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Zhang X, Jiang P, Wang C. The role of prostate-specific antigen in the osteoblastic bone metastasis of prostate cancer: a literature review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1127637. [PMID: 37746292 PMCID: PMC10513387 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1127637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the only human malignancy that generates predominantly osteoblastic bone metastases, and osteoblastic bone metastases account for more than 90% of osseous metastases of prostate cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) plays an important role in the osteoblastic bone metastasis of prostate cancer, which can promote osteomimicry of prostate cancer cells, suppress osteoclast differentiation, and facilitate osteoblast proliferation and activation at metastatic sites. In the meantime, it can activate osteogenic factors, including insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor β2 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and meanwhile suppress osteolytic factors such as parathyroid hormone-related protein. To recapitulate, PSA plays a significant role in the osteoblastic predominance of prostate cancer bone metastasis and bone remodeling by regulating multiple cells and factors involved in osseous metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chaojun Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Koistinen H, Kovanen RM, Hollenberg MD, Dufour A, Radisky ES, Stenman UH, Batra J, Clements J, Hooper JD, Diamandis E, Schilling O, Rannikko A, Mirtti T. The roles of proteases in prostate cancer. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:493-513. [PMID: 36598826 PMCID: PMC10159896 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the proposition of the pro-invasive activity of proteolytic enzymes over 70 years ago, several roles for proteases in cancer progression have been established. About half of the 473 active human proteases are expressed in the prostate and many of the most well-characterized members of this enzyme family are regulated by androgens, hormones essential for development of prostate cancer. Most notably, several kallikrein-related peptidases, including KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), the most well-known prostate cancer marker, and type II transmembrane serine proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and matriptase, have been extensively studied and found to promote prostate cancer progression. Recent findings also suggest a critical role for proteases in the development of advanced and aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Perhaps the most intriguing evidence for this role comes from studies showing that the protease-activated transmembrane proteins, Notch and CDCP1, are associated with the development of CRPC. Here, we review the roles of proteases in prostate cancer, with a special focus on their regulation by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eleftherios Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Lehto TPK, Kovanen RM, Lintula S, Malén A, Stürenberg C, Erickson A, Pulkka OP, Stenman UH, Diamandis EP, Rannikko A, Mirtti T, Koistinen H. Prognostic impact of kallikrein-related peptidase transcript levels in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2023. [PMID: 37139608 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to study mRNA levels and prognostic impact of all 15 human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and their targets, proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), in surgically treated prostate cancer (PCa). Seventy-nine patients with localized grade group 2-4 PCas represented aggressive cases, based on metastatic progression during median follow-up of 11 years. Eighty-six patients with similar baseline characteristics, but no metastasis during follow-up, were assigned as controls. Transcript counts were detected with nCounter technology. KLK12 protein expression was investigated with immunohistochemistry. The effects of KLK12 and KLK15 were studied in LNCaP cells using RNA interference. KLK3, -2, -4, -11, -15, -10 and -12 mRNA, in decreasing order, were expressed over limit of detection (LOD). The expression of KLK2, -3, -4 and -15 was decreased and KLK12 increased in aggressive cancers, compared to controls (P < .05). Low KLK2, -3 and -15 expression was associated with short metastasis-free survival (P < .05) in Kaplan-Meier analysis. PAR1 and -2 were expressed over LOD, and PAR1 expression was higher, and PAR2 lower, in aggressive cases than controls. Together, KLKs and PARs improved classification of metastatic and lethal disease over grade, pathological stage and prostate-specific antigen combined, in random forest analyses. Strong KLK12 immunohistochemical staining was associated with short metastasis-free and PCa-specific survival in Kaplan-Meier analysis (P < .05). Knock-down of KLK15 reduced colony formation of LNCaP cells grown on Matrigel basement membrane preparation. These results support the involvement of several KLKs in PCa progression, highlighting, that they may serve as prognostic PCa biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo-Pekka K Lehto
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Lintula
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adrian Malén
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carolin Stürenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew Erickson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN-Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli-Pekka Pulkka
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN-Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN-Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Koistinen H, Künnapuu J, Jeltsch M. KLK3 in the Regulation of Angiogenesis-Tumorigenic or Not? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413545. [PMID: 34948344 PMCID: PMC8704207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this focused review, we address the role of the kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), also known as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), in the regulation of angiogenesis. Early studies suggest that KLK3 is able to inhibit angiogenic processes, which is most likely dependent on its proteolytic activity. However, more recent evidence suggests that KLK3 may also have an opposite role, mediated by the ability of KLK3 to activate the (lymph)angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D, further discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Jaana Künnapuu
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.J.)
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Netti GS, Franzin R, Stasi A, Spadaccino F, Dello Strologo A, Infante B, Gesualdo L, Castellano G, Ranieri E, Stallone G. Role of Complement in Regulating Inflammation Processes in Renal and Prostate Cancers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092426. [PMID: 34572075 PMCID: PMC8471315 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, the complement system, the central pillar of innate immune response, was recognized as a protective mechanism against cancer cells and the manipulation of complement effector functions in cancer setting offered a great opportunity to improve monoclonal antibody-based cancer immunotherapies. Similarly, cellular senescence, the process of cell cycle arrest that allow DNA and tissue repair has been traditionally thought to be able to suppress tumor progression. However, in recent years, extensive research has identified the complement system and cellular senescence as two main inducers of tumour growth in the context of chronic, persistent inflammation named inflammaging. Here, we discuss the data describing the ambivalent role of senescence in cancer with a particular focus on tumors that are strongly dependent on complement activation and can be understood by a new, senescence-related point of view: prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Clinical Pathology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.S.N.); (F.S.)
| | - Rossana Franzin
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (A.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (A.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Federica Spadaccino
- Clinical Pathology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.S.N.); (F.S.)
| | - Andrea Dello Strologo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.D.S.); (B.I.); (G.C.)
| | - Barbara Infante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.D.S.); (B.I.); (G.C.)
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (A.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.D.S.); (B.I.); (G.C.)
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Clinical Pathology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.S.N.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (G.S.); Tel.: +39-0881-732611 (E.R.); +39-0881-736002 (G.S.)
