - Seiichi Matsugo
- 2 College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan
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27
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Xu L, Hiller S, Simington S, Nickeleit V, Maeda N, James LR, Yi X. Influence of Different Levels of Lipoic Acid Synthase Gene Expression on Diabetic Nephropathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163208. [PMID: 27706190 PMCID: PMC5051822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) but outcomes of many clinical trials are controversial. To define the role of antioxidants in kidney protection during the development of diabetic nephropathy, we have generated a novel genetic antioxidant mouse model with over- or under-expression of lipoic acid synthase gene (Lias). These models have been mated with Ins2Akita/+ mice, a type I diabetic mouse model. We compare the major pathologic changes and oxidative stress status in two new strains of the mice with controls. Our results show that Ins2Akita/+ mice with under-expressed Lias gene, exhibit higher oxidative stress and more severe DN features (albuminuria, glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial matrix expansion). In contrast, Ins2Akita/+ mice with highly-expressed Lias gene display lower oxidative stress and less DN pathologic changes. Our study demonstrates that strengthening endogenous antioxidant capacity could be an effective strategy for prevention and treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longquan Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Hiller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen Simington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Volker Nickeleit
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leighton R. James
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XY); (LRJ)
| | - Xianwen Yi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XY); (LRJ)
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Zorzoli A, Grayczyk JP, Alonzo F. Staphylococcus aureus Tissue Infection During Sepsis Is Supported by Differential Use of Bacterial or Host-Derived Lipoic Acid. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005933. [PMID: 27701474 PMCID: PMC5049849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To thrive in diverse environments, bacteria must shift their metabolic output in response to nutrient bioavailability. In many bacterial species, such changes in metabolic flux depend upon lipoic acid, a cofactor required for the activity of enzyme complexes involved in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, glycine catabolism, and branched chain fatty acid biosynthesis. The requirement of lipoic acid for metabolic enzyme activity necessitates that bacteria synthesize the cofactor and/or scavenge it from environmental sources. Although use of lipoic acid is a conserved phenomenon, the mechanisms behind its biosynthesis and salvage can differ considerably between bacterial species. Furthermore, low levels of circulating free lipoic acid in mammals underscore the importance of lipoic acid acquisition for pathogenic microbes during infection. In this study, we used a genetic approach to characterize the mechanisms of lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage in the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and evaluated the requirements for both pathways during murine sepsis. We determined that S. aureus lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage genes exist in an arrangement that directly links redox stress response and acetate biosynthesis genes. In addition, we found that lipoic acid salvage is dictated by two ligases that facilitate growth and lipoylation in distinct environmental conditions in vitro, but that are fully compensatory for survival in vivo. Upon infection of mice, we found that de novo biosynthesis or salvage promotes S. aureus survival in a manner that depends upon the infectious site. In addition, when both lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage are blocked S. aureus is rendered avirulent, implying an inability to induce lipoic acid-independent metabolic programs to promote survival. Together, our results define the major pathways of lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage in S. aureus and support the notion that bacterial nutrient acquisition schemes are instrumental in dictating pathogen proclivity for an infectious niche. Staphylococcus aureus is a predominant cause of infectious diseases ranging from superficial skin and soft tissue infections to necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis. A remarkable aspect of S. aureus pathobiology lies in the ability of the microorganism to infect a wide variety of host tissues. This infectious promiscuity implies S. aureus exhibits significant adaptability when faced with disparate environments and nutritional deficiencies. In this work, we examine the mechanisms by which S. aureus acquires lipoic acid, a key cofactor involved in maintaining metabolic flux. Our studies determine that S. aureus engages in both de novo biosynthesis and salvage of lipoic acid in a manner that is reminiscent of pathways used by both B. subtilis and L. monocytogenes combined. Further, our work suggests that the complex mechanisms of lipoic acid acquisition dictate the range of tissues S. aureus infects and identifies a lipoic acid salvage enzyme that is dispensable for growth in vitro, but required for S. aureus pathogenesis in vivo. In sum, our results highlight the adaptability of S. aureus in the face of nutrient paucity; the importance of complex nutrient acquisition/biosynthesis pathways in promoting infection; and identify potential novel therapeutic targets that may be effective against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azul Zorzoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James P. Grayczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Structural definition of the lysine swing in Arabidopsis thaliana PDX1: Intermediate channeling facilitating vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5821-E5829. [PMID: 