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Bennett L, Jaiswal PK, Harkless RV, Long TM, Gao N, Vandenburg B, Selman P, Durdana I, Lastra RR, Vander Griend D, Adelaiye-Ogala R, Szmulewitz RZ, Conzen SD. Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) Activation Is Associated with Increased cAMP/PKA Signaling in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:552-563. [PMID: 38030378 PMCID: PMC10985475 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and ensuing transcriptional activity have been proposed as an oncogenic "bypass" mechanism in response to androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibition (ARSi). Here, we report that GR transcriptional activity acquired following ARSi is associated with the upregulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-associated gene expression pathways in both model systems and metastatic prostate cancer patient samples. In the context of ARSi, the expression of GR-mediated genes encoding cAMP signaling pathway-associated proteins can be inhibited by treatment with selective GR modulators (SGRMs). For example, in the context of ARSi, we found that GR activation resulted in upregulation of protein kinase inhibitor beta (PKIB) mRNA and protein levels, leading to nuclear accumulation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA-c). Increased PKA-c, in turn, is associated with increased cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation and activity. Furthermore, enzalutamide and SGRM combination therapy in mice bearing CRPC xenografts delayed CRPC progression compared with enzalutamide therapy alone, and reduced tumor PKIB mRNA expression. Supporting the clinical importance of GR/PKA signaling activation in CRPC, we found a significant enrichment of both cAMP pathway signaling-associated gene expression and high NR3C1 (GR) activity in patient-derived xenograft models and metastatic human CRPC samples. These findings suggest a novel mechanism linking CRPC-induced GR transcriptional activity with increased cAMP signaling in AR-antagonized CRPC. Furthermore, our findings suggest that GR-specific modulation in addition to AR antagonism may delay GR+ CRPC time to recurrence, at least in part, by inhibiting tumor cAMP/PKA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bennett
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Praveen Kumar Jaiswal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ryan V. Harkless
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tiha M. Long
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ning Gao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Brianna Vandenburg
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Phillip Selman
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ishrat Durdana
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ricardo R. Lastra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Remi Adelaiye-Ogala
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Russell Z. Szmulewitz
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Suzanne D. Conzen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Al-Alem U, Rauscher GH, Alem QA, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Mahmoud AM. Prognostic Value of SGK1 and Bcl-2 in Invasive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3151. [PMID: 37370761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to understand molecular alterations in breast cancer and how they relate to clinicopathologic factors. We have previously shown that the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) protein expression was reduced in invasive breast carcinoma compared to normal breast tissue. Glucocorticoids, signaling through the GCR, regulate several cellular processes via downstream targets such as serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). We measured the expression of SGK1 and Bcl-2, in respective breast cancer tissue arrays, from a multiracial cohort of breast cancer patients. Higher cytoplasmic SGK1 staining was stronger in breast cancer tissue compared to normal tissue, especially in hormone receptor-negative cases. Conversely, the expression of cytoplasmic Bcl-2 was reduced in breast cancer compared to normal tissue, especially in hormone receptor-negative cases. Bcl-2 staining was associated with the self-reported racial/ethnic category, an earlier clinical stage, a lower histological grade, and a higher survival rate. Bcl-2 expression was associated with longer survival in models adjusted for age and race (HR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.65), and Bcl-2 expression remained strongly positively associated with protection from breast cancer death, with additional adjustments for ER/PR status (HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.85). SGK1 and Bcl-2 may play biological roles in breast cancer development and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaima Al-Alem
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Garth H Rauscher
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qais Al Alem
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Andre Kajdacsy-Balla
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Abeer M Mahmoud
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Zhang J, Miki Y, Iwabuchi E, Xu J, Kanai A, Sagara Y, Ohi Y, Rai Y, Yamaguchi R, Tanaka M, Ishida T, Suzuki T, Sasano H. Induction of SGK1 via glucocorticoid-influenced clinical outcome of triple-negative breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2023:10.1007/s10549-023-06990-4. [PMID: 37286891 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-06990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive breast malignancy. Glucocorticoid (GC)-glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathway plays a pivotal role in the cellular responses to various stresses including chemotherapy. Serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 (SGK1) is known as an important downstream effector molecule in the GR signaling pathway, we attempted to explore its clinicopathological and functional significance in TNBC in which GR is expressed. METHODS We first immunolocalized GR and SGK1 and correlated the results with clinicopathological variables and clinical outcome in 131 TNBC patients. We also evaluated the effects of SGK1 on the cell proliferation and migration in TNBC cell lines with administration of dexamethasone (DEX) to further clarify the significance of SGK1. RESULTS The status of SGK1 in carcinoma cells was significantly associated with adverse clinical outcome in TNBC patients examined and was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, pathological stage, and lymphatic invasion of the patients. In particular, SGK1 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence in GR-positive TNBC patients. Subsequent in vitro studies also demonstrated that DEX promoted TNBC cell migration and the silencing of gene expression did inhibit the cell proliferation and migration of TNBC cells under DEX treatment. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore an association between SGK1 and clinicopathological variables and clinical outcome of TNBC patients. SGK1 status was significantly positively correlated with adverse clinical outcome of TNBC patients and promoted carcinoma cell proliferation and migration of carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjia Zhang
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Erina Iwabuchi
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junyao Xu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ayako Kanai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hachinohe City Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Sagara
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Sagara Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Ohi
- Department of Pathology, Sagara Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Rai
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Sagara Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rin Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Maki Tanaka
- JCHO Kurume General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanori Ishida
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Patient-specific identification of genome-wide DNA-methylation differences between intracranial and extracranial melanoma metastases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:444. [PMID: 36624125 PMCID: PMC9829750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24940-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanomas frequently metastasize to distant organs and especially intracranial metastases still represent a major clinical challenge. Epigenetic reprogramming of intracranial metastases is thought to be involved in therapy failure, but so far only little is known about patient-specific DNA-methylation differences between intra- and extracranial melanoma metastases. Hierarchical clustering of the methylomes of 24 patient-matched intra- and extracranial melanoma metastases pairs revealed that intra- and extracranial metastases of individual patients were more similar to each other than to metastases in the same tissue from other patients. Therefore, a personalized analysis of each metastases pair was done by a Hidden Markov Model to classify methylation levels of individual CpGs as decreased, unchanged or increased in the intra- compared to the extracranial metastasis. The predicted DNA-methylation alterations were highly patient-specific differing in the number and methylation states of altered CpGs. Nevertheless, four important general observations were made: (i) intracranial metastases of most patients mainly showed a reduction of DNA-methylation, (ii) cytokine signaling was most frequently affected by differential methylation in individual metastases pairs, but also MAPK, PI3K/Akt and ECM signaling were often altered, (iii) frequently affected genes were mainly involved in signaling, growth, adhesion or apoptosis, and (iv) an enrichment of functional terms related to channel and transporter activities supports previous findings for a brain-like phenotype. In addition, the derived set of 17 signaling pathway genes that distinguished intra- from extracranial metastases in more than 50% of patients included well-known oncogenes (e.g. PRKCA, DUSP6, BMP4) and several other genes known from neuronal disorders (e.g. EIF4B, SGK1, CACNG8). Moreover, associations of gene body methylation alterations with corresponding gene expression changes revealed that especially the three signaling pathway genes JAK3, MECOM, and TNXB differ strongly in their expression between patient-matched intra- and extracranial metastases. Our analysis contributes to an in-depth characterization of DNA-methylation differences between patient-matched intra- and extracranial melanoma metastases and may provide a basis for future experimental studies to identify targets for new therapeutic approaches.
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Li J, Yu H, Wang X, Ye Y, Fang W, Ding N, Mi L, Ping L, Wang X, Song Y, Zhu J. The Serum- and Glucocorticoid-Inducible Kinase 1 (SGK1) as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221143881. [PMID: 36519740 PMCID: PMC9761230 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221143881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive and incurable B-cell-derived malignant disease. MCL is treated using general chemotherapy; however, disease progression and relapse are common; thus, the development of novel therapeutic targets for treatment of MCL is urgently required. Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) is involved in various cellular activities, and its dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple types of cancer. However, little is known regarding its functional roles and associated molecular mechanisms in MCL. METHODS SGK1 inhibition mediated by either shRNA or treatment with SGK1 inhibitor (GSK650394) was conducted in MCL cell lines. Western blotting analysis was performed to figure out the expression of related proteins. MCL-cell-derived xenograft models were constructed to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of SGK1 inhibition or/and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibition in vivo. RESULTS In this study, it was shown that inhibition of SGK1 significantly reduced cell proliferation, invasion and migration, increased apoptosis and blocked cell cycle progression in MCL cells. Furthermore, SGK1 inhibition significantly reduced the activation of ERK, AKT/mTOR, JAK2/STAT3 and the NF-κB signaling pathways. Using MCL-cell-derived xenograft mice models, SGK1 inhibition decreased tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth. Importantly, SGK1 overexpression significantly promoted xenograft tumor growth. Moreover, simultaneous inhibition of SGK1 and Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) resulted in synergistic anti-tumor effects on MCL both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION SGK1 may be a novel candidate therapeutic target and simultaneous inhibition of SGK1 and BTK may be a promising therapeutic strategy for MCL patients. Further pre-clinical and even clinical studies of SGK1 inhibitor or combination with BTK inhibitor are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Ye
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China
| | - Lan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China
| | - Lingyan Ping
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis
and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of lymphoma,
Peking
University Cancer Hospital, Institute,
Beijing, China,Jun Zhu and Yuqin Song, Key Laboratory of
Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of
Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road,
Haidian, Beijing 100142, China. ;
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Advances in the Current Understanding of the Mechanisms Governing the Acquisition of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153744. [PMID: 35954408 PMCID: PMC9367587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive treatment and androgen-deprivation therapy, most prostate cancer patients ultimately develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is associated with high mortality rates. However, the mechanisms governing the development of CRPC are poorly understood, and androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been shown to be important in CRPC through AR gene mutations, gene overexpression, co-regulatory factors, AR shear variants, and androgen resynthesis. A growing number of non-AR pathways have also been shown to influence the CRPC progression, including the Wnt and Hh pathways. Moreover, non-coding RNAs have been identified as important regulators of the CRPC pathogenesis. The present review provides an overview of the relevant literature pertaining to the mechanisms governing the molecular acquisition of castration resistance in prostate cancer, providing a foundation for future, targeted therapeutic efforts.