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.D.S.); (B.I.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (G.S.); Tel.: +39-0881-732611 (E.R.); +39-0881-736002 (G.S.)
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6
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Li H, Ma Z, Che Z, Li Q, Fan J, Zhou Z, Wu Y, Jin Y, Liang P, Che X. Comprehensive role of prostate-specific antigen identified with proteomic analysis in prostate cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10202-10215. [PMID: 33107155 PMCID: PMC7520270 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments including androgen deprivation fail to prevent prostate cancer (PrCa) from progressing to castration-resistant PrCa (CRPC). Accumulating evidence highlights the relevance of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the development and progression of PrCa. The underlying mechanism whereby PSA functions in PrCa, however, has yet been elucidated. We demonstrated that PSA knockdown attenuated tumorigenesis and metastasis of PrCa C4-2 cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas promoted the apoptosis in vitro. To illuminate the comprehensive role of PSA in PrCa, we performed an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis to explore the proteomic change induced by PSA knockdown. Among 121 differentially expressed proteins, 67 proteins were up-regulated, while 54 proteins down-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis was used to explore the mechanism through which PSA exerts influence on PrCa. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that PSA may mediate POTEF, EPHA3, RAD51C, HPGD and MCM4 to promote the initiation and progression of PrCa. We confirmed that PSA knockdown induced the up-regulation of MCM4 and RAD51C, while it down-regulated POTEF and EPHA3; meanwhile, MCM4 was higher in PrCa para-cancerous tissue than in cancerous tissue, suggesting that PSA may facilitate the tumorigenesis by mediating MCM4. Our findings suggest that PSA plays a comprehensive role in the development and progression of PrCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyong Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhifei Che
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinfeng Fan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhou
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yaoxi Wu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yingxia Jin
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyu Liang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xianping Che
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Moradi A, Srinivasan S, Clements J, Batra J. Beyond the biomarker role: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:333-346. [PMID: 31659564 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test is the accepted biomarker of tumor recurrence. PSA levels in serum correlate with disease progression, though its diagnostic accuracy is questionable. As a result, significant progress has been made in developing modified PSA tests such as PSA velocity, PSA density, 4Kscore, PSA glycoprofiling, Prostate Health Index, and the STHLM3 test. PSA, a serine protease, is secreted from the epithelial cells of the prostate. PSA has been suggested as a molecular target for prostate cancer therapy due to the fact that it is not only active in prostate tissue but also has a pivotal role on prostate cancer signaling pathways including proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, immune response, and tumor microenvironment regulation. Here, we summarize the current standing of PSA in prostate cancer progression as well as its utility in prostate cancer therapeutic approaches with an emphasis on the role of PSA in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Moradi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. .,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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9
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Matin F, Jeet V, Srinivasan S, Cristino AS, Panchadsaram J, Clements JA, Batra J. MicroRNA-3162-5p-Mediated Crosstalk between Kallikrein Family Members Including Prostate-Specific Antigen in Prostate Cancer. Clin Chem 2019; 65:771-780. [PMID: 31018918 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.295824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs mediate biological processes through preferential binding to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of target genes. Studies have shown their association with prostate cancer (PCa) risk through single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), known as miRSNPs. In a European cohort, 22 PCa risk-associated miRSNPs have been identified. The most significant miRSNP in the 3' UTR of Kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3) created a binding site for miR-3162-5p. Here we investigated the miR-3162-5p-KLK interaction and the clinical implication of miR-3162-5p in PCa. METHODS We tested the role of miR-3162-5p in PCa etiology using IncuCyte live-cell imaging and anchorage-independent growth assays. The effect of miR-3162-5p on KLK and androgen receptor (AR) expression was measured by RT-quantitative (q)PCR and target pulldown assays. KLK3 proteolytic activity was determined by DELFIA® immunoassay. Mass spectrometry identified pathways affected by miR-3162-5p. miR-3162-5p expression was measured in clinical samples using RT-qPCR. RESULTS miR-3162-5p affected proliferation, migration, and colony formation of LNCaP cells by regulating the expression of KLK2-4 and AR by direct targeting. KLK3 protein expression was regulated by miR-3162-5p consistent with lower KLK3 proteolytic activity observed in LNCaP-conditioned media. KLK/AR pulldown and mass spectrometry analysis showed a potential role of miR-3162-5p in metabolic pathways via KLK/AR and additional targets. Increased miR-3162-5p expression was observed in prostate tumor tissues with higher Gleason grade. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an insight into possible involvement of miR-3162-5p in PCa etiology by targeting KLKs and AR. It highlights clinical utility of miR-3162-5p and its interactive axis as a new class of biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Matin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Varinder Jeet
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexandre S Cristino
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute (UQDI), Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janaththani Panchadsaram
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia;
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Pereira SGT, Hudoklin S, Kreft ME, Kostevsek N, Stuart MCA, Al-Jamal WT. Intracellular Activation of a Prostate Specific Antigen-Cleavable Doxorubicin Prodrug: A Key Feature Toward Prodrug-Nanomedicine Design. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1573-1585. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara G. T. Pereira
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Samo Hudoklin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Kostevsek
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marc C. A. Stuart
- Electron Microscopy, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wafa T. Al-Jamal
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
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11
