1
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Zhao X, Lv S, Li N, Zou Q, Sun L, Song T. YTHDF2 protein stabilization by the deubiquitinase OTUB1 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation via PRSS8 mRNA degradation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107152. [PMID: 38462165 PMCID: PMC11002313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in males. Dysregulation of RNA adenine N-6 methylation (m6A) contributes to cancer malignancy. m6A on mRNA may affect mRNA splicing, turnover, transportation, and translation. m6A exerts these effects, at least partly, through dedicated m6A reader proteins, including YTH domain-containing family protein 2 (YTHDF2). YTHDF2 is necessary for development while its dysregulation is seen in various cancers, including prostate cancer. However, the mechanism underlying the dysregulation and function of YTHDF2 in cancer remains elusive. Here, we find that the deubiquitinase OUT domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde-binding protein 1 (OTUB1) increases YTHDF2 protein stability by inhibiting its ubiquitination. With in vivo and in vitro ubiquitination assays, OTUB1 is shown to block ubiquitin transfer to YTHDF2 independent of its deubiquitinase activity. Furthermore, analysis of functional transcriptomic data and m6A-sequencing data identifies PRSS8 as a potential tumor suppressor gene. OTUB1 and YTHDF2 decrease mRNA and protein levels of PRSS8, which is a trypsin-like serine protease. Mechanistically, YTHDF2 binds PRSS8 mRNA and promotes its degradation in an m6A-dependent manner. Further functional study on cellular and mouse models reveals PRSS8 is a critical downstream effector of the OTUB1-YTHDF2 axis in prostate cancer. We find in prostate cancer cells, PRSS8 decreases nuclear β-catenin level through E-cadherin, which is independent of its protease activity. Collectively, our study uncovers a key regulator of YTHDF2 protein stability and establishes a functional OTUB1-YTHDF2-PRSS8 axis in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suli Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Neng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingli Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lidong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cell Architecture Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Tanjing Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cell Architecture Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Sun R, Tan L, Ding X, A J, Xue Z, Cai X, Li S, Guo T. A pathway activity-based proteomic classifier stratifies prostate tumors into two subtypes. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:50. [PMID: 37950160 PMCID: PMC10638831 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in males worldwide. The risk stratification of PCa is mainly based on morphological examination. Here we analyzed the proteome of 667 tumor samples from 487 Chinese PCa patients and characterized 9576 protein groups by PulseDIA mass spectrometry. Then we developed a pathway activity-based classifier concerning 13 proteins from seven pathways, and dichotomized the PCa patients into two subtypes, namely PPS1 and PPS2. PPS1 is featured with enhanced innate immunity, while PPS2 with suppressed innate immunity. This classifier exhibited a correlation with PCa progression in our cohort and was further validated by two published transcriptome datasets. Notably, PPS2 was significantly correlated with poor biochemical recurrence (BCR)/metastasis-free survival (log-rank P-value < 0.05). The PPS2 was also featured with cell proliferation activation. Together, our study presents a novel pathway activity-based stratification scheme for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Lingling Tan
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xuan Ding
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jun A
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zhangzhi Xue
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xue Cai
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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3
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Lu DD, Gu Y, Li SWA, Barndt RJ, Huang SM, Wang JK, Su HC, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Targeted deletion of HAI-1 increases prostasin proteolysis but decreases matriptase proteolysis in human keratinocytes. Hum Cell 2021; 34:771-784. [PMID: 33486722 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal differentiation and barrier function require well-controlled matriptase and prostasin proteolysis, in which the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor HAI-1 represents the primary enzymatic inhibitor for both proteases. HAI-1, however, also functions as a chaperone-like protein necessary for normal matriptase synthesis and intracellular trafficking. Furthermore, other protease inhibitors, such as antithrombin and HAI-2, can also inhibit matriptase and prostasin in solution or in keratinocytes. It remains unclear, therefore, whether aberrant increases in matriptase and prostasin enzymatic activity would be the consequence of targeted deletion of HAI-1 and so subsequently contribute to the epidermal defects observed in HAI-1 knockout mice. The impact of HAI-1 deficiency on matriptase and prostasin proteolysis was, here, investigated in HaCaT human keratinocytes. Our results show that HAI-1 deficiency causes an increase in prostasin proteolysis via increased protein expression and zymogen activation. It remains unclear, however, whether HAI-1 deficiency increases "net" prostasin enzymatic activity because all of the activated prostasin was detected in complexes with HAI-2, suggesting that prostasin enzymatic activity is still under tight control in HAI-1-deficient keratinocytes. Matriptase proteolysis is, however, unexpectedly suppressed by HAI-1 deficiency, as manifested by decreases in zymogen activation, shedding of active matriptase, and matriptase-dependent prostasin zymogen activation. This suppressed proteolysis results mainly from the reduced ability of HAI-1-deficient HaCaT cells to activate matriptase and the rapid inhibition of nascent active matriptase by HAI-2 and other yet-to-be-identified protease inhibitors. Our study provides novel insights with opposite impacts by HAI-1 deficiency on matriptase versus prostasin proteolysis in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun D Lu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yayun Gu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sheng-Wen A Li
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Robert J Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Hui Chen Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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4
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Murray AS, Hyland TE, Sala-Hamrick KE, Mackinder JR, Martin CE, Tanabe LM, Varela FA, List K. The cell-surface anchored serine protease TMPRSS13 promotes breast cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy. Oncogene 2020; 39:6421-6436. [PMID: 32868877 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer progression is accompanied by increased expression of extracellular and cell-surface proteases capable of degrading the extracellular matrix as well as cleaving and activating downstream targets. The type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a family of cell-surface proteases that play critical roles in numerous types of cancers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify novel and uncharacterized TTSPs with differential expression in breast cancer and to determine their potential roles in progression. Systematic in silico data analysis followed by immunohistochemical validation identified increased expression of the TTSP family member, TMPRSS13 (transmembrane protease, serine 13), in invasive ductal carcinoma patient tissue samples compared to normal breast tissue. To test whether loss of TMPRSS13 impacts tumor progression, TMPRSS13 was genetically ablated in the oncogene-induced transgenic MMTV-PymT tumor model. TMPRSS13 deficiency resulted in a significant decrease in overall tumor burden and growth rate, as well as a delayed formation of detectable mammary tumors, thus suggesting a causal relationship between TMPRSS13 expression and the progression of breast cancer. Complementary studies using human breast cancer cell culture models revealed that siRNA-mediated silencing of TMPRSS13 expression decreases proliferation, induces apoptosis, and attenuates invasion. Importantly, targeting TMPRSS13 expression renders aggressive triple-negative breast cancer cell lines highly responsive to chemotherapy. At the molecular level, knockdown of TMPRSS13 in breast cancer cells led to increased protein levels of the tumor-suppressive protease prostasin. TMPRSS13/prostasin co-immunoprecipitation and prostasin zymogen activation experiments identified prostasin as a potential novel target for TMPRSS13. Regulation of prostasin levels may be a mechanism that contributes to the pro-oncogenic properties of TMPRSS13 in breast cancer. TMPRSS13 represents a novel candidate for targeted therapy in combination with standard of care chemotherapy agents in patients with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer or in patients with tumors refractory to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Thomas E Hyland
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Jacob R Mackinder
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Carly E Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lauren M Tanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fausto A Varela
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Karin List
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, a novel subgroup of serine proteases, the cell surface-anchored serine proteases, has emerged as an important component of the human degradome, and several members have garnered significant attention for their roles in cancer progression and metastasis. A large body of literature describes that cell surface-anchored serine proteases are deregulated in cancer and that they contribute to both tumor formation and metastasis through diverse molecular mechanisms. The loss of precise regulation of cell surface-anchored serine protease expression and/or catalytic activity may be contributing to the etiology of several cancer types. There is therefore a strong impetus to understand the events that lead to deregulation at the gene and protein levels, how these precipitate in various stages of tumorigenesis, and whether targeting of selected proteases can lead to novel cancer intervention strategies. This review summarizes current knowledge about cell surface-anchored serine proteases and their role in cancer based on biochemical characterization, cell culture-based studies, expression studies, and in vivo experiments. Efforts to develop inhibitors to target cell surface-anchored serine proteases in cancer therapy will also be summarized.