27647886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608125113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is indispensible for all organisms, notably as the coenzyme form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Plants make the compound de novo using a relatively simple pathway comprising pyridoxine synthase (PDX1) and pyridoxine glutaminase (PDX2). PDX1 is remarkable given its multifaceted synthetic ability to carry out isomerization, imine formation, ammonia addition, aldol-type condensation, cyclization, and aromatization, all in the absence of coenzymes or recruitment of specialized domains. Two active sites (P1 and P2) facilitate the plethora of reactions, but it is not known how the two are coordinated and, moreover, if intermediates are tunneled between active sites. Here we present X-ray structures of PDX1.3 from Arabidopsis thaliana, the overall architecture of which is a dodecamer of (β/α)8 barrels, similar to the majority of its homologs. An apoenzyme structure revealed that features around the P1 active site in PDX1.3 have adopted inward conformations consistent with a catalytically primed state and delineated a substrate accessible cavity above this active site, not noted in other reported structures. Comparison with the structure of PDX1.3 with an intermediate along the catalytic trajectory demonstrated that a lysine residue swings from the distinct P2 site to the P1 site at this stage of catalysis and is held in place by a molecular catch and pin, positioning it for transfer of serviced substrate back to P2. The study shows that a simple lysine swinging arm coordinates use of chemically disparate sites, dispensing with the need for additional factors, and provides an elegant example of solving complex chemistry to generate an essential metabolite.
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30
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Assembly of Lipoic Acid on Its Cognate Enzymes: an Extraordinary and Essential Biosynthetic Pathway. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:429-50. [PMID: 27074917 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00073-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the structure of lipoic acid and its role in bacterial metabolism were clear over 50 years ago, it is only in the past decade that the pathways of biosynthesis of this universally conserved cofactor have become understood. Unlike most cofactors, lipoic acid must be covalently bound to its cognate enzyme proteins (the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases and the glycine cleavage system) in order to function in central metabolism. Indeed, the cofactor is assembled on its cognate proteins rather than being assembled and subsequently attached as in the typical pathway, like that of biotin attachment. The first lipoate biosynthetic pathway determined was that of Escherichia coli, which utilizes two enzymes to form the active lipoylated protein from a fatty acid biosynthetic intermediate. Recently, a more complex pathway requiring four proteins was discovered in Bacillus subtilis, which is probably an evolutionary relic. This pathway requires the H protein of the glycine cleavage system of single-carbon metabolism to form active (lipoyl) 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases. The bacterial pathways inform the lipoate pathways of eukaryotic organisms. Plants use the E. coli pathway, whereas mammals and fungi probably use the B. subtilis pathway. The lipoate metabolism enzymes (except those of sulfur insertion) are members of PFAM family PF03099 (the cofactor transferase family). Although these enzymes share some sequence similarity, they catalyze three markedly distinct enzyme reactions, making the usual assignment of function based on alignments prone to frequent mistaken annotations. This state of affairs has possibly clouded the interpretation of one of the disorders of human lipoate metabolism.
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Fei M, Xie Q, Zou Y, He R, Zhang Y, Wang J, Bo L, Li J, Deng X. Alpha-lipoic acid protects mice against concanavalin A-induced hepatitis by modulating cytokine secretion and reducing reactive oxygen species generation. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:53-60. [PMID: 27018751 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA), which exits in almost all types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, is a key regulator of energy metabolism in mitochondria. This study was designed to explore the protective effect of α-LA against concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis in mice and explore the potential mechanism. METHODS Acute autoimmune hepatitis was induced by intravenous (IV) injection of Con A (15mg/kg) in C57BL/6 mice. α-LA (100mg/kg) was administered four days before Con A injection. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and histopathological change of the liver tissue were measured. Serum cytokine TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 were detected by ELISA. The mRNA levels of these inflammatory cytokines in the liver were detected by RT-PCR. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) in liver were determined using commercial kits. Phosphorylated NF-κB p65, IκBα and phosphorylated MAPK were measured by Western blot. RESULTS Con A injection induced severe immune responses and extensive hepatocellular apoptosis within 12h. Pretreatment of α-LA markedly reduced the serum ALT and AST activity and the increase of plasma TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10. In addition, α-LA pretreatment decreased the tissue MPO activity and lipid peroxidation, but increased SOD and GSH levels. α-LA inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, IκBα and JNK. CONCLUSION Pretreatment of α-LA markedly attenuated Con A-induced hepatitis by modulating cytokine secretion and reducing reactive oxygen species generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qun Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rong He
