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Vahabi A, Öztürk AM, Kılıçlı B, Birim D, Kaftan Öcal G, Dağcı T, Armağan G. Silibinin promotes healing in spinal cord injury through anti-ferroptotic mechanisms. JOR Spine 2024; 7:e1344. [PMID: 38957164 PMCID: PMC11217020 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Study Design Pre-clinical animal experiment. Objective In this study, we investigated therapeutic effects of silibinin in a spinal cord injury (SCI) model. In SCI, loss of cells due to secondary damage mechanisms exceeds that caused by primary damage. Ferroptosis, which is iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death, is shown to be influential in the pathogenesis of SCI. Methods The study was conducted as an in vivo experiment using a total of 78 adult male/female Sprague Dawley rats. Groups were as follows: Sham, SCI, deferoxamine (DFO) treatment, and silibinin treatment. There were subgroups with follow-up periods of 24 h, 72 h, and 6 weeks in all groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and Fe2+ levels were measured by spectrophotometry. Glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4), ferroportin (FPN), transferrin receptor (TfR1), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-modified protein levels were assessed by Western blotting. Functional recovery was assessed using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan test. Results Silibinin achieved significant suppression in MDA and 4-HNE levels compared to the SCI both in 72-h and 6 weeks group (p < 0.05). GSH, GPX4, and FNP levels were found to be significantly higher in the silibinin 24 h, 72 h, and 6 weeks group compared to corresponding SCI groups (p < 0.05). Significant reduction in iron levels was observed in silibinin treated rats in 72 h and 6 weeks group (p < 0.05). Silibinin substantially suppressed TfR1 levels in 24 h and 72 h groups (p < 0.05). Significant difference among recovery capacities was observed as follows: Silibinin > DFO > SCI (p < 0.05). Conclusion Impact of silibinin on iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation, both of which are features of ferroptosis, may contribute to therapeutic activity. Within this context, our findings posit silibinin as a potential therapeutic candidate possessing antiferroptotic properties in SCI model. Therapeutic agents capable of effectively and safely mitigating ferroptotic cell death hold the potential to be critical points of future clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Vahabi
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyEge University School of MedicineIzmirTurkey
| | - Anıl Murat Öztürk
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyEge University School of MedicineIzmirTurkey
| | - Bünyamin Kılıçlı
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyEge University School of MedicineIzmirTurkey
| | - Derviş Birim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of BiochemistryEge UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Gizem Kaftan Öcal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of BiochemistryAfyonkarahisar Health Sciences UniversityAfyonkarahisarTurkey
| | - Taner Dağcı
- Department of PhysiologyEge University School of MedicineIzmirTurkey
| | - Güliz Armağan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of BiochemistryEge UniversityIzmirTurkey
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Basak P, Dastidar DG, Ghosh D, Chakraborty T, Sau S, Chakrabarti G. Staphylococcus aureus major cell division protein FtsZ assembly is inhibited by silibinin, a natural flavonolignan that also blocked bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135252. [PMID: 39222779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial cell division protein FtsZ has been considered a potential therapeutic target due to its rapid treadmilling that induces cellular wall construction in bacteria. The current study discovered a novel antimicrobial compound, silibinin, a natural flavonolignan and its impact on the recombinant S. aureus FtsZ (SaFtsZ). Silibinin inhibited S. aureus Newman growth in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 and MIC values for silibinin were 75 μM and 200 μM, respectively. It had no cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells in vitro. Silibinin also enlarged the bacterial cell morphology by ∼40 folds and showed antibiofilm property. It perturbed the S. aureus membrane potential both at IC50 conc. and at MIC conc. Further, it inhibited both the polymerization and GTPase activity of SaFtsZ. It did not inhibit tubulin assembly, a eukaryotic FtsZ homolog. A fluorescence quenching study yielded the Kd value for SaFtsZ-Silibinin interaction and binding stoichiometry 0.857 ± 0.188 μM and 1:1, respectively. Both in silico study and competition assay indicated that silibinin binds at the GTP binding site on SaFtsZ. The Ki value for the silibinin-mediated inhibition of SaFtsZ was 8.8 μM. Therefore, these findings have comprehensively shown the antimicrobial behavior of silibinin on S. aureus Newman cells targeting SaFtsZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Basak
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB 700 019, India
| | - Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, 157/F Nilgunj Road, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB 700 019, India
| | - Tushar Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Sau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB 700 019, India.
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Elvir Lazo OL, White PF, Lee C, Cruz Eng H, Matin JM, Lin C, Del Cid F, Yumul R. Use of herbal medication in the perioperative period: Potential adverse drug interactions. J Clin Anesth 2024; 95:111473. [PMID: 38613937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2024.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Use of herbal medications and supplements has experienced immense growth over the last two decades, with retail sales in the USA exceeding $13 billion in 2021. Since the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 reduced FDA oversight, these products have become less regulated. Data from 2012 shows 18% of U.S. adults used non-vitamin, non-mineral natural products. Prevalence varies regionally, with higher use in Western states. Among preoperative patients, the most commonly used herbal medications included garlic, ginseng, ginkgo, St. John's wort, and echinacea. However, 50-70% of surgical patients fail to disclose their use of herbal medications to their physicians, and most fail to discontinue them preoperatively. Since herbal medications can interact with anesthetic medications administered during surgery, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) and the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA) recommend stopping herbal medications 1-2 weeks before elective surgical procedures. Potential adverse drug effects related to preoperative use of herbal medications involve the coagulation system (e.g., increasing the risk of perioperative bleeding), the cardiovascular system (e.g., arrhythmias, hypotension, hypertension), the central nervous system (e.g., sedation, confusion, seizures), pulmonary (e.g., coughing, bronchospasm), renal (e.g., diuresis) and endocrine-metabolic (e.g., hepatic dysfunction, altered metabolism of anesthetic drugs). During the preoperative evaluation, anesthesiologists should inquire about the use of herbal medications to anticipate potential adverse drug interactions during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F White
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; White Mountain Institute, The Sea Ranch, CA 95497, USA.
| | - Carol Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Hillenn Cruz Eng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Adena Health System, Chillicothe, OH, USA.