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6
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PRSS8 suppresses colorectal carcinogenesis and metastasis. Oncogene 2018; 38:497-517. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Gaweł‐Bęben K, Ali N, Ellis V, Velasco G, Poghosyan Z, Ager A, Knäuper V. TMEFF2 shedding is regulated by oxidative stress and mediated by ADAMs and transmembrane serine proteases implicated in prostate cancer. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:273-280. [PMID: 28762604 PMCID: PMC5836882 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TMEFF2 is a type I transmembrane protein with two follistatin (FS) and one EGF-like domain over-expressed in prostate cancer; however its biological role in prostate cancer development and progression remains unclear, which may, at least in part, be explained by its proteolytic processing. The extracellular part of TMEFF2 (TMEFF2-ECD) is cleaved by ADAM17 and the membrane-retained fragment is further processed by the gamma-secretase complex. TMEFF2 shedding is increased with cell crowding, a condition associated with the tumour microenvironment, which was mediated by oxidative stress signalling, requiring jun-kinase (JNK) activation. Moreover, we have identified that TMEFF2 is also a novel substrate for other proteases implicated in prostate cancer, including two ADAMs (ADAM9 and ADAM12) and the type II transmembrane serine proteinases (TTSPs) matriptase-1 and hepsin. Whereas cleavage by ADAM9 and ADAM12 generates previously identified TMEFF2-ECD, proteolytic processing by matriptase-1 and hepsin produced TMEFF2 fragments, composed of TMEFF2-ECD or FS and/or EGF-like domains as well as novel membrane retained fragments. Differential TMEFF2 processing from a single transmembrane protein may be a general mechanism to modulate transmembrane protein levels and domains, dependent on the repertoire of ADAMs or TTSPs expressed by the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gaweł‐Bęben
- School of MedicineUniversity of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow2 Sucharskiego Str.35‐225 RzeszowPoland
- School of DentistryCollege of Biomedical and Life SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XYUnited Kingdom
| | - Nazim Ali
- School of DentistryCollege of Biomedical and Life SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XYUnited Kingdom
- School of MedicineUniversity of KeeleKeeleST5 5BGUnited Kingdom
| | - Vincent Ellis
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUnited Kingdom
| | - Gloria Velasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Oviedo33006 OviedoSpain
| | - Zaruhi Poghosyan
- School of MedicineCollege of Biomedical and Life SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XYUnited Kingdom
| | - Ann Ager
- School of MedicineCollege of Biomedical and Life SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XYUnited Kingdom
| | - Vera Knäuper
- School of DentistryCollege of Biomedical and Life SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XYUnited Kingdom
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8
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Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-2 (HAI-2)/ SPINT2 contributes to invasive growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11691-11706. [PMID: 29545930 PMCID: PMC5837738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1/SPINT1 and HAI-2/SPINT2 are membrane-anchored protease inhibitors having homologous Kunitz-type inhibitor domains. They regulate membrane-anchored serine proteases, such as matriptase and prostasin. Whereas HAI-1 suppresses the neoplastic progression of keratinocytes to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) through matriptase inhibition, the role of HAI-2 in keratinocytes is poorly understood. In vitro homozygous knockout of the SPINT2 gene suppressed the proliferation of two oral SCC (OSCC) lines (SAS and HSC3) but not the growth of a non-tumorigenic keratinocyte line (HaCaT). Reversion of HAI-2 abrogated the growth suppression. Matrigel invasion of both OSCC lines was also suppressed by the loss of HAI-2. The levels of prostasin protein were markedly increased in HAI-2-deficient cells, and knockdown of prostasin alleviated the HAI-2 loss-induced suppression of OSCC cell invasion. Therefore, HAI-2 has a pro-invasive role in OSCC cells through suppression of prostasin. In surgically resected OSCC tissues, HAI-2 immunoreactivity increased along with neoplastic progression, showing intense immunoreactivities in invasive OSCC cells. In summary, HAI-2 is required for invasive growth of OSCC cells and may contribute to OSCC progression.
