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Balkrishna A, Sharma S, Gohel V, Kumari A, Rawat M, Maity M, Sinha S, Dev R, Varshney A. Renogrit attenuates Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in human renal spheroids and in Sprague-Dawley rats by regulating kidney injury biomarkers and creatinine/urea clearance. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293605. [PMID: 37939153 PMCID: PMC10631690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin, is widely used against methicillin-resistant bacterial infections. However, Vancomycin accumulation causes nephrotoxicity which leads to an impairment in the filtration mechanisms of kidney. Traditional herbal medicines hold potential for treatment of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Herein, we investigated protective properties of plant-based medicine Renogrit against Vancomycin-induced kidney injury. Phytometabolite analysis of Renogrit was performed by UHPLC. Spheroids formed from human proximal tubular cell (HK-2) were used for in vitro evaluation of Vancomycin-induced alterations in cell viability, P-gp functionality, NAG, KIM-1 levels, and mRNA expression of NGAL and MMP-7. The in vivo efficacy of Renogrit against Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity was further evaluated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by measurement of BUN, serum creatinine, and their respective clearances. Moreover, eGFR, kidney-to-body weight ratio, GSH/GSSG ratio, KIM-1, NAG levels and mRNA expression of KIM-1 and osteopontin were also analyzed. Changes in histopathology of kidney and hematological parameters were also observed. Renogrit treatment led to an increase in cell viability, normalization of P-gp functionality, decrease in levels of NAG, KIM-1, and reduction in mRNA expression of NGAL and MMP-7. In Vancomycin-challenged SD rats, Renogrit treatment normalized altered kidney functions, histological, and hematological parameters. Our findings revealed that Renogrit holds a clinico-therapeutic potential for alleviating Vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
- Patanjali Yog Peeth (UK) Trust, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sonam Sharma
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vivek Gohel
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankita Kumari
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Malini Rawat
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Madhulina Maity
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sandeep Sinha
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rishabh Dev
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
- Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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2
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Yoshioka T, Goda M, Kanda M, Itobayashi S, Sugimoto Y, Izawa‐Ishizawa Y, Yagi K, Aizawa F, Miyata K, Niimura T, Hamano H, Sakurada T, Zamami Y, Ishizawa K. Valproic acid treatment attenuates cisplatin-induced kidney injury by suppressing proximal tubular cell damage. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:2369-2381. [PMID: 37700528 PMCID: PMC10651653 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin treatment is effective against several types of carcinomas. However, it frequently leads to kidney injury, which warrants effective prevention methods. Sodium valproic acid is a prophylactic drug candidate with a high potential for clinical application against cisplatin-induced kidney injury. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the prophylactic effect of valproic acid on cisplatin-induced kidney injury in a mouse model and HK2 and PODO cells with cisplatin-induced toxicity. In the mouse model of cisplatin-induced kidney injury, various renal function parameters and tubular damage scores were worsened by cisplatin, but they were significantly improved upon combination with valproic acid. No difference was observed in cisplatin accumulation between the cisplatin-treated and valproic acid-treated groups in whole blood and the kidneys. The mRNA expression levels of proximal tubular damage markers, apoptosis markers, and inflammatory cytokines significantly increased in the cisplatin group 72 h after cisplatin administration but significantly decreased upon combination with valproic acid. In HK2 cells, a human proximal tubular cell line, the cisplatin-induced decrease in cell viability was significantly suppressed by co-treatment with valproic acid. Valproic acid may inhibit cisplatin-induced kidney injury by suppressing apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and glomerular damage throughout the kidneys by suppressing proximal tubular cell damage. However, prospective controlled trials need to evaluate these findings before their practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Yoshioka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of PharmacyTokushima University HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Mitsuhiro Goda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of PharmacyTokushima University HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Masaya Kanda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of PharmacyTokushima University HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Sayuri Itobayashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Yugo Sugimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Yuki Izawa‐Ishizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of General MedicineTaoka HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Kenta Yagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Clinical Research Center for Developmental TherapeuticsTokushima University HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Fuka Aizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of PharmacyTokushima University HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Koji Miyata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Takahiro Niimura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Clinical Research Center for Developmental TherapeuticsTokushima University HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Hirofumi Hamano
- Department of PharmacyOkayama University HospitalOkayamaJapan
| | - Takumi Sakurada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of PharmacyTokushima University HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Yoshito Zamami
- Department of PharmacyOkayama University HospitalOkayamaJapan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
- Department of PharmacyTokushima University HospitalTokushimaJapan
- Clinical Research Center for Developmental TherapeuticsTokushima University HospitalTokushimaJapan
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3
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Zhang SY, Mahler GJ. A glomerulus and proximal tubule microphysiological system simulating renal filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and toxicity. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:272-284. [PMID: 36514972 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) are powerful predictive tools for assessing drug-induced kidney injuries. Previous MPS have examined single regions of the nephron, but lack simultaneous filtration, reabsorption, and secretion functionality. Here, we developed a partially open MPS that structurally and functionally recapitulated the glomerular filtration barrier, proximal tubular reabsorption, and secretion for seven days. The system introduced a recirculation circuit and an open filtrate output as a source of functional testing. As a proof-of-concept, a tri-culture of immortalized podocytes, umbilical vein endothelial cells, and proximal tubule (PCT) cells were housed in a single MPS: T-junction, glomerulus housing unit, and PCT chip. The MPS successfully retained blood serum protein, reabsorbed glucose, secreted creatinine, and expressed cell-type specific proteins (VE-cadherin, nephrin, and ZO-1). To simulate drug-induced kidney injuries, the system was perfused with cisplatin and adriamycin, and then tested using serum albumin filtration, glucose clearance, and lactate dehydrogenase release. The glomerulus and PCT MPS demonstrated a complex, dynamic microenvironment and recreated some in vivo-like functions in basal and drug-induced conditions, offering a novel prototype for preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Y Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
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4
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Dorison A, Forbes TA, Little MH. What can we learn from kidney organoids? Kidney Int 2022; 102:1013-1029. [PMID: 35970244 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate 3-dimensional models of the developing human kidney via the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells-termed kidney organoids-has been hailed as a major advance in experimental nephrology. Although these provide an opportunity to interrogate human development, model-specific kidney diseases facilitate drug screening and even deliver bioengineered tissue; most of these prophetic end points remain to be realized. Indeed, at present we are still finding out what we can learn and what we cannot learn from this approach. In this review, we will summarize the approaches available to generate models of the human kidney from stem cells, the existing successful applications of kidney organoids, their limitations, and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Dorison
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Association of expression of GADD family genes and apoptosis in human kidney proximal tubular (HK-2) cells exposed to nephrotoxic drugs. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Functional Evaluation and Nephrotoxicity Assessment of Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cells on a Chip. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090718. [PMID: 36140103 PMCID: PMC9496563 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro human renal proximal tubule model that represents the proper transporter expression and pronounced epithelial polarization is necessary for the accurate prediction of nephrotoxicity. Here, we constructed a high-throughput human renal proximal tubule model based on an integrated biomimetic array chip (iBAC). Primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (hRPTECs) cultured on this microfluidic platform were able to form a tighter barrier, better transporter function and more sensitive nephrotoxicity prediction than those on the static Transwell. Compared with the human immortalized HK2 model, the hRPTECs model on the chip gained improved apical-basolateral polarization, barrier function and transporter expression. Polymyxin B could induce nephrotoxicity not only from the apical of the hRPTECs, but also from the basolateral side on the iBAC. However, other chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin and sunitinib, only induced nephrotoxicity from the apical surface of the hRPTECs on the iBAC. In summary, our renal proximal tubule model on the chip exhibits improved epithelial polarization and membrane transporter activity, and can be implemented as an effective nephrotoxicity-screening toolkit.