| | - Jenna M Matin
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Cory Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Franklin Del Cid
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Roya Yumul
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, Charles R, Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Han L, Han X, Meng J, Yang J, Kang S, Lv X, Cui X, Li J, Liu W, Bai R. Silymarin effectively prevents and treats Eimeria tenella infection in chicks. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103909. [PMID: 38908118 PMCID: PMC11253652 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Silymarin, a botanical medicine derived from milk thistle seeds and is known to improve chicken growth and gut health when added to the feed. However, its role in the prevention and treatment of chicken coccidiosis remains unclear. This study investigated the efficacy of various doses of silymarin in preventing and treating Eimeria tenella infection in chicks. A total of 180 one-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks were randomized into six groups of 30 chicks each, no treatment (NC group); E. tenella infection (CC group); diclazuril medication during d 14 to 21 and E. tenella infection (DC group); and three groups infected with E. tenella and administered low, medium, or high doses of silymarin during d 12 to 21. All groups except NC were infected with E. tenella on d 14, with indicators observed on d 21. The growth performance was higher in the silymarin treated groups than that in the CC group, and the oocyst count per gram of manure, blood stool, and cecal lesion scores decreased. The medium-dose silymarin group exhibited the best treatment effect. Additionally, the silymarin groups displayed improved histological, morphology, and intestinal barrier integrity. The amounts of proinflammatory factors and harmful bacteria in the cecum were also reduced. Additionally, the activity of serum and cecal antioxidant enzymes, as well as the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota, increased in the cecum. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that silymarin can prevent and treat E. tenella infections. These data provide a scientific and conceptual basis for the development of a botanical dietary supplement from silymarin for the treatment and control of coccidiosis in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Xiaoyi Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Jia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Shuning Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Xiaoling Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Xiaozhen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Rui Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
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Zhang XM, Huang YC, Chen BZ, Li Q, Wu PP, Chen WH, Wu RH, Li C. Water decoction of Pericarpium citri reticulatae and Amomi fructus ameliorates alcohol-induced liver disease involved in the modulation of gut microbiota and TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1392338. [PMID: 38966547 PMCID: PMC11222602 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1392338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alcohol consumption alters the diversity and metabolic activities of gut microbiota, leading to intestinal barrier dysfunction and contributing to the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which is the most prevalent cause of advanced liver diseases. In this study, we investigated the protective effects and action mechanism of an aqueous extraction of Pericarpium citri reticulatae and Amomi fructus (PFE) on alcoholic liver injury. Methods C57BL/6 mice were used to establish the mouse model of alcoholic liver injury and orally administered 500 and 1,000 mg/kg/d of PFE for 2 weeks. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing were used to analyze the mechanism of action of PFE in the treatment of alcohol-induced liver injury. Results Treatment with PFE significantly improved alcohol-induced liver injury, as illustrated by the normalization of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total triglyceride, and cholesterol levels in ALD mice in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of PFE not only maintained the intestinal barrier integrity prominently by upregulating mucous production and tight junction protein expressions but also sensibly reversed the dysregulation of intestinal microecology in alcohol-treated mice. Furthermore, PFE treatment significantly reduced hepatic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and attenuated oxidative stress as well as inflammation related to the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. The PFE supplementation also significantly promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the ALD mice. Conclusion Administration of PFE effectively prevents alcohol-induced liver injury and may also regulate the LPS-involved gut-liver axis; this could provide valuable insights for the development of drugs to prevent and treat ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Min Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yue-Chang Huang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Bai-Zhong Chen
- Guangdong Xinbaotang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiangmen, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Pan-Pan Wu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Ri-Hui Wu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
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Maaloul S, Ghzaiel I, Mahmoudi M, Mighri H, Pires V, Vejux A, Martine L, de Barros JPP, Prost-Camus E, Boughalleb F, Lizard G, Abdellaoui R. Characterization of Silybum marianum and Silybum eburneum seed oils: Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant properties supporting important nutritional interests. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304021. [PMID: 38875282 PMCID: PMC11178192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle seed oil is still not a well-known edible oil. Silybum marianum (milk thistle), is present in several countries and is the only known representative of the genus Silybum. However, Silybum eburneum, which is an endemic plant in Spain, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, is considered a marginalized species. The present work is the first report that gives information on the lipid and phenolic profiles of Tunisian S. eburneum seed oil compared to those of Tunisian S. marianum seed oil. In addition, the antioxidant properties of these oils were determined with DPPH, FRAP, and KRL assays, and their ability to prevent oxidative stress was determined on human monocytic THP-1 cells. These oils are characterized by high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids; linoleic acid and oleic acid are the most abundant. Campesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and β-amyrin were the major phytosterols identified. α-tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol found. These oils also contain significant amounts of phenolic compounds. The diversity and richness of Silybum marianum and Silybum eburneum seed oils in unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and tocopherols are associated with high antioxidant activities revealed by the DPPH, FRAP, and KRL assays. In addition, on THP-1 cells, these oils powerfully reduced the oxidative stress induced by 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, two strongly pro-oxidant oxysterols often present at increased levels in patients with age-related diseases. Silybum marianum and Silybum eburneum seed oils are therefore important sources of bioactive molecules with nutritional interest that prevent age-related diseases, the frequency of which is increasing in all countries due to the length of life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Maaloul
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorisation of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' (EA7270) University of Bourgogne/Inserm, Dijon, France
- University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maher Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorisation of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Plant, Soil and Environement Interactions (LR21ES01)-University of Tunis El-Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Ressources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja (LR23ES08), University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Hédi Mighri
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorisation of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Vivien Pires
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' (EA7270) University of Bourgogne/Inserm, Dijon, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' (EA7270) University of Bourgogne/Inserm, Dijon, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Fayçal Boughalleb
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorisation of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' (EA7270) University of Bourgogne/Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Raoudha Abdellaoui
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorisation of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
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Yavuz A, Küçük A, Ergörün Aİ, Dursun AD, Yiğman Z, Alkan M, Arslan M. Evaluation of the efficacy of silymarin and dexmedetomidine on kidney and lung tissue in the treatment of sepsis in rats with cecal perforation. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:242. [PMID: 38655036 PMCID: PMC11036365 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome that develops in the host against microorganisms. This response develops away from the primary infection site and results in end-organ damage. The present study aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects on lung and kidney tissue of silymarin (S) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) applied 1 h before and after sepsis induced by the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method in rats. A total of 62 rats was randomly divided into eight groups: i) Control (n=6); ii) cecal perforation (CLP; n=8); iii) S + CLP (n=8; S + CLP; S administered 1 h before CPL); iv) CLP + S (n=8; S administered 1 h after CLP); v) DEX + CLP (n=8; D + CLP; DEX administered 1 h before CLP); vi) CLP + D (n=8; DEX administered 1 h after CLP); vii) SD + CLP (n=8; S and DEX administered 1 h before CLP) and viii) CLP + SD (n=8; S and DEX administered 1 h after CLP). After the cecum filled with stool, it was tied with 3/0 silk under the ileocecal valve and the anterior surface of the cecum was punctured twice with an 18-gauge needle. A total of 100 mg/kg silymarin and 100 µg/kg DEX were administered intraperitoneally to the treatment groups. Lung and kidney tissue samples were collected to evaluate biochemical and histopathological parameters. In the histopathological examination, all parameters indicating kidney injury; interstitial edema, peritubular capillary dilatation, vacuolization, ablation of tubular epithelium from the basement membrane, loss of brush border in the proximal tubule epithelium, cell swelling and nuclear defragmentation; were increased in the CLP compared with the control group. Silymarin administration increased kidney damage, including ablation of tubular epithelium from the basement membrane, compared with that in the CLP group. DEX significantly reduced kidney damage compared with the CLP and silymarin groups. The co-administration of DEX + silymarin decreased kidney damage, although it was not as effective as DEX-alone. To conclude, intraperitoneal DEX ameliorated injury in CLP rats. DEX + silymarin partially ameliorated injury but silymarin administration increased damage. As a result, silymarin has a negative effects with this dosage and DEX has a protective effect. In the present study, it was determined that using the two drugs together had a greater therapeutic effect than silymarin and no differences in the effects were not observed any when the application times of the agents were changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Yavuz
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Küçük
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya Health Science University, Kutahya 43020, Turkey
| | - Aydan İremnur Ergörün
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Ali Doğan Dursun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Atılım University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Yiğman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Metin Alkan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Arslan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
- Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Gazi University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
- Laboratory Animal Breeding and Experimental Research Center, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