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9
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Bao Y, Li K, Guo Y, Wang Q, Li Z, Yang Y, Chen Z, Wang J, Zhao W, Zhang H, Chen J, Dong H, Shen K, Diamond AM, Yang W. Tumor suppressor PRSS8 targets Sphk1/S1P/Stat3/Akt signaling in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26780-92. [PMID: 27050145 PMCID: PMC5042014 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PRSS8 is a membrane-anchored serine protease prostasin and has been shown an association with carcinogenesis. Herein we found that PRSS8 expression was significantly reduced in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. The decreased PRSS8 was well correlated with clinical stages, poor differentiation and shorter survival time of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, increase of PRSS8 led to the inhibition of colorectal cancer cell proliferation, knockdown of PRSS8 accelerated cell proliferation in vitro, and overexpressing PRSS8 retarded cancer cell growth in nude mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that PRSS8 inhibited Sphk1/S1P/Stat3/Akt signaling pathway, in terms of inverse association between PRSS8 and Sphk1 in human colorectal cancers and in Sphk1-/- mice. In conclusion, PRSS8 acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting Sphk1/S1P/Stat3/Akt signaling pathway, and could be used as a biomarker to monitor colorectal carcinogenesis and predict outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Bao
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yongchen Guo
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zexin Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453003, China
| | - Yiqiong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui 453003, China
| | - Weixing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Huali Dong
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kui Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alan M Diamond
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wancai Yang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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10
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Bao Y, Wang Q, Guo Y, Chen Z, Li K, Yang Y, Zhang H, Dong H, Shen K, Yang W. PRSS8 methylation and its significance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28540-55. [PMID: 27081034 PMCID: PMC5053744 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and the incidence and mortality is increasing rapidly in recent years in China, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. Herein we found that the expression of PRSS8, a serine protease prostasin, is significantly decreased in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) at mRNA and protein levels. The reduction of PRSS8 was well correlated with poor differentiation and shorter survival time. Interestingly, ESCC stromal expression of PRSS8 was significantly correlated with stromal lymphocyte infiltration and cancer progression. Methylation specific PCR showed that PRSS8 was hypermethylated in ESCC tissues and ESCC cell lines, which was linked to the downregulation of PRSS8 expression and decreased activities of PRSS8 promoter. De-methylation agent decitabine was able to restore PRSS8 expression, leading to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, motility, migration and cell cycle arrest. However, the restored PRSS8 and its tumor inhibition could be reversed by small interfering RNA targeting PRSS8. Mechanistic study showed that tumor inhibition of PRSS8 may be associated with proliferation- and epithelial mesenchymal transition - related proteins in ESCC cells. In conclusion, our finding showed that PRSS8 methylation and its stromal expression had important clinical significance in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Bao
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yongchen Guo
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yiqiong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Huali Dong
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kui Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wancai Yang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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11
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Yang HY, Fang DZ, Ding LS, Hui XB, Liu D. Overexpression of Protease Serine 8 Inhibits Glioma Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion via Suppressing the Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Oncol Res 2016; 25:923-930. [PMID: 27983922 PMCID: PMC7841053 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14798241682647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease serine 8 (PRSS8), a serine peptidase, has a widespread expression in normal epidermal cells. Recently, many researchers demonstrated downregulation of PRSS8 in cancer tissues as well as its tumor suppressor role in cancer development. However, the biological functions of PRSS8 in glioma remain unclear. In the current study, we demonstrated a decreased expression of PRSS8 in glioma tissues and cell lines. PRSS8 upregulation inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In addition, xenograft experiments showed that PRSS8 overexpression suppressed glioma cell growth in vivo. We also found that upregulated PRSS8 reduced the protein expression levels of p-Akt and p-mTOR in glioma cells. Taken together, our study demonstrated that overexpression of PRSS8 inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via suppressing the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, PRSS8 may act as a novel therapeutic target for glioma.
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12
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Chai AC, Robinson AL, Chai KX, Chen LM. Ibuprofen regulates the expression and function of membrane-associated serine proteases prostasin and matriptase. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1025. [PMID: 26715240 PMCID: PMC4696080 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored extracellular membrane serine protease prostasin is expressed in normal bladder urothelial cells. Bladder inflammation reduces prostasin expression and a loss of prostasin expression is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease the incidence of various cancers including bladder cancer, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of NSAIDs are not fully understood. METHODS The normal human bladder urothelial cell line UROtsa, the normal human trophoblast cell line B6Tert-1, human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell lines UM-UC-5 and UM-UC-9, and the human breast cancer cell line JIMT-1 were used for the study. Expression changes of the serine proteases prostasin and matriptase, and cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) in these cells following ibuprofen treatments were analyzed by means of reverse-transcription/quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunoblotting. The functional role of the ibuprofen-regulated prostasin in epithelial tight junction formation and maintenance was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and epithelial permeability in the B6Tert-1 cells. Prostasin's effects on tight junctions were also evaluated in B6Tert-1 cells over-expressing a recombinant human prostasin, silenced for prostasin expression, or treated with a functionally-blocking prostasin antibody. Matriptase zymogen activation was examined in cells over-expressing prostasin. RESULTS Ibuprofen increased prostasin expression in the UROtsa and the B6Tert-1 cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was up-regulated at both the mRNA and the protein levels in the UROtsa cells by ibuprofen in a dose-dependent manner, but was not a requisite for up-regulating prostasin expression. The ibuprofen-induced prostasin contributed to the formation and maintenance of the epithelial tight junctions in the B6Tert-1 cells. The matriptase zymogen was down-regulated in the UROtsa cells by ibuprofen possibly as a result of the increased prostasin expression because over-expressing prostasin leads to matriptase activation and zymogen down-regulation in the UROtsa, JIMT-1, and B6Tert-1 cells. The expression of prostasin and matriptase was differentially regulated by ibuprofen in the bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Ibuprofen has been suggested for use in treating bladder cancer. Our results bring the epithelial extracellular membrane serine proteases prostasin and matriptase into the potential molecular mechanisms of the anticancer effect of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Chai
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Andrew L Robinson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Karl X Chai
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA.
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Zheng Q, Wu H, Cao J, Ye J. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type‑1 in cancer: advances and perspectives (Review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2779-85. [PMID: 25310042 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common diseases, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Large‑scale efforts have been made to understand the pathogenesis of the disease, particularly in the advanced stages, in order to develop effective therapeutic approaches. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1), also known as serine protease inhibitor Kunitz type 1, inhibits the activity of several trypsin-like serine proteases. In particular, HAI-1 suppresses hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator and matriptase, resulting in subsequent inhibition of HGF/scatter factor and macrophage‑stimulating protein (MSP). HGF and MSP are involved in cancer development and progression, via the receptors Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and Ron RTK, respectively. Therefore, HAI-1-mediated downregulation of HGF and MSP signaling may suppress tumorigenesis and progression in certain types of cancers. Abnormal HAI-1 expression levels have been observed in various types of human cancer. The exact function of HAI-1 in cancer pathogenesis, however, has not been fully elucidated. In this review, the focus is on the potential impact of aberrant HAI-1 expression levels on tumorigenesis and progression, the underlying mechanisms, and areas that require further investigation to clarify the precise role of HAI-1 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Zheng
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jingjia Ye
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Yang CC, Chung A, Ku CY, Brill LM, Williams R, Wolf DA. Systems analysis of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1 supports roles in DNA repair and luminal cell differentiation. F1000Res 2014; 3:115. [PMID: 25177484 PMCID: PMC4141641 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.3818.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NKX3.1 is a homeobox transcription factor whose function as a prostate tumor suppressor remains insufficiently understood because neither the transcriptional program governed by NKX3.1, nor its interacting proteins have been fully revealed. Using affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we have established an extensive NKX3.1 interactome which contains the DNA repair proteins Ku70, Ku80, and PARP, thus providing a molecular underpinning to previous reports implicating NKX3.1 in DNA repair. Transcriptomic profiling of NKX3.1-negative prostate epithelial cells acutely expressing NKX3.1 revealed a rapid and complex response that is a near mirror image of the gene expression signature of human prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Pathway and network analyses suggested that NKX3.1 actuates a cellular reprogramming toward luminal cell differentiation characterized by suppression of pro-oncogenic c-MYC and interferon-STAT signaling and activation of tumor suppressor pathways. Consistently, ectopic expression of NKX3.1 conferred a growth arrest depending on TNFα and JNK signaling. We propose that the tumor suppressor function of NKX3.1 entails a transcriptional program that maintains the differentiation state of secretory luminal cells and that disruption of NKX3.1 contributes to prostate tumorigenesis by permitting luminal cell de-differentiation potentially augmented by defects in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Yang
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alicia Chung
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chia-Yu Ku
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laurence M Brill
- NCI-designated Cancer Center Proteomics Facility, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roy Williams
- Informatics and Data Management Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dieter A Wolf
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NCI-designated Cancer Center Proteomics Facility, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093-0375, USA
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Ren J, Cai H, Li Y, Zhang X, Liu Z, Wang JS, Hwa YL, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Jiang SW. Tumor markers for early detection of ovarian cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:787-98. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Gamage DG, Hendrickson TL. GPI Transamidase and GPI anchored proteins: Oncogenes and biomarkers for cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:446-64. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.831024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Prostasin: An Epithelial Sodium Channel Regulator. J Biomark 2013; 2013:179864. [PMID: 26317012 PMCID: PMC4436870 DOI: 10.1155/2013/179864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostasin is a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored protein which is found in prostate gland, kidney, bronchi, colon, liver, lung, pancreas, and salivary glands. It is a serine protease with trypsin-like substrate specificity which was first purified from seminal fluid in 1994. In the last decade, its diverse roles in various biological and physiological processes have been elucidated. Many studies done to date suggest that prostasin is one of several membrane peptidases regulating epithelial sodium channels in mammals. A comprehensive literature search was conducted from the websites of Pubmed Central, the US National Library of Medicine's digital archive of life sciences literature and the National Library of Medicine. The data was also assessed from journals and books that published relevant articles in this field. Understanding the mechanism by which prostasin and its inhibitors regulate sodium channels has provided a new insight into the treatment of hypertension and some other diseases like cystic fibrosis. Prostasin plays an important role in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signal modulation. Extracellular proteases have been implicated in tumor metastasis and local tissue invasion because of their ability to degrade extracellular matrices.