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SGK1 in Cancer: Biomarker and Drug Target. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102385. [PMID: 35625991 PMCID: PMC9139822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinases (SGKs) are members of the AGC family of serine/threonine kinases, consisting of three isoforms: SGK1, SGK2, and SGK3. SGK1 was initially cloned as a gene transcriptionally stimulated by serum and glucocorticoids in rat mammary tumor cells. It is upregulated in some cancers and downregulated in others. SGK1 increases tumor cell survival, adhesiveness, invasiveness, motility, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. It stimulates tumor growth by mechanisms such as activation of K+ channels and Ca2+ channels, Na+/H+ exchanger, amino acid and glucose transporters, downregulation of Foxo3a and p53, and upregulation of β-catenin and NFκB. This chapter focuses on major aspects of SGK1 involvement in cancer, its use as biomarker as well as potential therapeutic target.
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8
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Serritella AV, Shevrin D, Heath EI, Wade JL, Martinez E, Anderson A, Schonhoft J, Chu YL, Karrison T, Stadler WM, Szmulewitz RZ. Phase I/II trial of enzalutamide and mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:1549-1559. [PMID: 35110415 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) are effective in metastatic prostate cancer (PC), resistance occurs in most patients. This phase I/II trial assessed the safety, pharmacokinetic impact, and efficacy of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone (Mif) in combination with enzalutamide (Enz) for castration-resistant PC (CRPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS 106 patients with CRPC were accrued. Phase I subjects were treated with Enz monotherapy at 160 mg per day for 28 days to allow steady-state accumulation. Patients then entered the dose escalation combination portion of the study. In phase II, patients were randomized 1:1 to either receive Enz alone or Enz plus Mif. The primary endpoint was PSA progression free survival (PFS), with radiographic PFS, and PSA response rate (RR) as key secondary endpoints. Circulating tumor cells were collected before randomization for exploratory translational biomarker studies. RESULTS We determined a 25% dose reduction in Enz, when added to Mif resulted in equivalent drug levels compared to full dose Enz and was well tolerated. However, the addition of Mif to Enz following a 12-week Enz lead-in did not delay time to PSA, radiographic or clinical PFS. The trial was terminated early due to futility. CONCLUSION This is the first prospective trial of dual AR-GR antagonism in CRPC. Enz combined with Mif was safe and well tolerated but did not meet its primary endpoint. The development of more specific GR antagonists combined with AR antagonists, potentially studied in an earlier disease state, should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James L Wade
- Medical Oncology, Decatur Memorial Hospital Cancer Care Institute
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Walter M Stadler
- Department of Medicine/Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago
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Jacob A, Raj R, Allison DB, Myint ZW. Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer and Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5417. [PMID: 34771580 PMCID: PMC8582395 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer has led to development of therapeutic strategies targeting androgen receptor (AR). These androgen-receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) include androgen synthesis inhibitor-abiraterone and androgen receptor antagonists-enzalutamide, apalutamide, and darolutamide. Although these medications provide significant improvement in survival among men with prostate cancer, drug resistance develops in nearly all patients with time. This could be through androgen-dependent or androgen-independent mechanisms. Even weaker signals and non-canonical steroid ligands can activate AR in the presence of truncated AR-splice variants, AR overexpression, or activating mutations in AR. AR splice variant, AR-V7 is the most studied among these and is not targeted by available ARSIs. Non-androgen receptor dependent resistance mechanisms are mediated by activation of an alternative signaling pathway when AR is inhibited. DNA repair pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, BRAF-MAPK and Wnt signaling pathway and activation by glucocorticoid receptors can restore downstream signaling in prostate cancer by alternative proteins. Multiple clinical trials are underway exploring therapeutic strategies to overcome these resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasems Jacob
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Pikeville Medical Center, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
| | - Rishi Raj
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Pikeville Medical Center, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
| | - Derek B. Allison
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zin W. Myint
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 (SGK1) belonging to the AGC protein kinase family phosphorylates serine and threonine residues of target proteins. It regulates numerous ion channels and transporters and promotes survival under cellular stress. Unique to SGK1 is a tight control at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. SGK1 regulates multiple signal transduction pathways related to tumor development. Several studies have reported that SGK1 is upregulated in different types of human malignancies and induces resistance against inhibitors, drugs, and targeted therapies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This review highlights the cellular functions of SGK1, its crucial role in cancer development, and clinical insights for SGK1 targeted therapies. Furthermore, the role of SGK1-mediated autophagy as a potential therapeutic target for cancer has been discussed.
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Sang Y, Kong P, Zhang S, Zhang L, Cao Y, Duan X, Sun T, Tao Z, Liu W. SGK1 in Human Cancer: Emerging Roles and Mechanisms. Front Oncol 2021; 10:608722. [PMID: 33542904 PMCID: PMC7851074 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.608722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 1 (SGK1) is a member of the "AGC" subfamily of protein kinases, which shares structural and functional similarities with the AKT family of kinases and displays serine/threonine kinase activity. Aberrant expression of SGK1 has profound cellular consequences and is closely correlated with human cancer. SGK1 is considered a canonical factor affecting the expression and signal transduction of multiple genes involved in the genesis and development of many human cancers. Abnormal expression of SGK1 has been found in tissue and may hopefully become a useful indicator of cancer progression. In addition, SGK1 acts as a prognostic factor for cancer patient survival. This review systematically summarizes and discusses the role of SGK1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of diverse cancer types; focuses on its essential roles and functions in tumorigenesis, cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, autophagy, metabolism, and therapy resistance and in the tumor microenvironment; and finally summarizes the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of SGK1 at the molecular level. Taken together, this evidence highlights the crucial role of SGK1 in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, revealing why it has emerged as a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Sang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Piaoping Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- The Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Gao W, Li Y, Chow ST, Xie W, Zhang X, Zhou J, Chan FL. Interplay between orphan nuclear receptors and androgen receptor-dependent or-independent growth signalings in prostate cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100921. [PMID: 33121737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that both the initial and advanced growth of prostate cancer depends critically on androgens and thus on the activated androgen receptor (AR) -mediated signaling pathway. The unique hormone-dependent feature of prostate cancer forms the biological basis of hormone or androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) that aims to suppress the AR signaling by androgen depletion or AR antagonists. ADT still remains the mainstay treatment option for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. However, most patients upon ADT will inevitably develop therapy-resistance and progress to relapse in the form of castration-resistant disease (castration-resistant prostate cancer or CRPC) or even a more aggressive androgen-independent subtype (therapy-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer or NEPC). Recent advances show that besides AR, some ligand-independent members of nuclear receptor superfamily-designated as orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs), as their endogenous physiological ligands are either absent or not yet identified to date, also play significant roles in the growth regulation of prostate cancer via multiple AR-dependent or -independent (AR-bypass) pathways or mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the newly elucidated roles of ONRs in prostate cancer, with a focus on their interplay in the AR-dependent pathways (intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and suppression of AR signaling) and AR-independent pathways or cellular processes (hypoxia, oncogene- or tumor suppressor-induced senescence, apoptosis and regulation of prostate cancer stem cells). These ONRs with their newly characterized roles not only can serve as novel biomarkers but also as potential therapeutic targets for management of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weijie Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youjia Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin Ting Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianfu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Michmerhuizen AR, Spratt DE, Pierce LJ, Speers CW. ARe we there yet? Understanding androgen receptor signaling in breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2020; 6:47. [PMID: 33062889 PMCID: PMC7519666 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-020-00190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of androgen receptor (AR) activation and expression is well understood in prostate cancer. In breast cancer, expression and activation of AR is increasingly recognized for its role in cancer development and its importance in promoting cell growth in the presence or absence of estrogen. As both prostate and breast cancers often share a reliance on nuclear hormone signaling, there is increasing appreciation of the overlap between activated cellular pathways in these cancers in response to androgen signaling. Targeting of the androgen receptor as a monotherapy or in combination with other conventional therapies has proven to be an effective clinical strategy for the treatment of patients with prostate cancer, and these therapeutic strategies are increasingly being investigated in breast cancer. This overlap suggests that targeting androgens and AR signaling in other cancer types may also be effective. This manuscript will review the role of AR in various cellular processes that promote tumorigenesis and metastasis, first in prostate cancer and then in breast cancer, as well as discuss ongoing efforts to target AR for the more effective treatment and prevention of cancer, especially breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Michmerhuizen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lori J Pierce
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Corey W Speers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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14