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El-Demerdash FM, Ahmed MM, El-Sayed RA, Mohemed TM, Gerges MN. Nephroprotective effects of silymarin and its fabricated nanoparticles against aluminum-induced oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, and genotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3746-3759. [PMID: 38546352 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous element with proven nephrotoxicity. Silymarin (SM) is a mixture of polyphenolic components extracted from Silybum marianum and exhibited protective influences. However, SM bioactivity can be enhanced by its incorporation in chitosan (CS) through the use of nanotechnology. This work proposed to assess the protective influence of SM and its loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SM-CS-NPs) on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced nephrotoxicity. METHODS Six groups were created randomly from 42 male Wistar rats and each one contains 7 rats (n = 7). Group I, acted as a control and received water. Group II received SM (15 mg/kg/day) and group III administered with SM-CS-NPs (15 mg/kg/day). Group IV received AlCl3 (34 mg/kg) and groups V and VI were treated with SM and SM-CS-NPs with AlCl3 respectively for 30 days. RESULTS AlCl3 administration significantly elevated TBARS, H2O2, and kidney function levels besides LDH activity. Whereas GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx, GST, and GR values were all substantially reduced along with protein content, and ALP activity. Additionally, significant alterations in lipid profile, hematological parameters, and renal architecture were observed. Moreover, TNF-α, TGF-β, and MMP9 gene expression were upregulated in kidney tissues. The administration of SM or its nanoparticles followed by AlCl3 intoxication attenuated renal dysfunction replenished the antioxidant system, and downregulated TNF-α, TGF-β, and MMP9 gene expression in renal tissues compared to the AlCl3 group. CONCLUSION SM-CS-NPs have more pronounced appreciated protective effects than SM and have the proficiency to balance oxidant/antioxidant systems in addition to their anti-inflammatory effect against AlCl3 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M El-Demerdash
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Manal M Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Raghda A El-Sayed
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Mohemed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Marian N Gerges
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Zhang W, Fan L, Xie Y, Gao T, Zeng J. Clinical efficacy and applicability of natural products in the treatment and prevention of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis: A systematic review. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303988. [PMID: 38781255 PMCID: PMC11115216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to describe the efficacy and acceptability of natural products in the management of oral mucositis caused by radiation. From the day it started to August 7, 2023, a thorough search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was carried out among seven databases: the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, OVID, Scopus, the Cochrane Library and the CINAHL database. Only English-language articles were identified during the search. Using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, version 2, two researchers screened the articles, collected information on study characteristics, and appraised risks of bias. The data were analyzed and descriptively presented with a narrative synthesis methodology involving the Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) reporting element applied in detail. The PROSPERO registration number of this study is CRD42023476932. Thirty-six clinical trials were included in the study; the included studies included a variety of 20 types of natural products. Honey and Curcuma longa were the most commonly assessed natural products. A total of 2,400 participants reported taking part in therapy with natural products for oral mucositis. Natural products demonstrated substantial efficacy in terms of influencing intensity, incidence, pain score, quality of life, and symptoms such as xerostomia and dysphagia. Except for manuka honey, most natural products were well accepted. Regarding the clinical trials' risk of bias, 2 clinical trials (5.56%) had a high risk of bias, 17 studies (47.2%) had a low risk of bias, and 17 studies (47.2%) were rated with "some concern." Natural remedies work well as alternate treatments for managing oral mucositis caused by radiation therapy. However, additional clinical trials are still needed. The safety of these conventional medications as well as their effectiveness and safety when used in combination with other conventional or naturopathic therapies should be fully examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Fan
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yifang Xie
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tenghui Gao
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jieping Zeng
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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10
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Liu C, Liu F, Nie D, Xiao Y, Wu W, Jia Y, Jin L, Qiao N, Cai K, Ru S, Liu X, Song Y, Xu J, Cao L, Gui S. Gut microbiota composition and metabolic characteristics in patients with Craniopharyngioma. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:521. [PMID: 38658858 PMCID: PMC11044453 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is associated with various intracranial neoplastic diseases. It has been observed that alterations in the gut microbiota are present in gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (Pit-NETs). However, the correlation between gut microbiota and craniopharyngioma (CP), a rare embryonic malformation tumor in the sellar region, has not been previously mentioned. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the gut microbiota composition and metabolic patterns in CP patients, with the goal of identifying potential therapeutic approaches. METHODS We enrolled 15 medication-free and non-operated patients with CP and 15 healthy controls (HCs), conducting sequential metagenomic and metabolomic analyses on fecal samples to investigate changes in the gut microbiota of CP patients. RESULTS The composition of gut microbiota in patients with CP compared to HCs show significant discrepancies at both the genus and species levels. The CP group exhibits greater species diversity. And the metabolic patterns between the two groups vary markedly. CONCLUSIONS The gut microbiota composition and metabolic patterns in patients with CP differ significantly from the healthy population, presenting potential new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Fangzheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ding Nie
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Youchao Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wentao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yanfei Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ning Qiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Kefan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Siming Ru
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yifan Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jintian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Songbai Gui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China.
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11
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Mohammadi S, Asbaghi O, Afrisham R, Farrokhi V, Jadidi Y, Mofidi F, Ashtary-Larky D. Impacts of Supplementation with Silymarin on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:390. [PMID: 38671838 PMCID: PMC11047742 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that silymarin (SIL) supplementation has positive effects on cardiovascular health and reduces the risk of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS). This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis assessed the impacts of SIL administration on cardiovascular risk factors. A systematic search of multiple databases was performed to identify eligible controlled trials published up to January 2023. The analysis used a random-effects model and included 33 trials with 1943 participants. It was revealed that SIL supplementation led to a notable reduction in serum levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) (weighted mean difference (WMD): -21.68 mg/dL, 95% CI: -31.37, -11.99; p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD: -1.25 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.25, -0.26; p = 0.013), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: -13.97 mg/dL, 95% CI: -23.09, -4.85; p = 0.003), triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -26.22 mg/dL, 95% CI: -40.32, -12.12; p < 0.001), fasting insulin (WMD: -3.76 mU/mL, 95% CI: -4.80, -2.72; p < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (WMD: -17.13 mg/dL, 95% CI: -25.63, -8.63; p < 0.001), and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) (WMD: -0.85%, 95% CI: -1.27, -0.43; p < 0.001) in the SIL-treated groups compared to their untreated counterparts. In addition, there were no substantial differences in body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), C-reactive protein (CRP), body weight, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) between the two groups. These outcomes suggest that SIL consumption reduces certain CMS risk factors and has favorable impacts on lipid and glycemic profiles with potential hypotensive effects. These findings should be supported by additional trials with larger sample sizes and longer durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shooka Mohammadi
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Omid Asbaghi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran;
| | - Reza Afrisham
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-13151, Iran; (R.A.); (Y.J.)
| | - Vida Farrokhi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran;
| | - Yasaman Jadidi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-13151, Iran; (R.A.); (Y.J.)
| | - Fatemeh Mofidi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran;
| | - Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran
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12
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Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Lavari N, Abdollahi M. Natural Products in the Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38418667 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a prevalent health condition that requires significant attention and intervention due to its multifaceted nature. It encompasses a variety of ailments such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Despite extensive research, the underlying pathophysiology of MetS is not entirely understood, and current synthetic drugs used to treat it have adverse effects and can be expensive. Therefore, natural products are being investigated as a potential alternative treatment for MetS. This chapter provides an overview of studies on natural products as a treatment for MetS. The available evidence suggests that bioactive phytochemicals and herbal medicines, such as curcumin, resveratrol, Nigella sativa, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Theobroma cacao, have the potential to treat MetS effectively. Furthermore, natural products can be explored as a novel drug discovery approach for MetS. However, it is imperative to conduct well-designed randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes to confirm these findings. Based on our review, we conclude that natural products could be a promising alternative for treating MetS. Further research is warranted to explore this potential fully. The use of natural products for MetS treatment could reduce the reliance on synthetic drugs, many of which have harmful side effects and are costly. The development of natural products as a treatment for MetS could have significant implications for public health, and we encourage further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Lavari
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Xiao B, Jiang Y, Yuan S, Cai L, Xu T, Jia L. Silibinin, a potential fasting mimetic, inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by triggering extrinsic apoptosis. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e457. [PMID: 38222315 PMCID: PMC10784426 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Fasting, without inducing malnutrition, has been shown to have various beneficial effects, including the inhibition of tumor initiation and progression. However, prolonged fasting poses challenges for many cancer patients, particularly those in intermediate and terminal stages. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of fasting mimetics which harness the protective effects of fasting but more suitable for patients. In this study, we first highlighted the pivotal role of silibinin in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and may serve, as a potential fasting mimetic via screening hepatoprotective drugs. Further metabolic analysis showed that silibinin inhibited the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, glucose uptake and diminished glycolysis process, which further confirmed that silibinin served as a fasting mimetic. In addition, fasting synergized with silibinin, or used independently, to suppress the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vivo. Mechanistically, silibinin upregulated death receptor 5 (DR5) through AMPK activation, and thus promoting extrinsic apoptosis and inhibiting HCC growth both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of AMPK using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, significantly attenuated the upregulation of DR5 and the apoptotic response induced by silibinin. These findings suggest that silibinin holds promise as a fasting mimetic and may serve as an adjuvant drug for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Xiao