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lulong Bo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinbao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Uchida R, Okamoto H, Ikuta N, Terao K, Hirota T. Enantioselective Pharmacokinetics of α-Lipoic Acid in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22781-94. [PMID: 26402669 PMCID: PMC4613335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Lipoic acid (LA) is widely used for nutritional supplements as a racemic mixture, even though the R enantiomer is biologically active. After oral administration of the racemic mixture (R-α-lipoic acid (RLA) and S-α-lipoic acid (SLA) mixed at the ratio of 50:50) to rats, RLA showed higher plasma concentration than SLA, and its area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last (AUC) was significantly about 1.26 times higher than that of SLA. However, after intravenous administration of the racemic mixture, the pharmacokinetic profiles, initial concentration (C0), AUC, and half-life (T1/2) of the enantiomers were not significantly different. After oral and intraduodenal administration of the racemic mixture to pyrolus-ligated rats, the AUCs of RLA were significantly about 1.24 and 1.32 times higher than that of SLA, respectively. In addition, after intraportal administration the AUC of RLA was significantly 1.16 times higher than that of SLA. In conclusion, the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of LA in rats arose from the fraction absorbed multiplied by gastrointestinal availability (FaFg) and hepatic availability (Fh), and not from the total clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Uchida
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Hinako Okamoto
- CycloChem Bio Co., Ltd., KIBC654R 5-5-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Naoko Ikuta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Keiji Terao
- CycloChem Bio Co., Ltd., KIBC654R 5-5-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hirota
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Hiller S, DeKroon R, Hamlett ED, Xu L, Osorio C, Robinette J, Winnik W, Simington S, Maeda N, Alzate O, Yi X. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation protects enzymes from damage by nitrosative and oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:36-45. [PMID: 26344063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S-nitrosylation of mitochondrial enzymes involved in energy transfer under nitrosative stress may result in ATP deficiency. We investigated whether α-lipoic acid, a powerful antioxidant, could alleviate nitrosative stress by regulating S-nitrosylation, which could result in retaining the mitochondrial enzyme activity. METHODS In this study, we have identified the S-nitrosylated forms of subunit 1 of dihydrolipoyllysine succinyltransferase (complex III), and subunit 2 of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex by implementing a fluorescence-based differential quantitative proteomics method. RESULTS We found that the activities of these two mitochondrial enzymes were partially but reversibly inhibited by S-nitrosylation in cultured endothelial cells, and that their activities were partially restored by supplementation of α-lipoic acid. We show that protein S-nitrosylation affects the activity of mitochondrial enzymes that are central to energy supply, and that α-lipoic acid protects mitochondrial enzymes by altering S-nitrosylation levels. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting protein S-nitrosylation with α-lipoic acid seems to be a protective mechanism against nitrosative stress. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Identification and characterization of these new protein targets should contribute to expanding the therapeutic power of α-lipoic acid and to a better understanding of the underlying antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Hiller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Robert DeKroon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eric D Hamlett
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Longquan Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cristina Osorio
- Systems Proteomics Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Robinette
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Systems Proteomics Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Witold Winnik
- Proteomic Research Core Unit, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Stephen Simington
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Oscar Alzate
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States.
| | - Xianwen Yi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Wei W, Wang H, Wu Y, Ding K, Li T, Cong Z, Xu J, Zhou M, Huang L, Ding H, Wu H. Alpha lipoic acid inhibits neural apoptosis via a mitochondrial pathway in rats following traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2015; 87:85-91. [PMID: 26055972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a powerful antioxidant that has proven protective effects against brain damage following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. This study investigated the effect of ALA on neural apoptosis and the potential mechanism of these effects in the weight-drop model of TBI in male Sprague-Dawley rats that were treated with ALA (20 or 100 mg/kg) or vehicle via intragastric administration 30 min after TBI. Brain samples were collected 48 h later for analysis. ALA treatment resulted in a downregulation of caspase-3 expression, reduced the number of positive cells in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay and improved neuronal survival. Furthermore, the level of malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase activity were restored, while Bcl-2-associated X protein translocation to mitochondria and cytochrome c release into the cytosol were reduced by ALA treatment. These results demonstrate that ALA improves neurological outcome in rats by protecting neural cell against apoptosis via a mechanism that involves the mitochondria following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuting Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China.