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Frateschi S, Keppner A, Malsure S, Iwaszkiewicz J, Sergi C, Merillat AM, Fowler-Jaeger N, Randrianarison N, Planès C, Hummler E. Mutations of the serine protease CAP1/Prss8 lead to reduced embryonic viability, skin defects, and decreased ENaC activity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:605-15. [PMID: 22705055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CAP1/Prss8 is a membrane-bound serine protease involved in the regulation of several different effectors, such as the epithelial sodium channel ENaC, the protease-activated receptor PAR2, the tight junction proteins, and the profilaggrin polypeptide. Recently, the V170D and the G54-P57 deletion mutations within the CAP1/Prss8 gene, identified in mouse frizzy (fr) and rat hairless (fr(CR)) animals, respectively, have been proposed to be responsible for their skin phenotypes. In the present study, we analyzed those mutations, revealing a change in the protein structure, a modification of the glycosylation state, and an overall reduction in the activation of ENaC of the two mutant proteins. In vivo analyses demonstrated that both fr and fr(CR) mutant animals present analogous reduction of embryonic viability, similar histologic aberrations at the level of the skin, and a significant decrease in the activity of ENaC in the distal colon compared with their control littermates. Hairless rats additionally had dehydration defects in skin and intestine and significant reduction in the body weight. In conclusion, we provided molecular and functional evidence that CAP1/Prss8 mutations are accountable for the defects in fr and fr(CR) animals, and we furthermore demonstrate a decreased function of the CAP1/Prss8 mutant proteins. Therefore, fr and fr(CR) animals are suitable models to investigate the consequences of CAP1/Prss8 action on its target proteins in the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Frateschi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Tervonen TA, Partanen JI, Saarikoski ST, Myllynen M, Marques E, Paasonen K, Moilanen A, Wohlfahrt G, Kovanen PE, Klefstrom J. Faulty epithelial polarity genes and cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2011; 111:97-161. [PMID: 21704831 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385524-4.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial architecture is formed in tissues and organs when groups of epithelial cells are organized into polarized structures. The epithelial function and integrity as well as signaling across the epithelial layer is orchestrated by apical junctional complexes (AJCs), which are landmarks for PAR/CRUMBS and lateral SCRIB polarity modules and by dynamic interactions of the cells with underlying basement membrane (BM). These highly organized epithelial architectures are demolished in cancer. In all advanced epithelial cancers, malignant cells have lost polarity and connections to the basement membrane and they have become proliferative, motile, and invasive. Clearly, loss of epithelial integrity associates with tumor progression but does it contribute to tumor development? Evidence from studies in Drosophila and recently also in vertebrate models have suggested that even the oncogene-driven enforced cell proliferation can be conditional, dependant on the influence of cell-cell or cell-microenvironment contacts. Therefore, loss of epithelial integrity may not only be an obligate consequence of unscheduled proliferation of malignant cells but instead, malignant epithelial cells may need to acquire capacity to break free from the constraints of integrity to freely and autonomously proliferate. We discuss how epithelial polarity complexes form and regulate epithelial integrity, highlighting the roles of enzymes Rho GTPases, aPKCs, PI3K, and type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs). We also discuss relevance of these pathways to cancer in light of genetic alterations found in human cancers and review molecular pathways and potential pharmacological strategies to revert or selectively eradicate disorganized tumor epithelium.
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Ma XJ, Fu YY, Li YX, Chen LM, Chai K, Wang YL. Prostasin inhibits cell invasion in human choriocarcinomal JEG-3 cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:639-46. [PMID: 19847458 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Controlled invasion of the uterine wall by the trophoblast cells is pivotal for the successful pregnancy, and various kinds of protease are involved in this process. Serine protease prostasin has been shown to participate in the proteolytic activation of epithelial sodium channel as well as cleavage of epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular domain in human epithelial cells. Its physiological significance in human placentation has been suggested but not validated. In the present study, we found that prostasin was expressed at a relatively high level in human placenta trophoblasts in early pregnant weeks. In the in vitro cultured human choriocarcinomal JEG-3 cells, treatment with functional antibody against prostasin led to promotion in cell invasion capability, as well as increase in the production of MMP-2, MMP-26, TIMP-1, and TIMP-4. Our data indicated that this serine protease may function as an invasion suppressor in human trophoblast, participating in the invasion-restrictive regulation of trophoblasts to avoid their over-penetration into the uterine wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichen West Road, ChaoYang District, 100101, Beijing, China
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Chen LM, Verity NJ, Chai KX. Loss of prostasin (PRSS8) in human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell lines is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). BMC Cancer 2009; 9:377. [PMID: 19849847 PMCID: PMC2770574 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored epithelial extracellular membrane serine protease prostasin (PRSS8) is expressed abundantly in normal epithelia and essential for terminal epithelial differentiation, but down-regulated in human prostate, breast, and gastric cancers and invasive cancer cell lines. Prostasin is involved in the extracellular proteolytic modulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and is an invasion suppressor. The aim of this study was to evaluate prostasin expression states in the transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the human bladder and in human TCC cell lines. Methods Normal human bladder tissues and TCC on a bladder cancer tissue microarray (TMA) were evaluated for prostasin expression by means of immunohistochemistry. A panel of 16 urothelial and TCC cell lines were evaluated for prostasin and E-cadherin expression by western blot and quantitative PCR, and for prostasin gene promoter region CpG methylation by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Results Prostasin is expressed in the normal human urothelium and in a normal human urothelial cell line, but is significantly down-regulated in high-grade TCC and lost in 9 (of 15) TCC cell lines. Loss of prostasin expression in the TCC cell lines correlated with loss of or reduced E-cadherin expression, loss of epithelial morphology, and promoter DNA hypermethylation. Prostasin expression could be reactivated by demethylation or inhibition of histone deacetylase. Re-expression of prostasin or a serine protease-inactive variant resulted in transcriptional up-regulation of E-cadherin. Conclusion Loss of prostasin expression in bladder transitional cell carcinomas is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and may have functional implications in tumor invasion and resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.