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yanyu Jiang
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shuying Yuan
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lili Cai
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tong Xu
- Departmnent of OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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14
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Ghahfarrokhi SH, Heidari-Soureshjani S, Sherwin CMT, Azadegan-Dehkordi Z. Efficacy and Mechanisms of Silybum Marianum, Silymarin, and Silibinin on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis Symptoms: A Systematic Review. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:414-425. [PMID: 38314596 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971266397231122080247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are the most common forms of skeletal disease worldwide. OBJECTIVE The current systematic review investigated the mechanisms of Silybum marianum, silymarin, and silibinin on RA and OA symptoms. METHODS The PRISMA 2020 statement was used for reporting Items in this systematic review. The result was a list of five databases, including Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus. After determining the inclusion and exclusion criteria, of 437 records identified, 21 studies were eligible. The data were extracted from the studies and imported into an Excel form, and finally, the effects, outcomes, and associated mechanisms were surveyed. RESULTS Silybum marianum and its main constituents revealed immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties in humans and laboratory animals. Moreover, they protect the joints against the cartilage matrix's hypocellularity and fibrillation, reduce synovitis, and inhibit degeneration of aggrecan and collagen-II in human chondrocytes. They also, through reducing inflammatory cytokines, show an analgesic effect. Although silymarin and silibinin have low absorption, their bioavailability can be increased with nanoparticles. CONCLUSION In experimental studies, Silybum marianum, silymarin, and silibinin revealed promising effects on RA and OA symptoms. However, more clinical studies are needed in this field to obtain reliable results and clinical administration of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Habibi Ghahfarrokhi
- Department of Social Medicine, Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton Children's Hospital, One Children's Plaza, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Zahra Azadegan-Dehkordi
- Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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15
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Duan W, Ou Z, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhao Y, He R, Zhang Y, Ge Y, Lou H, Ju Z, Hu Q. Silibinin Inhibits Cell Ferroptosis and Ferroptosis-Related Tissue Injuries. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2119. [PMID: 38136238 PMCID: PMC10740598 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is involved in various tissue injuries including neurodegeneration, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and acute liver injury. Ferroptosis inhibitors exhibit promising clinical potential in the treatment of various diseases. As a traditional chemical, silymarin has been widely used in healthcare and clinical applications to treat liver injuries in which ferroptosis is involved. Silibinin is the main active ingredient of silymarin. However, the effect of silibinin on ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related diseases remains unclear. Here, we found that silibinin inhibited death in different kinds of cells caused by ferroptosis inducers including RSL3 and erastin. Moreover, silibinin alleviated lipid peroxidation induced by RSL3 without affecting the labile iron pool. Next, the antioxidant activity of silibinin was demonstrated by the DPPH assay. In vivo, silibinin strikingly relieved tissue injuries and ferroptosis in the liver and kidney of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) knockout C57 BL/6J mice. Moreover, silibinin effectively rescued renal ischemia-reperfusion, a well-known ferroptosis-related disease. In conclusion, our study revealed that silibinin effectively inhibits cell ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related tissue injuries, implicating silibinin as a potential chemical to treat ferroptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.D.); (Z.O.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Zexian Ou
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.D.); (Z.O.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuxing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.D.); (Z.O.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.D.); (Z.O.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.D.); (Z.O.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.D.); (Z.O.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ruikun He
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou 510663, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yihan Zhang
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou 510663, China; (R.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuanlong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.D.); (Z.O.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Huiling Lou
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.D.); (Z.O.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Qian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.D.); (Z.O.); (Y.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
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16
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Shah-Abadi ME, Ariaei A, Moradi F, Rustamzadeh A, Tanha RR, Sadigh N, Marzban M, Heydari M, Ferdousie VT. In Silico Interactions of Natural and Synthetic Compounds with Key Proteins Involved in Alzheimer's Disease: Prospects for Designing New Therapeutics Compound. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:408-430. [PMID: 37086338 PMCID: PMC10122091 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Memory impairment is a result of multiple factors including amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation. Several receptors are mediated for Aβ transport and signaling. Moreover, blood lipids are involved in Aβ signaling pathway through these receptors. Mediated blood lipid level by statins aims to regulate Aβ signaling cascade. First, the structure of receptors was taken from the RCSB PDB database and prepared with MGLTools and AutoDock tool 4. Second, the ligand was prepared for docking through AutoDock Vina. The binding affinity was calculated, and the binding sites were determined through LigPlot+ software. Besides, pharmacokinetic properties were calculated through multiple software. Finally, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was conducted to evaluate ligands stability along with clustering analysis to evaluate proteins connection. Our molecular docking and dynamic analyses revealed silymarin as a potential inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), P-glycoprotein, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with 0.704, 0.85, and 0.83 Å for RMSD along with -114.27, -107.44, and -122.51 kcal/mol for free binding energy, respectively. Moreover, rosuvastatin and quercetin have more stability compared to silymarin and donepezil in complex with P-glycoprotein and ACE2, respectively. Eventually, based on clustering and pharmacokinetics analysis, silymarin, rosuvastatin, and quercetin are suggested to be involved in peripheral clearance of Aβ. The bioactivity effects of mentioned statins and antioxidants are predicted to be helpful in treating memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, mentioned drug effect could be improved by nanoparticles to facilitate penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Ariaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Auob Rustamzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rastegar Rahmani Tanha
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nader Sadigh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Trauma and Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Marzban
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Mahdi Heydari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Su J, Yu M, Wang H, Wei Y. Natural anti-inflammatory products for osteoarthritis: From molecular mechanism to drug delivery systems and clinical trials. Phytother Res 2023; 37:4321-4352. [PMID: 37641442 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that affects millions globally. The present nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatments have different side effects, leading researchers to focus on natural anti-inflammatory products (NAIPs). To review the effectiveness and mechanisms of NAIPs in the cellular microenvironment, examining their impact on OA cell phenotype and organelles levels. Additionally, we summarize relevant research on drug delivery systems and clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to promote clinical studies and explore natural product delivery options. English-language articles were searched on PubMed using the search terms "natural products," "OA," and so forth. We categorized search results based on PubChem and excluded "natural products" which are mix of ingredients or compounds without the structure message. Then further review was separately conducted for molecular mechanisms, drug delivery systems, and RCTs later. At present, it cannot be considered that NAIPs can thoroughly prevent or cure OA. Further high-quality studies on the anti-inflammatory mechanism and drug delivery systems of NAIPs are needed, to determine the appropriate drug types and regimens for clinical application, and to explore the combined effects of different NAIPs to prevent and treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbang Su
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Minghao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haochen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingliang Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Choi S, Ham S, Lee YI, Kim J, Lee WJ, Lee JH. Silibinin Downregulates Types I and III Collagen Expression via Suppression of the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14386. [PMID: 37762688 PMCID: PMC10531945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloid scars are fibro-proliferative conditions characterized by abnormal fibroblast proliferation and excessive extracellular matrix deposition. The mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in keloid disease. Silibinin, a natural flavonoid isolated from the seeds and fruits of the milk thistle, is known to inhibit the mTOR signaling pathway in human cervical and hepatoma cancer cells. However, the mechanisms underlying this inhibitory effect are not fully understood. This in vitro study investigated the effects of silibinin on collagen expression in normal human dermal and keloid-derived fibroblasts. We evaluated the effects of silibinin on the expressions of collagen types I and III and assessed its effects on the suppression of the mTOR signaling pathway. Our findings confirmed elevated mTOR phosphorylation levels in keloid scars compared to normal tissue specimens. Silibinin treatment significantly reduced collagen I and III expressions in normal human dermal and keloid-derived fibroblasts. These effects were accompanied by the suppression of the mTOR signaling pathway. Our findings suggest the potential of silibinin as a promising therapeutic agent for preventing and treating keloid scars. Further studies are warranted to explore the clinical application of silibinin in scar management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Choi
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.C.); (S.H.); (Y.I.L.)
| | - Seoyoon Ham
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.C.); (S.H.); (Y.I.L.)
| | - Young In Lee
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.C.); (S.H.); (Y.I.L.)
- Scar Laser and Plastic Surgery Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.L.)
| | - Jihee Kim
- Scar Laser and Plastic Surgery Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.L.)
- Department of Dermatology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin 16995, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jai Lee
- Scar Laser and Plastic Surgery Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.L.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.C.); (S.H.); (Y.I.L.)
- Scar Laser and Plastic Surgery Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.L.)