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7
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Lawrence M, Elhendawi M, Morlock M, Liu W, Liu S, Palakkan A, Seidl L, Hohenstein P, Sjögren A, Davies J. Human iPSC-derived renal organoids engineered to report oxidative stress can predict drug-induced toxicity. iScience 2022; 25:103884. [PMID: 35243244 PMCID: PMC8861638 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in regenerative medicine have led to the construction of many types of organoids, which reproduce important aspects of endogenous organs but may be limited or disorganized in nature. While their usefulness for restoring function remains unclear, they have undoubted usefulness in research, diagnostics, and toxicology. In toxicology, there is an urgent need for better models for human kidneys. We used human iPS-cell (hiPSC)-derived renal organoids to identify HMOX1 as a useful marker of toxic stress via the oxidative stress pathway, and then constructed an HMOX1 reporter in hiPSCs. We used two forms of hiPSC-derived HMOX1-reporter renal organoids to probe their ability to detect nephrotoxicants in a panel of blind-coded compounds. Our results highlight the potential usefulness, and some limitations, of HMOX1-reporter renal organoids as screening tools. The results may guide development of similar stress-reporting organoid assays for other stem-cell-derived organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Lawrence
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - M. Elhendawi
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M. Morlock
- R&D Graduate, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - W. Liu
- SynthSys Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, C.H Waddington Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - S. Liu
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - A. Palakkan
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - L.F. Seidl
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - P. Hohenstein
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - A.K. Sjögren
- CVRM Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J.A. Davies
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
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8
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Youhanna S, Kemas AM, Preiss L, Zhou Y, Shen JX, Cakal SD, Paqualini FS, Goparaju SK, Shafagh RZ, Lind JU, Sellgren CM, Lauschke VM. Organotypic and Microphysiological Human Tissue Models for Drug Discovery and Development-Current State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:141-206. [PMID: 35017176 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of successful drug development projects has been stagnant for decades despite major breakthroughs in chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Unreliable target identification and poor translatability of preclinical models have been identified as major causes of failure. To improve predictions of clinical efficacy and safety, interest has shifted to three-dimensional culture methods in which human cells can retain many physiologically and functionally relevant phenotypes for extended periods of time. Here, we review the state of the art of available organotypic culture techniques and critically review emerging models of human tissues with key importance for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. In addition, developments in bioprinting and microfluidic multiorgan cultures to emulate systemic drug disposition are summarized. We close by highlighting important trends regarding the fabrication of organotypic culture platforms and the choice of platform material to limit drug absorption and polymer leaching while supporting the phenotypic maintenance of cultured cells and allowing for scalable device fabrication. We conclude that organotypic and microphysiological human tissue models constitute promising systems to promote drug discovery and development by facilitating drug target identification and improving the preclinical evaluation of drug toxicity and pharmacokinetics. There is, however, a critical need for further validation, benchmarking, and consolidation efforts ideally conducted in intersectoral multicenter settings to accelerate acceptance of these novel models as reliable tools for translational pharmacology and toxicology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Organotypic and microphysiological culture of human cells has emerged as a promising tool for preclinical drug discovery and development that might be able to narrow the translation gap. This review discusses recent technological and methodological advancements and the use of these systems for hit discovery and the evaluation of toxicity, clearance, and absorption of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Aurino M Kemas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Lena Preiss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Joanne X Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Selgin D Cakal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Francesco S Paqualini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Sravan K Goparaju
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Reza Zandi Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Johan Ulrik Lind
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
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9
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Kim HR, Park JH, Lee SH, Kwack SJ, Lee J, Kim S, Yoon S, Kim KB, Lee BM, Kacew S, Kim HS. Using intracellular metabolic profiling to identify novel biomarkers of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in NRK-52E cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:29-42. [PMID: 34445936 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1969305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the intracellular metabolism resulting from cisplatin (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity in normal kidney tubular epithelial NRK-52E cells. Cytotoxicity, cell cycle analysis, and apoptotic cell death were all evaluated in NRK-52E cells treated with CDDP. Subsequently, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy was used to investigate cellular metabolic profiles. CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity was determined in vivo model. Cytotoxicity in the NRK-52E cells significantly rose following treatment with CDDP and these increases were found to be concentration-dependent. Both p53 and Bax protein expression was increased in CDDP-treated NRK-52E cells, correlating with enhanced cellular apoptosis. In addition, a number of metabolites were altered in both media and cell lysates in these cells. In cell lysates, citrate, creatinine, and acetate levels were dramatically reduced following treatment with 20 µM CDDP concentrations, while glutamate level was elevated. Lactate and acetate levels were significantly increased in culture media but citrate concentrations were reduced following high 20 µM CDDP concentrations incubation. In addition, excretion of clusterin, calbindin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), selenium binding protein 1 (SBP1), and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) into the culture media was significantly increased in CDDP-treated cells while expression of acetyl CoA synthetase 1 (AceCS1) was markedly reduced in these cells. These findings suggest that acetate-dependent metabolic pathway may be a reliable and useful biomarker for detecting CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Taken together, data demonstrate that the discovery of novel biomarkers by metabolite profiling in target cells may contribute to the detection of nephrotoxicity and new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ri Kim
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- Department of Biochemistry and Health Science, Changwon National University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpil Yoon
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Kacew
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Molecular Networking for Drug Toxicities Studies: The Case of Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010082. [PMID: 35008505 PMCID: PMC8744768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using drugs to treat COVID-19 symptoms may induce adverse effects and modify patient outcomes. These adverse events may be further aggravated in obese patients, who often present different illnesses such as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. In Rennes University Hospital, several drug such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been used in the clinical trial HARMONICOV to treat COVID-19 patients, including obese patients. The aim of this study is to determine whether HCQ metabolism and hepatotoxicity are worsened in obese patients using an in vivo/in vitro approach. Liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry in combination with untargeted screening and molecular networking were employed to study drug metabolism in vivo (patient’s plasma) and in vitro (HepaRG cells and RPTEC cells). In addition, HepaRG cells model were used to reproduce pathophysiological features of obese patient metabolism, i.e., in the condition of hepatic steatosis. The metabolic signature of HCQ was modified in HepaRG cells cultured under a steatosis condition and a new metabolite was detected (carboxychloroquine). The RPTEC model was found to produce only one metabolite. A higher cytotoxicity of HCQ was observed in HepaRG cells exposed to exogenous fatty acids, while neutral lipid accumulation (steatosis) was further enhanced in these cells. These in vitro data were compared with the biological parameters of 17 COVID-19 patients treated with HCQ included in the HARMONICOV cohort. Overall, our data suggest that steatosis may be a risk factor for altered drug metabolism and possibly toxicity of HCQ.