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Zixiang Cong
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Litian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Heming Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
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35
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Effect of γ-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex on the Absorption of R-α-Lipoic Acid in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10105-20. [PMID: 25946345 PMCID: PMC4463635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
R-α-lipoic acid (RLA) is an endogenous organic acid, and works as a cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes and as a kind of antioxidant. Inclusion complexes of RLA with α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrins (CD) were prepared and orally administered as a suspension to rats. Among them, RLA/γ-CD showed the highest plasma exposure, and its area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of RLA was 2.2 times higher than that after oral administration of non-inclusion RLA. On the other hand, the AUC after oral administration of non-inclusion RLA and RLA/γ-CD to pylorus-ligated rats did not differ. However, the AUC after intraduodenal administration of RLA/γ-CD was 5.1 times higher than that of non-inclusion RLA, and was almost comparable to the AUC after intraduodenal administration of RLA-Na solution. Furthermore, the AUC after intraduodenal administration of RLA/γ-CD was not affected by biliary ligation or co-administration of an amylase inhibitor. These findings demonstrated that RLA was absorbed from the small intestine effectively when orally administered as a γ-CD inclusion complex, which could be easily dissolved in the lumen of the intestine. In conclusion, γ-CD inclusion complex is an appropriate formulation for supplying RLA as a drug or nutritional supplement with respect to absorption.
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Gomes MB, Negrato CA. Alpha-lipoic acid as a pleiotropic compound with potential therapeutic use in diabetes and other chronic diseases. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:80. [PMID: 25104975 PMCID: PMC4124142 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid is a naturally occurring substance, essential for the function of different enzymes that take part in mitochondria's oxidative metabolism. It is believed that alpha-lipoic acid or its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid have many biochemical functions acting as biological antioxidants, as metal chelators, reducers of the oxidized forms of other antioxidant agents such as vitamin C and E, and modulator of the signaling transduction of several pathways. These above-mentioned actions have been shown in experimental studies emphasizing the use of alpha-lipoic acid as a potential therapeutic agent for many chronic diseases with great epidemiological as well economic and social impact such as brain diseases and cognitive dysfunctions like Alzheimer disease, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, burning mouth syndrome, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, some types of cancer, glaucoma and osteoporosis. Many conflicting data have been found concerning the clinical use of alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetes and of diabetes-related chronic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, wound healing and diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. The most frequent clinical condition in which alpha-lipoic acid has been studied was in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 1 as well type 2 diabetes. Considering that oxidative stress, a imbalance between pro and antioxidants with excessive production of reactive oxygen species, is a factor in the development of many diseases and that alpha-lipoic acid, a natural thiol antioxidant, has been shown to have beneficial effects on oxidative stress parameters in various tissues we wrote this article in order to make an up-to-date review of current thinking regarding alpha-lipoic acid and its use as an antioxidant drug therapy for a myriad of diseases that could have potential benefits from its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Brito Gomes
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Unit, State University Hospital of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de Setembro, 77, 3° andar CEP 20.551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Antonio Negrato
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Bauru’s Diabetics Association, 17012-433 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hiller S, DeKroon R, Xu L, Robinette J, Winnik W, Alzate O, Simington S, Maeda N, Yi X. α-Lipoic acid protects mitochondrial enzymes and attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced hypothermia in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:362-367. [PMID: 24675228 PMCID: PMC5293729 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypothermia is a key symptom of sepsis, but the mechanism(s) leading to hypothermia during sepsis is largely unknown and thus no effective therapy is available for hypothermia. Therefore, it is important to investigate the mechanism and develop effective therapeutic methods. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypothermia accompanied by excess nitric oxide (NO) production leads to a reduction in energy production in wild-type mice. However, mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase did not suffer from LPS-induced hypothermia, suggesting that hypothermia is associated with excess NO production during sepsis. This observation is supported by the treatment of wild-type mice with α-lipoic acid (LA) in that it effectively attenuates LPS-induced hypothermia with decreased NO production. We also found that LA partially restored ATP production, and activities of the mitochondrial enzymes involved in energy metabolism, which were inhibited during sepsis. These data suggest that hypothermia is related to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is probably compromised by excess NO production and that LA administration attenuates hypothermia mainly by protecting mitochondrial enzymes from NO damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Hiller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Robert DeKroon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Longquan Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Jennifer Robinette
- Program of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Witold Winnik
