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Rumpf F, Plym A, Vaselkiv JB, Penney KL, Preston MA, Kibel AS, Mucci LA, Salari K. Impact of Family History and Germline Genetic Risk Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Long-Term Outcomes of Favorable-Risk Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2024; 211:754-764. [PMID: 38598641 PMCID: PMC11251859 DOI: 10.1097/ju.0000000000003927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Family history and germline genetic risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been separately shown to stratify lifetime risk of prostate cancer. Here, we evaluate the combined prognostic value of family history of prostate and other related cancers and germline risk SNPs among patients with favorable-risk prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1367 participants from the prospective Health Professionals Follow-up Study diagnosed with low- or favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer from 1986 to 2017 underwent genome-wide SNP genotyping. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate the association between family history, specific germline risk variants, and a 269 SNP polygenic risk score with prostate cancer‒specific death. RESULTS Family history of prostate, breast, and/or pancreatic cancer was observed in 489 (36%) participants. With median follow-up from diagnosis of 14.9 years, participants with favorable-risk prostate cancer with a positive family history had a significantly higher risk of prostate cancer‒specific death (HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.15-3.32, P = .014) compared to those without any family history. The rs2735839 (19q13) risk allele was associated with prostate cancer‒specific death (HR 1.81 per risk allele, 95% CI 1.04-3.17, P = .037), whereas the polygenic risk score was not. Combined family history and rs2735839 risk allele were each associated with an additive risk of prostate cancer‒specific death (HR 1.78 per risk factor, 95% CI 1.25-2.53, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Family history of prostate, breast, or pancreatic cancer and/or a 19q13 germline risk allele are associated with an elevated risk of prostate cancer‒specific death among favorable-risk patients. These findings have implications for how family history and germline genetic risk SNPs should be factored into clinical decision-making around favorable-risk prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rumpf
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Plym
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jane B. Vaselkiv
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kathryn L. Penney
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A. Preston
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Adam S. Kibel
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lorelei A. Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Keyan Salari
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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Pavel AG, Stambouli D, Anton G, Gener I, Preda A, Baston C, Gingu C. Cumulative Effect Assessment of Common Genetic Variants on Prostate Cancer: Preliminary Studies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112733. [PMID: 36359253 PMCID: PMC9687438 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation among people. Genome Wide Association studies (GWASs) have generated multiple genetic variants associated with prostate cancer (PC) risk. Taking into account previously identified genetic susceptibility variants, the purpose of our study was to determine the cumulative association between four common SNPs and the overall PC risk. A total of 78 specimens from both PC and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients were included in the study. Genotyping of all selected SNPs was performed using the TaqMan assay. The association between each SNP and the PC risk was assessed individually and collectively. Analysis of the association between individual SNPs and PC risk revealed that only the rs4054823 polymorphism was significantly associated with PC, and not with BPH (p < 0.001). Statistical analysis also showed that the heterozygous genotype of the rs2735839 polymorphism is more common within the BPH group than in the PC group (p = 0.042). The cumulative effect of high-risk alleles on PC was analyzed using a logistic regression model. As a result, the carriers of at least one risk allele copy in each particular region had a cumulative odd ratio (OR) of 1.42 times, compared to subjects who did not have any of these factors. In addition, the combination of these four genetic variants increased the overall risk of PC by 52%. Our study provides further evidence of the cumulative effects of genetic risk factors on overall PC risk. These results should encourage future research to explain the interactions between known susceptibility variants and their contribution to the development and progression of PC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Gabriela Pavel
- Cytogenomic Medical Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Department, 014453 Bucharest, Romania
- The Romania Academy, “Stefan S. Nicolau” Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Danae Stambouli
- Cytogenomic Medical Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Department, 014453 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Anton
- The Romania Academy, “Stefan S. Nicolau” Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ismail Gener
- Department of Nephrology, Urology, Immunology and Immunology of Transplant, Dermatology, Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010751 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Nephrology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Preda
- Center of Urological Surgery, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Baston
- Department of Nephrology, Urology, Immunology and Immunology of Transplant, Dermatology, Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010751 Bucharest, Romania
- Center of Urological Surgery, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Gingu
- Department of Nephrology, Urology, Immunology and Immunology of Transplant, Dermatology, Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010751 Bucharest, Romania
- Center of Urological Surgery, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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Inherited risk assessment and its clinical utility for predicting prostate cancer from diagnostic prostate biopsies. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:422-430. [PMID: 35347252 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies on prostate cancer (PCa) germline variants have been published in the last 15 years. This review critically assesses their clinical validity and explores their utility in prediction of PCa detection rates from prostate biopsy. METHODS An integrative review was performed to (1) critically synthesize findings on PCa germline studies from published papers since 2016, including risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), polygenic risk score methods such as genetic risk score (GRS), and rare pathogenic mutations (RPMs); (2) exemplify the findings in a large population-based cohort from the UK Biobank (UKB); (3) identify gaps for implementing inherited risk assessment in clinic based on experience from a healthcare system; (4) evaluate available GRS data on their clinical utility in predicting PCa detection rates from prostate biopsies; and (5) describe a prospective germline-based biopsy trial to address existing gaps. RESULTS SNP-based GRS and RPMs in four genes (HOXB13, BRCA2, ATM, and CHEK2) were significantly and consistently associated with PCa risk in large well-designed studies. In the UKB, positive family history, RPMs in the four implicated genes, and a high GRS (>1.5) identified 8.12%, 1.61%, and 17.38% of men to be at elevated PCa risk, respectively, with hazard ratios of 1.84, 2.74, and 2.39, respectively. Additionally, the performance of GRS for predicting PCa detection rate on prostate biopsy was consistently supported in several retrospective analyses of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-biopsy cohorts. Prospective studies evaluating the performance of all three inherited measures in predicting PCa detection rate from contemporary multiparametric MRI (mpMRI)-based biopsy are lacking. A multicenter germline-based biopsy trial to address these gaps is warranted. CONCLUSIONS The complementary performance of three inherited risk measures in PCa risk stratification is consistently supported. Their clinical utility in predicting PCa detection rate, if confirmed in prospective clinical trials, may improve current decision-making for prostate biopsy.
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Dixon P, Keeney E, Taylor JC, Wordsworth S, Martin RM. Can polygenic risk scores contribute to cost-effective cancer screening? A systematic review. Genet Med 2022; 24:1604-1617. [PMID: 35575786 PMCID: PMC7614235 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Polygenic risk influences susceptibility to cancer. We assessed whether polygenic risk scores could be used in conjunction with other predictors of future disease status in cost-effective risk-stratified screening for cancer. METHODS We undertook a systematic review of papers that evaluated the cost-effectiveness of screening interventions informed by polygenic risk scores compared with more conventional screening modalities. We included papers reporting cost-effectiveness outcomes with no restriction on type of cancer or form of polygenic risk modeled. We evaluated studies using the Quality of Health Economic Studies checklist. RESULTS A total of 10 studies were included in the review, which investigated 3 cancers: prostate (n = 5), colorectal (n = 3), and breast (n = 2). Of the 10 papers, 9 scored highly (score >75 on a 0-100 scale) when assessed using the quality checklist. Of the 10 studies, 8 concluded that polygenic risk-informed cancer screening was likely to be more cost-effective than alternatives. CONCLUSION Despite the positive conclusions of the included studies, it is unclear if polygenic risk stratification will contribute to cost-effective cancer screening given the absence of robust evidence on the costs of polygenic risk stratification, the effects of differential ancestry, potential downstream economic sequalae, and how large volumes of polygenic risk data would be collected and used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraig Dixon
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Edna Keeney
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Wordsworth
- The Health Economics Research Centre (HERC), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Research Protection Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Martin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Pavel AG, Stambouli D, Gener I, Preda A, Anton G, Baston C. Genetic variant located on chromosome 17p12 contributes to prostate cancer onset and biochemical recurrence. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4546. [PMID: 35296725 PMCID: PMC8927158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic contribution to prostate cancer (PC) onset and clinical heterogeneity has an important impact on the disease stratification accuracy. Despite the fact that radical prostatectomy (RP) is an effective treatment for localized PC, a considerable number of individuals develop biochemical recurrence (BCR) following surgery. In the present study, we decided to investigate the significance of genetic variability in a homogeneous group of Romanian men and to determine if genotyping could provide information regarding the possible implications of rs4054823 susceptibility loci in PC progression and outcome. A total of 78 samples from both PC and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients were genotyped. The genotype frequencies were examined to see if there was a link between the 17p12 SNP and PC disease. When compared to the BPH group, the PC group had a significantly higher frequency of the T risk variant (P = 0.0056) and TT genotype (P = 0.0164). Subsequent analysis revealed that the TT genotype had a significantly higher frequency among younger PC patients based on their age at diagnosis and that it was related with a greater probability of BCR (P = 0.02). According to our findings, the TT genotype appears to be a risk factor for early-onset PC and a potential predictor for BCR after RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Gabriela Pavel
- Molecular Genetics Department, Cytogenomic Medical Laboratory, Bucharest, Romania. .,The Romania Academy, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Danae Stambouli
- Molecular Genetics Department, Cytogenomic Medical Laboratory, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ismail Gener
- Department of Nephrology, Urology, Immunology and Immunology of Transplant, Dermatology, Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Nephrology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Preda
- Center of Urological Surgery, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Anton
- The Romania Academy, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Baston
- Department of Nephrology, Urology, Immunology and Immunology of Transplant, Dermatology, Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Urological Surgery, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in our understanding of prostate cancer genetics have transformed the field. However, challenges in implementation and clinical application remain. The aim of this review is to discuss recent noteworthy publications in prostate cancer germline testing, genetically informed treatment, and polygenetic risk. RECENT FINDINGS The recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of two poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose inhibitors (olaparib and rucaparib) for the treatment of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with mutations in DNA damage repair genes and updates to the National Cancer Center Network testing guidelines that expand the eligibility criteria for germline and somatic genetic testing in men with prostate cancer provide an opportunity for a larger portion of the prostate cancer population to access genetic testing and targeted therapies. Due to this, clinicians have needed to rapidly adapt their clinical workflows. Further, the field has renewed efforts to evaluate polygenetic risk profiles to better understand the complex genetic landscape beyond single genes. SUMMARY This review highlights advances in the understanding of prostate cancer genetics, and areas that remain less well defined. Collaboration between multidisciplinary team members is necessary to move this field forward and provide quality, optimal care.