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22
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Selzer-Plon J, Bornholdt J, Friis S, Bisgaard HC, Lothe IM, Tveit KM, Kure EH, Vogel U, Vogel LK. Expression of prostasin and its inhibitors during colorectal cancer carcinogenesis. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:201. [PMID: 19555470 PMCID: PMC2717118 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials where cancer patients were treated with protease inhibitors have suggested that the serine protease, prostasin, may act as a tumour suppressor. Prostasin is proteolytically activated by the serine protease, matriptase, which has a very high oncogenic potential. Prostasin is inhibited by protease nexin-1 (PN-1) and the two isoforms encoded by the mRNA splice variants of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1), HAI-1A, and HAI-1B. Methods Using quantitative RT-PCR, we have determined the mRNA levels for prostasin and PN-1 in colorectal cancer tissue (n = 116), severe dysplasia (n = 13), mild/moderate dysplasia (n = 93), and in normal tissue from the same individuals. In addition, corresponding tissues were examined from healthy volunteers (n = 23). A part of the cohort was further analysed for the mRNA levels of the two variants of HAI-1, here denoted HAI-1A and HAI-1B. mRNA levels were normalised to β-actin. Immunohistochemical analysis of prostasin and HAI-1 was performed on normal and cancer tissue. Results The mRNA level of prostasin was slightly but significantly decreased in both mild/moderate dysplasia (p < 0.001) and severe dysplasia (p < 0.01) and in carcinomas (p < 0.05) compared to normal tissue from the same individual. The mRNA level of PN-1 was more that two-fold elevated in colorectal cancer tissue as compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.001) and elevated in both mild/moderate dysplasia (p < 0.01), severe dysplasia (p < 0.05) and in colorectal cancer tissue (p < 0.001) as compared to normal tissue from the same individual. The mRNA levels of HAI-1A and HAI-1B mRNAs showed the same patterns of expression. Immunohistochemistry showed that prostasin is located mainly on the apical plasma membrane in normal colorectal tissue. A large variation was found in the degree of polarization of prostasin in colorectal cancer tissue. Conclusion These results show that the mRNA level of PN-1 is significantly elevated in colorectal cancer tissue. Future studies are required to clarify whether down-regulation of prostasin activity via up regulation of PN-1 is causing the malignant progression or if it is a consequence of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Selzer-Plon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Koda A, Wakida N, Toriyama K, Yamamoto K, Iijima H, Tomita K, Kitamura K. Urinary prostasin in humans: relationships among prostasin, aldosterone and epithelial sodium channel activity. Hypertens Res 2009; 32:276-81. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2009.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sakashita K, Mimori K, Tanaka F, Tahara K, Inoue H, Sawada T, Ohira M, Hirakawa K, Mori M. Clinical significance of low expression of Prostasin mRNA in human gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2009; 98:559-64. [PMID: 18932242 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostasin is considered to have suppressive activities against tumor progression. The aim of this study was to clarify its clinical significance in gastric cancer. METHODS Tumor and the corresponding normal samples were prepared from a total of 108 gastric cancer patients. Prostasin expression was assayed by real time reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by immunohistochemistry. Epigenetic silencing of the expression was examined by demethylation treatment. Survival was examined in Kaplan-Meier plots, and the relationship between its expression and clinicopathologic factors was statistically analyzed. RESULTS Prostasin mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated in tumor tissues. Immunohistochemistry confirmed loss of Prostasin expression in gastric cancer. Gastric cancer cell lines that did not express Prostasin mRNA retrieved its expression following demethylation treatment. In those patients whose tumor expressed Prostasin mRNA at reduced levels, we observed shorter survival (P = 0.0110), due to a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0087), lymphatic permeation (P = 0.0542) and venous permeation (P = 0.0492). CONCLUSIONS Prostasin mRNA expression was frequently down-regulated in gastric cancer. Loss of expression might be regulated by epigenetic factors, contributing to the shorter survival. Reduced Prostasin mRNA expression might be a novel indicator for biological aggressiveness in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakashita
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
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Costa FP, Junior ELB, Zelmanowicz A, Svedman C, Devenz G, Alves S, da Silva ASM, Garicochea B. Prostasin, a potential tumor marker in ovarian cancer--a pilot study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:641-4. [PMID: 19606239 PMCID: PMC2710436 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009000700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease; therefore, poor prognoses are typical. The development of tumor markers is thus of utmost importance. Prostasin is a protease that in normal tissues is highly expressed only in the prostate gland and seminal fluid. A previous study showed that prostasin is highly overexpressed in ovarian cancer cell lines. This study sought to evaluate the expression of prostasin in ovarian cancer. METHODS Fresh tumor samples of ovarian epithelial cancer (n: 12) were analyzed for expression of prostasin mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) by conventional and real time quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction). As a standard control, a normal prostate sample was analyzed. RESULTS Using conventional PCR, prostasin was detected in all but one sample. Using quantitative PCR, prostasin was over-expressed in all but one of the samples as compared to the control (prostate). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that prostasin is overexpressed in many epithelial ovarian cancers. Further studies of prostasin as a potential biomarker for this disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pires Costa
- Oncology Unit, Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Eraldo Luis Batista Junior
- Center of Research in Molecular and Functional Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Alice Zelmanowicz
- Prevention Cancer Center, Hospital Santa Casa - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Christer Svedman
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital - Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Devenz
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.,
, Tel: 55 53 3227.9070
| | - Silvana Alves
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.,
, Tel: 55 53 3227.9070
| | | | - Bernardo Garicochea
- Oncology Unit, Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
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Chen M, Chen LM, Lin CY, Chai KX. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is proteolytically modified by the Matriptase-Prostasin serine protease cascade in cultured epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1783:896-903. [PMID: 18054338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prostasin is expressed at the apical surface of normal epithelial cells and suppresses in vitro invasion of cancer cells. Prostasin re-expression in the PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells down-regulated the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein expression and EGF-induced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk1/2). We report here that prostasin and its activating enzyme matriptase are capable of inducing proteolytic cleavages in the EGFR extracellular domain (ECD) when co-expressed in the FT-293 cells, generating two amino-terminally truncated fragments EGFR135 and EGFR110, at 135 and 110 kDa. Prostasin's role in EGFR cleavage is dependent on the serine active-site but not the GPI-anchor. The modifications of EGFR were confirmed to be on the primary structure by deglycosylation. EGFR135 and EGFR110 are not responsive to EGF stimulation, indicating loss of the ligand-binding domains. EGFR110 is constitutively phosphorylated and in its presence Erk1/2 phosphorylation is increased in the absence of EGF. The protease-induced EGFR cleavages are not dependent on EGFR phosphorylation. The EGFR ECD proteolytic modification by matriptase-prostasin is also observed in the BEAS-2B normal lung epithelial cells, the BPH-1 benign prostate hyperplasia and the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines; and represents a novel mechanism for epithelial cells to modulate EGF-EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Chen