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11
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Mossoba ME, Sprando RL. In Vitro to In Vivo Concordance of Toxicity Using the Human Proximal Tubule Cell Line HK-2. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:452-464. [PMID: 32723106 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820942534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The renal proximal tubule cell line, human kidney 2 (HK-2), recapitulates many of the functional cellular and molecular characteristics of differentiated primary proximal tubule cells. These features include anchorage dependence, gluconeogenesis capability, and sodium-dependent sugar transport. In order to ascertain how well HK-2 cells can reliably reveal the toxicological profile of compounds having a potential to cause proximal tubule injury in vivo, we sought to evaluate the effects of known proximal tubule toxicants using the HK-2 cell line. We selected 20 pure nephrotoxic compounds that included chemotherapeutic drugs, antibiotics, and heavy metal-containing compounds and evaluated their ability to induce HK-2 cell injury relative to 10 innocuous pure compounds or cell culture media alone. We performed a comprehensive set of in vitro cellular toxicological assays to evaluate cell viability, oxidative stress, mitochondrial integrity, and a specific biomarker of renal injury, Kidney Injury Molecule 1. For each of our selected compounds, we were able to establish a reproducible profile of toxicological outcomes. We compared our results to those described in peer-reviewed publications to understand how well the HK-2 cellular model agrees with overall in vivo rat or human toxicological outcomes. This study begins to address the question of how well in vitro data generated with HK-2 cells can mirror in vivo animal and human outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Mossoba
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 4137US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Robert L Sprando
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 4137US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
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12
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Handl J, Čapek J, Majtnerová P, Báčová J, Roušar T. The effect of repeated passaging on the susceptibility of human proximal tubular HK-2 cells to toxic compounds. Physiol Res 2020; 69:731-738. [PMID: 32672047 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human proximal tubular HK-2 cell line is an immortalized cell line commonly used for studying proximal tubular toxicity. Even as their use is presently increasing, there unfortunately are no studies focused on functional changes in HK-2 cells associated with passaging. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the functional stability of HK-2 cells during 13 weeks of continuous passaging after 6 and 24 h of treatment with model nephrotoxic compounds (i.e., acetaminophen, cisplatin, CdCl(2)). Short tandem repeat profile, the doubling time, cell diameter, glutathione concentration, and intracellular dehydrogenase activity were measured in HK-2 cells at each tested passage. The results showed that HK-2 cells exhibit stable morphology, cell size, and cell renewal during passaging. Mean doubling time was determined to be 54 h. On the other hand, we observed a significant effect of passaging on the susceptibility of HK-2 cells to toxic compounds. The largest difference in results was found in both cadmium and cisplatin treated cells across passages. We conclude that the outcomes of scientific studies on HK-2 cells can be affected by the number of passages even after medium-term cultivation and passaging for 13 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Handl
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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13
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Bajaj P, Chung G, Pye K, Yukawa T, Imanishi A, Takai Y, Brown C, Wagoner MP. Freshly isolated primary human proximal tubule cells as an in vitro model for the detection of renal tubular toxicity. Toxicology 2020; 442:152535. [PMID: 32622972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug induced kidney injury (DIKI) is a common reason for compound attrition in drug development pipelines with proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) most commonly associated with DIKI. Here, we investigated freshly isolated human (hPTECs) as an in vitro model for assessing renal tubular toxicity. The freshly isolated hPTECs were first characterized to confirm gene expression of important renal transporters involved in drug handling which was further corroborated by confirming the functional activity of organic cation transporter 2 and organic anion transporter 1 by using transporter specific inhibitors. Additionally, functionality of megalin/cubilin endocytic receptors was also confirmed. A training set of 36 compounds was used to test the ability of the model to classify them using six different endpoints which included three biomarkers (Kidney Injury Molecule-1, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and Clusterin) and three non-specific injury endpoints (ATP depletion, LDH leakage, and barrier permeability via transepithelial electrical resistance) in a dose-dependent manner across two independent kidney donors. In general, biomarkers showed higher predictivity than non-specific endpoints, with Clusterin showing the highest predictivity (Sensitivity/Specificity - 65.0/93.8 %). By using the thresholds generated from the training set, nine candidate internal Takeda compounds were screened where PTEC toxicity was identified as one of the findings in preclinical animal studies. The model correctly classified four of six true positives and two of three true negatives, showing validation of the in vitro model for detection of tubular toxicants. This work thus shows the potential application of freshly isolated primary hPTECs using translational biomarkers in assessment of tubular toxicity within the drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Bajaj
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, MA USA
| | | | | | - Tomoya Yukawa
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Akio Imanishi
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takai
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Matthew P Wagoner
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, MA USA.
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14
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Shiva N, Sharma N, Kulkarni YA, Mulay SR, Gaikwad AB. Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury: An insight on in vitro and in vivo models. Life Sci 2020; 256:117860. [PMID: 32534037 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Optimal tissue oxygenation is essential for its normal function. Suboptimal oxygenation or ischemia contributes to increased mortalities during various pathological conditions such as stroke, acute kidney injury (AKI), cardiac failure. Despite the rapid progression of renal tissue injury, the mechanism underlying renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) remains highly unclear. Experimental in vitro and in vivo models epitomizing the fundamental process is critical to the research of the pathogenesis of IRI and the development of plausible therapeutics. In this review, we describe the in vitro and in vivo models of IRI, ranges from proximal tubular cell lines to surgery-based animal models like clamping of both renal pedicles (bilateral IRI), clamping of one renal pedicle (unilateral IRI), clamping of one/or both renal arteries/or vein, or unilateral IRI with contralateral nephrectomy (uIRIx). Also, advanced technologies like three-dimensional kidney organoids, kidney-on-a-chip are explained. This review provides thoughtful information for establishing reliable and pertinent models for studying IRI-associated acute renal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Shiva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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15
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Sulfonamide-based diffusible signal factor analogs interfere with quorum sensing in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia. Future Med Chem 2020; 11:1565-1582. [PMID: 31469336 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sm) and Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) are Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, which are typically multidrug resistant and excellent biofilm producers. These phenotypes are controlled by quorum sensing (QS) systems from the diffusible signal factor (DSF) family. We aim to interfere with this QS system as an alternative approach in combatting such difficult-to-treat infections. Materials & methods: A library of sulfonamide-based DSF bioisosteres was synthesized and tested against the major phenotypes regulated by QS. Results & conclusion: Several analogs display significant antibiofilm activity while the majority increase the action of the last-resort antibiotic colistin against Sm and BCC. Most compounds inhibit DSF synthesis in the Sm K279a strain. Our results support the strategy of interfering with QS communications to combat multidrug resistance.
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16
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17
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Gold Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Human Kidney Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050995. [PMID: 32455923 PMCID: PMC7279525 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are highly attractive for biomedical applications. Therefore, several in vitro and in vivo studies have addressed their safety evaluation. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge regarding their potential detrimental effect on human kidney. To evaluate this effect, AuNPs with different sizes (13 nm and 60 nm), shapes (spheres and stars), and coated with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) or with sodium citrate, were synthesized, characterized, and their toxicological effects evaluated 24 h after incubation with a proximal tubular cell line derived from normal human kidney (HK-2). After exposure, viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Changes in lysosomal integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), reactive species (ROS/RNS), intracellular glutathione (total GSH), and ATP were also evaluated. Apoptosis was investigated through the evaluation of the activity of caspases 3, 8 and 9. Overall, the tested AuNPs targeted mainly the mitochondria in a concentration-dependent manner. The lysosomal integrity was also affected but to a lower extent. The smaller 13 nm nanospheres (both citrate- and MUA-coated) proved to be the most toxic among all types of AuNPs, increasing ROS production and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (p ≤ 0.01). For the MUA-coated 13 nm nanospheres, these effects were associated also to increased levels of total glutathione (p ≤ 0.01) and enhanced ATP production (p ≤ 0.05). Programmed cell death was detected through the activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways (caspase 8 and 9) (p ≤ 0.05). We found that the larger 60 nm AuNPs, both nanospheres and nanostars, are apparently less toxic than their smaller counter parts. Considering the results herein presented, it should be taken into consideration that even if renal clearance of the AuNPs is desirable, since it would prevent accumulation and detrimental effects in other organs, a possible intracellular accumulation of AuNPs in kidneys can induce cell damage and later compromise kidney function.
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18
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The Predictive Role of the Biomarker Kidney Molecule-1 (KIM-1) in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205238. [PMID: 31652595 PMCID: PMC6834366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) following platinum-based chemotherapeutics is a frequently reported serious side-effect. However, there are no approved biomarkers that can properly identify proximal tubular injury while routine assessments such as serum creatinine lack sensitivity. Kidney-injury-molecule 1 (KIM-1) is showing promise in identifying cisplatin-induced renal injury both in vitro and in vivo studies. In this review, we focus on describing the mechanisms of renal tubular cells cisplatin-induced apoptosis, the associated inflammatory response and oxidative stress and the role of KIM-1 as a possible biomarker used to predict cisplatin associated AKI.