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Iqbal I, Wilairatana P, Saqib F, Nasir B, Wahid M, Latif MF, Iqbal A, Naz R, Mubarak MS. Plant Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits on Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6403. [PMID: 37687232 PMCID: PMC10490098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits, vegetables, and other food items contain phytochemicals or secondary metabolites which may be considered non-essential nutrients but have medicinal importance. These dietary phytochemicals exhibit chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against numerous diseases. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found in vegetables, fruits, and grains. These compounds exhibit several health benefits such as immune modulators, vasodilators, and antioxidants. This review focuses on recent studies on using dietary polyphenols to treat cardiovascular disorders, atherosclerosis, and vascular endothelium deficits. We focus on exploring the safety of highly effective polyphenols to ensure their maximum impact on cardiac abnormalities and discuss recent epidemiological evidence and intervention trials related to these properties. Kaempferol, quercetin, and resveratrol prevent oxidative stress by regulating proteins that induce oxidation in heart tissues. In addition, polyphenols modulate the tone of the endothelium of vessels by releasing nitric oxide (NO) and reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation to prevent atherosclerosis. In cardiomyocytes, polyphenols suppress the expression of inflammatory markers and inhibit the production of inflammation markers to exert an anti-inflammatory response. Consequently, heart diseases such as strokes, hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease could be prevented by dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Iqbal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Bushra Nasir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Muqeet Wahid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
| | - Muhammad Farhaj Latif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
| | - Ahmar Iqbal
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China;
| | - Rabia Naz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
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Ralli T, Saifi Z, Kumari A, Aeri V, Kohli K. In-silico, in-vitro and ex-vivo evidence of combining silymarin phytopharmaceutical with piperine, and fulvic acid for enhancing its solubility and permeability. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:595-610. [PMID: 37342048 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2227966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Even if with such a high mortality there is no definite treatment approved. Thus, there is a need to develop a formulation which can have multiple pharmacological activities. Herbal drugs are among the most promising compounds that act by different pharmacological actions. For increasing the bio-activity of Silymarin we had isolated five active biomarker molecules from silymarin extract (as a Phytopharmaceutical) in our previous work. It possesses lower bioavailability due to poor solubility, lesser permeability and first pass metabolism effect. Therefore, from the literature we had screened two bioavailability enhancers i.e. piperine and fulvic acid for overcoming the drawbacks associated with silymarin. Hence, in this study we had first explored the ADME-T parameters and then evaluated their in-silico activity for different enzymes involved in inflammation and fibrosis. Interestingly, it was found that besides the bioavailability enhancing property, piperine and fulvic acid also shown anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic action, particularly more activity was demonstrated by fulvic acid than piperine. Furthermore, the concentration of the bioavailability enhancers i.e. 20% FA and 10% PIP were optimized by QbD assisted solubility studies. Moreover, the percentage release and apparent permeability coefficient of the optimized formulation was found to be 95% and 90%, respectively as compared to 6.54*106 and 1.63*106 respectively by SM suspension alone. Furthermore, it was found that plain rhodamine solution penetrated only up to 10 um whereas, formulation penetrated up to 30 um. Thus, combining these three, can not only increase the bioavailability of silymarin, but might also, increase the physiological action synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Ralli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Zoya Saifi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Kumari
- Indian Patent agent and TIFAC-DST Woman Scientist, Delhi, India
| | - Vidhu Aeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, New Delhi, India
- Director (Research and publications), Llyod Institute of Management and Technology, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Balkrishna A, Sinha S, Kumar A, Arya V, Gautam AK, Valis M, Kuca K, Kumar D, Amarowicz R. Sepsis-mediated renal dysfunction: Pathophysiology, biomarkers and role of phytoconstituents in its management. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115183. [PMID: 37487442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis has evolved as an enormous health issue amongst critically ill patients. It is a major risk factor that results in multiple organ failure and shock. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most frequent complications underlying sepsis, which portends a heavy burden of mortality and morbidity. Thus, the present review is aimed to provide an insight into the recent progression in the molecular mechanisms targeting dysregulated immune response and cellular dysfunction involved in the development of sepsis-associated AKI, accentuating the phytoconstituents as eligible candidates for attenuating the onset and progression of sepsis-associated AKI. The pathogenesis of sepsis-mediated AKI entails a complicated mechanism and is likely to involve a distinct constellation of hemodynamic, inflammatory, and immune mechanisms. Novel biomarkers like neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1, procalcitonin, alpha-1-microglobulin, and presepsin can help in a more sensitive diagnosis of sepsis-associated AKI. Many bioactive compounds like curcumin, resveratrol, baicalin, quercetin, and polydatin are reported to play an important role in the prevention and management of sepsis-associated AKI by decreasing serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, cystatin C, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and level of PPARγ. The plant bioactive compounds could be developed into a drug-developing candidate in managing sepsis-mediated acute kidney injury after detailed follow-up studies. Lastly, the gut-kidney axis may be a more promising therapeutic target against the onset of septic AKI, but a deeper understanding of the molecular pathways is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Sugandh Sinha
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India.
| | - Vedpriya Arya
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Gautam
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Liu Y, Wang W, Zhang J, Gao S, Xu T, Yin Y. JAK/STAT signaling in diabetic kidney disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1233259. [PMID: 37635867 PMCID: PMC10450957 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1233259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most important microvascular complication of diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of the transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, which is out of balance in the context of DKD, acts through a range of metabolism-related cytokines and hormones. JAK/STAT is the primary signaling node in the progression of DKD. The latest research on JAK/STAT signaling helps determine the role of this pathway in the factors associated with DKD progression. These factors include the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), fibrosis, immunity, inflammation, aging, autophagy, and EMT. This review epitomizes the progress in understanding the complicated explanation of the etiologies of DKD and the role of the JAK/STAT pathway in the progression of DKD and discusses whether it can be a potential target for treating DKD. It further summarizes the JAK/STAT inhibitors, natural products, and other drugs that are promising for treating DKD and discusses how these inhibitors can alleviate DKD to explore possible potential drugs that will contribute to formulating effective treatment strategies for DKD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- Clinical Medicine Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenkuan Wang
- Clinical Medicine Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Clinical Medicine Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shuo Gao
- Clinical Medicine Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Clinical Medicine Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yonghui Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Hamrouni H, Othman KB, Benmoussa H, Idoudi S, Najjaa H, Neffati M, Elfalleh W. Phenolic Profiling, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants from Tunisia. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300265. [PMID: 37369625 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical screening of aqueous extract from six medicinal wild plants grown in South-eastern of Tunisia: Atriplex halimus, Teucrium polium, Moricandia arvensis, Deverra tortuoa, Haplophyllum tuberculatum and Polygonum equisetiforme were evaluated. Both decoction and ultrasound assisted extraction were used. Antioxidant, antibacterial proprieties, and phenolic profiling, using LC-ESI-MS method, were assessed. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins contents ranged from 7.47±0.19 to 22.25±0.49 mg GAE/g Dw, 5.47±0.06 to 7.55±0.07 mg RE/g Dw, and 0.33±0.02 to 19.43±0.64 mg TAE/g Dw, respectively. Moreover, the reducing power and DPPH tests showed that P. equisetiforme (EC50 : 12.50±0.50 μg/ml; DPPH⋅+ : 213.49±4.24 mg TEAC/g DW), T. polium (EC50 : 25.00±1.00 μg/ml; DPPH⋅+ : 181.39±9.47 mg TEAC/g DW) as well as H. tuberculatum (EC50 : 56.25±0.25 μg/ml; DPPH⋅+ : 177.83±5.85 mg TEAC/g DW) extracts were the most effective natural antioxidants. For anti-bacterial activity, the ultrasonic extract of H. tuberculatum showed the highest activity against both P. aeruginosa (13.50±0.71 mm) and S. aureus (13.00±0.00 mm) at 10 mg/ml. Furthermore 24 phenolic compounds were identified, with predominance of quinic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, catechin (+), trans-cinnamic and silymarin. These results were further consolidated by to heatmap clustering with P. equisetiforme, H. tuberculatum, T. polium as the main antioxidant and antibacterial sources which supports their domestication and industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hania Hamrouni
- Energy, Water, Environment and Process Laboratory, LR18ES35), National Engineering School of Gabes, University of Gabes, Zrig Eddakhlania, 6072, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Khadija Ben Othman
- Energy, Water, Environment and Process Laboratory, LR18ES35), National Engineering School of Gabes, University of Gabes, Zrig Eddakhlania, 6072, Gabes, Tunisia
- Research Unit Advanced Materials, Applied Mechanics, Innovative Processes and Environment, UR22ES04), Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Gabes (ISSATG), University of Gabes, 6072, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Hasnia Benmoussa
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, BP1505, Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf University of Science and Technology, El M'naouer, 31000, Oran, Algeria
| | - Sourour Idoudi
- Energy, Water, Environment and Process Laboratory, LR18ES35), National Engineering School of Gabes, University of Gabes, Zrig Eddakhlania, 6072, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Najjaa
- Laboratory of pastoral ecosystem and valorization of spontaneous plants and associated microorganisms, Institute of Arid Lands of Medenine, Route Eljorf, 4119 Medenine, University of Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Neffati
- Laboratory of pastoral ecosystem and valorization of spontaneous plants and associated microorganisms, Institute of Arid Lands of Medenine, Route Eljorf, 4119 Medenine, University of Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Walid Elfalleh
- Energy, Water, Environment and Process Laboratory, LR18ES35), National Engineering School of Gabes, University of Gabes, Zrig Eddakhlania, 6072, Gabes, Tunisia