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Association between genetic variations at 8q24 and prostate cancer risk in Mexican Men. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 25:507-512. [PMID: 34599275 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants of 8q24 locus have been associated with prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility. This study aims to analyze the genetic basis of PCa susceptibility in Mexican men by analyzing SNPs in the 8q24 locus for the first time. METHODS A case-control study was performed in 875 men recruited from the Mexican Social Security Institute, 326 patients with PCa, and 549 non-PCa patients (88 with benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH and 461 healthy controls). The 8q24 locus SNPs: rs16901979, rs16983267, rs1447295, and rs7837328 were genotyped by allelic discrimination assays using TaqMan probes. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info statistical 7.0 and SNPstats softwares. RESULTS All genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. No differences were observed in genotype distribution between PCa and non-PCa patients for rs6983267. Under different inheritance models, the rs16901979, rs1447295, and rs7837328 SNPs were associated with PCa (OR = 2.8, 1.8, and 1.72, respectively; Pc < 0.001) when comparing PCa patients against controls. This association remains between PCa and BPH patients under different models (OR = 8.5, 2.2, and 1.9, respectively; Pc < 0.001). There were no significant differences in allele and genotype distribution among BPH patients and controls. The combined effect of the alleles CGAA for the SNPs rs16901979, rs6983267, rs1447295, and rs7837328 showed significant differences between PCa patients and controls (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.48-5.83, Pc = 0.008). Four 8q24 variants were not associated with D'Amico score, age at diagnosis, and bone metastases. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first confirmation that variants rs16901979, rs1447295, and 7837328 at 8q24 locus are associated with PCa susceptibility in Mexican men.
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Xu J, Isaacs WB, Mamawala M, Shi Z, Landis P, Petkewicz J, Wei J, Wang CH, Resurreccion WK, Na R, Bhanji Y, Novakovic K, Walsh PC, Zheng SL, Helfand BT, Pavlovich CP. Association of prostate cancer polygenic risk score with number and laterality of tumor cores in active surveillance patients. Prostate 2021; 81:703-709. [PMID: 33956350 PMCID: PMC8827243 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized by its tendency to be multifocal. However, few studies have investigated the endogenous factors that explain the multifocal disease. The primary objective of the current study is to test whether inherited PCa risk is associated with multifocal tumors in PCa patients. METHODS Subjects in this study were PCa patients of European ancestry undergoing active surveillance at Johns Hopkins Hospital (N = 805) and NorthShore University HealthSystem (N = 432). The inherited risk was measured by genetic risk score (GRS), an odds ratio-weighted and population-standardized polygenic risk score based on known risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms. PCa multifocality was indirectly measured by the number and laterality of positive tumor cores from a 12-core systematic biopsy. RESULTS In the combined cohort, 35.7% and 66.3% of patients had ≥2 tumor cores at the initial diagnostic biopsy and on at least one subsequent surveillance biopsy, respectively. For tumor laterality, 7.8% and 47.8% of patients had bilateral tumor cores at diagnostic and surveillance biopsies, respectively. We found, for the first time, that patients with higher numbers of positive cores at diagnostic and surveillance biopsies, respectively, had significantly higher mean GRS values; p = .01 and p = 5.94E-04. Additionally, patients with bilateral tumors at diagnostic and surveillance biopsies, respectively, had significantly higher mean GRS values than those with unilateral tumors; p = .04 and p = .01. In contrast, no association was found between GRS and maximum core length of tumor or tumor grade at diagnostic/surveillance biopsies (all p > .05). Finally, we observed a modest trend that patients with higher GRS quartiles had a higher risk for tumor upgrading on surveillance biopsies. The trend, however, was not statistically significant (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS The associations of GRS with two measurements of PCa multifocality (core numbers and laterality) provide novel and consistent evidence for the link between inherited PCa risk and multifocal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
- Corresponding authors: Jianfeng Xu, Address: 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA. ; or William B. Isaacs, Address: 115 Marburg, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21187, U.SA.
| | - William B. Isaacs
- The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Corresponding authors: Jianfeng Xu, Address: 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA. ; or William B. Isaacs, Address: 115 Marburg, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21187, U.SA.
| | - Mufaddal Mamawala
- The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zhuqing Shi
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Patricia Landis
- The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jacqueline Petkewicz
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Jun Wei
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Chi-Hsiung Wang
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - W. Kyle Resurreccion
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Rong Na
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Yasin Bhanji
- The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristian Novakovic
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Patrick C. Walsh
- The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - S. Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Brian T. Helfand
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
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Helfand BT, Xu J. Germline Testing for Prostate Cancer Prognosis: Implications for Active Surveillance. Urol Clin North Am 2021; 48:401-409. [PMID: 34210494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence supports routine implementation of germline genetic testing for many aspects of prostate cancer (PCa) decision making. The purpose of obtaining genetic testing for newly diagnosed men would be focused on identifying mutations that predispose to aggressive PCa. Based on an evidence-based review, the authors review germline rare pathogenic mutations in several genes that are significantly associated with aggressiveness, metastases, and mortality. Then recent studies of these germline mutations in predicting tumor grade reclassification among patients undergoing active surveillance are discussed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms-based polygenic risk scores in differentiating PCa aggressiveness and prognosis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Division of Urology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Division of Urology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Wang Q, Ye Y, Yu H, Lin SH, Tu H, Liang D, Chang DW, Huang M, Wu X. Immune checkpoint-related serum proteins and genetic variants predict outcomes of localized prostate cancer, a cohort study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:701-712. [PMID: 32909077 PMCID: PMC7907032 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical predictors and biological mechanisms for localized prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes remain mostly unknown. We aim to evaluate the role of serum immune-checkpoint-related (ICK) proteins and genetic variations in predicting outcomes of localized PCa. METHODS We profiled the serum levels of 14 ICK-related proteins (BTLA, GITR, HVEM, IDO, LAG-3, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, Tim-3, CD28, CD80, 4-1BB, CD27, and CTLA-4) in 190 patients with localized PCa. The genotypes of 97 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 19 ICK-related genes were analyzed in an extended population (N = 1762). Meta-data from ArrayExpress and TCGA was employed to validate and to probe functional data. Patients were enrolled and tumor aggressiveness, biochemical recurrence (BCR), and progression information were obtained. Statistical analyses were performed analyzing associations between serum biomarkers, genotypes, mRNA and outcomes. RESULTS We showed that serum (s)BTLA and sTIM3 levels were associated with PCa aggressiveness (P < 0.05). sCD28, sCD80, sCTLA4, sGITR, sHVEM and sIDO correlated with both BCR and progression risks (all P < 0.05). We further identified ICK variants were significantly associated with aggressiveness, BCR and progression. Among them, 4 SNPs located in CD80 (rs7628626, rs12695388, rs491407, rs6804441) were not only associated with BCR and progression risk, but also correlated with sCD80 level (P < 0.01). rs491407 was further validated in an independent cohort. The CD80 mRNA expression was associated with BCR (HR, 1.85, 95% CI 1.06-3.22, P = 0.03) in meta-analysis of validation cohorts. CONCLUSION We highlight the prognostic value of serum ICK-related proteins for predicting aggressiveness, BCR and progression of PCa. The genetic variations and mRNA expression in CD80 could be predictors and potential targets of localized PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shu-Hong Lin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Huakang Tu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David W Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maosheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Saunders EJ, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Identification of Germline Genetic Variants that Increase Prostate Cancer Risk and Influence Development of Aggressive Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:760. [PMID: 33673083 PMCID: PMC7917798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is a heterogeneous disease, which presents in individual patients across a diverse phenotypic spectrum ranging from indolent to fatal forms. No robust biomarkers are currently available to enable routine screening for PrCa or to distinguish clinically significant forms, therefore late stage identification of advanced disease and overdiagnosis plus overtreatment of insignificant disease both remain areas of concern in healthcare provision. PrCa has a substantial heritable component, and technological advances since the completion of the Human Genome Project have facilitated improved identification of inherited genetic factors influencing susceptibility to development of the disease within families and populations. These genetic markers hold promise to enable improved understanding of the biological mechanisms underpinning PrCa development, facilitate genetically informed PrCa screening programmes and guide appropriate treatment provision. However, insight remains largely lacking regarding many aspects of their manifestation; especially in relation to genes associated with aggressive phenotypes, risk factors in non-European populations and appropriate approaches to enable accurate stratification of higher and lower risk individuals. This review discusses the methodology used in the elucidation of genetic loci, genes and individual causal variants responsible for modulating PrCa susceptibility; the current state of understanding of the allelic spectrum contributing to PrCa risk; and prospective future translational applications of these discoveries in the developing eras of genomics and personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Saunders
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide the reader an understanding of the importance and limitations of prostate cancer (PCa) screening, the heritable component of PCa and the role that germline genetic markers can play in risk-adapted screening and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Despite strong science supporting the association of germline genetic change with PCa risk and outcome, there has been a reluctance to pursue practical application of these technologies. Recent findings suggest that actionable information may now be garnered from this form of testing, which can help men at risk for and with PCa. SUMMARY This is an exciting time whereby germline genetic markers can help overcome some of the shortcomings of current PCa screening and treatment paradigms. Understanding their benefit and limitations while keeping the patient's best interest in mind will be the key for the responsible application of these exciting technologies.