- Proteomic Research Core Unit, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Oscar Alzate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Stephen Simington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Xianwen Yi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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Ide T, Azechi A, Suzuki N, Kunimatsu Y, Nakajima C, Kitade S. Effects of dietary α-lipoic acid enantiomers on hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Valdecantos MP, Pérez-Matute P, González-Muniesa P, Prieto-Hontoria PL, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Martínez JA. Lipoic acid improves mitochondrial function in nonalcoholic steatosis through the stimulation of sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:1974-83. [PMID: 22327056 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatosis is an important hepatic complication of obesity linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Lipoic acid (LA) has been reported to have beneficial effects on mitochondrial function and to attenuate oxidative stress. The sirtuin (SIRT) family has been demonstrated to play an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial function and in the activation of antioxidant defenses. In this study, we analyzed the potential protective effect of LA supplementation, via the modulation of mitochondrial defenses through the SIRT pathway, against oxidative stress associated with high-fat feeding. Wistar rats were fed a standard diet (control group (C), n = 10), a high-fat diet (obese group (OB), n = 10) and a high-fat diet supplemented with LA (OLIP, n = 10). A group pair-fed to the latter group (pair-fed OLIP group (PFO), n = 6) was also included. LA prevented hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation (-68.2%) and liver oxidative damage (P < 0.01) through the inhibition of hydroperoxide (H(2)O(2)) production (P < 0.001) and the stimulation of mitochondrial antioxidant defenses. LA treatment upregulated manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) (60.6%) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (100.2%) activities, and increased the reduced glutathione (GSH): oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio and UCP2 mRNA levels (P < 0.001-P < 0.01). Moreover, this molecule reduced oxidative damage in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and increased mitochondrial copy number (P < 0.001- P < 0.01). LA treatment decreased the acetylation levels of Forkhead transcription factor 3a (Foxo3a) and PGC1β (P < 0.001- P < 0.01) through the stimulation of SIRT3 and SIRT1 (P < 0.001). In summary, our results demonstrate that the beneficial effects of LA supplementation on hepatic steatosis could be mediated by its ability to restore the oxidative balance by increasing antioxidant defenses through the deacetylation of Foxo3a and PGC1β by SIRT1 and SIRT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Valdecantos
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Yi X, Xu L, Hiller S, Kim HS, Maeda N. Reduced alpha-lipoic acid synthase gene expression exacerbates atherosclerosis in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2012; 223:137-43. [PMID: 22658261 PMCID: PMC3389304 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effects of reduced lipoic acid gene expression on diabetic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E null mice (Apoe(-/-)). METHODS AND RESULTS Heterozygous lipoic acid synthase gene knockout mice (Lias(+/-)) crossed with Apoe(-/-) mice were used to evaluate the diabetic effect induced by streptozotocin on atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus of the heart. While diabetes markedly increased atherosclerotic plaque size in Apoe(-/-) mice, a small but significant effect of reduced expression of lipoic acid gene was observed in diabetic Lias(+/-)Apoe(-/-) mice. In the aortic lesion area, the Lias(+/-)Apoe(-/-) mice exhibited significantly increased macrophage accumulation and cellular apoptosis than diabetic Lias(+/+)Apoe(-/-) littermates. Plasma glucose, cholesterol, and interleukin-6 were also higher. These abnormalities were accompanied with increased oxidative stress including a decreased ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione in erythrocytes, increased systemic lipid peroxidation, and increased Gpx1 and MCP1 gene expression in the aorta. CONCLUSIONS Decreased endogenous lipoic acid gene expression plays a role in development of diabetic atherosclerosis. These findings extend our understanding of the role of antioxidant in diabetic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Yi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Longquan Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Sylvia Hiller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Hyung-Suk Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
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Lipoic acid administration prevents nonalcoholic steatosis linked to long-term high-fat feeding by modulating mitochondrial function. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1676-84. [PMID: 22464149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatosis is an important hepatic complication of obesity linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance. Furthermore, lipoic acid has been reported to have beneficial effects on mitochondrial function. In this study, we analyzed the potential protective effect of lipoic acid supplementation against the development of nonalcoholic steatosis associated with a long-term high-fat diet feeding and the potential mechanism of this effect. Wistar rats were fed on a standard diet (n=10), a high-fat diet (n=10) and a high-fat diet supplemented with lipoic acid (n=10). A group pair-fed to the latter group (n=6) was also included. Lipoic acid prevented hepatic triglyceride accumulation and liver damage in rats fed a high-fat diet (-68%±11.3% vs. obese group) through the modulation of genes involved in lipogenesis and mitochondrial β-oxidation and by improving insulin sensitivity. Moreover, this molecule showed an inhibitory action on electron transport chain complexes activities (P<.01-P<.001) and adenosine triphosphate synthesis (P<.05), and reduced significantly energy efficiency. By contrast, lipoic acid induced an increase in mitochondrial copy number and in Ucp2 gene expression (P<.001 vs. obese). In summary, this investigation demonstrated the ability of lipoic acid to prevent nonalcoholic steatosis induced by a high-fat intake. Finally, the novelty and importance of this study are the finding of how lipoic acid modulates some of the mitochondrial processes involved in energy homeostasis. The reduction in mitochondrial energy efficiency could also explain, at least in part, the beneficial effects of lipoic acid not only in fatty liver but also in preventing excessive body weight gain.