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Kostova MB, Nathaniel Brennen W, Lopez D, Anthony L, Wang H, Platz E, Denmeade SR. PSA-alpha-2-macroglobulin complex is enzymatically active in the serum of patients with advanced prostate cancer and can degrade circulating peptide hormones. Prostate 2018; 78:819-829. [PMID: 29659051 PMCID: PMC8147660 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer cells produce high levels of the serine protease Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA). PSA is enzymatically active in the tumor microenvironment but is presumed to be enzymatically inactive in the blood due to complex formation with serum protease inhibitors α-1-antichymotrypsin and α-2-macroglobulin (A2M). PSA-A2M complexes cannot be measured by standard ELISA assays and are also rapidly cleared from the circulation. Thus the exact magnitude of PSA production by prostate cancer cells is not easily measured. The PSA complexed to A2M is unable to cleave proteins but maintains the ability to cleave small peptide substrates. Thus, in advanced prostate cancer, sufficient PSA-A2M may be in circulation to effect total A2M levels, levels of cytokines bound to A2M and hydrolyze small circulating peptide hormones. METHODS Total A2M levels in men with advanced prostate cancer and PSA levels above 1000 ng/mL were measured by ELISA and compared to controls. Additional ELISA assays were used to measure levels of IL-6 and TGF-beta which can bind to A2M. The ability of PSA-A2M complexes to hydrolyze protein and peptide substrates was analyzed ± PSA inhibitor. Enzymatic activity of PSA-A2M in serum of men with high PSA levels was also assayed. RESULTS Serum A2M levels are inversely correlated with PSA levels in men with advanced prostate cancer. Il-6 Levels are significantly elevated in men with PSA >1000 ng/mL compared to controls with PSA <0.1 ng/mL. PSA-A2M complex in serum of men with PSA levels >1000 ng/mL can hydrolyze small fluorescently labeled peptide substrates but not large proteins that are PSA substrates. PSA can hydrolyze small peptide hormones like PTHrP and osteocalcin. PSA complexed to A2M retains the ability to degrade PTHrP. CONCLUSIONS In advanced prostate cancer with PSA levels >1000 ng/mL, sufficient PSA-A2M is present in circulation to produce enzymatic activity against circulating small peptide hormones. Sufficient PSA is produced in advanced prostate cancer to alter total A2M levels, which can potentially alter levels of a variety of growth factors such as IL-6, TGF-beta, basic FGF, and PDGF. Alterations in levels of these cytokines and proteolytic degradation of small peptide hormones may have profound effect on host-cancer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya B. Kostova
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - David Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Lizamma Anthony
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel R. Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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12
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Positive associations between galectin-3 and PSA levels in prostate cancer patients: a prospective clinical study-I. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82266-82272. [PMID: 27741512 PMCID: PMC5347690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), an oncogenic pro-inflammatory protein, has been suggested as a possible complementary diagnostic candidate to prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test for prostate cancer patients. The presence of the proteins in the circulation (biomarkers) may elicit an intrinsic humoral immune reaction by generating autoantibodies, which consequently could alter the detection levels. Here, we report the associations of the two prostate cancer biomarkers, Gal-3 and PSA in patients at different clinical states of prostate cancer while taking into account the autoantibody levels. A blind, prospective, single institution, pilot study was conducted. A total of 95 men were classified into 5 groups: healthy controls (Group1), newly diagnosed patients (Group2), no recurrence after local therapy (Group3), rising PSA after local therapy (Group4), and metastatic patients (Group5). Gal-3 and PSA level were divided by their respective autoantibodies, which yielded relative PSA and relative Gal-3 levels. After the adjustments, Spearman's rank correlations and linear regression modeling revealed the positive associations between relative Gal-3 and relative PSA levels among all 95 men combined (rho = 0.446, P < 0.0001; fitted slope 0.448, P < 0.0001), in Group2 (rho = 0.616, P = 0.0050; fitted slope 0.438, P =0.0011), and Group3 (rho = 0.484, P = 0.0360; fitted slope 0.470, P = 0.0187). The data show positive associations of relative Gal-3 and relative PSA levels in prostate cancer patients, notably at early clinical time course. Allowing for the influence of autoantibodies, Gal-3 level might be considered as a potential biomarker since it is positively associated with PSA level.
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13
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Chen Y, Filipov NM, Guo TL. Dietary Glycation Products Regulate Immune Homeostasis: Early Glycation Products Promote Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation through Modulating Macrophages. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 29082675 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Well-controlled glycation (generally limited to the early stages) has been proposed as a strategy to improve the physiochemical properties of dietary proteins, but the functional studies of glycation products are mostly on advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) rather than early glycation products (EGPs). Since cytokines are important modulators of various biological processes, this study aims to determine whether EGPs and AGEs affected immune homeostasis differentially and do so through modulating macrophage-derived factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Two systems (glycine-glucose and whey protein isolate (WPI)-glucose) are established to generate glycation products. They are applied to human macrophages (PMA-differentiated U937 cells), and cell viability and cytokine production are measured. Furthermore, EGPs, AGEs, and their conditioned medium (CM) from macrophages are applied to human prostate cancer (PCa) cells with different etiology (LNCaP and PC-3) and murine PCa cells (TRAMP-C2) to determine their direct and indirect effects on PCa cell proliferation. EGPs enhance the production of immunosuppressive cytokines, and this enhancement is associated with increased PCa cell proliferation. In contrast, AGEs inhibit macrophages to secret cytokines, but increase PCa cell proliferation directly. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that EGPs promote the prostate tumor proliferation indirectly through modulating macrophages, while AGEs have a direct effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Chen
- Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nikolay M Filipov
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tai L Guo
- Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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14
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Nakajima K, Heilbrun LK, Smith D, Hogan V, Raz A, Heath E. The influence of PSA autoantibodies in prostate cancer patients: a prospective clinical study-II. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17643-17650. [PMID: 27741522 PMCID: PMC5392275 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended against PSA-based screening for prostate cancer due to potential possibilities of false-results. Since no alternative test is available to replace it, we have initiated a trial with the purpose of establishing whether Galectin-3 (Gal-3) serum level and/or the patients immune response to PSA and Gal-3 antigens could complement the PSA test as diagnostic tools for prostate cancer patients. A blind, prospective, single institution, pilot study was conducted. A total of 95 men were recruited and classified into 5 different groups: healthy controls (Group1), newly diagnosed patients (Group2), no recurrence after local therapy (Group3), rising PSA after local therapy (Group4), and metastatic patients (Group5). The primary endpoints were the levels of serum PSA, PSA autoantibodies (AAPSA), Gal-3, and Gal-3 autoantibodies (AAGal-3). Data were analyzed by Spearmans rank correlation (rho) and least squares linear regression modeling. The expression levels of PSA, AAPSA, Gal-3, and AAGal-3 were determined in both healthy controls and prostate cancer patients. Negative correlations were observed between PSA and AAPSA levels among all 95 men combined (rho = −0.321, P = 0.0021; fitted slope −0.288, P = 0.0048), and in metastatic patients (rho = −0.472, P = 0.0413; fitted slope −1.145, P = 0.0061). We suggest an association between PSA and AAPSA, whereby the AAPSA may alter PSA levels. It provides a novel outlook for prostate cancer diagnosis, and should serve as a basis for an all-inclusive diagnostic trial centering on patients with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Nakajima