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Rosette C, Agan FJ, Rosette N, Mazzetti A, Moro L, Gerloni M. The Dual Androgen Receptor and Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist CB-03-10 as Potential Treatment for Tumors that have Acquired GR-mediated Resistance to AR Blockade. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2256-2266. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Moussa M, Papatsoris A, Abou Chakra M, Sryropoulou D, Dellis A. Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1431-1448. [PMID: 32469248 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1767069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a potentially symptomatic disease with an eventual lethal outcome. Novel pharmaceutical agents are continuously studied with encouraging results in CRPC. AREAS COVERED In this perspective, the authors present established and promising pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the management of CRPC; both with and without metastases. Apart from the different treatment strategies, the authors present the relevant sequence of treatment through disease progression. EXPERT OPINION Usually, docetaxel should be considered the first line treatment in mCRPC. Abiraterone acetate (AA) plus prednisone or enzalutamide (ENZ) could be alternative treatments in chemotherapy naïve patients. Sipuleucel-T has been approved for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic mCRPC. Ra-223 has been approved for patients with mCRPC with symptomatic bone metastases (not visceral metastases). Cabazitaxel has been approved as the second line treatment to docetaxel in mCRPC. No differences in the overall survival has been observed between sequences starting with docetaxel versus AA/ENZ. Between AA-to-ENZ and ENZ-to-AA sequence, the AA-to-ENZ sequence appeared to be more favorable than the ENZ-to-AA regarding progression-free survival but not overall survival. Carbazitaxel seemed to retain its activity regardless of the treatment sequence. Of note, ENZ and apalutamide have been approved in non-metastatic CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Moussa
- Department of Urology, Al Zahraa Hospital, University Medical Center, Lebanese University , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Athanasios Papatsoris
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sismanoglio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Mohamed Abou Chakra
- Department of Urology, Al Zahraa Hospital, University Medical Center, Lebanese University , Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Athanasios Dellis
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sismanoglio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Greece.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens
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16
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Kregel S, Bagamasbad P, He S, LaPensee E, Raji Y, Brogley M, Chinnaiyan A, Cieslik M, Robins DM. Differential modulation of the androgen receptor for prostate cancer therapy depends on the DNA response element. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:4741-4755. [PMID: 32198885 PMCID: PMC7229860 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) action is a hallmark of prostate cancer (PCa) with androgen deprivation being standard therapy. Yet, resistance arises and aberrant AR signaling promotes disease. We sought compounds that inhibited genes driving cancer but not normal growth and hypothesized that genes with consensus androgen response elements (cAREs) drive proliferation but genes with selective elements (sAREs) promote differentiation. In a high-throughput promoter-dependent drug screen, doxorubicin (dox) exhibited this ability, acting on DNA rather than AR. This dox effect was observed at low doses for multiple AR target genes in multiple PCa cell lines and also occurred in vivo. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that low dox downregulated cell cycle genes while high dox upregulated DNA damage response genes. In chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays with low dox, AR binding to sARE-containing enhancers increased, whereas AR was lost from cAREs. Further, ChIP-seq analysis revealed a subset of genes for which AR binding in low dox increased at pre-existing sites that included sites for prostate-specific factors such as FOXA1. AR dependence on cofactors at sAREs may be the basis for differential modulation by dox that preserves expression of genes for survival but not cancer progression. Repurposing of dox may provide unique opportunities for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kregel
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pia Bagamasbad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shihan He
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth LaPensee
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yemi Raji
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michele Brogley
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arul Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Medicine and Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcin Cieslik
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Diane M Robins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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17
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Adelaiye-Ogala R, Gryder BE, Nguyen YTM, Alilin AN, Grayson AR, Bajwa W, Jansson KH, Beshiri ML, Agarwal S, Rodriguez-Nieves JA, Capaldo B, Kelly K, VanderWeele DJ. Targeting the PI3K/AKT Pathway Overcomes Enzalutamide Resistance by Inhibiting Induction of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1436-1447. [PMID: 32371590 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K-AKT pathway has pleiotropic effects and its inhibition has long been of interest in the management of prostate cancer, where a compensatory increase in PI3K signaling has been reported following androgen receptor (AR) blockade. Prostate cancer cells can also bypass AR blockade through induction of other hormone receptors, in particular the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Here we demonstrate that AKT inhibition significantly decreases cell proliferation through both cytostatic and cytotoxic effects. The cytotoxic effect is enhanced by AR inhibition and is most pronounced in models that induce compensatory GR expression. AKT inhibition increases canonical AR activity and remodels the chromatin landscape, decreasing enhancer interaction at the GR gene (NR3C1) locus. Importantly, it blocks induction of GR expression and activity following AR blockade. This is confirmed in multiple in vivo models, where AKT inhibition of established xenografts leads to increased canonical AR activity, decreased GR expression, and marked antitumor activity. Overall, our results demonstrate that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway can block GR activity and overcome GR-mediated resistance to AR-targeted therapy. Ipatasertib is currently in clinical development, and GR induction may be a biomarker to identify responsive patients or a responsive disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Adelaiye-Ogala
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Berkley E Gryder
- Oncogenomics Section, Genetics Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yen Thi Minh Nguyen
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aian Neil Alilin
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adlai R Grayson
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wardah Bajwa
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Keith H Jansson
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael L Beshiri
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Supreet Agarwal
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Brian Capaldo
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David J VanderWeele
- Laboratory for Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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18
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Zhou C, Xiao W, Jiang T, Guo Z, Li M, Chang H, Wu Y, Chen M, Shi M, Xu W, Gao Y. Targeting SGK1 enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109954. [PMID: 32036218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a key component of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy to treat locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). However, the therapeutic effect is limited due to radioresistance. Investigating the biomarkers of radioresistance might assist in the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for LARC.In this study, we investigated the different gene expressions in tumor samples from 110 patients using transcriptome analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and identified serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) as a modulator of LARC radioresistance. We evaluated the impact of genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of the gene associated with radioresistance in vitro and in vivo. We found that the expression of SGK1 was upregulated in non-pathological complete response (non-pCR) patients. A high SGK1 expression was associated with radioresistance, whereas the genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of SGK1 expression reduced the radioresistance. We found that activate transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a regulator of SGK1 in radioresistance.In conclusion, our findings indicate that SGK1 is a key player in LARC radioresistance, and drives radioresistance in an ATF3 dependent manner, which provides insights for future radio-sensitizer design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlian Zhou
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weiwei Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Minshan Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Liver Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mude Shi
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Liver Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Weiwen Xu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yuanhong Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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19
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Ricci M, Frantellizzi V, Bulzonetti N, De Vincentis G. Reversibility of castration resistance status after Radium-223 dichloride treatment: clinical evidence and review of the literature. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:554-561. [PMID: 30557063 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1558301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the history of prostate cancer, some of the patients progressed to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) stage and, although new drugs and treatment protocols have been introduced, CRPC presents poor prognosis. This review is focused on biological mechanisms, underlying CRPC described in scientific literature in order to explain the reversion of resistance to castration. We present the case of a 73-year-old man, affected by bone metastatic CRPC, early treated with Radium-223 with a complete response. After 15 months from Radium-223 treatment, prostate-specific antigen increased with radiological progression. Androgen deprivation therapy was again performed and was effective, despite previous CRPC condition and no known mechanisms that may explain the reversion of this condition. Therefore, to our knowledge, he is the unique described case of the reversion of resistance to castration. Nevertheless, promising aspects may be lack of intrametastatic production of androgen or the suppression of bypass androgen receptor signaling pathways. Furthermore, the cytotoxic action of Radium-223 on cancer stem cell (CSC), due to surrounding clones with high-bone turnover, or the immune response that underlying the abscopal effect, may also modulate the reversion of CRPC after Radium-223. If confirmed by multicenter trials, the reversion of CRPC may impact on the management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ricci
- a Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Viviana Frantellizzi
- a Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,b PhD Program: Angio-Cardio-Thoracic Pathophisiology and Imaging , "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Nadia Bulzonetti
- c Department of Radiotherapy , Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vincentis
- a Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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20
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The Role of Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Bladder Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120484. [PMID: 30518063 PMCID: PMC6315905 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous preclinical studies have indicated that the activation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling results in inhibition of the growth of various types of tumors. Indeed, several glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone and prednisone, have been prescribed for the treatment of, for example, hematological malignancies and castration-resistant prostate cancer. By contrast, the role of glucocorticoid-mediated glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the progression of bladder cancer remains far from being fully understood. Nonetheless, emerging evidence implies its unique functions in urothelial cancer cells. Moreover, the levels of glucocorticoid receptor expression have been documented to significantly associate with the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. This review summarizes the available data suggesting the involvement of glucocorticoid-mediated glucocorticoid receptor signaling in urothelial tumor outgrowth and highlights the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. The molecules/pathways that contribute to modulating glucocorticoid receptor activity and function in bladder cancer cells are also discussed.