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Wang MC. Natural plant resource flavonoids as potential therapeutic drugs for pulmonary fibrosis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19308. [PMID: 37664726 PMCID: PMC10470008 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is an enduring and advancing pulmonary interstitial disease caused by multiple factors that ultimately lead to structural changes in normal lung tissue. Currently, pulmonary fibrosis is a global disease with a high degree of heterogeneity and mortality rate. Nitidine and pirfenidone have been approved for treating pulmonary fibrosis, and the quest for effective therapeutic drugs remains unabated. In recent years, the anti-pulmonary fibrosis properties of natural flavonoids have garnered heightened attention, although further research is needed. In this paper, the resources, structural characteristics, anti-pulmonary fibrosis properties and mechanisms of natural flavonoids were reviewed. We hope to provide potential opportunities for the application of flavonoids in the fight against pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China
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25
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Omar AR, Nour AA, Dakrory AE. Amelioration of silymarin against cadmium-induced toxicity in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1192-1207. [PMID: 37401502 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silymarin is an antioxidant without side effects even at relatively high physiological dosage. Therefore, it is safely used as a herbal medicine for treating different diseases. AIM OF WORK The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) in pregnant rats and their fetuses and the ameliorative effects of silymarin (SL) against this toxicity. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of 24 pregnant rats allocated into four equal groups. Control, silymarin (200 mg/kg), Cd (5 mg/kg), and a combination of Cd and silymarin concurrent from 6 to 20th gestational day. Number of corpora lutea, dams', gravid uteri, placental weights, and likewise fetal body weights and lengths were analyzed as physical parameters. Serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatinine, urea, uric acid, and maternal and fetal liver tissues for malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione activity were studied. The histology of hepatic and renal tissues for both mothers and fetuses was examined. Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance test and Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare group means. RESULTS The findings evidenced that Cd causes teratogenic abnormalities and histopathological variation in hepatic and renal tissues of both mothers and fetuses. Cd triggers oxidative stress and disrupts liver and kidney function. In Cd + silymarin treated rats exhibited improvement in the pregnancy outcomes, reduced histopathological changes, oxidative stress as well as liver and kidney enzymes. CONCLUSION We deduced that using of silymarin during gestation is effective and ameliorate the toxic maternal complications caused by cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ramadan Omar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Emam Dakrory
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Ranjan S, Gautam A. Pharmaceutical prospects of Silymarin for the treatment of neurological patients: an updated insight. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1159806. [PMID: 37274201 PMCID: PMC10232807 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1159806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid complex extricated from dried fruits and seeds of the plant Silybum marianum L. Chemically, it is a mixture of flavonolignan complexes consisting of silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin, a minor quantity of taxifolin, and other polyphenolic compounds, which possess different bio medicinal values. Purpose This review critically looks into the current status, pharmaceutical prospects and limitations of the clinical application of Silymarin for treating neurological disorders. In particular, Silymarin's medicinal properties and molecular mechanisms are focused on providing a better-compiled understanding helpful in its neuro-pharmacological or therapeutic aspects. Methods This review was compiled by the literature search done using three databases, i.e., PubMed (Medline), EMBASE and Science Direct, up to January 2023, using the keywords-Silymarin, neurological disorders, cognitive disorders, Type 2 Diabetes, pharmaceutical prospects and treatment. Then, potentially relevant publications and studies (matching the eligible criteria) were retrieved and selected to explain in this review using PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) study flow chart. Result Since its discovery, it has been widely studied as a hepatoprotective drug for various liver disorders. However, in the last 10-15 years, several research studies have shown its putative neuroprotective nature against various brain disorders, including psychiatric, neurodegenerative, cognitive, metabolic and other neurological disorders. The main underlying neuroprotective mechanisms in preventing and curing such disorders are the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, pro-neurotrophic and pro-estrogenic nature of the bioactive molecules. Conclusion This review provides a lucid summary of the well-studied neuroprotective effects of Silymarin, its underlying molecular mechanisms and current limitations for its usage during neurological disorders. Finally, we have suggested a future course of action for developing it as a novel herbal drug for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovit Ranjan
- University Department of Zoology, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Akash Gautam
- Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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27
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He T, Lin X, Su A, Zhang Y, Xing Z, Mi L, Wei T, Li Z, Wu W. Mitochondrial dysfunction-targeting therapeutics of natural products in Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1117337. [PMID: 37234707 PMCID: PMC10206024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1117337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, often occurs in middle-aged and elderly individuals. The pathogenesis of PD is complex and includes mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Recently, natural products with multiple structures and their bioactive components have become one of the most important resources for small molecule PD drug research targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. Multiple lines of studies have proven that natural products display ameliorative benefits in PD treatment by regulating mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, a comprehensive search of recent published articles between 2012 and 2022 in PubMed, Web of Science, Elesvier, Wliey and Springer was carried out, focusing on original publications related to natural products against PD by restoring mitochondrial dysfunction. This paper presented the mechanisms of various kinds of natural products on PD-related mitochondrial dysfunction regulation and provided evidence that natural products are promising to be developed as drugs for PD therapeutics.
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Singh M, Kadhim MM, Turki Jalil A, Oudah SK, Aminov Z, Alsaikhan F, Jawhar ZH, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Farhood B. A systematic review of the protective effects of silymarin/silibinin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:88. [PMID: 37165384 PMCID: PMC10173635 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although doxorubicin chemotherapy is commonly applied for treating different malignant tumors, cardiotoxicity induced by this chemotherapeutic agent restricts its clinical use. The use of silymarin/silibinin may mitigate the doxorubicin-induced cardiac adverse effects. For this aim, the potential cardioprotective effects of silymarin/silibinin against the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity were systematically reviewed. METHODS In this study, we performed a systematic search in accordance with PRISMA guideline for identifying all relevant studies on "the role of silymarin/silibinin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity" in different electronic databases up to June 2022. Sixty-one articles were obtained and screened based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirteen eligible papers were finally included in this review. RESULTS According to the echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings, the doxorubicin-treated groups presented a significant reduction in ejection fraction, tissue Doppler peak mitral annulus systolic velocity, and fractional shortening as well as bradycardia, prolongation of QT and QRS interval. However, these echocardiographic abnormalities were obviously improved in the silymarin plus doxorubicin groups. As well, the doxorubicin administration led to induce histopathological and biochemical changes in the cardiac cells/tissue; in contrast, the silymarin/silibinin co-administration could mitigate these induced alterations (for most of the cases). CONCLUSION According to the findings, it was found that the co-administration of silymarin/silibinin alleviates the doxorubicin-induced cardiac adverse effects. Silymarin/silibinin exerts its cardioprotective effects via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic activities, and other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- Department of Physical Education, University of Jammu, Srinagar, Jammu, India
| | - Mustafa M Kadhim
- Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, 52001, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq.
| | | | - Zafar Aminov
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare Management, Samarkand State Medical University, 18 Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, 103 Makhtumkuli Str., Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zanko Hassan Jawhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
- Educational Statistics Research Group (GIEE), National University of Education, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Koushki M, Farrokhi Yekta R, Amiri-Dashatan N. Critical review of therapeutic potential of silymarin in cancer: A bioactive polyphenolic flavonoid. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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30
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Silymarin for treatment of adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 2023:CD015524. [PMCID: PMC10074766 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the benefits and harms of silymarin in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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Sun Y, Cai J, Ding S, Bao S. Network Pharmacology Was Used to Predict the Active Components and Prospective Targets of Paeoniae Radix Alba for Treatment in Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:1103-1117. [PMID: 36258089 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is one of the most common benign gynecologic diseases. Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) has been utilized to treat endometriosis. We wished to identify potential targets for PRA in the treatment of endometriosis, as well as to provide a groundwork for future studies into its pharmacological mechanism of action. Network pharmacology was employed to conduct investigations on PRA. Target proteins were chosen from the components of PRA for endometriosis treatment. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) was established using overlapping genes. Analyses of enrichment of function and signaling pathways were undertaken using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases to select "hub genes." Finally, the feasibility of analysis based on network pharmacology was determined using real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. We demonstrated that PRA has 25 bioactive components and 167 putative targets that are therapeutically important. The anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting actions of tumor necrosis factor, albumin, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Jun, interleukin (IL)-1B, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and IL-6 were identified as prospective targets. Seven major compounds in PRA and related to the STAT3 pathway could bind spontaneously to it. RT-qPCR and western blotting showed that expression of STAT3 and phospho-STAT3 was reduced significantly after PRA intervention. Hence, analyses of the active components of traditional Chinese medicine formulations through network pharmacology may open up new ideas for the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Junhong Cai
- Medical Laboratory Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China
| | - Shun Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China
| | - Shan Bao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China.