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lance K Heilbrun
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Biostatistics Core, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Daryn Smith
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Biostatistics Core, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Victor Hogan
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Elisabeth Heath
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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15
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Nakajima K, Nangia-Makker P, Hogan V, Raz A. Cancer Self-Defense: An Immune Stealth. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5441-5444. [PMID: 28838888 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hurdles in realizing successful cancer immunotherapy stem from the fact that cancer patients are either refractory to immune response and/or develop resistance. Here, we propose that these phenomena are due, in part, to the deployment/secretion of a "decoy flare," for example, anomalous cancer-associated antigens by the tumor cells. The cancer secretome, which resembles the parent cell make-up, is composed of soluble macromolecules (proteins, glycans, lipids, DNAs, RNAs, etc.) and insoluble vesicles (exosomes), thus hindering cancer detection/recognition by immunotherapeutic agents, resulting in a "cancer-stealth" effect. Immunotherapy, or any treatment that relies on antigens' expression/function, could be improved by the understanding of the properties of the cancer secretome, as its clinical evaluation may change the therapeutic landscape. Cancer Res; 77(20); 5441-4. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Nakajima
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Victor Hogan
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan. .,Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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16
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Chemaly ER, Troncone L, Lebeche D. SERCA control of cell death and survival. Cell Calcium 2017; 69:46-61. [PMID: 28747251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is a critical coordinator of various aspects of cellular physiology. It is increasingly apparent that changes in cellular Ca2+ dynamics contribute to the regulation of normal and pathological signal transduction that controls cell growth and survival. Aberrant perturbations in Ca2+ homeostasis have been implicated in a range of pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, tumorigenesis and steatosis hepatitis. Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are therefore tightly regulated by a number of Ca2+ handling enzymes, proteins, channels and transporters located in the plasma membrane and in Ca2+ storage organelles, which work in concert to fine tune a temporally and spatially precise Ca2+ signal. Chief amongst them is the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) Ca2+ ATPase pump (SERCA) which actively re-accumulates released Ca2+ back into the SR/ER, therefore maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis. There are at least 14 different SERCA isoforms encoded by three ATP2A1-3 genes whose expressions are species- and tissue-specific. Altered SERCA expression and activity results in cellular malignancy and induction of ER stress and ER stress-associated apoptosis. The role of SERCA misregulation in the control of apoptosis in various cell types and disease setting with prospective therapeutic implications is the focus of this review. Ca2+ is a double edge sword for both life as well as death, and current experimental evidence supports a model in which Ca2+ homeostasis and SERCA activity represent a nodal point that controls cell survival. Pharmacological or genetic targeting of this axis constitutes an incredible therapeutic potential to treat different diseases sharing similar biological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie R Chemaly
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Luca Troncone
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Djamel Lebeche
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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17
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Koistinen H, Wallén E, Ylikangas H, Meinander K, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Närvänen A, Stenman UH. Development of molecules stimulating the activity of KLK3 - an update. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1229-1235. [PMID: 27383882 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase-3 (KLK3, known also as prostate-specific antigen, PSA) is highly expressed in the prostate. KLK3 possess antiangiogenic activity, which we have found to be related to its proteolytic activity. Thus, it may be possible to slow down the growth of prostatic tumors by enhancing this activity. We have developed peptides that enhance the proteolytic activity of KLK3. As these peptides are degraded in circulation and rapidly excreted, we have started to modify them and have succeeded in creating bioactive and more stable pseudopeptides. We have also identified small molecules stimulating the activity of KLK3, especially in synergy with peptides.
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18
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Chen C, Xin Z. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1058205 of KLK3 is associated with the risk of prostate cancer: A case-control study of Han Chinese men in Northeast China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6280. [PMID: 28272245 PMCID: PMC5348193 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a serious public health concern for men worldwide. However, the risk factors for PCa remain largely unclear. Aim of this study was to investigate statistical associations between the risk of prostate cancer and the rs1058205 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the KLK3 gene, which encodes the prostate specific antigen (PSA), in a case-control study of Han Chinese men in Northeast China. METHODS Using a high-resolution melting curve genotyping method, we determined the genotype and allele distributions of rs1058205 in 2 groups of Han Chinese men, consisting of 268 PCa patients and 298 healthy control subjects. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between rs1058205 genotypes and the risk of PCa. Tumor staging and Gleason score were included in a stratified analysis of PCa risk. RESULTS The frequency of the TC genotype of rs1058205 in the PCa group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P = 0.049). The serum PSA level in participants with the TC genotype was significantly lower than that of the TT and CC genotypes in both the PCa and control groups (P < 0.010 for both). The TT genotype was associated with PCa, both with and without adjustment for age (P < 0.010 and P = 0.047, respectively). The TT genotype was also associated with the moderate- and high-risk PCa categories (P = 0.007 and 0.027, respectively). CONCLUSION The TT genotype may represent a useful biomarker for identifying high risk of PCa and as a postoperative prognosticator in Chinese PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongqiu Xin
- Ultrasound Room, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
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19
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Parnsubsakul A, Safitri RE, Rijiravanich P, Surareungchai W. Electrochemical assay of proteolytically active prostate specific antigen based on anodic stripping voltammetry of silver enhanced gold nanoparticle labels. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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20