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14
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Motamedi RK, Sarhangi N, Afshari M, Sattari M, Jamaldini SH, Samzadeh M, Mohsen Ziaei SA, Pourmand GR, Hasanzad M. Kallikarein-related peptidase 3 common genetic variant and the risk of prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14822-14830. [PMID: 31017705 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Kallikarein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3) gene polymorphisms seem to play a role in susceptibility to prostate cancer (PC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between rs2735839 polymorphism of KLK3 gene and risk of PC in an Iranian population. In this case-control study, rs2735839 was genotyped in 532 patients with PC and 602 controls with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The frequency of GG, AG, and AA genotypes of KLK3 polymorphism was 24.6% and 76.2%, 46.6% and 21.7%, and 28.8% and 2.1%, in patients with BPH and PC, respectively (P < 0.001). The frequency of G allele in patients with BPH and PC was 47.9% and 87%, respectively (odds ratio: 7.31; confidence interval: 5.88-9.10; P < 0.001). Patients with AG and GG genotypes had a higher total serum level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) compared to those with AA genotype (P < 0.001). Patients with this polymorphism had higher risk of tumor with higher grade (P = 0.23), advanced stage (P = 0.11), perineural invasion (P = 0.07), and vascular invasion (P = 0.07) compared to those without it but this difference was not statistically significant. Based on our results, KLK3 gene polymorphism was associated with the risk of PC. Higher levels of PSA in the presence of KLK3 polymorphism in patients with PC indicated that rs2735839 polymorphism could be a risk factor for increased levels of PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah K Motamedi
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Sarhangi
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Department of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mahshid Sattari
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Jamaldini
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samzadeh
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed A Mohsen Ziaei
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam R Pourmand
- Urology Research center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Hasanzad
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Hicks C, Ramani R, Sartor O, Bhalla R, Miele L, Dlamini Z, Gumede N. An Integrative Genomics Approach for Associating Genome-Wide Association Studies Information With Localized and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Phenotypes. Biomark Insights 2017; 12:1177271917695810. [PMID: 28469398 PMCID: PMC5391982 DOI: 10.1177/1177271917695810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput genotyping has enabled discovery of genetic variants associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The goal of this study was to associate GWAS information of patients with primary organ–confined and metastatic prostate cancer using gene expression data and to identify molecular networks and biological pathways enriched for genetic susceptibility variants involved in the 2 disease states. The analysis revealed gene signatures for the 2 disease states and a gene signature distinguishing the 2 patient groups. In addition, the analysis revealed molecular networks and biological pathways enriched for genetic susceptibility variants. The discovered pathways include the androgen, apoptosis, and insulinlike growth factor signaling pathways. This analysis established putative functional bridges between GWAS discoveries and the biological pathways involved in primary organ–confined and metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chindo Hicks
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ritika Ramani
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ritu Bhalla
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- Department of Biology, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Njabulo Gumede
- Department of Biology, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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16
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Helfand BT. A comparison of genetic risk score with family history for estimating prostate cancer risk. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:515-9. [PMID: 27004541 PMCID: PMC4955172 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.177122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) testing is recommended by most authoritative groups for high-risk men including those with a family history of the disease. However, family history information is often limited by patient knowledge and clinician intake, and thus, many men are incorrectly assigned to different risk groups. Alternate methods to assess PCa risk are required. In this review, we discuss how genetic variants, referred to as PCa-risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms, can be used to calculate a genetic risk score (GRS). GRS assigns a relatively unique value to all men based on the number of PCa-risk SNPs that an individual carries. This GRS value can provide a more precise estimate of a man's PCa risk. This is particularly relevant in situations when an individual is unaware of his family history. In addition, GRS has utility and can provide a more precise estimate of risk even among men with a positive family history. It can even distinguish risk among relatives with the same degree of family relationships. Taken together, this review serves to provide support for the clinical utility of GRS as an independent test to provide supplemental information to family history. As such, GRS can serve as a platform to help guide-shared decision-making processes regarding the timing and frequency of PCa testing and biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Division of Urology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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17
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Helfand BT, Kearns J, Conran C, Xu J. Clinical validity and utility of genetic risk scores in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:509-14. [PMID: 27297129 PMCID: PMC4955171 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.182981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Current issues related to prostate cancer (PCa) clinical care (e.g., over-screening, over-diagnosis, and over-treatment of nonaggressive PCa) call for risk assessment tools that can be combined with family history (FH) to stratify disease risk among men in the general population. Since 2007, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified more than 100 SNPs associated with PCa susceptibility. In this review, we discuss (1) the validity of these PCa risk-associated SNPs, individually and collectively; (2) the various methods used for measuring the cumulative effect of multiple SNPs, including genetic risk score (GRS); (3) the adequate number of SNPs needed for risk assessment; (4) reclassification of risk based on evolving numbers of SNPs used to calculate genetic risk, (5) risk assessment for men from various racial groups, and (6) the clinical utility of genetic risk assessment. In conclusion, data available to date support the clinical validity of PCa risk-associated SNPs and GRS in risk assessment among men with or without FH. PCa risk-associated SNPs are not intended for diagnostic use; rather, they should be used the same way as FH. Combining GRS and FH can significantly improve the performance of risk assessment. Improved risk assessment may have important clinical utility in targeted PCa testing. However, clinical trials are urgently needed to evaluate this clinical utility as well as the acceptance of GRS by patients and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - James Kearns
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Carly Conran
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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18
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Shu X, Ye Y, Gu J, He Y, Davis JW, Thompson TC, Logothetis CJ, Kim J, Wu X. Genetic variants of the Wnt signaling pathway as predictors of aggressive disease and reclassification in men with early stage prostate cancer on active surveillance. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:965-971. [PMID: 27515962 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic predictors of prostate cancer aggressiveness and reclassification in men with localized prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance. The Wnt signaling pathway is important for prostate cancer development and progression. Identifying genetic variants associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness and reclassification may have a potential role in the management of localized patients. In this study, we used a three-phase design. In phases I and II prostate cancer patient cohort, 578 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 45 genes of the Wnt signaling pathway were analyzed in 1762 localized prostate cancer patients. Twelve SNPs from four regions were significantly associated with aggressive disease, among which, three linked SNPs in CSNK1A1 at 5q32 (represented by rs752822) may differentiate GS 4+3 from GS 3+4 patients (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.12-1.87, P = 4.76×10(-3)). In phase III active surveillance (AS) cohort, genotyping of rs752822 (candidate from phases I and II) and previously identified rs2735839 were determined in 494 GS ≤7 patients. We found a significant association between rs2735839 and prostate cancer reclassification in the AS cohort (AG + AA versus GG, HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.11-2.28, P = 0.012) and a suggestive association of rs752822. Jointly, rs752822 and rs2735839 showed good potentials in risk-stratifying GS 7 patients and predicting disease reclassification (OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 1.62-4.51, P = 1×10(-4) in phase II; HR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.13-3.18, P = 0.016 in phase III). In summary, rs752822 and rs2735839 may assist in risk-stratifying GS 7 patients and predict prostate cancer reclassification. The significant associations were independent from GS, T stage and PSA levels at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yonggang He
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | - Timothy C Thompson
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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Abstract
Although prostate cancer is the most common malignancy to affect men in the Western world, the molecular mechanisms underlying its development and progression remain poorly understood. Like all cancers, prostate cancer is a genetic disease that is characterized by multiple genomic alterations, including point mutations, microsatellite variations, and chromosomal alterations such as translocations, insertions, duplications, and deletions. In prostate cancer, but not other carcinomas, these chromosome alterations result in a high frequency of gene fusion events. The development and application of novel high-resolution technologies has significantly accelerated the detection of genomic alterations, revealing the complex nature and heterogeneity of the disease. The clinical heterogeneity of prostate cancer can be partly explained by this underlying genetic heterogeneity, which has been observed between patients from different geographical and ethnic populations, different individuals within these populations, different tumour foci within the same patient, and different cells within the same tumour focus. The highly heterogeneous nature of prostate cancer provides a real challenge for clinical disease management and a detailed understanding of the genetic alterations in all cells, including small subpopulations, would be highly advantageous.