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21
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Lang F, Stournaras C, Zacharopoulou N, Voelkl J, Alesutan I. Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 and the response to cell stress. Cell Stress 2018; 3:1-8. [PMID: 31225494 PMCID: PMC6551677 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.01.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) is up-regulated by several types of cell stress, such as ischemia, radiation and hyperosmotic shock. The SGK1 protein is activated by a signaling cascade involving phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). SGK1 up-regulates Na+/K+-ATPase, a variety of carriers including Na+-,K+-,2Cl−- cotransporter (NKCC), NaCl cotransporter (NCC), Na+/H+ exchangers, diverse amino acid transporters and several glucose carriers such as Na+-coupled glucose transporter SGLT1. SGK1 further up-regulates a large number of ion channels including epithelial Na+ channel ENaC, voltagegated Na+ channel SCN5A, Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel (ORAI1) with its stimulator STIM1, epithelial Ca2+ channels TRPV5 and TRPV6 and diverse K+ channels. Furthermore, SGK1 influences transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), p53 tumor suppressor protein, cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) and forkhead box O3 protein (FOXO3a). Thus, SGK1 supports cellular glucose uptake and glycolysis, angiogenesis, cell survival, cell migration, and wound healing. Presumably as last line of defense against tissue injury, SGK1 fosters tissue fibrosis and tissue calcification replacing energy consuming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nefeli Zacharopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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22
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Bhanvadia RR, VanOpstall C, Brechka H, Barashi NS, Gillard M, McAuley EM, Vasquez JM, Paner G, Chan WC, Andrade J, De Marzo AM, Han M, Szmulewitz RZ, Vander Griend DJ. MEIS1 and MEIS2 Expression and Prostate Cancer Progression: A Role For HOXB13 Binding Partners in Metastatic Disease. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3668-3680. [PMID: 29716922 PMCID: PMC6082699 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Germline mutations within the MEIS-interaction domain of HOXB13 have implicated a critical function for MEIS-HOX interactions in prostate cancer etiology and progression. The functional and predictive role of changes in MEIS expression within prostate tumor progression, however, remain largely unexplored.Experimental Design: Here we utilize RNA expression datasets, annotated tissue microarrays, and cell-based functional assays to investigate the role of MEIS1 and MEIS2 in prostate cancer and metastatic progression.Results: These analyses demonstrate a stepwise decrease in the expression of both MEIS1 and MEIS2 from benign epithelia, to primary tumor, to metastatic tissues. Positive expression of MEIS proteins in primary tumors, however, is associated with a lower hazard of clinical metastasis (HR = 0.28) after multivariable analysis. Pathway and gene set enrichment analyses identified MEIS-associated networks involved in cMYC signaling, cellular proliferation, motility, and local tumor environment. Depletion of MEIS1 and MEIS2 resulted in increased tumor growth over time in vivo, and decreased MEIS expression in both patient-derived tumors and MEIS-depleted cell lines was associated with increased expression of the protumorigenic genes cMYC and CD142, and decreased expression of AXIN2, FN1, ROCK1, SERPINE2, SNAI2, and TGFβ2.Conclusions: These data implicate a functional role for MEIS proteins in regulating cancer progression, and support a hypothesis whereby tumor expression of MEIS1 and MEIS2 expression confers a more indolent prostate cancer phenotype, with a decreased propensity for metastatic progression. Clin Cancer Res; 24(15); 3668-80. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj R Bhanvadia
- The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Calvin VanOpstall
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hannah Brechka
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nimrod S Barashi
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marc Gillard
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erin M McAuley
- The Committee on Molecular Pathology and Molecular Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Juan Manuel Vasquez
- The Post-Baccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gladell Paner
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wen-Ching Chan
- The Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jorge Andrade
- The Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- The Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Misop Han
- The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Russell Z Szmulewitz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donald J Vander Griend
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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23
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Moses MA, Kim YS, Rivera-Marquez GM, Oshima N, Watson MJ, Beebe KE, Wells C, Lee S, Zuehlke AD, Shao H, Bingman WE, Kumar V, Malhotra SV, Weigel NL, Gestwicki JE, Trepel JB, Neckers LM. Targeting the Hsp40/Hsp70 Chaperone Axis as a Novel Strategy to Treat Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4022-4035. [PMID: 29764864 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is characterized by reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling, in part by elevated expression of AR splice variants (ARv) including ARv7, a constitutively active, ligand binding domain (LBD)-deficient variant whose expression has been correlated with therapeutic resistance and poor prognosis. In a screen to identify small-molecule dual inhibitors of both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent AR gene signatures, we identified the chalcone C86. Binding studies using purified proteins and CRPC cell lysates revealed C86 to interact with Hsp40. Pull-down studies using biotinylated-C86 found Hsp40 present in a multiprotein complex with full-length (FL-) AR, ARv7, and Hsp70 in CRPC cells. Treatment of CRPC cells with C86 or the allosteric Hsp70 inhibitor JG98 resulted in rapid protein destabilization of both FL-AR and ARv, including ARv7, concomitant with reduced FL-AR- and ARv7-mediated transcriptional activity. The glucocorticoid receptor, whose elevated expression in a subset of CRPC also leads to androgen-independent AR target gene transcription, was also destabilized by inhibition of Hsp40 or Hsp70. In vivo, Hsp40 or Hsp70 inhibition demonstrated single-agent and combinatorial activity in a 22Rv1 CRPC xenograft model. These data reveal that, in addition to recognized roles of Hsp40 and Hsp70 in FL-AR LBD remodeling, ARv lacking the LBD remain dependent on molecular chaperones for stability and function. Our findings highlight the feasibility and potential benefit of targeting the Hsp40/Hsp70 chaperone axis to treat prostate cancer that has become resistant to standard antiandrogen therapy.Significance: These findings highlight the feasibility of targeting the Hsp40/Hsp70 chaperone axis to treat CRPC that has become resistant to standard antiandrogen therapy. Cancer Res; 78(14); 4022-35. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Moses
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeong Sang Kim
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Genesis M Rivera-Marquez
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nobu Oshima
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew J Watson
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristin E Beebe
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Catherine Wells
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Abbey D Zuehlke
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William E Bingman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sanjay V Malhotra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nancy L Weigel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jane B Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leonard M Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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24
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Lang F, Pelzl L, Hauser S, Hermann A, Stournaras C, Schöls L. To die or not to die SGK1-sensitive ORAI/STIM in cell survival. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:29-34. [PMID: 29807219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pore forming Ca2+ release activated Ca2+ channel (CRAC) isoforms ORAI1-3 and their regulators STIM1,2 accomplish store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Activation of SOCE may lead to cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations, which in turn support cell proliferation and cell survival. ORAI/STIM and thus SOCE are upregulated by the serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1, a kinase under powerful genomic regulation and activated by phosphorylation via the phosphoinositol-3-phosphate pathway. SGK1 enhances ORAI1 abundance partially by phosphorylation of Nedd4-2, an ubiquitin ligase priming the channel protein for degradation. The SGK1-phosphorylated Nedd4-2 binds to the protein 14-3-3 and is thus unable to ubiquinate ORAI1. SGK1 further increases the ORAI1 and STIM1 protein abundance by activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor upregulating the expression of STIM1 and ORAI1. SGK1-sensitive upregulation of ORAI/STIM and thus SOCE is triggered by a wide variety of hormones and growth factors, as well as several cell stressors including ischemia, radiation, and cell shrinkage. SGK1 dependent upregulation of ORAI/STIM confers survival of tumor cells and thus impacts on growth and therapy resistance of cancer. On the other hand, SGK1-dependent upregulation of ORAI1 and STIM1 may support survival of neurons and impairment of SGK1-dependent ORAI/STIM activity may foster neurodegeneration. Clearly, further experimental effort is needed to define the mechanisms linking SGK1-dependent upregulation of ORAI1 and STIM1 to cell survival and to define the impact of SGK1-dependent upregulation of ORAI1 and STIM1 on malignancy and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Vegetative Physiology, Eberhad Karls University, Wilhelmstr. 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lisann Pelzl
- Department of Vegetative Physiology, Eberhad Karls University, Wilhelmstr. 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany & DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Dresden, Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Guddati AK. Current and potential targets for drug design in the androgen receptor pathway for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:489-496. [PMID: 29621897 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1455662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Modulating the androgen axis by different agents has been one of the most successful therapeutic interventions in the field of prostate cancer therapy. Newer agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide have been widely adapted and have contributed to an increase in the overall survival of prostate cancer patients. However, most of these patients will develop resistance to these agents and will need chemotherapy. Areas covered: In this review, this author discusses current agents which modulate the androgen axis, the mechanisms of resistance to these agents and investigative agents which are designed to bypass these mechanisms of resistance. Potential targets in the androgen axis and related biochemical pathways are, furthermore, identified. Expert opinion: Understanding the mechanism of resistance to these agents is crucial in developing third generation anti-androgen agents which can potentially contribute to the longevity of prostate cancer patients to a greater extent. Besides developing more potent agents, it is also important to formulate new strategies to resensitize patients to current anti-androgen agents by carefully sequencing chemotherapy regimens and abrogating genetic changes which are known to cause resistance to anti-androgens. Combinatorial approach with immunotherapy offers prospects which may yield better results and need to be thoroughly explored.