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Sangster-Guity N, Tu-Sekine B, Raben DM, Denmeade SR, Williams SA. Mutational Analysis of Prostate-Specific Antigen Defines the Intrinsic Proteolytic Activity of the proPSA Zymogen. Prostate 2016; 76:1203-17. [PMID: 27273171 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an important prostate cancer biomarker. It is also a protease expressed at high concentrations by the normal and malignant prostate. PSA is secreted as a zymogen (proPSA) with an inhibitory prodomain that must be removed for full activity. ProPSA variants, assumed to be inactive, are found in the blood of prostate cancer patients, and are indicative of poor clinical outcome. Despite the abundance of clinical reports, our understanding of PSA's enzymology is limited, in part due to a lack of appropriate experimental systems. We sought to develop a series of PSA-derived mutants that would help to enhance our understanding of the gene. METHODS Sixteen rPSA variants were generated and characterized by a variety of biochemical methods. RESULTS The wildtype cDNA (WT) provided the template for generating a panel of recombinants. These included variants that abolished removal of the prodomain (R24A), disabled its enzymatic activity (S213A), and/or facilitated a cell-based conversion to the active conformation (FR). The purified variants' proteolytic activity was examined using a fluorogenic substrate, known PSA-cleavable proteins, and physiologically relevant inhibitors. Upon demonstrating our successful generation and purification of the PSA variants, we characterized proPSA activity, describing cleavage of synthetic and biologic substrates, but not serum protease inhibitors. This finding was exploited in the development of a self-activating mutant (PSA_QY) that exhibited the greatest enzymatic activity of all the variants. CONCLUSIONS The system described herein will prove useful for varied applications. ProPSA is partially functional with relatively high activity compared to the mature enzyme. In demonstrating the zymogen's intrinsic activity, we suggest that the proPSA in prostate cancer patient serum is not inert. This may have implications for our understanding of the disease. Prostate 76:1203-1217, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niquiche Sangster-Guity
- Brady Urological Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Becky Tu-Sekine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel M Raben
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Brady Urological Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Simon A Williams
- Brady Urological Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Martelli C, Dico AL, Diceglie C, Lucignani G, Ottobrini L. Optical imaging probes in oncology. Oncotarget 2016; 7:48753-48787. [PMID: 27145373 PMCID: PMC5217050 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease, characterized by alteration of different physiological molecular processes and cellular features. Keeping this in mind, the possibility of early identification and detection of specific tumor biomarkers by non-invasive approaches could improve early diagnosis and patient management.Different molecular imaging procedures provide powerful tools for detection and non-invasive characterization of oncological lesions. Clinical studies are mainly based on the use of computed tomography, nuclear-based imaging techniques and magnetic resonance imaging. Preclinical imaging in small animal models entails the use of dedicated instruments, and beyond the already cited imaging techniques, it includes also optical imaging studies. Optical imaging strategies are based on the use of luminescent or fluorescent reporter genes or injectable fluorescent or luminescent probes that provide the possibility to study tumor features even by means of fluorescence and luminescence imaging. Currently, most of these probes are used only in animal models, but the possibility of applying some of them also in the clinics is under evaluation.The importance of tumor imaging, the ease of use of optical imaging instruments, the commercial availability of a wide range of probes as well as the continuous description of newly developed probes, demonstrate the significance of these applications. The aim of this review is providing a complete description of the possible optical imaging procedures available for the non-invasive assessment of tumor features in oncological murine models. In particular, the characteristics of both commercially available and newly developed probes will be outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lo Dico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Umberto Veronesi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Diceglie
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
- Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lucignani
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
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22
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Levy O, Brennen WN, Han E, Rosen DM, Musabeyezu J, Safaee H, Ranganath S, Ngai J, Heinelt M, Milton Y, Wang H, Bhagchandani SH, Joshi N, Bhowmick N, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT, Karp JM. A prodrug-doped cellular Trojan Horse for the potential treatment of prostate cancer. Biomaterials 2016; 91:140-150. [PMID: 27019026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in prostate cancer research, there is a major need for a systemic delivery platform that efficiently targets anti-cancer drugs to sites of disseminated prostate cancer while minimizing host toxicity. In this proof-of-principle study, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were loaded with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) that encapsulate the macromolecule G114, a thapsigargin-based prostate specific antigen (PSA)-activated prodrug. G114-particles (∼950 nm in size) were internalized by MSCs, followed by the release of G114 as an intact prodrug from loaded cells. Moreover, G114 released from G114 MP-loaded MSCs selectively induced death of the PSA-secreting PCa cell line, LNCaP. Finally, G114 MP-loaded MSCs inhibited tumor growth when used in proof-of-concept co-inoculation studies with CWR22 PCa xenografts, suggesting that cell-based delivery of G114 did not compromise the potency of this pro-drug in-vitro or in-vivo. This study demonstrates a potentially promising approach to assemble a cell-based drug delivery platform, which inhibits cancer growth in-vivo without the need of genetic engineering. We envision that upon achieving efficient homing of systemically infused MSCs to cancer sites, this MSC-based platform may be developed into an effective, systemic 'Trojan Horse' therapy for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to sites of metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Levy
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, United States
| | - Edward Han
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - David Marc Rosen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, United States
| | - Juliet Musabeyezu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Helia Safaee
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Sudhir Ranganath
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Jessica Ngai
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Martina Heinelt
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Yuka Milton
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States
| | - Sachin H Bhagchandani
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Nitin Joshi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Neil Bhowmick
- The Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, United States
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, United States.
| | - John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, United States.
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States.