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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List K, Hobson JP, Molinolo A, Bugge TH. Co-localization of the channel activating protease prostasin/(CAP1/PRSS8) with its candidate activator, matriptase. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:237-45. [PMID: 17471493 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostasin (CAP1/PRSS8) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane serine protease believed to be critical for the regulation of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity. Prostasin is synthesized as an inactive zymogen that requires a site-specific endoproteolytic cleavage to be converted to an active protease. We have recently reported that the tumor-associated type II transmembrane serine protease, matriptase is necessary and sufficient for prostasin activation in the epidermis. In this study, the interrelationship between the two membrane serine proteases was investigated further by using enzymatic gene trapping combined with immunohistochemistry to delineate the spatial expression of matriptase and prostasin in mouse tissues. We utilized a knock-in mouse with a promoterless beta-galactosidase marker gene inserted into the matriptase locus, as a unique tool for precise assessment of endogenous matriptase expression. The spatial expression of matriptase and prostasin in mouse tissues was delineated by combining in situ beta-galactosidase matriptase staining with immunohistochemical detection of prostasin. We report that prostasin displays a near-ubiquitous co-localization with its candidate activator matriptase in a variety of normal epithelial tissues. These include simple, stratified, and pseudo-stratified epithelium of the integumentary system, digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract. However, matriptase and prostasin expression segregates during epithelial multi-stage carcinogenesis to eventually become localized in separate compartments of the tumor. These data suggest that a matriptase-prostasin zymogen activation cascade may be functionally operative in multiple epithelial tissues, but matriptase promotes epithelial carcinogenesis independent of prostasin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin List
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Zhang H, Lin HY, Yang Q, Wang HX, Chai KX, Chen LM, Zhu C. Expression of Prostasin Serine Protease and Protease Nexin-1 (PN-1) in Rhesus Monkey Ovary During Menstrual Cycle and Early Pregnancy. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 55:1237-44. [PMID: 17827166 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.7a7232.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases and their cognate serpin-class inhibitors are involved in the controlled proteolytic events during follicular development, ovulation, formation, and maintenance of the corpus luteum (CL). In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of prostasin serine protease and protease nexin-1 (PN-1), a serine protease inhibitor also called serpin-E2, in rhesus monkey ovaries during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy, by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Expression of prostasin was localized in oocyte, granulosa cells, and/or theca cells of early antral follicles and antral follicles, with high levels observed in preovulatory follicles. Prostasin was also localized at high levels of abundance in the CL during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. During the menstrual cycle, PN-1 was coordinately localized with prostasin in oocytes, granulosa cells, and theca cells of antral follicles and preovulatory follicles and in the CL. In addition, the PN-1 expression level in macaque CL during early pregnancy increased as pregnancy proceeded. We propose that prostasin may be involved in follicular development, ovulation, and CL formation, whereas PN-1 may be present to regulate the proteolysis in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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Lin HY, Zhang H, Yang Q, Wang HX, Wang HM, Chai KX, Chen LM, Zhu C. Expression of prostasin and protease nexin-1 in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) endometrium and placenta during early pregnancy. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:1139-47. [PMID: 16801525 PMCID: PMC3957810 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a7005.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases have been documented to play key roles in uterine matrix turnover and trophoblastic invasion during implantation. Roles of prostasin serine protease in these processes, however, are currently unclear. The present study was first conducted to investigate the colocalization of prostasin and its cognate serpin, protease nexin-1 (PN-1), in rhesus monkey endometrium and placenta on days 12, 18, and 26 of pregnancy by using in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry. With ISH, expression of prostasin mRNA was intensely localized in the glandular epithelium on days 12 and 18 and in the placental villi, trophoblastic column, trophoblastic shell, and fetal-maternal border on days 18 and 26. With the progress of pregnancy, expression level in the glandular epithelium was significantly decreased, and the accumulation in the placental compartments was further increased. In addition, the stroma and arterioles exhibited modest levels of prostasin signals. However, expression level of PN-1 in these compartments on adjacent sections in the three stages of early pregnancy was weak or below the level of detection. Prostasin protein expression in the endometrium was found to be consistent with the distribution patterns revealed in the ISH experiments. It may be suggested from these results that prostasin is involved in endometrial epithelial morphology establishment, tissue remodeling, and trophoblastic invasion during early pregnancy. The cognate serpin PN-1 was not coordinately expressed along with prostasin, creating a tissue environment favorable for proteolytic activities of prostasin during early pregnancy events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cheng Zhu
- Correspondence to: Prof. Cheng Zhu, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 25 Bei Si Huan Xi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100080, China. E-mail: or
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Chen M, Chen LM, Chai KX. Mechanisms of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) regulation of human prostasin gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:1245-53. [PMID: 16806080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostasin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored serine protease and a suppressor of tumor cell invasion. We recently reported that the human prostasin gene is up-regulated by the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2). In the present study, we identified multiple SREBP-2 binding sites, known as sterol regulatory elements (SREs), located at positions -897, -538, +8, +71, and +98 (named SRE-897, SRE-538, SRE+8, SRE+71, and SRE+98) in the human prostasin gene promoter. Prostasin promoter-reporter constructs, representing serial deletions of the 5'-flanking region of the human prostasin gene, were transiently transfected into HEK-293 cells for evaluation of promoter activities. The region defined by nucleotides -17 to +232 of the prostasin gene promoter was shown to be essential for the basal transcriptional activity of the human prostasin gene. Mutagenesis of the five SREs was carried out for evaluation of their roles in SREBP-2 up-regulation. SRE+98, a novel functional sterol regulatory element, was found to be the major site for the stimulatory response of prostasin gene expression to SREBP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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Chen M, Chen LM, Chai KX. Androgen regulation of prostasin gene expression is mediated by sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins and SLUG. Prostate 2006; 66:911-20. [PMID: 16541421 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostasin is downregulated in hormone-refractory prostate cancers (HRPC). The mechanisms by which androgens regulate prostasin expression are unclear. METHODS LNCaP cells were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and mRNA expression of prostasin, SREBPs, SNAIL, and SLUG was examined by real-time PCR following reverse transcription. A human prostasin promoter was evaluated in HEK-293 cells co-transfected with transcription factor cDNAs. Regulation of endogenous prostasin expression by transfected SREBP-2 or SLUG was evaluated. Expression of SNAIL and SLUG mRNA in DU-145 cells treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) was examined. RESULTS Prostasin mRNA expression in LNCaP cells was not responsive to DHT treatment. DHT marginally upregulated mRNA expression of SREBP-1c, SREBP-2, and SNAIL, but not SREBP-1a, while dramatically increased SLUG mRNA expression, in a dose-dependent manner. Co-transfection of prostasin promoter and SREBP cDNA in HEK-293 cells resulted in stimulation of promoter activity at approximately twofold by SREBP-1c, and up to sixfold by SREBP-2; while co-transfection with SNAIL or SLUG cDNA resulted in repression of promoter activity to 43% or 59%, respectively. Co-transfection of the SLUG cDNA negated SREBP-2's stimulation of prostasin promoter in a dose-dependent manner. Transfection of an SREBP-2 cDNA in HEK-293 and DU-145 resulted in upregulation of prostasin while transfection of a SLUG cDNA in LNCaP repressed prostasin expression. EGF upregulated SNAIL and SLUG mRNA in DU-145. CONCLUSIONS DHT regulates prostasin expression in prostate cells via SREBP stimulation and SLUG repression of prostasin promoter. SLUG is upregulated by DHT and EGF, providing a molecular mechanism by which epithelial cell-specific genes are silenced during prostate cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2364, USA