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26
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Liu W, Wang X, Wang Y, Dai Y, Xie Y, Ping Y, Yin B, Yu P, Liu Z, Duan X, Liao Z, Chen Y, Liu C, Li X, Tao Z. SGK1 inhibition-induced autophagy impairs prostate cancer metastasis by reversing EMT. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:73. [PMID: 29609629 PMCID: PMC5879613 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite SGK1 has been identified and characterized as a tumor-promoting gene, the functions and underlying mechanisms of SGK1 involved in metastasis regulation have not yet been investigated in cancer. Methods We investigated the cellular responses to GSK650394 treatment and SGK1 silencing (or overexpression) in human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines and PC3 xenografts by wound healing assay, migration and invasion assay, western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Results In the present study, we found that SGK1 expression positively correlates with human prostate cancer (PCa) progression and metastasis. We show that SGK1 inhibition significantly attenuates EMT and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo, whereas overexpression of SGK1 dramaticlly promoted the invasion and migration of PCa cells. Our further results suggest that SGK1 inhibition induced antimetastatic effects, at least partially via autophagy-mediated repression of EMT through the downregulation of Snail. Moreover, ectopic expression of SGK1 obviously attenuated the GSK650394-induced autophagy and antimetastatic effects. What’s more, dual inhibition of mTOR and SGK1 enhances autophagy and leads to synergistic antimetastatic effects on PCa cells. Conclusions Taken together, this study unveils a novel mechanism in which SGK1 functions as a tumor metastasis-promoting gene and highlights how co-targeting SGK1 and autophagy restrains cancer progression due to the amplified antimetastatic effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0743-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibei Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ping
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binbin Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoping Liao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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27
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Huang Y, Jiang X, Liang X, Jiang G. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of castration resistant prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6063-6076. [PMID: 29616091 PMCID: PMC5876469 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With increases in the mortality rate and number of patients with prostate cancer (PCa), PCa, particularly the advanced and metastatic disease, has been the focus of a number of studies globally. Over the past seven decades, androgen deprivation therapy has been the primary therapeutic option for patients with advanced PCa; however, the majority of patients developed a poor prognosis stage of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which eventually led to mortality. Due to CRPC being incurable, laboratory investigations and clinical studies focusing on CRPC have been conducted worldwide. Clarification of the molecular pathways that may lead to CRPC is important for discovering novel therapeutic strategies to delay or reverse the progression of disease. A sustained androgen receptor (AR) signal is still regarded as the main cause of CRPC. Increasing number of studies have proposed different potential mechanisms that cause CRPC, and this has led to the development of novel agents targeting the AR-dependent pathway or AR-independent signaling. In the present review, the major underlying mechanisms causing CRPC, including several major categories of AR-dependent mechanisms, AR bypass signaling, AR-independent mechanisms and other important hypotheses (including the functions of autophagy, PCa stem cell and microRNAs in CRPC progression), are summarized with retrospective pre-clinical or clinical trials to guide future research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiao Huang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Xianhan Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Xue Liang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Ganggang Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
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28
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Liu W, Wang X, Liu Z, Wang Y, Yin B, Yu P, Duan X, Liao Z, Chen Y, Liu C, Li X, Dai Y, Tao Z. SGK1 inhibition induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis via the mTOR-Foxo3a pathway. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1139-1153. [PMID: 29017179 PMCID: PMC5674106 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although inhibition of SGK1 has been shown to delay cancer progression, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. METHODS We investigated the cellular responses to GSK650394 treatment and SGK1 silencing (or overexpression) in human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines and PC3 xenografts by flow cytometry, western blotting, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the present study, we demonstrated that SGK1 inhibition, mediated by either GSK650394 or SGK1 shRNA, induced G2/M arrest, apoptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, 3MA-mediated autophagy inhibition attenuated SGK1 inhibition-induced apoptosis, suggesting that induction of autophagy precedes apoptosis. Moreover, ectopic expression of SGK1 significantly attenuated the GSK650394-induced effects. Suppression of mTOR and Foxo3a phosphorylation is critical for blockade of SGK1-induced autophagy and apoptosis, at least partially via pFoxo3a (S253)-LC3 and pFoxo3a (S253)-p27 interactions. Dual inhibition of mTOR and SGK1 enhances autophagy activation and leads to synergistic cytocidal effects in PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings show that SGK1 inhibition exhibits significant antitumour effects against PCa in vitro and in vivo. This study uncovered a novel mechanism of SGK1 inhibition in PCa, which is mediated, at least in part, by inducing autophagy-dependent apoptosis via the mTOR-Foxo3a pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhenping Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Binbin Yin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhaoping Liao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yibei Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
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29
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Liu L, Aleksandrowicz E, Schönsiegel F, Gröner D, Bauer N, Nwaeburu CC, Zhao Z, Gladkich J, Hoppe-Tichy T, Yefenof E, Hackert T, Strobel O, Herr I. Dexamethasone mediates pancreatic cancer progression by glucocorticoid receptor, TGFβ and JNK/AP-1. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3064. [PMID: 28981109 PMCID: PMC5680577 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone are widely co-prescribed with cytotoxic therapy because of their proapoptotic effects in lymphoid cancer, reduction of inflammation and edema and additional benefits. Concerns about glucocorticoid-induced therapy resistance, enhanced metastasis and reduced survival of patients are largely not considered. We analyzed dexamethasone-induced tumor progression in three established and one primary human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cell lines and in PDA tissue from patients and xenografts by FACS and western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, MTT and wound assay, colony and spheroid formation, EMSA and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis of tumor xenografts on chicken eggs and mice. Dexamethasone in concentrations observed in plasma of patients favored epithelial–mesenchymal transition, self-renewal potential and cancer progression. Ras/JNK signaling, enhanced expression of TGFβ, vimentin, Notch-1 and SOX-2 and the inhibition of E-cadherin occurred. This was confirmed in patient and xenograft tissue, where dexamethasone induced tumor proliferation, gemcitabine resistance and metastasis. Inhibition of each TGFβ receptor-I, glucocorticoid receptor or JNK signaling partially reversed the dexamethasone-mediated effects, suggesting a complex signaling network. These data reveal that dexamethasone mediates progression by membrane effects and binding to glucocorticoid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Section Surgical Research, Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ewa Aleksandrowicz
- Section Surgical Research, Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Schönsiegel
- Section Surgical Research, Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Gröner
- Section Surgical Research, Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Bauer
- Section Surgical Research, Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clifford C Nwaeburu
- Section Surgical Research, Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhefu Zhao
- Section Surgical Research, Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jury Gladkich
- Section Surgical Research, Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Eitan Yefenof
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Herr
- Section Surgical Research, Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Abstract
The androgen-signaling axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Since the landmark discovery by Huggins and Hodges, gonadal depletion of androgens has remained a mainstay of therapy for advanced disease. However, progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) typically follows and is largely the result of restored androgen signaling. Efforts to understand the mechanisms behind CRPC have revealed new insights into dysregulated androgen signaling and intratumoral androgen synthesis, which has ultimately led to the development of several novel androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies for CRPC. However, emergence of resistance to these newer agents has also galvanized new directions in investigations of prereceptor and postreceptor AR regulation. Here, we review our current understanding of AR signaling as it pertains to the biology and natural history of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dai
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Hannelore Heemers
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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31
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Lang F, Guelinckx I, Lemetais G, Melander O. Two Liters a Day Keep the Doctor Away? Considerations on the Pathophysiology of Suboptimal Fluid Intake in the Common Population. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:483-494. [PMID: 28787716 DOI: 10.1159/000479640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Suboptimal fluid intake may require enhanced release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin for the maintenance of adequate hydration. Enhanced copeptin levels (reflecting enhanced vasopressin levels) in 25% of the common population are associated with enhanced risk of metabolic syndrome with abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, vascular dementia, cognitive impairment, microalbuminuria, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and premature mortality. Vasopressin stimulates the release of glucocorticoids which in turn up-regulate the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). Moreover, dehydration upregulates the transcription factor NFAT5, which in turn stimulates SGK1 expression. SGK1 is activated by insulin, growth factors and oxidative stress via phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase PDK1 and mTOR. SGK1 is a powerful stimulator of Na+/K+-ATPase, carriers (e.g. the Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransporter NKCC, the NaCl cotransporter NCC, the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3, and the Na+ coupled glucose transporter SGLT1), and ion channels (e.g. the epithelial Na+ channel ENaC, the Ca2+ release activated Ca2+ channel Orai1 with its stimulator STIM1, and diverse K+ channels). SGK1 further participates in the regulation of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa-B NFκB, p53, cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), activator protein-1, and forkhead transcription factor FKHR-L1 (FOXO3a). Enhanced SGK1 activity fosters the development of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, thrombosis, stroke, inflammation including inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune disease, cardiac fibrosis, proteinuria, renal failure as well as tumor growth. The present brief review makes the case that suboptimal fluid intake in the common population may enhance vasopressin and glucocorticoid levels thus up-regulating SGK1 expression and favouring the development of SGK1 related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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32
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Abstract