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23
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Chadha KC, Nair B, Godoy A, Rajnarayanan R, Nabi E, Zhou R, Patel NR, Aalinkeel R, Schwartz SA, Smith GJ. Anti-angiogenic activity of PSA-derived peptides. Prostate 2015; 75:1285-99. [PMID: 25963523 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PSA is a biomarker for diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. PSA is known to have anti-tumorigenic activities, however, the physiological role of PSA in prostate tumor progression is not well understood. METHODS Five candidate peptides identified based upon computer modeling of the PSA crystal structure and hydrophobicity were synthesized at >95% purity. The peptides in a linear form, and a constrained form forced by a di-sulfide bond joining the two ends of the peptide, were investigated for anti-angiogenic activity in HUVEC. RESULTS None of the five PSA-mimetic peptides exhibited PSA-like serine protease activity. Two of the peptides demonstrated significant anti-angiogenic activity in HUVEC based on (i) inhibition of cell migration and invasion; (ii) inhibition of tube formation in Matrigel; (iii) anti-angiogenic activity in a sprouting assay; and (iv) altered expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic growth factors. Constrained PSA-mimetic peptides had greater anti-angiogenic activity than the corresponding linearized form. Complexing of PSA with ACT eliminated PSA enzymatic activity and reduced anti-angiogenic activity. In contrast, ACT had no effect on the anti-angiogenic effects of the linear or constrained PSA-mimetic peptides. Modeling of the ACT-PSA complex demonstrated ACT sterically blocks the anti-angiogenic activity of the two bioactive peptides. CONCLUSIONS The interaction of a hydrophilic domain on the surface of the PSA molecule with a target on the cell membrane of prostate endothelial and epithelial cells was responsible for the anti-angiogenic or anti-tumorigenic activity of PSA: enzymatic activity was not associated with anti-angiogenic effects. Furthermore, since PSA and ACT are both expressed within the human prostate tissue microenvironment, the balance of their expression may represent a mechanism for endogenous regulation of tissue angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash C Chadha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Bindukumar Nair
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Division of Allergy/Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Alejandro Godoy
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rajendram Rajnarayanan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NewYork
| | - Erik Nabi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rita Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Neel R Patel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- Division of Allergy/Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Stanley A Schwartz
- Division of Allergy/Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Gary J Smith
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Fuhrman-Luck RA, Loessner D, Clements JA. Kallikrein-Related Peptidases in Prostate Cancer: From Molecular Function to Clinical Application. EJIFCC 2014; 25:269-81. [PMID: 27683474 PMCID: PMC4975200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading contributor to male cancer-related deaths worldwide. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are serine proteases that exhibit deregulated expression in prostate cancer, with KLK3, or prostate specific antigen (PSA), being the widely-employed clinical biomarker for prostate cancer. Other KLKs, such as KLK2, show promise as prostate cancer biomarkers and, additionally, their altered expression has been utilised for the design of KLK-targeted therapies. There is also a large body of in vitro and in vivo evidence supporting their role in cancer-related processes. Here, we review the literature on studies to date investigating the potential of other KLKs, in addition to PSA, as biomarkers and in therapeutic options, as well as their current known functional roles in cancer progression. Increased knowledge of these KLK-mediated functions, including degradation of the extracellular matrix, local invasion, cancer cell proliferation, interactions with fibroblasts, angiogenesis, migration, bone metastasis and tumour growth in vivo, may help define new roles as prognostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judith A. Clements
- Cancer Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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25
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Hannu K, Johanna M, Ulf-Håkan S. KLK-targeted Therapies for Prostate Cancer. EJIFCC 2014; 25:207-18. [PMID: 27683469 PMCID: PMC4975297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alternative treatments are urgently needed for prostate cancer, especially to address the aggressive metastatic castration-resistant disease. Proteolytic enzymes are involved in cancer growth and progression. The prostate produces several proteases, the most abundant ones being two members of the kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and KLK2. Despite the wide use of PSA as a clinical marker, the function(s) of PSA and other KLKs in prostate cancer are poorly known. Hypothetic roles of KLKs in prostate cancer include activities that may both promote and inhibit cancer growth and metastasis, including the antiangiogenic activity of PSA. Thus it may be possible to control prostate cancer growth by modulating the proteolytic activities of KLKs. PSA and KLK2 are especially attractive targets for prostate cancer treatment because of their proposed roles in tumor development and inhibition of angiogenesis in combination with their prostate selective expression. So far the number of molecules affecting selectively the activity of KLKs is limited and none of these are used to treat prostate cancer. Prodrugs that, after cleavage of the peptide part by PSA or KLK2, release active drug molecules, and PSA-targeted therapeutic vaccines have already been tested clinically in humans and the first results have been encouraging. Although KLKs are attractive targets for prostate cancer treatment, much remains to be done before their potential can be fully elucidated. The objective of this review is to address the current state of the KLKs as novel therapeutic targets for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koistinen Hannu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland +358 9 471 71734 (HK) (JM) (UHS)
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26
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Westdorp H, Sköld AE, Snijer BA, Franik S, Mulder SF, Major PP, Foley R, Gerritsen WR, de Vries IJM. Immunotherapy for prostate cancer: lessons from responses to tumor-associated antigens. Front Immunol 2014; 5:191. [PMID: 24834066 PMCID: PMC4018526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men. In recent years, novel therapeutic options for PCa have been developed and studied extensively in clinical trials. Sipuleucel-T is the first cell-based immunotherapeutic vaccine for treatment of cancer. This vaccine consists of autologous mononuclear cells stimulated and loaded with an immunostimulatory fusion protein containing the prostate tumor antigen prostate acid posphatase. The choice of antigen might be key for the efficiency of cell-based immunotherapy. Depending on the treatment strategy, target antigens should be immunogenic, abundantly expressed by tumor cells, and preferably functionally important for the tumor to prevent loss of antigen expression. Autoimmune responses have been reported against several antigens expressed in the prostate, indicating that PCa is a suitable target for immunotherapy. In this review, we will discuss PCa antigens that exhibit immunogenic features and/or have been targeted in immunotherapeutic settings with promising results, and we highlight the hurdles and opportunities for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Westdorp
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands ; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Annette E Sköld
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Berit A Snijer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Franik
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Sasja F Mulder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Pierre P Major
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Ronan Foley
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Winald R Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands ; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
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27
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Mavridis K, Avgeris M, Scorilas A. Targeting kallikrein-related peptidases in prostate cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:365-83. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.880693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ahrens MJ, Bertin PA, Vonesh EF, Meade TJ, Catalona WJ, Georganopoulou D. PSA enzymatic activity: a new biomarker for assessing prostate cancer aggressiveness. Prostate 2013; 73:1731-7. [PMID: 23934862 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advent of widespread prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in recent decades, prostate cancer (PCa) has emerged as the most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer among men in the U.S. and Europe. Greater screening rates coupled with improved detection methods have caused a controversial upsurge in the number of men undergoing prostate biopsy and subsequent treatment. However, current diagnostic techniques generally suffer from limited ability to identify which seemingly indolent cancers are biologically aggressive. METHODS We collected prostatic fluid from 778 post-radical prostatectomy specimens and randomly selected samples from both the clinically confirmed aggressive (n = 50) and non-aggressive (n = 50) prostate cancer populations. We measured the level of proteolytic enzyme activity of PSA (aPSA) in each sample and used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to correlate aPSA levels with prostate cancer aggressiveness. RESULTS We found aPSA in prostatic fluid to be inversely proportional to disease stage, such that patients with the most aggressive PCa have on average significantly reduced aPSA compared to those with less aggressive disease. Significantly, our results suggest that many (22% in our study population) of the diagnosed patients with non-aggressive PCa could have averted or delayed radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSIONS Given the high level of debate surrounding PSA screening effectiveness [3-5] and the recent U.S. Preventative Services Task Force recommendation to discontinue PSA screening [6], our results provide renewed hope that a clinical monitoring tool may emerge that truly refines PCa treatment decision-making.