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Golbidi S, Badran M, Laher I. Diabetes and alpha lipoic Acid. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:69. [PMID: 22125537 PMCID: PMC3221300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a multi-faceted metabolic disorder where there is increased oxidative stress that contributes to the pathogenesis of this debilitating disease. This has prompted several investigations into the use of antioxidants as a complementary therapeutic approach. Alpha lipoic acid, a naturally occurring dithiol compound which plays an essential role in mitochondrial bioenergetic reactions, has gained considerable attention as an antioxidant for use in managing diabetic complications. Lipoic acid quenches reactive oxygen species, chelates metal ions, and reduces the oxidized forms of other antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione. It also boosts antioxidant defense system through Nrf-2-mediated antioxidant gene expression and by modulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors-regulated genes. ALA inhibits nuclear factor kappa B and activates AMPK in skeletal muscles, which in turn have a plethora of metabolic consequences. These diverse actions suggest that lipoic acid acts by multiple mechanisms, many of which have only been uncovered recently. In this review we briefly summarize the known biochemical properties of lipoic acid and then discussed the oxidative mechanisms implicated in diabetic complications and the mechanisms by which lipoic acid may ameliorate these reactions. The findings of some of the clinical trials in which lipoic acid administration has been tested in diabetic patients during the last 10 years are summarized. It appears that the clearest benefit of lipoic acid supplementation is in patients with diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Golbidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Kim MY, Kim EJ, Kim YN, Choi C, Lee BH. Effects of α-lipoic acid and L-carnosine supplementation on antioxidant activities and lipid profiles in rats. Nutr Res Pract 2011; 5:421-8. [PMID: 22125679 PMCID: PMC3221827 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2011.5.5.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Lipoic acid and L-carnosine are powerful antioxidants and are often used as a health supplement and as an ergogenic aid. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of α-lipoic acid and/or L-carnosine supplementation on antioxidant activity in serum, skin, and liver of rats and blood lipid profiles for 6 weeks. Four treatment groups received diets containing regular rat chow diet (control, CON), 0.5% α-lipoic acid (ALA), 0.25% α-lipoic acid + 0.25% L-carnosine (ALA + LC), or 0.5% L-carnosine (LC). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and lipid peroxidation products, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, were analyzed in serum, skin, and liver. Blood lipid profiles were measured, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Skin and liver SOD activities of the ALA and LC groups were higher than those of the CON group (P < 0.05), but serum SOD activity was higher only in the LC group compared to that in the CON group (P < 0.05). Additionally, only liver GSH-Px activity in the LC group was higher than that of the CON and the other groups. Serum and skin MDA levels in the ALA and LC groups were lower than those in the CON group (P < 0.05). Serum TG and TC in the ALA and ALA + LC groups were lower than those in the CON and LC groups (P < 0.05). The HDL-C level in the LC group was higher than that in any other group (P < 0.05). LDL-C level was lower in the ALA + LC and LC groups than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). Thus, α-lipoic acid and L-carnosine supplementation increased antioxidant activity, decreased lipid peroxidation in the serum, liver, and skin of rats and positively modified blood lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Kim
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi 456-756, Korea
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Yi X, Xu L, Hiller S, Kim HS, Nickeleit V, James LR, Maeda N. Reduced expression of lipoic acid synthase accelerates diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 23:103-11. [PMID: 22021711 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. In mitochondria, lipoic acid synthase produces α-lipoic acid, an antioxidant and an essential cofactor in α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes, which participate in glucose oxidation and ATP generation. Administration of lipoic acid abrogates diabetic nephropathy in animal models, but whether lower production of endogenous lipoic acid promotes diabetic nephropathy is unknown. Here, we crossed mice heterozygous for lipoic acid synthase deficiency (Lias(+/-)) with Ins2(Akita/+) mice, a well characterized model of type 1 diabetes. Double mutant mice had more overt diabetic nephropathy, including microalbuminuria, glomerular basement thickening, mesangial matrix expansion, and hypertension, compared with Lias(+/+)Ins2(Akita/+) controls. We also identified proximal tubules as a major site for generation of superoxide anions during diabetic