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20
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Ahmed M, Eeles R. Germline genetic profiling in prostate cancer: latest developments and potential clinical applications. Future Sci OA 2016; 2:FSO87. [PMID: 28031937 PMCID: PMC5137984 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial and twin studies have demonstrated a significant inherited component to prostate cancer predisposition. Genome wide association studies have shown that there are 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms which have been associated with the development of prostate cancer. This review aims to discuss the scientific methods used to identify these susceptibility loci. It will also examine the current clinical utility of these loci, which include the development of risk models as well as predicting treatment efficacy and toxicity. In order to refine the clinical utility of the susceptibility loci, international consortia have been developed to combine statistical power as well as skills and knowledge to further develop models that could be used to predict risk and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbubl Ahmed
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in sequencing technologies have allowed for the identification of genetic variants within germline DNA that can explain a significant portion of the genetic underpinnings of prostate cancer. Despite evidence suggesting that these genetic variants can be used for improved risk stratification, they have not yet been routinely incorporated into routine clinical practice. This review highlights their potential utility in prostate cancer screening. RECENT FINDINGS There are now almost 100 genetic variants, called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been recently found to be associated with the risk of developing prostate cancer. In addition, some of these prostate cancer risk SNPs have also been found to influence prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression levels and potentially aggressive disease. SUMMARY Incorporation of panels of prostate cancer risk SNPs into clinical practice offers potential to provide improvements in patient selection for prostate cancer screening; PSA interpretation (e.g. by correcting for the presence of SNPs that influence PSA expression levels; decision for biopsy (using prostate cancer risk SNPs); and possibly the decision for treatment. A proposed clinical algorithm incorporating these prostate cancer risk SNPs is discussed.
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22
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Mhatre DR, Mahale SD, Khatkhatay MI, Achrekar SK, Desai SS, Jagtap DD, Dhabalia JV, Tongaonkar HB, Dandekar SP, Varadkar AM. The rs10993994 in the proximal MSMB promoter region is a functional polymorphism in Asian Indian subjects. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:380. [PMID: 26240778 PMCID: PMC4516150 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microseminoprotein gene encoding prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94) harbours a potential risk allele (rs10993994) for prostate cancer (PCa) in its promoter region. However, studies on rs10993994 have been sparse in Asian Indians. METHODS The present study recruited a sample population of 44 benign prostatic hyperplasia patients, 33 PCa patients and 60 healthy participants, of which, participants without other confounding risk factors for PCa were retained. The serum PSP94 (sPSP94) levels were measured by a serum-based ELISA in an earlier study. A novel RFLP technique was developed to screen for rs10993994 which was validated with direct sequencing. RESULTS Sequencing showed additional 4 SNPs (rs41274660, rs141211965, rs12770171, rs10669586) and 2 novel variants (GenBank accession nos. KM265191 and KM265192). In silico DNA topographical studies predicted that KM265192 would have higher cleavage intensity and more accessibility for binding of transcription factors. Even though, similar frequencies were observed for all the variants in all the three study groups, the risk allele 'T' (rs10993994) was seen to be associated with reduced PSP94 expression both at mRNA and protein level. Further, mRNA expression as studied by real-time PCR correlated positively with sPSP94 levels. Interestingly, CC genotype of rs10993994 showed highest sPSP94 levels in all the three study groups and was associated with Gleason score ≤7 in PCa patients. In contrast, TT genotype of rs10993994 was associated with lesser sPSP94 levels and with aggressiveness of PCa. CONCLUSION rs10993994 was found to be a functional SNP in the studied Asian Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa R Mhatre
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Nutrition, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Smita D Mahale
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Mohammed I Khatkhatay
- Department of Molecular Immunodiagnostics, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Swati K Achrekar
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Swapna S Desai
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Dhanashree D Jagtap
- Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Jayesh V Dhabalia
- Department of Urology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Hemant B Tongaonkar
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Sucheta P Dandekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Nutrition, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Anand M Varadkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Nutrition, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
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He Y, Gu J, Strom S, Logothetis CJ, Kim J, Wu X. The prostate cancer susceptibility variant rs2735839 near KLK3 gene is associated with aggressive prostate cancer and can stratify gleason score 7 patients. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:5133-5139. [PMID: 25274378 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gleason score (GS) 7 prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different clinical behavior. We sought to identify genetic biomarkers that may predict the aggressiveness of GS 7 diseases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We genotyped 72 prostate cancer susceptibility SNPs identified in genome-wide association studies in 1,827 white men with histologically confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma. SNPs associated with disease aggressiveness were identified by comparing high-aggressive (GS ≥8) and low-aggressive (GS ≤6) cases. The significant SNPs were then tested to see whether they could further stratify GS 7 prostate cancer. RESULTS Three SNPs-rs2735839, rs10486567, and rs103294-were associated with biopsy-proven high-aggressive (GS ≥8) prostate cancer (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the frequency of the variant allele (A) at rs2735839 was significantly higher in patients with biopsy-proven GS 4+3 disease than in those with GS 3 + 4 disease (P = 0.003). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients carrying the A allele at rs2735839 exhibited a 1.85-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.31-2.61) increased risk of being GS 4 + 3 compared with those with GS 3 + 4. The rs2735839 is located 600 base pair downstream of the KLK3 gene (encoding PSA) on 19q13.33 and has been shown to modulate PSA level, providing strong biologic plausibility for its association with prostate cancer aggressiveness. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the association of the rs2735839 with high-aggressive prostate cancer (GS ≥8). Moreover, we reported for the first time that rs2735839 can stratify GS 7 patients, which would be clinically important for more accurately assessing the clinical behavior of the intermediate-grade prostate cancer and for tailoring personalized treatment and posttreatment management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang He
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sara Strom
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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24
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Helfand BT, Roehl KA, Cooper PR, McGuire BB, Fitzgerald LM, Cancel-Tassin G, Cornu JN, Bauer S, Van Blarigan EL, Chen X, Duggan D, Ostrander EA, Gwo-Shu M, Zhang ZF, Chang SC, Jeong S, Fontham ETH, Smith G, Mohler JL, Berndt SI, McDonnell SK, Kittles R, Rybicki BA, Freedman M, Kantoff PW, Pomerantz M, Breyer JP, Smith JR, Rebbeck TR, Mercola D, Isaacs WB, Wiklund F, Cussenot O, Thibodeau SN, Schaid DJ, Cannon-Albright L, Cooney KA, Chanock SJ, Stanford JL, Chan JM, Witte J, Xu J, Bensen JT, Taylor JA, Catalona WJ. Associations of prostate cancer risk variants with disease aggressiveness: results of the NCI-SPORE Genetics Working Group analysis of 18,343 cases. Hum Genet 2015; 134:439-50. [PMID: 25715684 PMCID: PMC4586077 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the risk of prostate cancer (PC). It remains unclear whether such genetic variants are associated with disease aggressiveness. The NCI-SPORE Genetics Working Group retrospectively collected clinicopathologic information and genotype data for 36 SNPs which at the time had been validated to be associated with PC risk from 25,674 cases with PC. Cases were grouped according to race, Gleason score (Gleason ≤ 6, 7, ≥ 8) and aggressiveness (non-aggressive, intermediate, and aggressive disease). Statistical analyses were used to compare the frequency of the SNPs between different disease cohorts. After adjusting for multiple testing, only PC-risk SNP rs2735839 (G) was significantly and inversely associated with aggressive (OR = 0.77; 95 % CI 0.69-0.87) and high-grade disease (OR = 0.77; 95 % CI 0.68-0.86) in European men. Similar associations with aggressive (OR = 0.72; 95 % CI 0.58-0.89) and high-grade disease (OR = 0.69; 95 % CI 0.54-0.87) were documented in African-American subjects. The G allele of rs2735839 was associated with disease aggressiveness even at low PSA levels (<4.0 ng/mL) in both European and African-American men. Our results provide further support that a PC-risk SNP rs2735839 near the KLK3 gene on chromosome 19q13 may be associated with aggressive and high-grade PC. Future prospectively designed, case-case GWAS are needed to identify additional SNPs associated with PC aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, John and Carol Walter Center for Urological Health, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
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25
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Shui IM, Lindström S, Kibel AS, Berndt SI, Campa D, Gerke T, Penney KL, Albanes D, Berg C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Chanock S, Crawford ED, Diver WR, Gapstur SM, Gaziano JM, Giles GG, Henderson B, Hoover R, Johansson M, Le Marchand L, Ma J, Navarro C, Overvad K, Schumacher FR, Severi G, Siddiq A, Stampfer M, Stevens VL, Travis RC, Trichopoulos D, Vineis P, Mucci LA, Yeager M, Giovannucci E, Kraft P. Prostate cancer (PCa) risk variants and risk of fatal PCa in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. Eur Urol 2014; 65:1069-75. [PMID: 24411283 PMCID: PMC4006298 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is hampered by an inability to predict who has the potential to develop fatal disease and who has indolent cancer. Studies have identified multiple genetic risk loci for PCa incidence, but it is unknown whether they could be used as biomarkers for PCa-specific mortality (PCSM). OBJECTIVE To examine the association of 47 established PCa risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with PCSM. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We included 10 487 men who had PCa and 11 024 controls, with a median follow-up of 8.3 yr, during which 1053 PCa deaths occurred. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The main outcome was PCSM. The risk allele was defined as the allele associated with an increased risk for PCa in the literature. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate the hazard ratios of each SNP with time to progression to PCSM after diagnosis. We also used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios for each risk SNP, comparing fatal PCa cases to controls. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Among the cases, we found that 8 of the 47 SNPs were significantly associated (p<0.05) with time to PCSM. The risk allele of rs11672691 (intergenic) was associated with an increased risk for PCSM, while 7 SNPs had risk alleles inversely associated (rs13385191 [C2orf43], rs17021918 [PDLIM5], rs10486567 [JAZF1], rs6465657 [LMTK2], rs7127900 (intergenic), rs2735839 [KLK3], rs10993994 [MSMB], rs13385191 [C2orf43]). In the case-control analysis, 22 SNPs were associated (p<0.05) with the risk of fatal PCa, but most did not differentiate between fatal and nonfatal PCa. Rs11672691 and rs10993994 were associated with both fatal and nonfatal PCa, while rs6465657, rs7127900, rs2735839, and rs13385191 were associated with nonfatal PCa only. CONCLUSIONS Eight established risk loci were associated with progression to PCSM after diagnosis. Twenty-two SNPs were associated with fatal PCa incidence, but most did not differentiate between fatal and nonfatal PCa. The relatively small magnitudes of the associations do not translate well into risk prediction, but these findings merit further follow-up, because they may yield important clues about the complex biology of fatal PCa. PATIENT SUMMARY In this report, we assessed whether established PCa risk variants could predict PCSM. We found eight risk variants associated with PCSM: One predicted an increased risk of PCSM, while seven were associated with decreased risk. Larger studies that focus on fatal PCa are needed to identify more markers that could aid prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Shui
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sara Lindström
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniele Campa
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Travis Gerke
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine Berg
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - W Ryan Diver
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brian Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carmen Navarro
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Authority, Murcia, Spain; Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Afshan Siddiq
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meir Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria L Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Paolo Vineis
- HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Helfand BT, Catalona WJ. The Epidemiology and Clinical Implications of Genetic Variation in Prostate Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2014; 41:277-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hu J, Qiu Z, Zhang L, Cui F. Kallikrein 3 and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms: potentials environmental risk factors for prostate cancer. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:84. [PMID: 24755043 PMCID: PMC4022449 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship and interaction of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of KLK3 and VDR and environmental factors with the predisposition to prostate cancer within Chinese population. Methods The comparison between 108 patients and 242 healthy people was carried out by using the TaqMan/MGB Probe Technology to determine the genotypes of KLK3(rs2735839 is located between KLK2 and KLK3) and VDR (rs731236 is located exon 9). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model were used to assess the connection of genetic polymorphisms and environmental risk factors with PCa by collecting demographic information, as well as BMI, consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, and tea, exercise, and other environmental risk factors. Results The appearing frequencies of AA, AG, and GG genotypes at the SNPs rs2735839 (A/G) for KLK3 were 13.89%, 62.96% and 23.15% in PCa and 37.19%, 44.63%, 18.18% in control, respectively; these two groups are statistically different (P = 0.00). While the appearing frequencies of TT, TC, and CC genotypes at the SNPs rs731236 (T/C) for VDR were 88.89%, 9, 26%, 1.85% and 90.50%, 9.10%, 0.40% in control, respectively, with no significant statistical difference between the two group. The study confirmed decreasing risk in tea drinkers (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35-0.96). Conclusions Our studies indicate that environmental factor-tea drinking is associated with the development of PCa. The habit of drinking tea is a protective factor against PCa. The SNPs rs2735839 for KLK3 is strongly related to the development of PCa, while the SNPs rs731236 for VDR is not. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/9759981571058803.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Feilun Cui
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital Affiliated of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, China.
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28
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Eeles R, Goh C, Castro E, Bancroft E, Guy M, Al Olama AA, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z. The genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer and its clinical implications. Nat Rev Urol 2014; 11:18-31. [PMID: 24296704 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, familial and epidemiological studies have generated considerable evidence of an inherited component to prostate cancer. Indeed, rare highly penetrant genetic mutations have been implicated. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have also identified 76 susceptibility loci associated with prostate cancer risk, which occur commonly but are of low penetrance. However, these mutations interact multiplicatively, which can result in substantially increased risk. Currently, approximately 30% of the familial risk is due to such variants. Evaluating the functional aspects of these variants would contribute to our understanding of prostate cancer aetiology and would enable population risk stratification for screening. Furthermore, understanding the genetic risks of prostate cancer might inform predictions of treatment responses and toxicities, with the goal of personalized therapy. However, risk modelling and clinical translational research are needed before we can translate risk profiles generated from these variants into use in the clinical setting for targeted screening and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Chee Goh
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Elena Castro
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bancroft
- Clinical Academic Cancer Genetics Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Michelle Guy
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Douglas Easton
- Departments of Public Health & Primary Care and Oncology, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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29
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Germline genetic variants associated with prostate cancer and potential relevance to clinical practice. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 202:9-26. [PMID: 24531773 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45195-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The inherited link of prostate cancer predisposition has been supported using data from early epidemiological studies, as well as from familial and twin studies. Early linkage analyses and candidate gene approaches to identify these variants yielded mixed results. Since then, multiple genetic variants associated with prostate cancer susceptibility have now been found from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Their clinical utility, however, remains unknown. It is recognised that collaborative efforts are needed to ensure adequate sample sizes are available to definitively investigate the genetic-clinical interactions. These could have important implications for public health as well as individualised prostate cancer management strategies. With the costs of genotyping decreasing and direct-to-consumer testing already offered for these common variants, it is envisaged that a lot of attention will be focussed in this area. These results will enable more refined risk stratification which will be important for targeting screening and prevention to higher risk groups. Ascertaining their clinical role remains an important goal for the GWAS community with international consortia now established, pooling efforts and resources to move this field forward.
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30
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Abstract
Prostate cancer natural course is variable and it is difficult to determine prognosis on the basis of limited clinical information. In order to distinguish between aggressive and indolent tumors, genomic analysis, proteomic studies, and biomarker measurement were applied. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms may help to assess prostate cancer risk, however, it is questionable whether single nucleotide polymorphisms may predict a good or bad prognosis. Results of genomic and proteomic analyses between different laboratories may be difficult to compare because of non-standardized procedures which may be responsible for variant results. One of the early changes in prostate tumor tissues which may indicate a bad prognosis is high phosphorylation of Akt. A biomarker which is specific for prostate cancer is the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion which occurs in about 50% of tumors. Experimental studies indicate that this gene fusion may promote malignant phenotype. Biomarkers which could distinguish between latent and aggressive tumors may be detected in prostate tissue, serum, and urine. In summary, there is a limited progress in the field of prognostic biomarkers because of prostate cancer heterogeneity and missing unification of diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria,
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31
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Na R, Liu F, Zhang P, Ye D, Xu C, Shao Q, Qi J, Wang X, Chen Z, Wang M, He D, Wang Z, Zhou F, Yuan J, Gao X, Wei Q, Yang J, Jiao Y, Ou-Yang J, Zhu Y, Wu Q, Chen H, Lu D, Shi R, Lin X, Jiang H, Wang Z, Jiang D, Sun J, Zheng SL, Ding Q, Mo Z, Sun Y, Xu J. Evaluation of reported prostate cancer risk-associated SNPs from genome-wide association studies of various racial populations in Chinese men. Prostate 2013; 73:1623-35. [PMID: 24038036 PMCID: PMC3928594 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of prostate cancer (PCa) have identified many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are significantly associated with PCa risk in various racial groups. The objective of this study is to evaluate which of these SNPs are associated with PCa risk in Chinese men and estimate their strength of association. METHODS All SNPs that were reported to be associated with PCa risk in GWAS from populations of European, African American, Japanese, and Chinese descent were evaluated in 1,922 PCa cases and 2,175 controls selected from the Chinese Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ChinaPCa). A logistic regression analysis was used to estimate allelic odds ratios (ORs) of these SNPs for PCa. RESULTS Among the 53 SNPs, 50 were polymorphic in the Chinese population. Of which, 10 and 24 SNPs were significantly associated with PCa risk in Chinese men at P < 0.001 and <0.05, respectively. These 24 significant SNPs included 17, 5, and 2 SNPs that were originally discovered in European, Japanese, and Chinese descent, respectively. The estimated ORs ranged from 1.10 to 1.49 and the direction of association was consistent with previous studies. When ORs were estimated separately for PCa with Gleason score ≤7 and ≥8, a marginally significant difference in ORs was found only for two of the 24 SNPs (P = 0.02 and 0.04). CONCLUSION About half of PCa risk-associated SNPs identified in GWAS of various populations are associated with PCa risk in Chinese men. Information on PCa risk-associated SNPs and their ORs may facilitate risk assessment of PCa risk in Chinese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Na
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan
University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan
University, Shanghai, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Penyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer
Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan
University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second
Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiang Shao
- Department of Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou,
PR China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine,
Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan
University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- Urology Institute of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third
Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, The Key
Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing
Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of
Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Urology, Ninth People’s Hospital,
School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China,
Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Urology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen
University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth
Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun
Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical
University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine,
Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Ou-Yang
- Department of Urology, First People’s Hospital,
Suzhou University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer
Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan
University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qijun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes,
Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Daru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rong Shi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University,
Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Lin
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan
University, Shanghai, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan
University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest School of
Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Deke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jielin Sun
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest School of
Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - S. Lilly Zheng
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest School of
Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Qing Ding
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan
University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi
Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
- Department of Urology and Nephrology, The First
Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second
Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
- Correspondence to: Yinghao Sun, Department of
Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168
Changhai Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan
University, Shanghai, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest School of
Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Correspondence to: Jianfeng Xu, Fudan Institute
of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai,
PR China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To explore several serum and genetic-based biomarkers that may prove useful in following men being managed with active surveillance for localized prostate cancer by predicting those that either have the potential to develop, or already harbor occult high grade disease. RECENT FINDINGS There is increasing evidence that serum biomarkers human Kallikrein 2, early prostate cancer antigen, urokinase-type plasminogen activator/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, transforming growth factor-β1 and interleukin-6/interleukin-6 receptor and genetic biomarkers BRCA1 and BRCA2, Phosphatase and tensin homolog, cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene and NKX3.1 may predict for aggressive high grade disease and are identifiable early in prostate carcinogenesis. SUMMARY One of the barriers of widespread adoption of active surveillance for low risk, localized prostate cancer is the concern that some patients may harbor occult high-risk disease at diagnosis, or develop more aggressive/noncurable disease not detected by our current well established prognostic factors. This review examines several serum and genetic-based biomarkers that appear to be of value in localized prostate cancer, unlike the vast majority of more established prostate cancer biomarkers that have been validated in far more advanced disease. Although the biomarkers discussed show exciting promise, their clinical utility is unknown, and their role in the active surveillance scenario needs further study.