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Koumandou VL, Scorilas A. Evolution of the plasma and tissue kallikreins, and their alternative splicing isoforms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68074. [PMID: 23874499 PMCID: PMC3707919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikreins are secreted serine proteases with important roles in human physiology. Human plasma kallikrein, encoded by the KLKB1 gene on locus 4q34-35, functions in the blood coagulation pathway, and in regulating blood pressure. The human tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) have diverse expression patterns and physiological roles, including cancer-related processes such as cell growth regulation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the product of the KLK3 gene, is the most widely used biomarker in clinical practice today. A total of 15 KLKs are encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome (19q13.3-13.4), which makes them ideal for evolutionary analysis of gene duplication events. Previous studies on the evolution of KLKs have traced mammalian homologs as well as a probable early origin of the family in aves, amphibia and reptilia. The aim of this study was to address the evolutionary and functional relationships between tissue KLKs and plasma kallikrein, and to examine the evolution of alternative splicing isoforms. Sequences of plasma and tissue kallikreins and their alternative transcripts were collected from the NCBI and Ensembl databases, and comprehensive phylogenetic analysis was performed by Bayesian as well as maximum likelihood methods. Plasma and tissue kallikreins exhibit high sequence similarity in the trypsin domain (>50%). Phylogenetic analysis indicates an early divergence of KLKB1, which groups closely with plasminogen, chymotrypsin, and complement factor D (CFD), in a monophyletic group distinct from trypsin and the tissue KLKs. Reconstruction of the earliest events leading to the diversification of the tissue KLKs is not well resolved, indicating rapid expansion in mammals. Alternative transcripts of each KLK gene show species-specific divergence, while examination of sequence conservation indicates that many annotated human KLK isoforms are missing the catalytic triad that is crucial for protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Kostova MB, Rosen DM, Chen Y, Mease RC, Denmeade SR. Structural optimization, biological evaluation, and application of peptidomimetic prostate specific antigen inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4224-35. [PMID: 23692593 DOI: 10.1021/jm301718c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease produced at high levels by normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells that is used extensively as a biomarker in the clinical management of prostate cancer. To better understand PSA's role in prostate cancer progression, we prepared a library of peptidyl boronic acid-based inhibitors. To enhance selectivity for PSA vs other serine proteases, we modified the P1 site of the inhibitors to incorporate a bromopropylglycine group. This allowed the inhibitors to participate in halogen bond formation with the serine found at the bottom of the specificity pocket. The best of these Ahx-FSQn(boro)Bpg had PSA Ki of 72 nM and chymotrypsin Ki of 580 nM. In vivo studies using PSA-producing xenografts demonstrated that candidate inhibitors had minimal effect on growth but significantly altered serum levels of PSA. Biodistribution of (125)I labeled peptides showed low levels of uptake into tumors compared to other normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya B Kostova
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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31
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Manning ML, Williams SA, Jelinek CA, Kostova MB, Denmeade SR. Proteolysis of complement factors iC3b and C5 by the serine protease prostate-specific antigen in prostatic fluid and seminal plasma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2567-74. [PMID: 23401592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific Ag (PSA) is a serine protease that is expressed exclusively by normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells. The continued high-level expression of PSA by the majority of men with both high- and low-grade prostate cancer throughout the course of disease progression, even in the androgen-ablated state, suggests that PSA has a role in the pathogenesis of disease. Current experimental and clinical evidence suggests that chronic inflammation, regardless of the cause, may predispose men to prostate cancer. The responsibility of the immune system in immune surveillance and eventually tumor progression is well appreciated but not completely understood. In this study, we used a mass spectrometry-based evaluation of prostatic fluid obtained from diseased prostates after removal by radical prostatectomy to identify potential immunoregulatory proteins. This analysis revealed the presence of Igs and the complement system proteins C3, factor B, and clusterin. Verification of these findings by Western blot confirmed the high-level expression of C3 in the prostatic fluid and the presence of a previously uncharacterized C-terminal C3 cleavage product. Biochemical analysis of this C3 cleavage fragment revealed a putative PSA cleavage site after tyrosine-1348. Purified PSA was able to cleave iC3b and the related complement protein C5. These results suggest a previously uncharacterized function of PSA as an immunoregulatory protease that could help to create an environment hospitable to malignancy through proteolysis of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Mattsson JM, Närvänen A, Stenman UH, Koistinen H. Peptides binding to prostate-specific antigen enhance its antiangiogenic activity. Prostate 2012; 72:1588-94. [PMID: 22430591 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteolytically active prostate-specific antigen (PSA or kallikrein-related peptidase 3, KLK3) has been shown to exert antiangiogenic properties. High levels of PSA in prostatic tumors may thus slow down cancer progression by inhibiting angiogenesis. We hypothesize that factors stimulating the activity of PSA could be used to reduce prostate tumor growth. Using phage display, we have developed peptides C4 and B2 that stimulate the enzymatic activity of PSA. Our aim was to study whether these peptides enhance the antiangiogenic activity of PSA. METHODS We used an in vitro angiogenesis assay where human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) form tubular networks when they are grown on Matrigel. Proteolytically active PSA and peptides that stimulate the activity of PSA were added to the cells. Endothelial cell tube formation was quantified and expressed as an angiogenesis index. RESULTS PSA reduced the angiogenesis index to ∼50% of controls both in serum-containing and serum-free medium. The addition of peptide C4 or B2 together with PSA caused a significant further decrease in angiogenesis index to ∼70% of that caused by PSA alone. A similar decrease in angiogenesis index was observed when PSA concentration was increased 2.4-fold of that used with peptides. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of PSA on tube formation can be enhanced by the addition of peptides that stimulate the activity of PSA. This supports our hypothesis that stimulation of PSA activity can be used to reduce angiogenesis and thereby inhibit prostate tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Mattsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Neal DR, Summers JL, Taper HS. Xenotransplanted Human Prostate Carcinoma (DU145) Cells Develop into Carcinomas and Cribriform Carcinomas: Ultrastructural Aspects. Ultrastruct Pathol 2012; 36:294-311. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2012.708472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Manning ML, Kostova M, Williams SA, Denmeade SR. Trypsin-like proteolytic contamination of commercially available psa purified from human seminal fluid. Prostate 2012; 72:1233-8. [PMID: 22213008 PMCID: PMC3419387 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a serine protease whose expression is maintained in all stages of prostate cancer. A role for PSA in the pathobiology for prostate cancer has not been firmly established. Experimental studies to date support a role for PSA through mechanisms such as release or processing of growth factors and degradation of the extracellular matrix. Exposure of prostate cancer cells to exogenous PSA also results in gene expression changes. These in vitro and biochemical assays rely on the use of commercially available PSA. Contamination of these commercial preparations can significantly impact the results of these in vitro studies. METHODS We characterized PSA and trypsin-like activity of PSA preparations obtained from three commercial sources: Calbiochem, Fitzgerald, and AbD Serotec. Silver stained gels were used to compare the purity of each preparation and mass spectrometry was performed to characterize contaminating proteases. RESULTS PSA activity varied between PSA preparations with AbD Serotec PSA having highest degree of activity. Significant trypsin-like activity, which was inhibited by aprotinin, was observed in PSA preparations from Calbiochem and Fitzgerald, but not AbD Serotec. These former two PSA preparations also contained the greatest degree of non-PSA contaminants by silver stain and mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS Commercially available preparations of PSA contain contaminating proteins, including trypsin-like protease activity, that could potentially complicate the interpretation of results obtained from in vitro studies assessing PSA proteolysis of potential protein substrates and effects of PSA on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maya Kostova
- Departmentof Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Simon A. Williams
- Departmentof Urology, the Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel R. Denmeade
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departmentof Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departmentof Urology, the Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: The Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Rm 1M43, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231.
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Saxena P, Trerotola M, Wang T, Li J, Sayeed A, VanOudenhove J, Adams DS, FitzGerald TJ, Altieri DC, Languino LR. PSA regulates androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2012; 72:769-76. [PMID: 21956655 PMCID: PMC3404455 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a pivotal downstream target gene of the androgen receptor (AR), and a serum biomarker to monitor prostate cancer (PrCa) progression. It has been reported that PSA transactivates AR, but the mechanistic requirements of this response have not been investigated. METHODS We studied the localization of PSA, AR, and Src in intracellular compartments of synthetic androgen (R1881)-stimulated LNCaP and C4-2B PrCa cells, using immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation approaches. We also investigated the effect of downregulation of PSA on AR expression by immunoblotting and real-time PCR using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Src activity was analyzed by immunoblotting. RESULTS R1881 stimulation induced nuclear localization of both PSA and AR in LNCaP and C4-2B PrCa cells as well as increased phosphorylation of Src. Stable shRNA or transient siRNA knockdown of PSA resulted in reduced AR protein levels as well as AR mRNA levels in C4-2B cells. Similar to C4-2B cells, ablation of AR levels upon silencing of PSA was also confirmed in VCaP cells, another androgen-independent cell line. Silencing of PSA did not cause significant changes in Src activation; besides, Src regulation by integrins did not appear to affect AR transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS PSA localizes to nuclei of androgen-stimulated PrCa cells, and controls AR mRNA and protein levels. This regulatory loop is specific for PSA, does not involve known AR activators such as Src and AKT, and may contribute to AR signaling under conditions of increasing PSA levels in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmita Saxena
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA 01609
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Aejaz Sayeed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Jennifer VanOudenhove
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Dave S. Adams
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA 01609
| | - Thomas J. FitzGerald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Dario C. Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Lucia R. Languino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- Correspondence to: Lucia R. Languino Ph.D., Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Phone: 215.503.3442. Fax: 215.503.1607.
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Elangovan I, Thirugnanam S, Chen A, Zheng G, Bosland MC, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Gnanasekar M. Targeting receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) expression induces apoptosis and inhibits prostate tumor growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:1133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Altuwaijri S. Role of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) in Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2012.34043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Findeisen P, Neumaier M. Functional protease profiling for diagnosis of malignant disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2011; 6:60-78. [PMID: 22213637 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical proteomic profiling by mass spectrometry (MS) aims at uncovering specific alterations within mass profiles of clinical specimens that are of diagnostic value for the detection and classification of various diseases including cancer. However, despite substantial progress in the field, the clinical proteomic profiling approaches have not matured into routine diagnostic applications so far. Their limitations are mainly related to high-abundance proteins and their complex processing by a multitude of endogenous proteases thus making rigorous standardization difficult. MS is biased towards the detection of low-molecular-weight peptides. Specifically, in serum specimens, the particular fragments of proteolytically degraded proteins are amenable to MS analysis. Proteases are known to be involved in tumour progression and tumour-specific proteases are released into the blood stream presumably as a result of invasive progression and metastasis. Thus, the determination of protease activity in clinical specimens from patients with malignant disease can offer diagnostic and also therapeutic options. The identification of specific substrates for tumour proteases in complex biological samples is challenging, but proteomic screens for proteases/substrate interactions are currently experiencing impressive progress. Such proteomic screens include peptide-based libraries, differential isotope labelling in combination with MS, quantitative degradomic analysis of proteolytically generated neo-N-termini, monitoring the degradation of exogenous reporter peptides with MS, and activity-based protein profiling. In the present article, we summarize and discuss the current status of proteomic techniques to identify tumour-specific protease-substrate interactions for functional protease profiling. Thereby, we focus on the potential diagnostic use of the respective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Findeisen
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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