Successful cancer metastasis relies on the ability of cancer cells to survive independently of attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to overcome ECM-detachment-induced death programs. This can be accomplished through activating mutations in cellular oncogenes that subsequently lead to the inhibition of anoikis and to alterations in productive metabolism. One example of such an oncogene is Ras which is found to be mutated and hyperactivated in a variety of distinct cancers. Despite numerous studies on Ras, the precise molecular mechanisms that facilitate survival during ECM-detachment remain poorly understood. Recently, we discovered that ECM-detached cells harboring oncogenic Ras mutations require signaling through the PI(3)K/SGK1 signaling axis to promote survival. Furthermore, we found that oncogenic Ras can concurrently diminish PHLPP1 phosphatase levels, which results in a decrease in p38 MAPK-mediated activation of anoikis. Thus, our data suggest that cancer cells with activating Ras mutations can survive during ECM-detachment using downstream effector molecules that modulate distinct pathways. Overall, these data suggest that new therapeutic interventions that aim to mitigate SGK1 signaling and activate the p38 MAPK activity may aid in specifically targeting and eliminating metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Mason
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
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33
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Kach J, Long TM, Selman P, Tonsing-Carter EY, Bacalao MA, Lastra RR, de Wet L, Comiskey S, Gillard M, VanOpstall C, West DC, Chan WC, Griend DV, Conzen SD, Szmulewitz RZ. Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators (SGRMs) Delay Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1680-1692. [PMID: 28428441 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and activity following androgen blockade can contribute to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression. Therefore, we hypothesized that GR antagonism will have therapeutic benefit in CRPC. However, the FDA-approved nonselective, steroidal GR antagonist, mifepristone, lacks GR specificity, reducing its therapeutic potential. Here, we report that two novel nonsteroidal and highly selective GR modulators (SGRM), CORT118335 and CORT108297, have the ability to block GR activity in prostate cancer and slow CRPC progression. In contrast to mifepristone, these novel SGRMs did not affect androgen receptor (AR) signaling, but potently inhibited GR transcriptional activity. Importantly, SGRMs decreased GR-mediated tumor cell viability following AR blockade. In vivo, SGRMs significantly inhibited CRPC progression in high GR-expressing, but not in low GR-expressing xenograft models. Transcriptome analysis following AR blockade and GR activation revealed that these SGRMs block GR-mediated proliferative gene expression pathways. Furthermore, GR-regulated proliferation-associated genes AKAP12, FKBP5, SGK1, CEBPD, and ZBTB16 are inhibited by CORT108297 treatment in vivo Together, these data suggest that GR-selective nonsteroidal SGRMs potently inhibit GR activity and prostate cancer growth despite AR pathway inhibition, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of SGRMs in GR-expressing CRPC. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1680-92. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kach
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tiha M Long
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Phillip Selman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Maria A Bacalao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ricardo R Lastra
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Larischa de Wet
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shane Comiskey
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marc Gillard
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Diana C West
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wen-Ching Chan
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Suzanne D Conzen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Kroon J, Puhr M, Buijs JT, van der Horst G, Hemmer DM, Marijt KA, Hwang MS, Masood M, Grimm S, Storm G, Metselaar JM, Meijer OC, Culig Z, van der Pluijm G. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism reverts docetaxel resistance in human prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:35-45. [PMID: 26483423 PMCID: PMC4657186 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to docetaxel is a major clinical problem in advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Although glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used in combination with docetaxel, it is unclear to what extent GCs and their receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), contribute to the chemotherapy resistance. In this study, we aim to elucidate the role of the GR in docetaxel-resistant PCa in order to improve the current PCa therapies. GR expression was analyzed in a tissue microarray of primary PCa specimens from chemonaive and docetaxel-treated patients, and in cultured PCa cell lines with an acquired docetaxel resistance (PC3-DR, DU145-DR, and 22Rv1-DR). We found a robust overexpression of the GR in primary PCa from docetaxel-treated patients and enhanced GR levels in cultured docetaxel-resistant human PCa cells, indicating a key role of the GR in docetaxel resistance. The capability of the GR antagonists (RU-486 and cyproterone acetate) to revert docetaxel resistance was investigated and revealed significant resensitization of docetaxel-resistant PCa cells for docetaxel treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner, in which a complete restoration of docetaxel sensitivity was achieved in both androgen receptor (AR)-negative and AR-positive cell lines. Mechanistically, we demonstrated down-regulation of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 upon GR antagonism, thereby defining potential treatment targets. In conclusion, we describe the involvement of the GR in the acquisition of docetaxel resistance in human PCa. Therapeutic targeting of the GR effectively resensitizes docetaxel-resistant PCa cells. These findings warrant further investigation of the clinical utility of the GR antagonists in the management of patients with advanced and docetaxel-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kroon
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Puhr
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen T Buijs
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje van der Horst
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle M Hemmer
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Koen A Marijt
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ming S Hwang
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Motasim Masood
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Grimm
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabri van der Pluijm
- Department of UrologyLeiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Targeted TherapeuticsMIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The NetherlandsDepartment of UrologyMedical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaDepartment of Clinical OncologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDivision of Experimental MedicineImperial College London, London, UKDepartment of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Steroid receptors for androgens and estrogens have essential roles in prostate and breast cancers. Recently, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity has also been proposed as having an important role in these cancers. Underscoring the cooperative nature of nuclear receptor activity, data now suggest that GR function in prostate and breast cancers is dependent on the tumor's concomitant androgen or estrogen receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kach
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Suzanne D Conzen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Ben May Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave. MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Russell Z Szmulewitz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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36
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Pihlajamaa P, Sahu B, Jänne OA. Determinants of Receptor- and Tissue-Specific Actions in Androgen Signaling. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:357-84. [PMID: 26052734 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The physiological androgens testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone regulate the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics through binding to the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. In addition, a number of nonreproductive tissues of both genders are subject to androgen regulation. AR is also a central target in the treatment of prostate cancer. A large number of studies over the last decade have characterized many regulatory aspects of the AR pathway, such as androgen-dependent transcription programs, AR cistromes, and coregulatory proteins, mostly in cultured cells of prostate cancer origin. Moreover, recent work has revealed the presence of pioneer/licensing factors and chromatin modifications that are important to guide receptor recruitment onto appropriate chromatin loci in cell lines and in tissues under physiological conditions. Despite these advances, current knowledge related to the mechanisms responsible for receptor- and tissue-specific actions of androgens is still relatively limited. Here, we review topics that pertain to these specificity issues at different levels, both in cultured cells and tissues in vivo, with a particular emphasis on the nature of the steroid, the response element sequence, the AR cistromes, pioneer/licensing factors, and coregulatory proteins. We conclude that liganded AR and its DNA-response elements are required but are not sufficient for establishment of tissue-specific transcription programs in vivo, and that AR-selective actions over other steroid receptors rely on relaxed rather than increased stringency of cis-elements on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pihlajamaa
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Biswajyoti Sahu
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli A Jänne
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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37
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Schmidt S, Liu G, Liu G, Yang W, Honisch S, Pantelakos S, Stournaras C, Hönig A, Lang F. Enhanced Orai1 and STIM1 expression as well as store operated Ca2+ entry in therapy resistant ovary carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4799-810. [PMID: 25015419 PMCID: PMC4148100 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying therapy resistance of tumor cells include protein kinase Akt. Putative Akt targets include store-operated Ca2+-entry (SOCE) accomplished by pore forming ion channel unit Orai1 and its regulator STIM1. We explored whether therapy resistant (A2780cis) differ from therapy sensitive (A2780) ovary carcinoma cells in Akt, Orai1, and STIM1 expression, Ca2+-signaling and cell survival following cisplatin (100μM) treatment. Transcript levels were quantified with RT-PCR, protein abundance with Western blotting, cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) with Fura-2-fluorescence, SOCE from increase of [Ca2+]i following Ca2+-readdition after Ca2+-store depletion, and apoptosis utilizing flow cytometry. Transcript levels of Orai1 and STIM1, protein expression of Orai1, STIM1, and phosphorylated Akt, as well as SOCE were significantly higher in A2780cis than A2780 cells. SOCE was decreased by Akt inhibitor III (SH-6, 10μM) in A2780cis but not A2780 cells and decreased in both cell lines by Orai1 inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-ABP, 50μM). Phosphatidylserine exposure and late apoptosis following cisplatin treatment were significantly lower in A2780cis than A2780 cells, a difference virtually abolished by SH-6 or 2-ABP. In conclusion, Orai1/STIM1 expression and function are increased in therapy resistant ovary carcinoma cells, a property at least in part due to enhanced Akt activity and contributing to therapy resistance in those cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, D72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, D72076 Tübingen, Germany
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38
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Geynisman DM, Szmulewitz RZ, Plimack ER. Corticosteroids and Prostate Cancer: Friend or Foe? Eur Urol 2015; 67:874-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ferraldeschi R, Welti J, Luo J, Attard G, de Bono JS. Targeting the androgen receptor pathway in castration-resistant prostate cancer: progresses and prospects. Oncogene 2015; 34:1745-57. [PMID: 24837363 PMCID: PMC4333106 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a critical pathway for prostate cancer cells, and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the principal treatment for patients with locally advanced and metastatic disease. However, over time, most tumors become resistant to ADT. The view of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has changed dramatically in the last several years. Progress in understanding the disease biology and mechanisms of castration resistance led to significant advancements and to paradigm shift in the treatment. Accumulating evidence showed that prostate cancers develop adaptive mechanisms for maintaining AR signaling to allow for survival and further evolution. The aim of this review is to summarize molecular mechanisms of castration resistance and provide an update in the development of novel agents and strategies to more effectively target the AR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ferraldeschi