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19
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Shaver CM, Paul MG, Putz ND, Landstreet SR, Kuck JL, Scarfe L, Skrypnyk N, Yang H, Harrison FE, de Caestecker MP, Bastarache JA, Ware LB. Cell-free hemoglobin augments acute kidney injury during experimental sepsis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F922-F929. [PMID: 31364379 PMCID: PMC6843044 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00375.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a common complication of severe sepsis and contributes to high mortality. The molecular mechanisms of acute kidney injury during sepsis are not fully understood. Because hemoproteins, including myoglobin and hemoglobin, are known to mediate kidney injury during rhabdomyolysis, we hypothesized that cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) would exacerbate acute kidney injury during sepsis. Sepsis was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of cecal slurry (CS). To mimic elevated levels of CFH observed during human sepsis, mice also received a retroorbital injection of CFH or dextrose control. Four groups of mice were analyzed: sham treated (sham), CFH alone, CS alone, and CS + CFH. The addition of CFH to CS reduced 48-h survival compared with CS alone (67% vs. 97%, P = 0.001) and increased the severity of illness. After 24 and 48 h, CS + CFH mice had a reduced glomerular filtration rate from baseline, whereas sham, CFH, and CS mice maintained baseline glomerular filtration rate. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), were markedly elevated in CS+CFH compared with CS (8-fold for NGAL and 2.4-fold for KIM-1, P < 0.002 for each) after 48 h. Histological examination showed a trend toward increased tubular injury in CS + CFH-exposed kidneys compared with CS-exposed kidneys. However, there were similar levels of renal oxidative injury and apoptosis in the CS + CFH group compared with the CS group. Kidney levels of multiple proinflammatory cytokines were similar between CS and CS + CFH groups. Human renal tubule cells (HK-2) exposed to CFH demonstrated increased cytotoxicity. Together, these results show that CFH exacerbates acute kidney injury in a mouse model of experimental sepsis, potentially through increased renal tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara M Shaver
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Melinda G Paul
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nathan D Putz
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stuart R Landstreet
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jamie L Kuck
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lauren Scarfe
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nataliya Skrypnyk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Haichun Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fiona E Harrison
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mark P de Caestecker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Julie A Bastarache
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lorraine B Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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20
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Hill MA, Lam AK, Reed P, Harney MC, Wilson BA, Moen EL, Wright SN, Pinho MG, Rice CV. BPEI-Induced Delocalization of PBP4 Potentiates β-Lactams against MRSA. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3813-3822. [PMID: 31429286 PMCID: PMC6941424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With its high morbidity rate and increasing resistance to treatment, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a grave concern in the medical field. In methicillin-susceptible strains, β-lactam antibiotics disable the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) that cross-link the bacterial cell wall. However, methicillin-resistant strains have PBP2a and PBP4, which continue enzymatic activity in the presence of β-lactam antibiotics. The activity of PBP2a and PBP4 is linked to the presence of wall teichoic acid (WTA); thus, WTA has emerged as a target for antibiotic drug discovery. In this work, we disable WTA in situ using its anionic phosphodiester backbone to attract cationic branched polyethylenimine (BPEI). Data show that BPEI removes β-lactam resistance in common MRSA strains and clinical isolates. Fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate this mechanism of action. The results indicate that BPEI prevents the localization of PBP4 to the cell division septum, thereby changing the cellular morphology and inhibiting cell division. Although PBP4 is not required for septum formation, proper cell division and morphology require WTA; BPEI prevents this essential function. The combination of BPEI and β-lactams is bactericidal and synergistic. Because BPEI allows us to study the role of WTA in the cell wall without genetic mutation or altered translocation of biomolecules and/or their precursors, this approach can help revise existing paradigms regarding the role of WTA in prokaryotic biochemistry at every growth stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Anh K. Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Patricia Reed
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da Repùblica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Madeline C. Harney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Beatrice A. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Erika L. Moen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Summer N. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Mariana G. Pinho
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da Repùblica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Charles V. Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Barnett LMA, Cummings BS. Nephrotoxicity and Renal Pathophysiology: A Contemporary Perspective. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:379-390. [PMID: 29939355 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney consists of numerous cell types organized into the nephron, which is the basic functional unit of the kidney. Any stimuli that induce loss of these cells can induce kidney damage and renal failure. The cause of renal failure can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Extrinsic causes include cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, sepsis, and lung and liver failure. Intrinsic causes include glomerular nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, tubular cell death, and stones. The kidney plays a prominent role in mediating the toxicity of numerous drugs, environmental pollutants and natural substances. Drugs known to be nephrotoxic include several cancer therapeutics, drugs of abuse, antibiotics, and radiocontrast agents. Environmental pollutants known to target the kidney include cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, trichloroethylene, bromate, brominated-flame retardants, diglycolic acid, and ethylene glycol. Natural nephrotoxicants include aristolochic acids and mycotoxins such as ochratoxin, fumonisin B1, and citrinin. There are several common characteristics between mechanisms of renal failure induced by nephrotoxicants and extrinsic causes. This common ground exists primarily due to similarities in the molecular mechanisms mediating renal cell death. This review summarizes the current state of the field of nephrotoxicity. It emphasizes integrating our understanding of nephrotoxicity with pathological-induced renal failure. Such approaches are needed to address major questions in the field, which include the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of both acute and chronic renal failure, and the progression of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program.,Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Kolli RT, Glenn TC, Brown BT, Kaur SP, Barnett LM, Lash LH, Cummings BS. Bromate-induced Changes in p21 DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation in Renal Cells. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:460-473. [PMID: 30649504 PMCID: PMC6432867 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromate (BrO3-) is a water disinfection byproduct (DBP) previously shown to induce nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. We recently showed that inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) and histone deacetylase trichostatin A (TSA) increased BrO3- nephrotoxicity whereas altering the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and normal rat kidney (NRK) cells were sub-chronically exposed to BrO3- or epigenetic inhibitors for 18 days, followed by 9 days of withdrawal. DNA methylation was studied using a modification of bisulfite amplicon sequencing called targeted gene bisulfite sequencing. Basal promoter methylation in the human p21 promoter region was substantially lower than that of the rat DNA. Furthermore, 5-Aza decreased DNA methylation in HEK293 cells at the sis-inducible element at 3 distinct CpG sites located at 691, 855, and 895 bp upstream of transcription start site (TSS). 5-Aza also decreased methylation at the rat p21 promoter about 250 bp upstream of the p21 TSS. In contrast, sub-chronic BrO3- exposure failed to alter methylation in human or rat renal cells. BrO3- exposure altered histone acetylation in NRK cells at the p21 TSS, but not in HEK293 cells. Interestingly, changes in DNA methylation induced by 5-Aza persisted after its removal; however, TSA- and BrO3--induced histone hyperacetylation returned to basal levels after 3 days of withdrawal. These data demonstrate novel sites within the p21 gene that are epigenetically regulated and further show that significant differences exist in the epigenetic landscape between rat and human p21, especially with regards to toxicant-induced changes in histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya T Kolli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
- Environmental Health Science
| | - Bradley T Brown
- College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | - Lillie M Barnett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
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Structure-Function Studies of Polymyxin B Lipononapeptides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030553. [PMID: 30717415 PMCID: PMC6384738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging threat of infections caused by highly drug-resistant bacteria has prompted a resurgence in the use of the lipodecapeptide antibiotics polymyxin B and colistin as last resort therapies. Given the emergence of resistance to these drugs, there has also been a renewed interest in the development of next generation polymyxins with improved therapeutic indices and spectra of action. We report structure-activity studies of 36 polymyxin lipononapeptides structurally characterised by an exocyclic FA-Thr²-Dab³ lipodipeptide motif instead of the native FA-Dab¹-Thr²-Dab³ tripeptide motif found in polymyxin B, removing one of the positively charged residues believed to contribute to nephrotoxicity. The compounds were prepared by solid phase synthesis using an on-resin cyclisation approach, varying the fatty acid and the residues at position 2 (P2), P3 and P4, then assessing antimicrobial potency against a panel of Gram-negative bacteria, including polymyxin-resistant strains. Pairwise comparison of N-acyl nonapeptide and decapeptide analogues possessing different fatty acids demonstrated that antimicrobial potency is strongly influenced by the N-terminal L-Dab-1 residue, contingent upon the fatty acid. This study highlights that antimicrobial potency may be retained upon truncation of the N-terminal L-Dab-1 residue of the native exocyclic lipotripeptide motif found in polymyxin B. The strategy may aid in the design of next generation polymyxins.