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Genome-wide association study identifies genetic determinants of urine PCA3 levels in men. Neoplasia 2013; 15:448-53. [PMID: 23555189 DOI: 10.1593/neo.122144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) is a non-coding gene specifically overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) that has great potential as a clinical biomarker for predicting prostate biopsy outcome. However, genetic determinants of PCA3 expression level remain unknown. To investigate the association between genetic variants and PCA3 mRNA level, a genome-wide association study was conducted in 1371 men of European descent in the REduction by DUtasteride of prostate Cancer Events trial. First-voided urine specimens containing prostate cells were obtained after digital rectal examination. The PROGENSA PCA3 assay was used to determine PCA3 score in the urinary samples. A linear regression model was used to detect the associations between (single nucleotide polymorphisms) SNPs and PCA3 score under an additive genetic model, adjusting for age and population stratification. Two SNPs, rs10993994 in β-microseminoprotein at 10q11.23 and rs10424878 in kallikrein-related peptidase 2 at 19q13.33, were associated with PCA3 score at genome-wide significance level (P = 1.22 x 10(-9) and 1.06 x 10(-8), respectively). Men carrying the rs10993994 "T" allele or rs10424878 "A" allele had higher PCA3 score compared with men carrying rs10993994 "C" allele or rs10424878 "G" allele (β = 1.25 and 1.24, respectively). This is the first comprehensive search for genetic determinants of PCA3 score. The novel loci identified may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of PCA3 expression as a potential marker of PCa.
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Kashyap A, Kluźniak W, Wokołorczyk D, Gołąb A, Sikorski A, Słojewski M, Gliniewicz B, Świtała J, Borkowski T, Borkowski A, Antczak A, Wojnar Ł, Przybyła J, Sosnowski M, Małkiewicz B, Zdrojowy R, Sikorska-Radek P, Matych J, Wilkosz J, Różański W, Kiś J, Bar K, Bryniarski P, Paradysz A, Jersak K, Niemirowicz J, Słupski P, Jarzemski P, Skrzypczyk M, Dobruch J, Domagała P, Piotrowski K, Jakubowska A, Gronwald J, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Dębniak T, Górski B, Masojć B, van de Wetering T, Menkiszak J, Akbari MR, Lubiński J, Narod SA, Cybulski C. The presence of prostate cancer at biopsy is predicted by a number of genetic variants. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1139-46. [PMID: 24037955 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with an elevated risk of prostate cancer risk. It is not established if they are useful in predicting the presence of prostate cancer at biopsy or if they can be used to define a low-risk group of men. In this study, 4,548 men underwent a prostate biopsy because of an elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA; ≥4 ng/mL) or an abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE). All men were genotyped for 11 selected SNPs. The effect of each SNP, alone and in combination, on prostate cancer prevalence was studied. Of 4,548 men: 1,834 (40.3%) were found to have cancer. A positive association with prostate cancer was seen for 5 of 11 SNPs studied (rs1800629, rs1859962, rs1447295, rs4430796, rs11228565). The cancer detection rate rose with the number of SNP risk alleles from 29% for men with no variant to 63% for men who carried seven or more risk alleles (OR = 4.2; p = 0.002). The SNP data did not improve the predictive power of clinical factors (age, PSA and DRE) for detecting prostate cancer (AUC: 0.726 vs. 0.735; p = 0.4). We were unable to define a group of men with a sufficiently low prevalence of prostate cancer that a biopsy might have been avoided. In conclusion, our data do not support the routine use of SNP polymorphisms as an adjunct test to be used on the context of prostate biopsy for Polish men with an abnormal screening test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Kashyap
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Chang BL, Hughes L, Chen DYT, Gross L, Ruth K, Giri VN. Validation of association of genetic variants at 10q with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men at high risk for prostate cancer. BJU Int 2013; 113:E150-6. [PMID: 23937305 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate six previously identified markers among men at increased risk of prostate cancer (African-American men and those with a family history of prostate cancer) enrolled in the Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment Program (PRAP), a prostate cancer screening study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligibility criteria for PRAP include age 35-69 years with a family history of prostate cancer, African-American ethnicity regardless of family history, and known BRCA gene mutations. The genome-wide association study markers assessed included rs2736098 (5p15.33), rs10993994 (10q11), rs10788160 (10q26), rs11067228 (12q24), rs4430796 (17q12) and rs17632542 (19q13.33). Genotyping methods included either the Taqman(®) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or pyrosequencing. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between individual markers and log-transformed baseline PSA levels, while adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 707 participants (37% Caucasian, 63% African-American) with clinical and genotype data were included in the analysis. Rs10788160 (10q26) was strongly associated with PSA levels among Caucasian participants in the high-risk group (P < 0.01), with a 33.2% increase in PSA level with each A-allele carried. Furthermore, rs10993994 (10q11) was found to be associated with PSA level (P = 0.03) in Caucasian men in the high-risk group, with a 15% increase in PSA level with each T-allele carried. A PSA adjustment model based on allele carrier status at rs10788160 and rs10993994 was proposed, specific to high-risk Caucasian men. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation at 10q may be particularly important in personalizing the interpretation of PSA level for Caucasian men in the high-risk group. Such information may have clinical relevance in shared decision-making and individualized prostate cancer screening strategies for Caucasian men in the high-risk group, although further study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Li Chang
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Nurminen R, Lehtonen R, Auvinen A, Tammela TLJ, Wahlfors T, Schleutker J. Fine mapping of 11q13.5 identifies regions associated with prostate cancer and prostate cancer death. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3335-43. [PMID: 23830236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal region 11q13-14 associates with prostate cancer (PrCa). Previously, we identified a rare intronic mutation on EMSY (11q13.5) that increases the risk of aggressive PrCa and associates with familial PrCa. Here, we further study the genetic structure and variants of the PrCa susceptibility region 11q13.5. METHODS This study included 2716 unselected hospital-based PrCa cases, 1318 cases of a screening trial and 908 controls of Finnish origin. We imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and structural variants from the 1000 Genomes Project and validated the associations of the variants in two PrCa patient sets by genotyping. Genetic structure was studied with haplotype analysis. RESULTS Two independent regions at 11q13.5 were associated with PrCa risk. The most significant association was at EMSY (rs10899221, odds ratio (OR) 1.29-1.40, P=3.5 × 10(-4)-0.002) near the previously identified mutation. Correlated intronic SNPs rs10899221 and rs72944758 formed with other EMSY variants common and rare haplotypes that were associated with increased risk (P=4.0 × 10(-4)) and decreased risk (P=0.01) of PrCa, respectively. The other associated region was intergenic. Among the six validated variants, rs12277366 was significant in both patient sets (OR 1.15-1.17, P=0.01). Haplotypes associated with an increased risk (P=0.02) and a decreased risk (P=0.02) were identified. In addition, the intergenic region was strongly associated with PrCa death, with the most significant association at rs12277366 (OR=0.72, P=4.8 × 10(-5)). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that 11q13.5 contributes to PrCa predisposition with complex genetic structure and is associated with PrCa death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Nurminen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology/BioMediTech and Prostate Cancer Research Center, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 8, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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Wu W, Lu J, Yuan B, Qin Y, Chen M, Niu X, Xu B, Lu C, Xia Y, Chen D, Sha J, Wang X. Association of prostate cancer susceptibility variant (MSMB) rs10993994 with risk of spermatogenic failure. Gene 2013; 524:197-202. [PMID: 23608167 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
β-Microseminoprotein (MSMB) is one of the most abundant proteins in human seminal plasma. It has been identified that MSMB increased significantly in oligoasthenoteratozoospermic patients compared with fertile controls. We hypothesized that the functional polymorphism (rs10993994) of MSMB gene could be a risk factor for spermatogenic failure. For this study, 338 patients with idiopathic oligozoospermia or azoospermia and 382 fertile controls were recruited from an infertility clinic. Semen analysis was performed by computer-assisted semen analysis system. The functional polymorphism of MSMB gene was genotyped using TaqMan method. Sixty three seminal plasma samples were used to test the expression of MSMB by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The TT genotype and T allele were associated with an increased risk of idiopathic infertility with azoospermia (TT genotype: OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.03-2.95; T allele: OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03-1.75). However, no differences were found in risk for the TT genotype or T allele among men with oligozoospermia. In addition, idiopathic infertile males have significantly higher MSMB expression levels than fertile controls. We present the first epidemiologic evidence supporting the involvement of common genetic polymorphism in MSMB gene in spermatogenic failure. These results suggest that men carrying the variant have an increased risk of spermatogenic failure associated with male infertility. Further studies are needed to confirm the roles of the polymorphism in idiopathic azoospermia and investigate the biological mechanism of elevated MSMB expression in infertile males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Effectiveness of the Combined Evaluation of
KLK3