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - J Welti
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - J Luo
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Attard
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - JS de Bono
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
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40
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Berdel HO, Yin H, Liu JY, Grochowska K, Middleton C, Yanasak N, Abdelsayed R, Berdel WE, Mozaffari M, Yu JC, Baban B. Targeting serum glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a novel modality of local control. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113795. [PMID: 25485633 PMCID: PMC4259465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The inhibition of serum glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 (SGK-1) has been found to decrease growth of colon and prostate cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effect of SGK-1 inhibition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Experimental Design Human head and neck tumors (HTB41/43) were established in athymic mice. Growth rates between mice treated with vehicle (PBS) injection (group 1, n = 5), SGK-1 Inhibitor GSK 650394 (group 2, n = 6), systemic cisplatin (group 3, n = 6), and a combination of SGK-1 Inhibitor and cisplatin (group 4, n = 6) were compared using repeated measures one-way ANOVA with Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison Test. Tumor cells were subsequently submitted to further analyses. Results At the end of the experiment mean tumor sizes were 122.33+/−105.86, 76.73+/−36.09, 94.52+/−75.92, and 25.76+/−14.89 mm2 (mean +/− SD) for groups 1 to 4. Groups 2 and 3 showed decreased tumor growth compared to controls (p<0.001). Group 4 displayed even greater growth suppression (p<0.0001). Importantly, group 4 fared better than group 3 (p<0.001). CD44 expression was reduced in group 2 (p<0.05), and to an even greater extent in groups 3 and 4 (p<0.0025). A trend towards reduction of HER 2 expression was noted in group 4. Conclusions SGK-1 inhibition suppresses tumor growth, and in combination with systemic cisplatin exceeds the effect of cisplatin alone. Decreased expression of CD44 and HER 2 implies depletion of tumor stem cells, and less tumorigenicity. SGK-1 inhibition represents a potential modality of local control for palliation in advanced cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik O. Berdel
- Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Palmetto Health/University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Yin
- Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China
| | - Jun Yao Liu
- Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Nathan Yanasak
- Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Rafik Abdelsayed
- Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Jack C. Yu
- Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Babak Baban
- Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Xu K, Liu P, Wei W. mTOR signaling in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:638-54. [PMID: 25450580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
mTOR (the mechanistic target of rapamycin) is an atypical serine/threonine kinase involved in regulating major cellular functions including growth and proliferation. Deregulation of the mTOR signaling pathway is one of the most commonly observed pathological alterations in human cancers. To this end, oncogenic activation of the mTOR signaling pathway contributes to cancer cell growth, proliferation and survival, highlighting the potential for targeting the oncogenic mTOR pathway members as an effective anti-cancer strategy. In order to do so, a thorough understanding of the physiological roles of key mTOR signaling pathway components and upstream regulators would guide future targeted therapies. Thus, in this review, we summarize available genetic mouse models for mTORC1 and mTORC2 components, as well as characterized mTOR upstream regulators and downstream targets, and assign a potential oncogenic or tumor suppressive role for each evaluated molecule. Together, our work will not only facilitate the current understanding of mTOR biology and possible future research directions, but more importantly, provide a molecular basis for targeted therapies aiming at key oncogenic members along the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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42
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Ishiguro H, Kawahara T, Zheng Y, Netto GJ, Miyamoto H. Reduced glucocorticoid receptor expression predicts bladder tumor recurrence and progression. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 142:157-64. [PMID: 25015855 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpu8ucezyg4wtv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the levels of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in bladder tumors because the status and its prognostic value remain largely unknown. METHODS We immunohistochemically stained for GR in bladder tumor and matched non-neoplastic bladder tissue specimens. RESULTS Overall, GR was positive in 129 (87%) of 149 urothelial tumors, which was significantly (P=.026) lower than in non-neoplastic urothelium (90 [96%] of 94). Forty-two (79%) of 53 low-grade tumors vs 45 (47%) of 96 high-grade carcinomas (P<.001) and 61 (73%) of 84 non-muscle-invasive (NMI) tumors vs 26 (40%) of 65 muscle-invasive (MI) carcinomas (P<.001) were moderately to strongly immunoreactive for GR. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests revealed that loss or weak positivity of GR significantly or marginally correlated with recurrence of NMI tumors (P=.025), progression of MI tumors (P=.082), and cancer-specific survival of MI tumors (P=.067). Multivariate analysis identified low GR expression as a strong predictor for recurrence of NMI tumors (P=.034). CONCLUSIONS GR expression was downregulated in bladder tumors compared with nonneoplastic bladder tumors and in high-grade/MI tumors compared with low-grade/NMI tumors. Decreased expression of GR, as an independent prognosticator, predicted recurrence of NMI tumors. These results support experimental evidence suggesting an inhibitory role of GR signals in bladder cancer outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ishiguro
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Takashi Kawahara
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Yichun Zheng
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - George J. Netto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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Androgen receptor splice variants in the era of enzalutamide and abiraterone. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:265-73. [PMID: 25048254 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The FDA approvals of enzalutamide and abiraterone have rapidly changed the clinical landscape of prostate cancer treatment. Both drugs were designed to further suppress androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which is restored following first-line androgen deprivation therapies. Resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone, however, is again marked by a return of AR signaling, indicating a remarkable "addiction" of prostate cancer cells to the AR pathway. Several mechanisms of castration resistance have been uncovered in the past decades, featuring a wide spectrum of molecular alterations that may explain sustained AR signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC). Among these, the androgen receptor splice variants (AR-Vs), particularly variant 7 (AR-V7), have been implicated in resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in preclinical studies, and they cannot be targeted by currently available AR-directed drugs. Drug development for AR-V-associated CRPC may therefore be necessary to augment the preexisting treatment repertoire. In this mini-review, we will discuss general mechanisms of resistance to AR-directed therapies, with a focus on the role of androgen receptor splice variants in the new era of treating advanced prostate cancer with enzalutamide and abiraterone.
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Zhao B, Choi JP, Jaehne M, Gao YRE, Desai R, Tuckermann J, Zhou H, Handelsman DJ, Simanainen U. Glucocorticoid receptor in prostate epithelia is not required for corticosteroid-induced epithelial hyperproliferation in the mouse prostate. Prostate 2014; 74:1068-78. [PMID: 24862220 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are used as a last resort treatment for prostate cancer but the cell-specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediated actions and the role of endogenous glucocorticoids in prostate are not understood. METHODS We evaluated the influence of prostate epithelial GR mediated actions of glucocorticoids in prostate structural development by comparing the intact wild-type (WT) and prostate epithelia selective GR knockout (peGRKO) males at 8, 20, and 35 weeks of age. We also determined the cell-specific role of GR on corticosterone treatment induced prostate abnormalities by treating peGRKO and WT male mice with corticosterone depot pellets or placebo for 4 weeks. RESULTS GR was not expressed in the epithelial cells of peGRKO prostate unlike WT but was expressed in stromal of both peGRKO and WT mice. Nevertheless, prostate weights, histological appearance, and secretory protein probasin expression in peGRKO were no different from WT. Despite lacking epithelial GR, the peGRKO prostate demonstrated corticosterone treatment induced hyperplasia similar to WT suggesting that stromal rather than epithelial GR mediates the hyperproliferative mouse prostate response to corticosterone. As circulating androgen levels were not affected by corticosterone treatment, this effect is likely to be mediated directly via prostate GR. CONCLUSIONS Sustained administration of corticosterone induces prostate hyperplasia, which is mediated via GR expressed predominantly in the stroma. Thus GR mediated actions in the prostate may have significant cell-specific effects that could be utilized for more rational therapeutic approaches in prostate cancer treatment. This also illustrates the paracrine hormonal mechanisms in prostate pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Glucocorticoid receptor activity contributes to resistance to androgen-targeted therapy in prostate cancer. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:72-89. [PMID: 24615402 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite new treatments for castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the prognosis of patients with CRPC remains bleak due to acquired resistance to androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and AR share several transcriptional targets, including the anti-apoptotic genes serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and Map kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1)/dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1). Because GR expression increases in a subset of primary prostate cancer (PC) following androgen deprivation therapy, we sought to determine whether GR activation can contribute to resistance to AR-directed therapy. We studied CWR-22Rv1 and LAPC4 AR/GR-expressing PC cell lines following treatment with combinations of the androgen R1881, AR antagonist MDV3100, GR agonist dexamethasone, GR antagonists mifepristone and CORT 122928, or the SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394. Cell lines stably expressing GR (NR3C1)-targeted shRNA or ectopic SGK1-Flag were also studied in vivo. GR activation diminished the effects of the AR antagonist MDV3100 on tumor cell viability. In addition, GR activation increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) secretion and induced SGKI and MKP1/DUSP gene expression. Glucocorticoid-mediated cell viability was diminished by a GR antagonist or by co-treatment with the SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394. In vivo, GR depletion delayed castrate-resistant tumor formation, while SGK1-Flag-overexpressing PC xenografts displayed accelerated castrate-resistant tumor initiation, supporting a role for SGK1 in GR-mediated CRPC progression. We studied several PC models before and following treatment with androgen blockade and found that increased GR expression and activity contributed to tumor-promoting PC cell viability. Increased GR-regulated SGK1 expression appears, at least in part, to mediate enhanced PC cell survival. Therefore, GR and/or SGK1 inhibition may be useful adjuncts to AR blockade for treating CRPC.