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Lu YT, Ma XL, Xu YH, Hu J, Wang F, Qin WY, Xiong WY. A Fluorescent Glucose Transport Assay for Screening SGLT2 Inhibitors in Endogenous SGLT2-Expressing HK-2 Cells. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:13-21. [PMID: 30387082 PMCID: PMC6328422 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-018-0188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 (SGLT2) plays important role in renal reabsorption of urinal glucose back to plasma for maintaining glucose homeostasis. The approval of SGLT2 inhibitors for treatment of type 2 diabetes highlights the SGLT2 as a feasible and promising drug target in recent years. Current methods for screening SGLT2 inhibitors are complex, expensive and labor intensive. Particularly, these methods cannot directly measure nonradioactive glucose uptake in endogenous SGLT2-expressing kidney cells. In present work, human kidney cells, HK-2, was incubated with a fluorescent D-glucose derivant 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG) and the fluorescent intensity of 2-NBDG was employed to measure the amount of glucose uptake into the cells. By optimizing the passages of HK-2 cells, 2-NBDG concentration and incubation time, and by measuring glucose uptake treated by Dapagliflozin, a clinical drug of SGLT2 inhibitors, we successfully developed a new assay for measuring glucose uptake through SGLT2. The nonradioactive microplate and microscope-based high-throughput screening assay for measuring glucose can be a new method for screening of SGLT2 inhibitors and implied for other cell assays for glucose measurement extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiu-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu-Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wan-Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Yong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Sakolish CM, Philip B, Mahler GJ. A human proximal tubule-on-a-chip to study renal disease and toxicity. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:014107. [PMID: 30867877 PMCID: PMC6404920 DOI: 10.1063/1.5083138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Renal disease is a global problem with unsustainable health-care costs. There currently exists a lack of accurate human renal disease models that take into account the complex microenvironment of these tissues. Here, we present a reusable microfluidic model of the human proximal tubule and glomerulus, which allows for the growth of renal epithelial cells in a variety of conditions that are representative of renal disease states including altered glomerular filtration rate, hyperglycemia, nephrolithiasis, and drug-induced nephrotoxicity (cisplatin and cyclosporine). Cells were exposed to these conditions under fluid flow or in traditional static cultures to determine the effects of a dynamic microenvironment on the pathogenesis of these renal disease states. The results indicate varying stress-related responses (α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, fibronectin, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin secretion) to each of these conditions when comparing cells that had been grown in static and dynamic conditions, potentially indicating more realistic and sensitive predictions of human responses and a requirement for a more complex "fit for purpose" model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Philip
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Gretchen J. Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Tel.: (607) 777-5238
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Bajaj P, Rodrigues AD, Steppan CM, Engle SJ, Mathialagan S, Schroeter T. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Kidney Model for Nephrotoxicity Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1703-1711. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of NOSO-502, a Novel Inhibitor of Bacterial Translation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01016-18. [PMID: 29987155 PMCID: PMC6125496 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01016-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial activity screening of a collection of Xenorhabdus strains led to the discovery of the odilorhabdins, a new antibiotic class with broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Odilorhabdins inhibit bacterial translation by a new mechanism of action on ribosomes. Antibacterial activity screening of a collection of Xenorhabdus strains led to the discovery of the odilorhabdins, a new antibiotic class with broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Odilorhabdins inhibit bacterial translation by a new mechanism of action on ribosomes. A lead optimization program identified NOSO-502 as a promising candidate. NOSO-502 has MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 4 μg/ml against standard Enterobacteriaceae strains and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) isolates that produce KPC, AmpC, or OXA enzymes and metallo-β-lactamases. In addition, this compound overcomes multiple chromosome-encoded or plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms of acquired resistance to colistin. It is effective in mouse systemic infection models against Escherichia coli EN122 (extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL]) or E. coli ATCC BAA-2469 (NDM-1), achieving a 50% effective dose (ED50) of 3.5 mg/kg of body weight and 1-, 2-, and 3-log reductions in blood burden at 2.6, 3.8, and 5.9 mg/kg, respectively, in the first model and 100% survival in the second, starting with a dose as low as 4 mg/kg. In a urinary tract infection (UTI) model with E. coli UTI89, urine, bladder, and kidney burdens were reduced by 2.39, 1.96, and 1.36 log10 CFU/ml, respectively, after injection of 24 mg/kg. There was no cytotoxicity against HepG2, HK-2, or human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HRPTEpiC), no inhibition of hERG-CHO or Nav 1.5-HEK current, and no increase of micronuclei at 512 μM. NOSO-502, a compound with a new mechanism of action, is active against Enterobacteriaceae, including all classes of CRE, has a low potential for resistance development, shows efficacy in several mouse models, and has a favorable in vitro safety profile.
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28
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Qiu X, Zhou X, Miao Y, Li B. An in vitro method for nephrotoxicity evaluation using HK-2 human kidney epithelial cells combined with biomarkers of nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1205-1213. [PMID: 30510689 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is one of the major target organs for drug-induced toxicity. During drug development, the traditional markers of nephrotoxicity indicate only severe and late damage, which leads to high costs. The new biomarkers are needed for a more sensitive and reliable evaluation of nephrotoxicity, especially for the regulatory accepted and validated in vitro model. We developed an in vitro model based on the HK-2 cell using the biomarkers of nephrotoxicity as endpoints for the evaluation of nephrotoxicity. The predictive performance of the biomarkers including LDH, GGT, KIM-1, clusterin, CysC, NGAL, TIMP-1, GSTπ and osteopontin was evaluated with 22 well characterized compounds. The area under the curve (AUC) values of KIM-1, clusterin, CysC and osteopontin ranged between 0.79 and 0.84. The combination of clusterin, KIM-1 and/or osteopontin improved the AUC value (ranging between 0.88 and 0.95) compared to one biomarker. Taken together, these results suggest that the model based on the HK-2 cell using clusterin, osteopontin, CysC and KIM-1 as endpoints would allow the prediction of nephrotoxicity at early preclinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qiu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , No. 9 , Dongdan Santiao , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100730 , China . .,National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , A8 Hongda Middle Street , Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area , Beijing 100176 , China
| | - Xiaobing Zhou
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , A8 Hongda Middle Street , Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area , Beijing 100176 , China
| | - Yufa Miao
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , A8 Hongda Middle Street , Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area , Beijing 100176 , China
| | - Bo Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , No. 9 , Dongdan Santiao , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100730 , China . .,National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , A8 Hongda Middle Street , Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area , Beijing 100176 , China
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29
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Bajaj P, Chowdhury SK, Yucha R, Kelly EJ, Xiao G. Emerging Kidney Models to Investigate Metabolism, Transport, and Toxicity of Drugs and Xenobiotics. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1692-1702. [PMID: 30076203 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a major clearance organ of the body and is responsible for the elimination of many xenobiotics and prescription drugs. With its multitude of uptake and efflux transporters and metabolizing enzymes, the proximal tubule cell (PTC) in the nephron plays a key role in the disposition of xenobiotics and is also a primary site for toxicity. In this minireview, we first provide an overview of the major transporters and metabolizing enzymes in the PTCs responsible for biotransformation and disposition of drugs. Next, we discuss different cell sources that have been used to model PTCs in vitro, their pros and cons, and their characterization. As current technology is inadequate to evaluate reliably drug disposition and toxicity in the kidney, we then discuss recent advancements in kidney microphysiological systems (MPS) and the need to develop robust in vitro platforms that could be routinely used by pharmaceutical companies to screen compounds. Finally, we discuss the new and exciting field of stem cell-derived kidney models as potential cell sources for future kidney MPS. Given the push from both regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies to use more predictive "human-like" in vitro systems in the early stages of drug development to reduce attrition, these emerging models have the potential to be a game changer and may revolutionize how renal disposition and kidney toxicity in drug discovery are evaluated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Bajaj
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation (P.B.) and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department (S.K.C., R.Y., G.X.), Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (E.J.K.)
| | - Swapan K Chowdhury
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation (P.B.) and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department (S.K.C., R.Y., G.X.), Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (E.J.K.)
| | - Robert Yucha
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation (P.B.) and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department (S.K.C., R.Y., G.X.), Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (E.J.K.)
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation (P.B.) and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department (S.K.C., R.Y., G.X.), Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (E.J.K.)
| | - Guangqing Xiao
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation (P.B.) and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department (S.K.C., R.Y., G.X.), Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (E.J.K.)