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Chen LM, Wang C, Chen M, Marcello MR, Chao J, Chao L, Chai KX. Prostasin attenuates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced urinary bladder inflammation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F567-77. [PMID: 16638913 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00047.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostasin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored serine protease, with epithelial sodium channel activation and tumor invasion suppression activities. We identified the bladder as an expression site of prostasin. In the mouse, prostasin mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction in the bladder, and the prostasin protein was localized by immunohistochemistry in the urothelial cells. In mice injected intraperitoneally with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bladder prostasin mRNA expression was downregulated, whereas the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 was upregulated. Viral promoter-driven expression of the human prostasin homolog in the bladder of transgenic mice attenuated the LPS induction of iNOS but did not abolish the induction. LPS induction of COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 expression, however, was not reduced by prostasin transgene expression. Liposome-mediated delivery of prostasin-expressing plasmid into mouse bladder produced similar attenuation effects on LPS-induced iNOS expression, while not affecting COX-2 or cytokine induction. Mice receiving plasmid expressing a catalytic mutant prostasin did not manifest the iNOS induction attenuation phenotype. We propose a proteolytic mechanism for prostasin to intercept cytokine signaling during LPS-induced bladder inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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Leyvraz C, Charles RP, Rubera I, Guitard M, Rotman S, Breiden B, Sandhoff K, Hummler E. The epidermal barrier function is dependent on the serine protease CAP1/Prss8. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 170:487-96. [PMID: 16061697 PMCID: PMC2171460 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200501038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases are proteolytic enzymes that are involved in the regulation of various physiological processes. We generated mice lacking the membrane-anchored channel-activating serine protease (CAP) 1 (also termed protease serine S1 family member 8 [Prss8] and prostasin) in skin, and these mice died within 60 h after birth. They presented a lower body weight and exhibited severe malformation of the stratum corneum (SC). This aberrant skin development was accompanied by an impaired skin barrier function, as evidenced by dehydration and skin permeability assay and transepidermal water loss measurements leading to rapid, fatal dehydration. Analysis of differentiation markers revealed no major alterations in CAP1/Prss8-deficient skin even though the epidermal deficiency of CAP1/Prss8 expression disturbs SC lipid composition, corneocyte morphogenesis, and the processing of profilaggrin. The examination of tight junction proteins revealed an absence of occludin, which did not prevent the diffusion of subcutaneously injected tracer (∼600 D) toward the skin surface. This study shows that CAP1/Prss8 expression in the epidermis is crucial for the epidermal permeability barrier and is, thereby, indispensable for postnatal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Leyvraz
- Département de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Université de Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Fan B, Wu TD, Li W, Kirchhofer D. Identification of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator Inhibitor-1B as a Potential Physiological Inhibitor of Prostasin. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:34513-20. [PMID: 16103126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502119200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostasin is a trypsin-like serine protease that is glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored to the epithelial cell surface, from where it can be released in a soluble form. We undertook a co-expression search using the Genesis Enterprise System Database from Gene Logic to identify prostasin inhibitors, on the assumption that prostasin and its natural inhibitors may have a similar gene expression pattern. We found the expression profile of prostasin in normal human tissues to correlate highly with hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1B (HAI-1B) and its splice variant HAI-1. Soluble HAI-1B (sHAI-1B), comprising the entire extracellular domain, formed a 1:1 complex with purified prostasin in protein binding assays and inhibited prostasin enzymatic activity with an IC(50) of 66 +/- 15 nM. Two sHAI-1B mutants with inactivated N- and C-terminal Kunitz domains (KD1 and KD2) were used to show that the interaction of sHAI-1B with prostasin is mediated by KD1. In agreement, KD1 (Thr(246)-Val(303)) alone potently inhibited prostasin activity (IC(50) = 4.7 +/- 0.5 nM). Furthermore, prostasin was isolated with two major HAI-1/1B fragments (40 and 58 kDa) from OVCAR3 cell medium, demonstrating that prostasin.HAI-1/1B complexes are formed naturally. Moreover, when prostasin and HAI-1B were co-expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, complexes of prostasin with HAI-1B were detected on the cell membrane as well as in the culture medium, suggesting that preformed complexes were shed from the cell surface. The identification of HAI-1B as a potential physiological regulator of prostasin function, as described herein, may further the investigation of the role of prostasin in normal physiology and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fan
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Olivieri O, Castagna A, Guarini P, Chiecchi L, Sabaini G, Pizzolo F, Corrocher R, Righetti PG. Urinary Prostasin. Hypertension 2005; 46:683-8. [PMID: 16172430 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000184108.12155.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostasin is a serine peptidase hypothesized to regulate epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity in animals or on in vitro cultured cells. We investigated whether urinary prostasin may be a candidate marker of ENaC activation in humans. We studied 10 healthy volunteers and 8 hypertensive patients with raised aldosterone-to-renin ratio before and after spironolactone or saline/Florinef suppression test, respectively. Four healthy subjects were also studied before and after saline. Urinary prostasin was evaluated by SDS-PAGE, 2D maps, and Western blotting. Every sample of normotensive individuals was compared with the corresponding sample of urine collected after spironolactone or saline; every sample of hypertensive patients was compared with the corresponding sample of urine collected after saline or Florinef. Prostasin was detectable in all subjects regardless of gender, dietary sodium intake, and spironolactone treatment. Spironolactone (100 mg) increased urinary Na+/K+ ratio and decreased urinary prostasin in normotensives in whom the renin/aldosterone axis was activated by a low Na+ intake, but it was ineffective in individuals with high Na+ intake. Saline infusion also reduced prostasin in normotensive subjects. In contrast, prostasin paradoxically increased in urine of patients affected by primary aldosteronism after volume expansion. By 2D immunoblotting, several protein isoforms were observed, some of them being overexpressed after inhibition tests in patients with primary aldosteronism. In addition to a "basal" aliquot of prostasin, constitutively released in human urine regardless of sodium balance and aldosterone activation, there exists a second "aldosterone-responsive" aliquot modulated by Na+ intake and potentially suitable as candidate marker of ENaC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliviero Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, Italy.