nephropathy. Mitochondria in proximal tubular cells were particularly sensitive to damage in diabetic mice with reduced lipoic acid production. These results suggest that lipoic acid synthase deficiency increases oxidative stress and accelerates the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Yi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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Miller JA, Runkle SA, Tjalkens RB, Philbert MA. 1,3-Dinitrobenzene-induced metabolic impairment through selective inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:502-11. [PMID: 21551353 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to the chemical intermediate, 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), produces neuropathology in the central nervous system of rodents analogous to that observed in various conditions of acute energy deprivation including thiamine deficiency and Leigh's necrotizing encephalopathy. Increased production of reactive intermediates in addition to induction of oxidative stress has been implicated in the neurotoxic mechanism of 1,3-DNB, but a clear metabolic target has not been determined. Here we propose that similar to thiamine deficiency, the effects of 1,3-DNB on metabolic status may be due to inhibition of the thiamine-dependent α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. The effects of 1,3-DNB on astroglial metabolic status and α-ketoacid dehydrogenase activity were evaluated using rat C6 glioma cells. Exposure to 1,3-DNB resulted in altered morphology and biochemical dysfunction consistent with disruption of oxidative energy metabolism. Cotreatment with acetyl-carnitine or acetoacetate attenuated morphological and metabolic effects of 1,3-DNB exposure as well as increased cell viability. 1,3-DNB exposure inhibited pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) and the inhibition correlated with the loss of lipoic acid (LA) immunoreactivity, suggesting that modification of LA is a potential mechanism of inhibition. Treatment with antioxidants and thiol-containing compounds failed to protect against loss of LA. Alternatively, inhibition of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, the E3 component of the complex attenuated loss of LA. Collectively, these data suggest that 1,3-DNB impairs oxidative energy metabolism through direct inhibition of the PDHc and that this impairment is due to perturbations in the function of protein-bound LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Miller
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Yi X, Nickeleit V, James LR, Maeda N. α-Lipoic acid protects diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice from nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2011; 25:193-201. [PMID: 20801062 PMCID: PMC3010318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Both hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia increase oxidative stress and contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We investigated the effects of α-lipoic acid, a natural antioxidant and a cofactor in the multienzyme complexes, on the development of DN in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. METHODS Twelve-week-old male apoE-/- mice on C57BL/6J genetic background were made diabetic with injections of streptozotocin (STZ). STZ-treated diabetic apoE-/- mice and non-diabetic control were fed with a synthetic high-fat (HF) diet with or without lipoic acid (LA) supplementation. Multiple parameters including plasma glucose, cholesterol, oxidative stress markers, cytokines, and kidney cortex gene expression, and glomerular morphology were evaluated. RESULTS LA supplementation markedly protected the β cells, reduced cholesterol levels, and attenuated albuminuria and glomerular mesangial expansion in the diabetic mice. Renoprotection by LA was equally effective regardless of whether the dietary supplementation was started 4 weeks before, simultaneously with, or 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes by STZ. LA supplementation significantly improved DN and oxidative stress in the diabetic mice. Severity of albuminuria was positively correlated with level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) in the kidney (r(2)=0.62, P<.05). Diabetes significantly changed the kidney expression of Rage, Sod2, Tgfb1 and Ctgf, Pdp2, nephrin, and Lias. LA supplementation corrected these changes except that it further suppressed the expression of the Lias gene coding for lipoic acid synthase. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that LA supplementation effectively attenuates the development and progression of DN through its antioxidant effect as well as enhances glucose oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Yi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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Xiang G, Pu J, Yue L, Hou J, Sun H. α-lipoic acid can improve endothelial dysfunction in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. Metabolism 2011; 60:480-5. [PMID: 21255807 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several studies showed that impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial dilation (EDAD) exists in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). The crucial mechanism of this endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. We hypothesized that oxidative stress may be partially responsible for the impairment in EDAD in subjects with IFG. Thus, the present study was designed to assess whether the antioxidant α-lipoic acid can improve endothelial dysfunction in subjects with IFG. Sixty subjects with newly diagnosed IFG and 32 healthy individuals with normal glucose tolerance were enrolled. Subjects were randomized into 2 groups: untreated experimental group (n = 30) and α-lipoic acid treatment group (n = 30, α-lipoic acid 600 mg via intravenous infusion once a day for 3 weeks). We measured EDAD at baseline and after 3 weeks of intervention. At baseline, EDADs in α-lipoic acid and untreated experimental groups were 4.03% and 4.14%, respectively, which were significantly lower than that in controls (5.72%) (P < .001). After 3 weeks of intervention, there was a remarkable increase in EDAD (reaching 5.10%; ΔEDAD, 26.5%) (P < .01) and a significant decrease in plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (29.1%) (P < .05) in IFG subjects treated with α-lipoic acid. Endothelium-dependent arterial dilation and TBARS remained unchanged before and after intervention in the untreated experimental group. The absolute changes in EDAD showed a significant negative correlation with the changes in TBARS (r = -0.444, P = .014). Our data showed that IFG subjects have impaired endothelial function and that antioxidant α-lipoic acid can improve endothelial function through a decrease of oxygen-derived free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China.
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Koh EH, Lee WJ, Lee SA, Kim EH, Cho EH, Jeong E, Kim DW, Kim MS, Park JY, Park KG, Lee HJ, Lee IK, Lim S, Jang HC, Lee KH, Lee KU. Effects of alpha-lipoic Acid on body weight in obese subjects. Am J Med 2011; 124:85.e1-8. [PMID: 21187189 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE alpha-lipoic acid is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial respiratory enzymes that improves mitochondrial function. We previously reported that alpha-lipoic acid markedly reduced body weight gain in rodents. The purpose of this study was to determine whether alpha-lipoic acid reduces body weight in obese human subjects. METHODS in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 20-week trial, 360 obese individuals (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m(2) or BMI 27-30 kg/m(2) plus hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or hypercholesterolemia) were randomized to alpha-lipoic acid 1200 or 1800 mg/d or placebo. The primary end point was body weight change from baseline to end point. RESULTS the 1800 mg alpha-lipoic acid group lost significantly more weight than the placebo group (2.1%; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-2.8; P<.05). Urticaria and itching sensation were the most common adverse events in the alpha-lipoic acid groups, but these were generally mild and transient. CONCLUSION alpha-lipoic acid 1800 mg/d led to a modest weight loss in obese subjects. Alpha-lipoic acid may be considered as adjunctive therapy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hee Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yi X, Xu L, Kim K, Kim HS, Maeda N. Genetic reduction of lipoic acid synthase expression modestly increases atherosclerosis in male, but not in female, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:424-30. [PMID: 20347443 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a genetic reduction of Lias gene expression on atherosclerosis development. METHODS AND RESULTS Heterozygous knockout mice for the lipoid acid synthase gene (Lias(+/-)) were crossed with apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice, and the plaque size in aortic sinuses of Lias(+/-)ApoE(-/-)mice was evaluated at 6 months of age. Lesions at the aortic sinus in Lias(+/-)ApoE(-/-) males were significantly larger (1.5x) than those in Lias(+/+) ApoE(-/-) littermate males. The lesion size was inversely correlated with an increased erythrocyte reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSH) ratio, a systemic index of body redox balance. Lias(+/-)ApoE(-/-)males also had significantly increased plasma cholesterol and reduced pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in the liver. Significant reductions in the expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and SOD2, were observed in aortas of Lias(+/-)ApoE(-/-)males. Female Lias(+/-)ApoE(-/-)also exhibited changes in these parameters, parallel to those observed in males. However, the Lias gene effects for the majority of these factors, including atherosclerotic lesion size, were not significant in females. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence that Lias deficiency enhances atherosclerosis in male mice, at least in part due to reduced antioxidant capacity. The notable absence of such effects in females leaves open the possibility of a gender-specific protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Yi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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