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30
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Fedecostante M, Westphal KGC, Buono MF, Sanchez Romero N, Wilmer MJ, Kerkering J, Baptista PM, Hoenderop JG, Masereeuw R. Recellularized Native Kidney Scaffolds as a Novel Tool in Nephrotoxicity Screening. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1338-1350. [PMID: 29980578 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced kidney injury in medicinal compound development accounts for over 20% of clinical trial failures and involves damage to different nephron segments, mostly the proximal tubule. Yet, currently applied cell models fail to reliably predict nephrotoxicity; neither are such models easy to establish. Here, we developed a novel three-dimensional (3D) nephrotoxicity platform on the basis of decellularized rat kidney scaffolds (DS) recellularized with conditionally immortalized human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells overexpressing the organic anion transporter 1 (ciPTEC-OAT1). A 5-day SDS-based decellularization protocol was used to generate DS, of which 100-μm slices were cut and used for cell seeding. After 8 days of culturing, recellularized scaffolds (RS) demonstrated 3D-tubule formation along with tubular epithelial characteristics, including drug transporter function. Exposure of RS to cisplatin (CDDP), tenofovir (TFV), or cyclosporin A (CsA) as prototypical nephrotoxic drugs revealed concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability, as assessed by PrestoBlue and Live/Dead staining assays. This was most probably attributable to specific uptake of CDDP by the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), TFV through organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), and CsA competing for P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux. Compared with 2D cultures, RS showed an increased sensitivity to cisplatin and tenofovir toxicity after 24-hour exposure (9 and 2.2 fold, respectively). In conclusion, we developed a physiologically relevant 3D nephrotoxicity screening platform that could be a novel tool in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fedecostante
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.F., K.G.C.W., M.F.B., N.S.R., R.M.); Aragon's Health Science Institutes (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain (N.S.M.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.W., J.K.) and Physiology (J.G.H.), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain (P.M.B.); Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); and Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.)
| | - Koen G C Westphal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.F., K.G.C.W., M.F.B., N.S.R., R.M.); Aragon's Health Science Institutes (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain (N.S.M.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.W., J.K.) and Physiology (J.G.H.), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain (P.M.B.); Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); and Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.)
| | - Michele F Buono
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.F., K.G.C.W., M.F.B., N.S.R., R.M.); Aragon's Health Science Institutes (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain (N.S.M.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.W., J.K.) and Physiology (J.G.H.), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain (P.M.B.); Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); and Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.)
| | - Natalia Sanchez Romero
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.F., K.G.C.W., M.F.B., N.S.R., R.M.); Aragon's Health Science Institutes (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain (N.S.M.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.W., J.K.) and Physiology (J.G.H.), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain (P.M.B.); Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); and Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.)
| | - Martijn J Wilmer
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.F., K.G.C.W., M.F.B., N.S.R., R.M.); Aragon's Health Science Institutes (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain (N.S.M.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.W., J.K.) and Physiology (J.G.H.), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain (P.M.B.); Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); and Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.)
| | - Janis Kerkering
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.F., K.G.C.W., M.F.B., N.S.R., R.M.); Aragon's Health Science Institutes (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain (N.S.M.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.W., J.K.) and Physiology (J.G.H.), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain (P.M.B.); Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); and Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.)
| | - Pedro Miguel Baptista
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.F., K.G.C.W., M.F.B., N.S.R., R.M.); Aragon's Health Science Institutes (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain (N.S.M.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.W., J.K.) and Physiology (J.G.H.), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain (P.M.B.); Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); and Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.)
| | - Joost G Hoenderop
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.F., K.G.C.W., M.F.B., N.S.R., R.M.); Aragon's Health Science Institutes (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain (N.S.M.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.W., J.K.) and Physiology (J.G.H.), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain (P.M.B.); Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); and Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.)
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.F., K.G.C.W., M.F.B., N.S.R., R.M.); Aragon's Health Science Institutes (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain (N.S.M.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.W., J.K.) and Physiology (J.G.H.), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain (P.M.B.); Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.); and Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain (P.M.B.)
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31
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Transporter-dependent cytotoxicity of antiviral drugs in primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells. Toxicology 2018; 404-405:10-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Blaskovich MAT, Pitt ME, Elliott AG, Cooper MA. Can octapeptin antibiotics combat extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:485-499. [PMID: 29848132 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1483240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The octapeptins are a family of cyclic lipopeptides first reported in the 1970s then largely ignored. At the time, their reported antibiotic activity against polymyxin-resistant bacteria was a curiosity. Today, the advent of widespread drug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria has prompted their 'rediscovery.' The paucity of new antibiotics in the clinical pipeline is coupled with a global spread of increasing antibiotic resistance, particularly to meropenem and polymyxins B and E (colistin). Areas covered: We review the original discovery of octapeptins, their recent first chemical syntheses, and their mode of action, then discuss their potential as a new class of antibiotics to treat extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative infections, with direct comparisons to the closely related polymyxins. Expert commentary: Cyclic lipopeptides in clinical use (polymyxin antibiotics) have significant dose-limiting nephrotoxicity inherent to their chemotype. This toxicity has prevented improved polymyxin analogs from progressing to the clinic, and tainted the perception of lipopeptide antibiotics in general. We argue that the octapeptins are fundamentally different from the polymyxins, with a disparate mode of action, spectra of action against MDR and XDR bacteria and a superior preclinical safety profile. They represent early-stage candidates that can help prime the antibiotic discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A T Blaskovich
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Miranda E Pitt
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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Soo JYC, Jansen J, Masereeuw R, Little MH. Advances in predictive in vitro models of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:378-393. [PMID: 29626199 PMCID: PMC6013592 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screens for nephrotoxicity are currently poorly predictive of toxicity in humans. Although the functional proteins that are expressed by nephron tubules and mediate drug susceptibility are well known, current in vitro cellular models poorly replicate both the morphology and the function of kidney tubules and therefore fail to demonstrate injury responses to drugs that would be nephrotoxic in vivo. Advances in protocols to enable the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into multiple renal cell types and the development of microfluidic and 3D culture systems have opened a range of potential new platforms for evaluating drug nephrotoxicity. Many of the new in vitro culture systems have been characterized by the expression and function of transporters, enzymes, and other functional proteins that are expressed by the kidney and have been implicated in drug-induced renal injury. In vitro platforms that express these proteins and exhibit molecular biomarkers that have been used as readouts of injury demonstrate improved functional maturity compared with static 2D cultures and represent an opportunity to model injury to renal cell types that have hitherto received little attention. As nephrotoxicity screening platforms become more physiologically relevant, they will facilitate the development of safer drugs and improved clinical management of nephrotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Y-C Soo
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa H Little
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Zhang J, Xiang X, Shu S, Zhang C, Liang Y, Jiang T, Zhang W, Guo T, Liang X, Tang X. Advanced oxidation protein products inhibit the autophagy of renal tubular epithelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3908-3916. [PMID: 29556265 PMCID: PMC5844045 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that autophagy serves a crucial role in renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) injury in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The accumulation of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) also participates in the progression of CKD. However, the effects of AOPPs on autophagy remain unknown. To clarify the underlying mechanism of RTEC injury in CKD, the effect of AOPPs on HK-2 cells, an RTEC cell line, was investigated. The results of the present study revealed that AOPP exposure downregulated the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2-interacting myosin-like coiled-coil protein 1, reduced the conversion of microtubule-associated proteins 1 light chain 3B (LC3)-I to LC3-II and the formation of autophagosomes, and lead to an accumulation of p62. These results suggest that AOPPs may inhibit the autophagic activity of HK-2 cells. Furthermore, the aforementioned changes were mediated by the AOPP-phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway; this was verified by treatment with LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, which reversed the AOPP-induced changes. The present study also demonstrated that the activation of autophagy with rapamycin led to an improvement in the AOPP-induced overexpression of kidney injury molecule 1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, two biomarkers of RTEC injury, whereas inhibiting autophagy with chloroquine further increased their expression during AOPP treatment. Collectively, these results indicate that AOPPs may inhibit autophagy in RTECs via activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and that autophagy inhibition serves a role in AOPP-induced RTEC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Shu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Xiujie Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Xun Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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Kokura K, Kuromi Y, Endo T, Anzai N, Kazuki Y, Oshimura M, Ohbayashi T. A kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) gene reporter in a mouse artificial chromosome: the responsiveness to cisplatin toxicity in immortalized mouse kidney S3 cells. J Gene Med 2018; 18:273-281. [PMID: 27591740 PMCID: PMC5095820 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney injury molecule‐1 (Kim‐1) has been validated as a urinary biomarker for acute and chronic renal damage. The expression of Kim‐1 mRNA is also activated by acute kidney injury induced by cisplatin in rodents and humans. To date, the measurement of Kim‐1 expression has not fully allowed the detection of in vitro cisplatin nephrotoxicity in immortalized culture cells, such as human kidney‐2 cells and immortalized proximal tubular epithelial cells. Methods We measured the augmentation of Kim‐1 mRNA expression after the addition of cisplatin using immortalized S3 cells established from the kidneys of transgenic mice harboring temperature‐sensitive large T antigen from Simian virus 40. Results A mouse Kim‐1 gene luciferase reporter in conjunction with an Hprt gene reporter detected cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity in S3 cells. These two reporter genes were contained in a mouse artificial chromosome, and two luciferases that emitted different wavelengths were used to monitor the respective gene expression. However, the Kim‐1 reporter gene failed to respond to cisplatin in A9 fibroblast cells that contained the same reporter mouse artificial chromosome, suggesting cell type‐specificity for activation of the reporter. Conclusions We report the feasibility of measuring in vitro cisplatin nephrotoxicity using a Kim‐1 reporter gene in S3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kokura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,Division of Human Genome Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kuromi