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Mori S, Nada S, Kimura H, Tajima S, Takahashi Y, Kitamura A, Oneyama C, Okada M. The mTOR pathway controls cell proliferation by regulating the FoxO3a transcription factor via SGK1 kinase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88891. [PMID: 24558442 PMCID: PMC3928304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions as a component of two large complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which play crucial roles in regulating cell growth and homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which mTOR controls cell proliferation remain elusive. Here we show that the FoxO3a transcription factor is coordinately regulated by mTORC1 and mTORC2, and plays a crucial role in controlling cell proliferation. To dissect mTOR signaling, mTORC1 was specifically inactivated by depleting p18, an essential anchor of mTORC1 on lysosomes. mTORC1 inactivation caused a marked retardation of cell proliferation, which was associated with upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs). Although Akt was activated by mTORC1 inactivation, FoxO3a was upregulated via an epigenetic mechanism and hypophosphorylated at Ser314, which resulted in its nuclear accumulation. Consistently, mTORC1 inactivation induced downregulation of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1), the kinase responsible for Ser314 phosphorylation. Expression of FoxO3a mutated at Ser314 suppressed cell proliferation by inducing CDKI expression. SGK1 overexpression suppressed CDKI expression in p18-deficient cells, whereas SGK1 knockdown induced CDKI expression in wild-type cells, resulting in the suppression of cell proliferation. These results suggest that mTORC1, in coordination with mTORC2, controls cell proliferation by regulating FoxO3a gene expression and SGK1-mediated phosphorylation of FoxO3a at Ser314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Mori
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Kimura
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoji Tajima
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kitamura
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chitose Oneyama
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Lang F, Stournaras C, Alesutan I. Regulation of transport across cell membranes by the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1. Mol Membr Biol 2014; 31:29-36. [PMID: 24417516 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2013.874598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) is genomically upregulated by cell stress including energy depletion and hyperosmotic shock as well as a variety of hormones including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and TGFβ. SGK1 is activated by insulin, growth factors and oxidative stress via phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase PDK1 and mTOR. SGK1 is a powerful stimulator of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, carriers (e.g., NCC, NKCC, NHE1, NHE3, SGLT1, several amino acid transporters) and ion channels (e.g., ENaC, SCN5A, TRPV4-6, ORAI1/STIM1, ROMK, KCNE1/KCNQ1, GluR6, CFTR). Mechanisms employed by SGK1 in transport regulation include direct phosphorylation of target transport proteins, phosphorylation and thus activation of other transport regulating kinases, stabilization of membrane proteins by phosphorylation and thus inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase NEDD4-2, as well as stimulation of transport protein expression by upregulation transcription factors (e.g., nuclear factor kappa-B [NFκB]) and by fostering of protein translation. SGK1 sensitivity of pump, carrier and channel activities participate in the regulation of epithelial transport, cardiac and neuronal excitability, degranulation, platelet function, migration, cell proliferation and apoptosis. SGK1-sensitive functions do not require the presence of SGK1 but are markedly upregulated by SGK1. Accordingly, the phenotype of SGK1 knockout mice is mild. The mice are, however, less sensitive to excessive activation of transport by glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, insulin and inflammation. Moreover, excessive SGK1 activity contributes to the pathophysiology of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, thrombosis, stroke, inflammation, autoimmune disease, fibrosis and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen , Germany and
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Schmidt S, Schneider S, Yang W, Liu G, Schmidt EM, Schmid E, Mia S, Brucker S, Stournaras C, Wallwiener D, Brosens JJ, Lang F. TGFβ1 and SGK1-sensitive store-operated Ca2+ entry and Orai1 expression in endometrial Ishikawa cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2013; 20:139-47. [PMID: 24043696 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The serum-and-glucocorticoid-inducible-kinase-1 (SGK1) is ubiquitously expressed and under genomic control by cell stress, hormones and further mediators. A most powerful stimulator of SGK1 expression is transforming growth factor TGFβ1. SGK1 is activated by insulin and growth factors via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase PDK1. As shown recently, SGK1 increases the store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), which is accomplished by the pore-forming ion channel unit Orai. Most recent observations further revealed that SGK1 plays a critical role in the regulation of fertility. SGK1 is up-regulated in the luminal epithelium of women with unexplained infertility but down-regulated in decidualizing stromal cells of patients with recurrent pregnancy loss. The present study explored whether Orai1 is expressed in endometrium and sensitive to regulation by SGK1 and/or TGFβ1. To this end, Orai1 protein abundance was determined by western blotting and SOCE by fura-2 fluorescence. As a result, Orai1 was expressed in human endometrium and in human endometrial Ishikawa cells. Orai1 expression and SOCE in Ishikawa cells were increased by transfection with constitutively active (S422D)SGK1 but not by transfection with inactive (K127N)SGK1. The difference of SOCE between (S422D)SGK1 and (K127N)SGK1-transfected cells was virtually abrogated in the presence of Orai1 inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB, 50 µM). Similar to (S422D)SGK1 transfection TGFβ1 treatment up-regulated both Orai1 protein abundance and SOCE. In conclusion, Orai1 is expressed in the human endometrium and is up-regulated by SGK1 and TGFβ1. The present observations thus uncover a novel element in SGK1-sensitive regulation of endometrial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, D72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Lang F, Voelkl J. Therapeutic potential of serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase inhibition. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:701-14. [PMID: 23506284 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.778971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Expression of serum-and-glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK1) is low in most cells, but dramatically increases under certain pathophysiological conditions, such as glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid excess, inflammation with TGFβ release, hyperglycemia, cell shrinkage and ischemia. SGK1 is activated by insulin and growth factors via phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. SGK1 sensitive functions include activation of ion channels (including epithelial Na(+) channel ENaC, voltage gated Na(+) channel SCN5A transient receptor potential channels TRPV4 - 6, Ca(2+) release activated Ca(2+) channel Orai1/STIM1, renal outer medullary K(+) channel ROMK, voltage gated K(+) channels KCNE1/KCNQ1, kainate receptor GluR6, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator CFTR), carriers (including Na(+),Cl(-) symport NCC, Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) symport NKCC, Na(+)/H(+) exchangers NHE1 and NHE3, Na(+), glucose symport SGLT1, several amino acid transporters), and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. SGK1 regulates several enzymes (e.g., glycogen synthase kinase-3, ubiquitin-ligase Nedd4-2) and transcription factors (e.g., forkhead transcription factor 3a, β-catenin, nuclear factor kappa B). AREAS COVERED The phenotype of SGK1 knockout mice is mild and SGK1 is apparently dispensible for basic functions. Excessive SGK1 expression and activity, however, contributes to the pathophysiology of several disorders, including hypertension, obesity, diabetes, thrombosis, stroke, fibrosing disease, infertility and tumor growth. A SGK1 gene variant (prevalence ∼ 3 - 5% in Caucasians and ∼ 10% in Africans) is associated with hypertension, stroke, obesity and type 2 diabetes. SGK1 inhibitors have been developed and shown to reduce blood pressure of hyperinsulinemic mice and to counteract tumor cell survival. EXPERT OPINION Targeting SGK1 may be a therapeutic option in several clinical conditions, including metabolic syndrome and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- University of Tuebingen, Department of Physiology, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Sahu B, Laakso M, Pihlajamaa P, Ovaska K, Sinielnikov I, Hautaniemi S, Jänne OA. FoxA1 specifies unique androgen and glucocorticoid receptor binding events in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2012; 73:1570-80. [PMID: 23269278 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The forkhead protein FoxA1 has functions other than a pioneer factor, in that its depletion brings about a significant redistribution in the androgen receptor (AR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) cistromes. In this study, we found a novel function for FoxA1 in defining the cell-type specificity of AR- and GR-binding events in a distinct fashion, namely, for AR in LNCaP-1F5 cells and for GR in VCaP cells. We also found different, cell-type and receptor-specific compilations of cis-elements enriched adjacent to the AR- and GR-binding sites. The AR pathway is central in prostate cancer biology, but the role of GR is poorly known. We find that AR and GR cistromes and transcription programs exhibit significant overlap, and GR regulates a large number of genes considered to be AR pathway-specific. This raises questions about the role of GR in maintaining the AR pathway under androgen-deprived conditions in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. However, in the presence of androgen, ligand-occupied GR acts as a partial antiandrogen and attenuates the AR-dependent transcription program. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajyoti Sahu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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