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Kooshki L, Zarneshan SN, Fakhri S, Moradi SZ, Echeverria J. The pivotal role of JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanistic approaches to polyphenols and alkaloids. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 112:154686. [PMID: 36804755 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunctionality which results in disability and human life-threatening events. In recent decades, NDDs are on the rise. Besides, conventional drugs have not shown potential effectiveness to attenuate the complications of NDDs. So, exploring novel therapeutic agents is an urgent need to combat such disorders. Accordingly, growing evidence indicates that polyphenols and alkaloids are promising natural candidates, possessing several beneficial pharmacological effects against diseases. Considering the complex pathophysiological mechanisms behind NDDs, Janus kinase (JAK), insulin receptor substrate (IRS), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) seem to play critical roles during neurodegeneration/neuroregeneration. In this line, modulation of the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways and their interconnected mediators by polyphenols/alkaloids could play pivotal roles in combating NDDs, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), stroke, aging, multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), depression and other neurological disorders. PURPOSE Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective roles of polyphenols/alkaloids as multi-target natural products against NDDs which are critically passing through the modulation of the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic and comprehensive review was performed to highlight the modulatory roles of polyphenols and alkaloids on the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways in NDDs, according to the PRISMA guideline, using scholarly electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and associated reference lists. RESULTS In the present study 141 articles were included from a total of 1267 results. The results showed that phenolic compounds such as curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and quercetin, and alkaloids such as berberine could be introduced as new strategies in combating NDDs through JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways. This is the first systematic review that reveals the correlation between the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K axis which is targeted by phytochemicals in NDDs. Hence, this review highlighted promising insights into the neuroprotective potential of polyphenols and alkaloids through the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathway and interconnected mediators toward neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Amongst natural products, phenolic compounds and alkaloids are multi-targeting agents with the most antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects possessing the potential of combating NDDs with high efficacy and lower toxicity. However, additional reports are needed to prove the efficacy and possible side effects of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kooshki
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Javier Echeverria
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Raclariu-Manolică AC, Socaciu C. Detecting and Profiling of Milk Thistle Metabolites in Food Supplements: A Safety-Oriented Approach by Advanced Analytics. Metabolites 2023; 13:440. [PMID: 36984880 PMCID: PMC10052194 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is among the top-selling botanicals used as a supportive treatment for liver diseases. Silymarin, a mixture of unique flavonolignan metabolites, is the main bioactive component of milk thistle. The biological activities of silymarin have been well described in the literature, and its use is considered safe and well-tolerated in appropriate doses. However, commercial preparations do not always contain the recommended concentrations of silymarin, failing to provide the expected therapeutic effect. While the poor quality of raw material may explain the low concentrations of silymarin, its deliberate removal is suspected to be an adulteration. Toxic contaminants and foreign matters were also detected in milk thistle preparations, raising serious health concerns. Standard methods for determination of silymarin components include thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with various detectors, but nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) have also been applied. This review surveys the extraction techniques of main milk thistle metabolites and the quality, efficacy, and safety of the derived food supplements. Advanced analytical authentication approaches are discussed with a focus on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding to complement orthogonal chemical characterization and fingerprinting of herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuța Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 610004 Piatra Neamț, Romania
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- BIODIATECH—Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapy, 400478 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Intranasal Delivery of a Silymarin Loaded Microemulsion for the Effective Treatment of Parkinson's Disease in Rats: Formulation, Optimization, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020618. [PMID: 36839940 PMCID: PMC9961237 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A mucoadhesive microemulsion of lipophilic silymarin (SLMMME) was developed to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). Optimization of the SLM microemulsion (ME) was performed using Central Composite Design (CCD). The composition of oil, surfactant, co-surfactant, and water was varied, as per the design, to optimize their ratio and achieve desirable droplet size, zeta potential, and drug loading. The droplet size, zeta potential, and drug loading of optimized SLMME were 61.26 ± 3.65 nm, -24.26 ± 0.2 mV, and 97.28 ± 4.87%, respectively. With the addition of chitosan, the droplet size and zeta potential of the developed ME were both improved considerably. In vitro cell toxicity investigations on a neuroblastoma cell line confirmed that SLMMME was non-toxic and harmless. In comparison to ME and drug solution, mucoadhesive ME had the most flow through sheep nasal mucosa. Further, the in vitro release showed significantly higher drug release, and diffusion of the SLM loaded in MEs than that of the silymarin solution (SLMS). The assessment of behavioral and biochemical parameters, as well as inflammatory markers, showed significant (p < 0.05) amelioration in their level, confirming the significant improvement in neuroprotection in rats treated with SLMMME compared to rats treated with naïve SLM.
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Compound Probiotic Ameliorates Acute Alcoholic Liver Disease in Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Maintaining Intestinal Barrier. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:185-201. [PMID: 36456838 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a worldwide health threaten lack of effective treatment. Gut dysbiosis and concomitant augmented intestinal permeability are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of ALD. Research on the protective effect of probiotics on ALD is limited, and more effective intestinal microecological regulators and the related mechanisms still need to be further explored. In the present study, the protective effects and mechanisms of a compound probiotic against acute alcohol-induced liver injury in vivo were explod. It was showed that the compound probiotic ameliorated liver injury in acute ALD mice and stabilized the levels of ALT, AST, and TG in serum. The compound probiotic reversed acute alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis and maintained the intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating the production of mucus and the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and thus reduced LPS level in liver. Meanwhile, the compound probiotic reduced inflammation level by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and suppressed oxidative stress level in liver. Furthermore, the compound probiotic alleviated liver lipid accumulation by regulating fatty acid metabolism-associated genes and AMPK-PPARα signaling pathway. Noteworthy, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) realized comparable protective effect with that of compound probiotic. In conclusion, present study demonstrates the beneficial effects and underlying mechanism of the compound probiotic against acute alcohol-induced liver injury. It provides clues for development of novel strategy for treatment of ALD.