- Tottori Industrial Promotion Organization, Tottori, Tottori, Japan.,Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Tottori Industrial Promotion Organization, Tottori, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Larki RA, Jamali B, Meidani M, Mousavi S. Serum Cystatin C for Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury in Adults Treated with Colistin. J Res Pharm Pract 2018; 7:178-181. [PMID: 30622984 PMCID: PMC6298137 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_18_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent studies have shown that serum cystatin C (Cys C) is a better marker for measuring the glomerular filtration rate and may rise more quickly with acute kidney injury (AKI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical application of serum Cys C to predict colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in comparison with serum creatinine (SCr). Methods Thirty-two adult patients with no history of acute or chronic kidney injury having been planned to receive intravenous colistin for an anticipated duration of at least 1 week for any indication were recruited. At baseline and 5 days after colistin treatment, serum Cys C as well as creatinine levels were measured. The incidence of colistin-induced acute renal failure was defined according to the AKIN criteria for SCr. Rise in concentration of Cys C by more than 10% from baseline considered as AKI. Findings Colistin-induced nephrotoxicity (defined as SCr ≥0.3 mg/dl) occurred in 6 patients (18.8%). A Cys C increase concentration ≥10% after 5 days of colistin treatment was detected in 15 patients (46.9%). There was a poor agreement between the presence and absence of any SCr-AKI and Cys C-AKI (κ = 0.28, P = 0.04). Conclusion Serum Cys C is a better marker of renal function in early stages of AKI and predictive of persistent AKI on colistin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozina Abbasi Larki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Bahareh Jamali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Meidani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarah Mousavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Foxley MA, Wright SN, Lam AK, Friedline AW, Strange SJ, Xiao MT, Moen EL, Rice CV. Targeting Wall Teichoic Acid in Situ with Branched Polyethylenimine Potentiates β-Lactam Efficacy against MRSA. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1083-1088. [PMID: 29057055 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a medical concern. Here, we show that branched polyethylenimine (BPEI), a nontoxic, cationic polymer, restores MRSA's susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics. Checkerboard assays with MRSA demonstrated synergy between BPEI and β-lactam antibiotics. A time-killing curve showed BPEI to be bactericidal in combination with oxacillin. BPEI did not potentiate efficacy with vancomycin, chloramphenicol, or linezolid. When exposed to BPEI, MRSA increased in size and had difficulty forming septa. BPEI electrostatically binds to wall teichoic acid (WTA), a cell wall anionic polymer of Gram-positive bacteria that is important for localization of certain cell wall proteins. Lack of potentiation in a WTA knockout mutant supports the WTA-based mechanism. These data suggest that BPEI may prevent proper localization of cell wall machinery by binding to WTA; leading to cell death when administered in combination with β-lactam antibiotics. Negligible in vitro toxicity suggests the combination could be a viable treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Foxley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Summer N. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Anh K. Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Anthony W. Friedline
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Stoffel J. Strange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Min T. Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Erika L. Moen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Charles V. Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Killilea DW, Chow D, Xiao SQ, Li C, Stoller ML. Flame retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) toxicity is attenuated by N-acetylcysteine in human kidney cells. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:260-264. [PMID: 28959647 PMCID: PMC5615114 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to the flame retardants found in many household products and building materials is associated with adverse developmental, reproductive, and carcinogenic consequences. While these compounds have been studied in numerous epidemiological and animal models, less is known about the effects of flame retardant exposure on cell function. This study evaluated the toxicity of the commonly used fire retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) in cell line derived from the kidney, a major tissue target of organohalogen toxicity. TDCPP inhibited cell growth at lower concentrations (IC50 27 μM), while cell viability and toxicity were affected at higher concentrations (IC50 171 μM and 168 μM, respectively). TDCPP inhibited protein synthesis and caused cell cycle arrest, but only at higher concentrations. Additionally, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduced cell toxicity in cells treated with TDCPP, suggesting that exposure to TDCPP increased oxidative stress in the cells. In summary, these data show that low concentrations of TDCPP result in cytostasis in a kidney cell line, whereas higher concentrations induce cell toxicity. Furthermore, TDCPP toxicity can be attenuated by NAC, suggesting that antioxidants may be effective countermeasures to some organohalogen exposures.
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Key Words
- ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EDTA, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- N-acetylcysteine (PubChem CID: 12035)
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- SFFCPF, San Francisco Firefighters Cancer Prevention Foundation
- TDCPP, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate
- TR, thyroid hormone receptor
- Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (PubChem CID: 26177)
- Tris, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate
- antioxidant
- cell cycle
- cell toxicity
- cytostasis
- flame retardant
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Killilea
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King, Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609, USA.Children’s Hospital Oakland Research InstituteOaklandCAUSA
| | - Darryl Chow
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Qi Xiao
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Charles Li
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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Becker B, Butler MS, Hansford KA, Gallardo-Godoy A, Elliott AG, Huang JX, Edwards DJ, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA. Synthesis of octapeptin C4 and biological profiling against NDM-1 and polymyxin-resistant bacteria. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2407-2409. [PMID: 28454673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of octapeptin C4 was achieved using a combination of solid phase synthesis and off-resin cyclisation. Octapeptin C4 displayed antibiotic activity against multi-drug resistant, NDM-1 and polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, with moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The linear analogue of octapeptin C4 was also prepared, which showed reduced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Becker
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Karl A Hansford
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | | | - Alysha G Elliott
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Johnny X Huang
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - David J Edwards
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Fukuda Y, Kaishima M, Ohnishi T, Tohyama K, Chisaki I, Nakayama Y, Ogasawara-Shimizu M, Kawamata Y. Fluid shear stress stimulates MATE2-K expression via Nrf2 pathway activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:358-364. [PMID: 28131833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of drug-induced renal toxicity is necessary for development of safer drugs for patients. Cellular assay systems that recapitulate physiologically relevant microenvironments have been proposed for correct estimation of drug responses in the human body. However, establishment of such assay systems for accurate prediction of renal toxicity is challenging because of the lack of readily available in vitro assay systems. In this study, we investigated the cellular response to fluid shear stress, which is a characteristic of the environment in the kidney proximal tubules, using microfluidic devices. The global gene expression profiles of human primary proximal tubule cells under the fluidic conditions revealed upregulation of MATE2-K and activation of Nrf2 signaling in response to fluid shear stress. Network and cell biological analysis additionally showed that expression of MATE2-K is regulated by Nrf2 signaling. These results strongly suggest that fluid shear stress is involved in the expression and maintenance of function of tissue-specific drug transporters in the proximal tubule, where the cells are exposed to continuous shear stress by primary urine. Furthermore, the microfluidic culture of human proximal tubules was demonstrated to be a useful system to analyze the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in physiologically relevant cell conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Fukuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Misato Kaishima
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Ohnishi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Chisaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Mari Ogasawara-Shimizu
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kawamata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
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Development of new polymyxin derivatives for multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:386-394. [PMID: 28074057 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a resurgence of interest in polymyxins owing to the rapid rise in multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria against which polymyxins offer a last-resort treatment. Although having excellent antibacterial activity, the clinical utility of polymyxins is limited by toxicity, especially renal toxicity. There is much interest therefore in developing polymyxin analogues with an improved therapeutic index. This review describes recent work aimed at improving the activity and/or reducing the toxicity of polymyxins. Consideration to providing activity against emerging strains with reduced susceptibility to polymyxins is also made.