Genetics and Free-to-Total Prostate Specific Antigen Ratio for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis. J Urol 2012; 188:1124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Borque Á, del Amo J, Esteban LM, Ars E, Hernández C, Planas J, Arruza A, Llarena R, Palou J, Herranz F, Raventós CX, Tejedor D, Artieda M, Simon L, Martínez A, Carceller E, Suárez M, Allué M, Sanz G, Morote J. Genetic predisposition to early recurrence in clinically localized prostate cancer. BJU Int 2012; 111:549-58. [PMID: 22759231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Currently available nomograms to predict preoperative risk of early biochemical recurrence (EBCR) after radical prostatectomy are solely based on classic clinicopathological variables. Despite providing useful predictions, these models are not perfect. Indeed, most researchers agree that nomograms can be improved by incorporating novel biomarkers. In the last few years, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with prostate cancer, but little is known about their impact on disease recurrence. We have identified four SNPs associated with EBCR. The addition of SNPs to classic nomograms resulted in a significant improvement in terms of discrimination and calibration. The new nomogram, which combines clinicopathological and genetic variables, will help to improve prediction of prostate cancer recurrence. OBJECTIVES To evaluate genetic susceptibility to early biochemical recurrence (EBCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP), as a prognostic factor for early systemic dissemination. To build a preoperative nomogram to predict EBCR combining genetic and clinicopathological factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated 670 patients from six University Hospitals who underwent RP for clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa), and were followed-up for at least 5 years or until biochemical recurrence. EBCR was defined as a level prostate-specific antigen >0.4 ng/mL within 1 year of RP; preoperative variables studied were: age, prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score, and the genotype of 83 PCa-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Univariate allele association tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to generate predictive models for EBCR, with clinicopathological factors and adding SNPs. We internally validated the models by bootstrapping and compared their accuracy using the area under the curve (AUC), net reclassification improvement, integrated discrimination improvement, calibration plots and Vickers' decision curves. RESULTS Four common SNPs at KLK3, KLK2, SULT1A1 and BGLAP genes were independently associated with EBCR. A significant increase in AUC was observed when SNPs were added to the model: AUC (95% confidence interval) 0.728 (0.674-0.784) vs 0.763 (0.708-0.817). Net reclassification improvement showed a significant increase in probability for events of 60.7% and a decrease for non-events of 63.5%. Integrated discrimination improvement and decision curves confirmed the superiority of the new model. CONCLUSIONS Four SNPs associated with EBCR significantly improved the accuracy of clinicopathological factors. We present a nomogram for preoperative prediction of EBCR after RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Borque
- Department of Urology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, P° Isabel la Catolica 1 y 3, 50.009-Zaragoza, Spain.
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Abstract
One hundred years ago, decades before the discovery of the structure of DNA, debate raged regarding how human traits were passed from one generation to the next. Phenotypes, including risk of disease, had long been recognized as having a familial component. Yet it was difficult to reconcile genetic segregation as described by Mendel with observations exhaustively documented by Karl Pearson and others regarding the normal distribution of human characteristics. In 1918, R. A. Fisher published his landmark article, "The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance," bridging this divide and demonstrating that multiple alleles, all individually obeying Mendel's laws, account for the phenotypic variation observed in nature.Since that time, geneticists have sought to identify the link between genotype and phenotype. Trait-associated alleles vary in their frequency and degree of penetrance. Some minor alleles may approach a frequency of 50% in the human population, whereas others are present within only a few individuals. The spectrum for penetrance is similarly wide. These characteristics jointly determine the segregation pattern of a given trait, which, in turn, determine the method used to map the trait. Until recently, identification of rare, highly penetrant alleles was most practical. Revolutionary studies in genomics reported over the past decade have made interrogation of most of the spectrum of genetic variation feasible.The following article reviews recent discoveries in the genetic basis of inherited cancer risk and how these discoveries inform cancer biology and patient management. Although this article focuses on prostate cancer, the principles are generic for any cancer and, indeed, for any trait.
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Kader AK, Sun J, Reck BH, Newcombe PJ, Kim ST, Hsu FC, D'Agostino RB, Tao S, Zhang Z, Turner AR, Platek GT, Spraggs CF, Whittaker JC, Lane BR, Isaacs WB, Meyers DA, Bleecker ER, Torti FM, Trent JM, McConnell JD, Zheng SL, Condreay LD, Rittmaster RS, Xu J. Potential impact of adding genetic markers to clinical parameters in predicting prostate biopsy outcomes in men following an initial negative biopsy: findings from the REDUCE trial. Eur Urol 2012; 62:953-61. [PMID: 22652152 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been consistently associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk. OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is an improvement in PCa risk prediction by adding these SNPs to existing predictors of PCa. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Subjects included men in the placebo arm of the randomized Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial in whom germline DNA was available. All men had an initial negative prostate biopsy and underwent study-mandated biopsies at 2 yr and 4 yr. Predictive performance of baseline clinical parameters and/or a genetic score based on 33 established PCa risk-associated SNPs was evaluated. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) were used to compare different models with different predictors. Net reclassification improvement (NRI) and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to assess changes in risk prediction by adding genetic markers. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Among 1654 men, genetic score was a significant predictor of positive biopsy, even after adjusting for known clinical variables and family history (p = 3.41 × 10(-8)). The AUC for the genetic score exceeded that of any other PCa predictor at 0.59. Adding the genetic score to the best clinical model improved the AUC from 0.62 to 0.66 (p<0.001), reclassified PCa risk in 33% of men (NRI: 0.10; p=0.002), resulted in higher net benefit from DCA, and decreased the number of biopsies needed to detect the same number of PCa instances. The benefit of adding the genetic score was greatest among men at intermediate risk (25th percentile to 75th percentile). Similar results were found for high-grade (Gleason score ≥ 7) PCa. A major limitation of this study was its focus on white patients only. CONCLUSIONS Adding genetic markers to current clinical parameters may improve PCa risk prediction. The improvement is modest but may be helpful for better determining the need for repeat prostate biopsy. The clinical impact of these results requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karim Kader
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Isaacs WB. Inherited susceptibility for aggressive prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:415-8. [PMID: 22543676 PMCID: PMC3568760 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether or not there is inherited basis for prostate cancer aggressiveness is not clear, but advances in DNA analysis should provide an answer to this question in the very near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Isaacs
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Goh CL, Schumacher FR, Easton D, Muir K, Henderson B, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Genetic variants associated with predisposition to prostate cancer and potential clinical implications. J Intern Med 2012; 271:353-65. [PMID: 22308973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the commonest cancer in the developed world. There is an inherited component to this disease as shown in familial and twin studies. However, the discovery of these variants has been difficult. The emergence of genome-wide association studies has led to the identification of over 46 susceptibility loci. Their clinical utility to predict risk, response to treatment, or treatment toxicity, remains undefined. Large consortia are needed to achieve adequate statistical power to answer these genetic-clinical and genetic-epidemiological questions. International collaborations are currently underway to link genetic with clinical/epidemiological data to develop risk prediction models, which could direct screening and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Goh
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Turner AR, Kader AK, Xu J. Utility of genome-wide association study findings: prostate cancer as a translational research paradigm. J Intern Med 2012; 271:344-52. [PMID: 22272820 PMCID: PMC3753782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of consistently replicated associations between genetic markers and complex disease risk, including cancers. Alone, these markers have limited utility in risk prediction; however, when several of these markers are used in combination, the predictive performance appears to be similar to that of many currently available clinical predictors. Despite this, there are divergent views regarding the clinical validity and utility of these genetic markers in risk prediction. There are valid concerns, thus providing a direction for new lines of research. Herein, we outline the debate and use the example of prostate cancer to highlight emerging evidence from studies that aim to address potential concerns. We also describe a translational framework that could be used to guide the development of a new generation of comprehensive research studies aimed at capitalizing on these exciting new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Turner