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Grønborg M, Bunkenborg J, Kristiansen TZ, Jensen ON, Yeo CJ, Hruban RH, Maitra A, Goggins MG, Pandey A. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human pancreatic juice. J Proteome Res 2005; 3:1042-55. [PMID: 15473694 DOI: 10.1021/pr0499085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic technologies provide an excellent means for analysis of body fluids for cataloging protein constituents and identifying biomarkers for early detection of cancers. The biomarkers currently available for pancreatic cancer, such as CA19-9, lack adequate sensitivity and specificity contributing to late diagnosis of this deadly disease. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive characterization of the "pancreatic juice proteome" in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreatic juice was first fractionated by 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 170 unique proteins were identified including known pancreatic cancer tumor markers (e.g., CEA, MUC1) and proteins overexpressed in pancreatic cancers (e.g., hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) and lipocalin 2). In addition, we identified a number of proteins that have not been previously described in pancreatic juice (e.g., tumor rejection antigen (pg96) and azurocidin). Interestingly, a novel protein that is 85% identical to HIP/PAP was identified, which we have designated as PAP-2. The proteins identified in this study could be directly assessed for their potential as biomarkers for pancreatic cancer by quantitative proteomics methods or immunoassays.
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MESH Headings
- Agglutinins/analysis
- Agglutinins/genetics
- Agglutinins/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blood Proteins/analysis
- Blood Proteins/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/analysis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Chromatography, Liquid
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/analysis
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lithostathine
- Mass Spectrometry
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pancreatic Juice/chemistry
- Pancreatic Juice/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Peptide Fragments/analysis
- Phylogeny
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteome/classification
- Proteome/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Trypsin/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
- alpha-Defensins/analysis
- alpha-Defensins/genetics
- alpha-Defensins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Grønborg
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Ashida S, Nakagawa H, Katagiri T, Furihata M, Iiizumi M, Anazawa Y, Tsunoda T, Takata R, Kasahara K, Miki T, Fujioka T, Shuin T, Nakamura Y. Molecular features of the transition from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to prostate cancer: genome-wide gene-expression profiles of prostate cancers and PINs. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5963-72. [PMID: 15342375 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the molecular feature in prostate carcinogenesis and the putative transition from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to invasive prostate cancer (PC), we analyzed gene-expression profiles of 20 PCs and 10 high-grade PINs with a cDNA microarray representing 23,040 genes. Considering the histological heterogeneity of PCs and the minimal nature of PIN lesions, we applied laser microbeam microdissection to purify populations of PC and PIN cells, and then compared their expression profiles with those of corresponding normal prostatic epithelium also purified by laser microbeam microdissection. A hierarchical clustering analysis separated the PC group from the PIN group, except for three tumors that were morphologically defined as one very-high-grade PIN and two low-grade PCs, suggesting that PINs and PCs share some molecular features and supporting the hypothesis of PIN-to-PC transition. On the basis of this hypothesis, we identified 21 up-regulated genes and 63 down-regulated genes commonly in PINs and PCs compared with normal epithelium, which were considered to be involved in the presumably early stage of prostatic carcinogenesis. They included AMACR, OR51E2, RODH, and SMS. Furthermore, we identified 41 up-regulated genes and 98 down-regulated genes in the transition from PINs to PCs; those altered genes, such as POV1, CDKN2C, EPHA4, APOD, FASN, ITGB2, LAMB2, PLAU, and TIMP1, included elements that are likely to be involved in cell adhesion or the motility of invasive PC cells. The down-regulation of EPHA4 by small interfering RNA in PC cells lead to attenuation of PC cell viability. These data provide clues to the molecular mechanisms underlying prostatic carcinogenesis, and suggest candidate genes the products of which might serve as molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ashida
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The invasion suppressor prostasin is down-regulated in prostate cancer, but the mechanism is unknown. A prostasin-binding protein (PBP) was found in the seminal vesicles, but its identity remains unclear. METHODS Genomic Southern blot analysis using methylation sensitive restriction endonucleases was employed to examine the prostasin gene promoter region in prostate cancer cell lines. RT-PCR was employed to examine prostasin expression under demethylation, histone deacetylase inhibition, and nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment. Liquid column chromatography was employed to purify the PBP from mouse seminal vesicles. The PBP was further characterized by amino acid sequence analysis, recombinant protein expression, protease inhibition and binding assays. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate PBP expression in the prostate and prostate cancer cells. RESULTS Promoter DNA methylation partly causes the prostasin down-regulation in DU-145 and PC-3 cells, while prostasin expression can be induced by NGF. The PBP is identified to be protease nexin-1 (PN-1), a serpin. PN-1 inhibits prostasin's serine protease activity, is expressed by prostate epithelial cells (PrECs) and prostate cancer cells, and capable of binding to membrane-anchored prostasin. CONCLUSIONS Prostasin's expression and function are regulated by factors in the prostate tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
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Scorilas A, Borgoño CA, Harbeck N, Dorn J, Schmalfeldt B, Schmitt M, Diamandis EP. Human kallikrein 13 protein in ovarian cancer cytosols: a new favorable prognostic marker. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:678-85. [PMID: 14966091 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human kallikrein 13 (hK13; encoded by the KLK13 gene) is a secreted serine protease expressed in endocrine tissues, including the prostate, testis, breast, and ovary. We have previously reported steroid hormone regulation of the KLK13 gene and its clinical value as a marker of favorable prognosis in breast cancer at the mRNA level. We hypothesized that hK13 may represent a potential biomarker for ovarian carcinomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hK13 levels were quantified in 131 ovarian tumor extracts and correlated with various clinicopathological variables and outcome (progression-free survival [PFS], overall survival [OS]), over a median follow-up period of 42 months. RESULTS hK13 concentration in ovarian tumor cytosols ranged from 0 to 18.4 ng/mg of total protein. An optimal cutoff value of 0.13 ng/mg (67(th) percentile) was selected, based on the ability of hK13 values to predict the PFS of the study population, to categorize tumors as hK13-positive or negative. Women with hK13-positive tumors most often had early stage (stage I/II) disease, no residual tumor after surgery and optimal debulking success (P <.05). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that patients with hK13-positive tumors had a significantly longer PFS and OS than hK13-negative patients (P <.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curves further confirmed a reduced risk of relapse and death in women with hK13-positive tumors (P =.007 and P =.002, respectively). CONCLUSION These results indicate that hK13 is an independent marker of favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Athens, Greece
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