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Hosoya M, Czysz K. Translational Prospects and Challenges in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research in Drug Discovery. Cells 2016; 5:cells5040046. [PMID: 28009813 PMCID: PMC5187530 DOI: 10.3390/cells5040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous efforts to improve the process of drug discovery and development, achieving success at the clinical stage remains challenging because of a persistent translational gap between the preclinical and clinical settings. Under these circumstances, the discovery of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has brought new hope to the drug discovery field because they enable scientists to humanize a variety of pharmacological and toxicological models in vitro. The availability of human iPS cell-derived cells, particularly as an alternative for difficult-to-access tissues and organs, is increasing steadily; however, their use in the field of translational medicine remains challenging. Biomarkers are an essential part of the translational effort to shift new discoveries from bench to bedside as they provide a measurable indicator with which to evaluate pharmacological and toxicological effects in both the preclinical and clinical settings. In general, during the preclinical stage of the drug development process, in vitro models that are established to recapitulate human diseases are validated by using a set of biomarkers; however, their translatability to a clinical setting remains problematic. This review provides an overview of current strategies for human iPS cell-based drug discovery from the perspective of translational research, and discusses the importance of early consideration of clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hosoya
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Katherine Czysz
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin production negatively correlates with HK-2 cell impairment: Evaluation of NGAL as a marker of toxicity in HK-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 39:52-57. [PMID: 27888128 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an extracellular protein produced mostly in kidney. Recently, it has become a promising biomarker of renal damage in vivo. On the other hand, the validation of NGAL as a biomarker for nephrotoxicity estimation in vitro has not been characterized in detail yet. Since the HK-2 cells are frequently used human kidney cell line, we aimed to characterize the production of NGAL in these cells and to evaluate NGAL as a possible marker of cell impairment. We used heavy metals (mercury, cadmium), peroxide, drugs (acetaminophen, gentamicin) and cisplatin to mimic nephrotoxicity. HK-2 cells were incubated with selected compounds for 1-24h and cell viability was measured together with extracellular NGAL production. We proved that HK-2 cells possess a capacity to produce NGAL in amount of 2pg/ml/h. We found a change in cell viability after 24h incubation with all tested toxic compounds. The largest decrease of the viability was detected in mercury, acetaminophen, cisplatin and gentamicin. Unexpectedly, we found also a significant decrease in NGAL production in HK-2 cells treated with these toxins for 24h: to 11±5%, 54±5%, 57±6% and 76±9% respectively, compared with controls (=100%). Our results were followed with qPCR analysis when we found no significant increase in LCN2 gene expression after 24h incubation. We conclude that extracellular NGAL production negatively correlates with HK-2 cell impairment.
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Chambers JM, McKee RA, Drummond BE, Wingert RA. Evolving technology: creating kidney organoids from stem cells. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2016; 3:305-318. [PMID: 28393110 PMCID: PMC5381928 DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2016.3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a complex organ whose excretory and regulatory functions are vital for maintaining homeostasis. Previous techniques used to study the kidney, including various animal models and 2D cell culture systems to investigate the mechanisms of renal development and regeneration have many benefits but also possess inherent shortcomings. Some of those limitations can be addressed using the emerging technology of 3D organoids. An organoid is a 3D cluster of differentiated cells that are developed ex vivo by addition of various growth factors that result in a miniature organ containing structures present in the tissue of origin. Here, we discuss renal organoids, their development, and how they can be employed to further understand kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Chambers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Robert A McKee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Bridgette E Drummond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Gallardo-Godoy A, Muldoon C, Becker B, Elliott AG, Lash LH, Huang JX, Butler MS, Pelingon R, Kavanagh AM, Ramu S, Phetsang W, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA. Activity and Predicted Nephrotoxicity of Synthetic Antibiotics Based on Polymyxin B. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1068-77. [PMID: 26734854 PMCID: PMC4774972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
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The polymyxin lipodecapeptides colistin
and polymyxin B have become
last resort therapies for infections caused by highly drug-resistant
Gram-negative bacteria. Unfortunately, their utility is compromised
by significant nephrotoxicity and polymyxin-resistant bacterial strains.
We have conducted a systematic activity–toxicity investigation
by varying eight of the nine polymyxin amino acid free side chains,
preparing over 30 analogues using a novel solid-phase synthetic route.
Compounds were tested against a panel of Gram-negative bacteria and
counter-screened for in vitro cell toxicity. Promising
compounds underwent additional testing against primary kidney cells
isolated from human kidneys to better predict their nephrotoxic potential.
Many of the new compounds possessed equal or better antimicrobial
potency compared to polymyxin B, and some were less toxic than polymyxin
B and colistin against mammalian HepG2 cells and human primary kidney
cells. These initial structure–activity and structure–toxicity
studies set the stage for further improvements to the polymyxin class
of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gallardo-Godoy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig Muldoon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bernd Becker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Johnny X Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ruby Pelingon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angela M Kavanagh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Soumya Ramu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wanida Phetsang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Wilmer MJ, Ng CP, Lanz HL, Vulto P, Suter-Dick L, Masereeuw R. Kidney-on-a-Chip Technology for Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity Screening. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 34:156-170. [PMID: 26708346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Improved model systems to predict drug efficacy, interactions, and drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) are crucially needed in drug development. Organ-on-a-chip technology is a suitable in vitro system because it reproduces the 3D microenvironment. A kidney-on-a-chip can mimic the structural, mechanical, transport, absorptive, and physiological properties of the human kidney. In this review we address the application of state-of-the-art microfluidic culturing techniques, with a focus on culturing kidney proximal tubules, that are promising for the detection of biomarkers that predict drug interactions and DIKI. We also discuss high-throughput screening and the challenges for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) that will need to be overcome for successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J Wilmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, HB 6500 The Netherlands.
| | - Chee Ping Ng
- MIMETAS BV, JH Oortweg 19, Leiden, CH, 2333 The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Vulto
- MIMETAS BV, JH Oortweg 19, Leiden, CH, 2333 The Netherlands
| | - Laura Suter-Dick
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, CG 3584 The Netherlands
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Gong X, Ivanov VN, Hei TK. 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) down-regulated arsenic-induced heme oxygenase-1 and ARS2 expression by inhibiting Nrf2, NF-κB, AP-1 and MAPK pathways in human proximal tubular cells. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2187-2200. [PMID: 26404762 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study demonstrated that sodium arsenite at a clinically relevant dose induced nephrotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2, which could be inhibited by natural product 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) with antioxidant activity. The present study demonstrated that arsenic exposure resulted in protein and enzymatic induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in dose- and time-dependent manners in HK-2 cells. Blocking HO-1 enzymatic activity by zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) augmented arsenic-induced apoptosis, ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting a critical role for HO-1 as a renal protectant in this procession. On the other hand, TMP, upstream of HO-1, inhibited arsenic-induced ROS production and ROS-dependent HO-1 expression. TMP also prevented mitochondria dysfunction and suppressed activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in HK-2 cells. Our results revealed that the regulation of arsenic-induced HO-1 expression was performed through multiple ROS-dependent signal pathways and the corresponding transcription factors, including p38 MAPK and JNK (but not ERK), AP-1, Nrf2 and NF-κB. TMP inhibited arsenic-induced activations of JNK, p38 MAPK, ERK, AP-1 and Nrf2 and block HO-1 protein expression. The present study, furthermore, demonstrated arsenic-induced expression of arsenic response protein 2 (ARS2) that was regulated by p38 MAPK, ERK and NF-κB. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that ARS2 involved in arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity, while TMP pretreatment prevented such an up-regulation of ARS2 in HK-2 cells. Given ARS2 and HO-1 sharing the similar regulation mechanism, we speculated that ARS2 might also mediate cell survival in this procession. In summary, our study highlighted a role of HO-1 in the protection against arsenic-induced cytotoxicity downstream from the primary targets of TMP and further indicated that TMP may be used as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhong Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 274 Zhijiang Middle Road, Shanghai, 200071, China. .,Center for Radiological Research, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Vladimir N Ivanov
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tom K Hei
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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