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Chen L, Hong C, Chen EC, Yee SW, Xu L, Almof EU, Wen C, Fujii K, Johns SJ, Stryke D, Ferrin TE, Simko J, Chen X, Costello JF, Giacomini KM. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of the organic cation transporter 3, SLC22A3. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2012; 13:110-20. [PMID: 22231567 PMCID: PMC3396779 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3 and SLC22A3) mediates the uptake of many important endogenous amines and basic drugs in a variety of tissues. OCT3 is identified as one of the important risk loci for prostate cancer, and is markedly underexpressed in aggressive prostate cancers. The goal of this study was to identify genetic and epigenetic factors in the promoter region that influence the expression level of OCT3. Haplotypes that contained the common variants, g.-81G>delGA (rs60515630) (minor allele frequency 11.5% in African American) and g.-2G>A (rs555754) (minor allele frequency>30% in all ethnic groups) showed significant increases in luciferase reporter activities and exhibited stronger transcription factor-binding affinity than the haplotypes that contained the major alleles. Consistent with the reporter assays, OCT3 messenger RNA expression levels were significantly higher in Asian (P<0.001) and Caucasian (P<0.05) liver samples from individuals who were homozygous for g.-2A/A in comparison with those homozygous for the g.-2G/G allele. Studies revealed that the methylation level in the basal promoter region of OCT3 was associated with OCT3 expression level and tumorigenesis capability in various prostate cancer cell lines. The methylation level of the OCT3 promoter was higher in 62% of prostate tumor samples compared with matched normal samples. Our studies demonstrate that genetic polymorphisms in the proximal promoter region of OCT3 alter the transcription rate of the gene and may be associated with altered expression levels of OCT3 in human liver. Aberrant methylation contributes to the reduced expression of OCT3 in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Szulkin R, Holmberg E, Stattin P, Xu J, Zheng S, Palmgren J, Grönberg H, Wiklund F. Prostate cancer risk variants are not associated with disease progression. Prostate 2012; 72:30-9. [PMID: 21520160 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently used prognostic markers are limited in their ability to accurately predict disease progression among patients with localized prostate cancer. We examined 23 reported prostate cancer susceptibility variants for association with disease progression. METHODS Disease progression was explored among 4,673 Swedish patients treated for clinically localized prostate cancer between 1997 and 2002. Prostate cancer progression was defined according to primary treatment as a composed event reflecting termination of deferred treatment, biochemical recurrence, local progression, or presence of distant metastasis. Association between single variants, and all variants combined, were performed in Cox regression analysis assuming both log-additive and co-dominant genetic models. RESULTS Three of the 23 genetic variants explored were nominally associated with prostate cancer progression; rs9364554 (P = 0.041) on chromosome 6q25 and rs10896449 (P = 0.029) on chromosome 11q13 among patients treated with curative intent; and rs4054823 (P = 0.008) on chromosome 17p12 among patients on surveillance. However, none of these associations remained statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. The combined effect of all susceptibility variants was not associated with prostate cancer progression neither among patients receiving treatment with curative intent (P = 0.14) nor among patients on surveillance (P = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS We observed no evidence for an association between any of 23 established prostate cancer genetic risk variants and disease progression. Accumulating evidence suggests separate genetic components for initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Future studies systematically searching for genetic risk variants associated with prostate cancer progression and prognosis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szulkin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nam RK, Zhang W, Siminovitch K, Shlien A, Kattan MW, Klotz LH, Trachtenberg J, Lu Y, Zhang J, Yu C, Toi A, Loblaw DA, Venkateswaran V, Stanimirovic A, Sugar L, Malkin D, Seth A, Narod SA. New variants at 10q26 and 15q21 are associated with aggressive prostate cancer in a genome-wide association study from a prostate biopsy screening cohort. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 12:997-1004. [PMID: 22130093 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.12.11.18366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify and examine polymorphisms of genes associated with aggressive and clinical significant forms of prostate cancer among a screening cohort. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted a genome-wide association study among patients with aggressive forms of prostate cancer and biopsy-proven normal controls ascertained from a prostate cancer screening program. We then examined significant associations of specific polymorphisms among a prostate cancer screened cohort to examine their predictive ability in detecting prostate cancer. RESULTS We found significant associations between aggressive prostate cancer and five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 10q26 (rs10788165, rs10749408, and rs10788165, p value for association 1.3 × 10(-10 ) to 3.2 × 10(-11) ) and 15q21 (rs4775302 and rs1994198, p values for association 3.1 × 10(-8 ) to 8.2 × 10(-9)) regions. Results of a replication study done in 3439 patients undergoing a prostate biopsy, revealed certain combinations of these SNPs to be significantly associated not only with prostate cancer but with aggressive forms of prostate cancer using an established classification criterion for prostate cancer progression (odds ratios for intermediate to high-risk disease 1.8-3.0, p value 0.003-0.001). These SNP combinations were also important clinical predictors for prostate cancer detection based on nomogram analysis that assesses prostate cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Five SNPs were found to be associated with aggressive forms of prostate cancer. We demonstrated potential clinical applications of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Nam
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Wang M, Liu F, Hsing AW, Wang X, Shao Q, Qi J, Ye Y, Wang Z, Chen H, Gao X, Wang G, Chu LW, Ding Q, OuYang J, Gao X, Huang Y, Chen Y, Gao YT, Zhang ZF, Rao J, Shi R, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Zheng J, Hu Y, Guo L, Lin X, Tao S, Jin G, Sun J, Lu D, Zheng SL, Sun Y, Mo Z, Yin C, Zhang Z, Xu J. Replication and cumulative effects of GWAS-identified genetic variations for prostate cancer in Asians: a case-control study in the ChinaPCa consortium. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:356-60. [PMID: 22114074 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study has identified five new genetic variants for prostate cancer susceptibility in a Japanese population, but it is unknown whether these newly identified variants are associated with prostate cancer risk in other populations, including Chinese men. We genotyped these five variants in a case-control study of 1524 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and 2169 control subjects from the Chinese Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ChinaPCa). We found that three of the five genetic variants were associated with prostate cancer risk (P = 4.33 × 10(-8) for rs12653946 at 5p15, 4.43 × 10(-5) for rs339331 at 6q22 and 8.42 × 10(-4) for rs9600079 at 13q22, respectively). A cumulative effect was observed in a dose-dependent manner with increasing numbers of risk variant alleles (P(trend) = 2.58 × 10(-13)), and men with 5-6 risk alleles had a 2-fold higher risk of prostate cancer than men with 0-2 risk alleles (odds ratio = 2.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.78-2.87). Furthermore, rs339331 T allele was significantly associated with RFX6 and GPRC6A higher messenger RNA expression, compared with the C allele. However, none of the variants was associated with clinical stage, Gleason score or family history. These results provide further evidence that the risk loci identified in Japanese men also contribute to prostate cancer susceptibility in Chinese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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Liu F, Hsing AW, Wang X, Shao Q, Qi J, Ye Y, Wang Z, Chen H, Gao X, Wang G, Chu LW, Ding Q, OuYang J, Gao X, Huang Y, Chen Y, Gao YT, Zhang ZF, Rao J, Shi R, Wu Q, Wang M, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Zheng J, Hu Y, Guo L, Lin X, Tao S, Jin G, Sun J, Lu D, Zheng SL, Sun Y, Mo Z, Xu J. Systematic confirmation study of reported prostate cancer risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in Chinese men. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1916-20. [PMID: 21756274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 30 prostate cancer (PCa) risk-associated loci have been identified in populations of European descent by genome-wide association studies. We hypothesized that a subset of these loci might be associated with PCa risk in Chinese men. To test this hypothesis, 33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), one each from the 33 independent PCa risk-associated loci reported in populations of European descent, were investigated for their associations with PCa risk in a case-control study of Chinese men (1108 cases and 1525 controls). We found that 11 of the 33 SNP were significantly associated with PCa risk in Chinese men (P < 0.05). The reported risk alleles were associated with increased risk for PCa, with allelic odds ratios ranging from 1.12 to 1.44. The most significant locus was located on 8q24 region 2 (rs16901979, P = 5.14 × 10(-9)) with a genome-wide significance (P < (-8) ), and three loci reached the Bonferroni correction significance level (P < 1.52 × 10(-3)), including 8q24 region 1 (rs1447295, P = 7.04 × 10(-6)), 8q24 region 5 (rs10086908, P = 9.24 × 10(-4)) and 8p21 (rs1512268, P = 9.39 × 10(-4)). Our results suggest that a subset of the PCa risk-associated SNP discovered by genome-wide association studies among men of European descent is also associated with PCa risk in Chinese men. This finding provides evidence of ethnic differences and similarity in genetic susceptibility to PCa. Genome-wide association studies in Chinese men are needed to identify Chinese-specific PCa risk-associated SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Fudan-VARI Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
For decades, physicians and researchers have recognized that family history is a significant risk factor for prostate cancer. The identification of the genes responsible for inherited risk, however, proved difficult. With the sequencing of the human genome and the completion of the initial phases of the International HapMap Project, the tools are available to scan the entire genome and find genetic markers for disease. Since 2006, more than 30 inherited variants strongly associated with prostate cancer have been reported. As the inherited component of the disease is revealed, efforts are ongoing to translate genetic findings into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Pomerantz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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