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Brown G. Targeting the Retinoic Acid Pathway to Eradicate Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2373. [PMID: 36768694 PMCID: PMC9916838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid is a morphogen during embryogenesis and a teratogen. Cancer is an error of development, and the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) for all-trans retinoic acid play a role in cancer. Expression of the cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases, which mediate the last step to the synthesis of all-trans retinoic acid, is deregulated in various human cancers. Inhibiting these enzymes using a variety of agents reduced the proliferation of lung cancer cells, reduced the proliferation and induced apoptosis of ovarian, prostate, squamous, and uterine cancer cells, and sensitised breast, colorectal and ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. RARγ is an oncogene within some cases of AML, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. Pan-RAR and RARγ antagonist inhibition of the action of RARγ led to necroptosis of human prostate and pediatric brain tumour cancer stem cells. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma cells with the flavenoid acacetin, which interferes with the action of RARγ, decreased cell growth and induced apoptosis. Targeting the retinoic acid pathway is promising regarding the development of new drugs to eradicate cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Ghodousi M, Karbasforooshan H, Arabi L, Elyasi S. Silymarin as a preventive or therapeutic measure for chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced adverse reactions: a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:15-38. [PMID: 36450892 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thus far, silymarin has been examined in several studies for prevention or treatment of various chemotherapy or radiotherapy-induced adverse reactions. In this review, we try to collect all available human, animal, and pre-clinical data in this field. METHODS The search was done in Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and systematic reviews in the Cochrane database, using the following keywords: "Cancer," "Chemotherapy," "Radiotherapy," "Mucositis," "Nephrotoxicity," "Dermatitis," "Ototoxicity," "Cardiotoxicity," "Nephrotoxicity," "Hepatotoxicity," "Reproductive system," "Silybum marianum," "Milk thistle," and "Silymarin" and "Silybin." We included all relevant in vitro, in vivo, and human studies up to the date of publication. RESULTS Based on 64 included studies in this review, silymarin is considered a safe and well-tolerated compound, with no known clinical drug interaction. Notably, multiple adverse reactions of chemotherapeutic agents are effectively managed by its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-immunomodulatory properties. Clinical trials suggest that oral silymarin may be a promising adjuvant with cancer treatments, particularly against hepatotoxicity (n = 10), nephrotoxicity (n = 3), diarrhea (n = 1), and mucositis (n = 3), whereas its topical formulation can be particularly effective against radiodermatitis (n = 2) and hand-foot syndrome (HFS) (n = 1). CONCLUSION Further studies are required to determine the optimal dose, duration, and the best formulation of silymarin to prevent and/or manage chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ghodousi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hedyieh Karbasforooshan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Elyasi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Yang W, Liang Z, Wen C, Jiang X, Wang L. Silymarin Protects against Acute Liver Injury Induced by Acetaminophen by Downregulating the Expression and Activity of the CYP2E1 Enzyme. Molecules 2022; 27:8855. [PMID: 36557984 PMCID: PMC9784215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that silymarin protects against various types of drug-induced liver injury, but whether the protective mechanism of silymarin against acetaminophen-induced liver injury is related to the CYP2E1 enzyme remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of silymarin on the activity and expression of CYP2E1 in vitro and in vivo. The results of in vitro studies showed that silymarin not only inhibited the activity of CYP2E1 in human and rat liver microsomes but also reduced the expression of CYP2E1 in HepG2 cells. In vivo studies showed that silymarin pretreatment significantly reduced the conversion of chlorzoxazone to its metabolite 6-OH-CLX and significantly increased the t1/2, area under the curve (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT) of chlorzoxazone. In addition, silymarin pretreatment significantly inhibited the upregulation of Cyp2e1 expression, reduced the production of 3-cysteinylacetaminophen trifluoroacetic acid salt (APAP-CYS), and restored the liver glutathione level. The results of our study show that silymarin plays an important protective role in the early stage of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by reducing the activity and expression of CYP2E1, reducing the generation of toxic metabolites, and alleviating liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Henriet E, Abdallah F, Laurent Y, Guimpied C, Clement E, Simon M, Pichon C, Baril P. Targeting TGF-β1/miR-21 pathway in keratinocytes reveals protective effects of silymarin on imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 3:100175. [PMID: 36968096 PMCID: PMC10034514 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal cells integrate multiple signals that activate the signaling pathways involved in skin homeostasis. TGF-β1 signaling pathway upregulates microRNA (miR)-21-5p in keratinocytes and is often deregulated in skin diseases. To identify the bioactive compounds that enable to modulate the TGF-β1/miR-21-5p signaling pathway, we screened a library of medicinal plant extracts using our miR-ON RILES luciferase reporter system placed under the control of the miR-21-5p in keratinocytes treated with TGF-β1. We identified silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., as the most potent regulator of miR-21-5p expression. Using Argonaute 2 immunoprecipitation and RT-qPCR, we showed that silymarin regulates the expression of miR-21-5p through a noncanonical TGF-β1 signaling pathway, whereas RNA-sequencing analysis revealed three unexpected transcriptomic signatures associated with keratinocyte differentiation, cell cycle, and lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that SM blocks cell cycle progression, inhibits keratinocyte differentiation through repression of Notch3 expression, stimulates lipid synthesis via activation of PPARγ signaling and inhibits inflammatory responses by suppressing the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. We finally showed that topical application of silymarin alleviates the development of imiquimod-induced psoriasiform lesions in mice by abrogating the altered expression levels of markers involved in inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and lipid metabolism.
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Mi XJ, Le HM, Lee S, Park HR, Kim YJ. Silymarin-Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles Prevent LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in RAW264.7 Cells through Downregulation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:42723-42732. [PMID: 36467957 PMCID: PMC9713780 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin exhibits an anti-inflammatory property in various cancers and inflammatory diseases. In our previous work, silymarin-mediated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (Si-SeNPs) were developed using a green synthesis technique, and its potential as an anticancer agent was confirmed. In order to further examine the extended comprehensive potential of Si-SeNPs, this investigation focuses on studying the enhanced anti-inflammatory effect of Si-SeNPs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to assess the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-NF-κB, and p-IκBα. Compared to silymarin, Si-SeNPs exhibited a significantly increased inhibitory effect on LPS-induced release of nitric oxide and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in RAW264.7 cells. A western blot assay indicated that Si-SeNPs downregulated the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways. The immunofluorescence assay suggested that Si-SeNPs inhibited the nuclear translocation and the activation of NF-κB. In addition, 740 Y-P (PI3K agonist) was used to demonstrate that activating the PI3K/Akt signal could partially reverse the inflammatory response, suggesting a causal role of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the anti-inflammatory effect of Si-SeNPs. Consequently, these findings indicate that Si-SeNPs could be a functional agent of the attenuation of LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages through inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, biosynthesized Si-SeNPs could be more effective at reducing inflammation than only silymarin extracts. Thus, this study lays an experimental foundation for the clinical application of using biosynthesized SeNPs as a novel candidate in the field of inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jie Mi
- Graduate
School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Minh Le
- Graduate
School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department
of Plant Science and Technology, Chung Ang
University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Park
- Graduate
School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Graduate
School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Fu Y, Zhou Y, Shen L, Li X, Zhang H, Cui Y, Zhang K, Li W, Chen WD, Zhao S, Li Y, Ye W. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:973366. [PMID: 36408234 PMCID: PMC9666875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.973366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 25%. With the global increase in obesity and its associated metabolic syndromes, NAFLD has become an important cause of chronic liver disease in many countries. Despite recent advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutics, there are still challenges in its treatment. In this review, we briefly describe diagnostic methods, therapeutic targets, and drugs related to NAFLD. In particular, we focus on evaluating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, lipotoxicity, cell death, inflammation, and fibrosis as potential therapeutic targets for NAFLD. We also summarized the clinical research progress in terms of drug development and combination therapy, thereby providing references for NAFLD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Linhu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Haorui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yeqi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wei-dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shizhen Zhao, ; Yunfu Li, ; Wenling Ye,
| | - Yunfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shizhen Zhao, ; Yunfu Li, ; Wenling Ye,
| | - Wenling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, Hebi Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shizhen Zhao, ; Yunfu Li, ; Wenling Ye,
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Mirzaei N, Jahanian Sadatmahalleh S, Rouholamin S, Nasiri M. A randomized trial assessing the efficacy of Silymarin on endometrioma-related manifestations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17549. [PMID: 36266431 PMCID: PMC9584967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of silymarin on the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, size of endometrioma lesion, pain, sexual function, and Quality of Life (QoL) in women diagnosed with endometriosis. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed on 70 women with endometriosis which was divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention was 140 mg silymarin (or matching placebo) administered twice daily for 12 weeks. The volume of endometrioma lesions, the level of IL-6 concentration in serum, pain, sexual function, and QoL were analyzed before and after the intervention. The means of endometrioma volume (P = 0.04), IL-6 (P = 0.002), and pain (P < 0.001) were reduced significantly in the silymarin group after intervention. However, the QoL and female sexual function did not improve substantially in the two groups (P > 0.05). Silymarin significantly reduced interleukin-6 levels, sizes of endometrioma lesions, and pain-related symptoms. The trial has been registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20150905023897N5) on 4th February 2020 (04/02/2020) ( https://en.irct.ir/trial/42215 ) and the date of initial participant enrollment was 2nd March 2020 (02/03/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Mirzaei
- grid.412266.50000 0001 1781 3962Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Al-Ahmad Highway, Nasr Bridge, Tehran, 14115-111 Iran
| | - Shahideh Jahanian Sadatmahalleh
- grid.412266.50000 0001 1781 3962Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Al-Ahmad Highway, Nasr Bridge, Tehran, 14115-111 Iran
| | - Safoura Rouholamin
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar-Jerib Ave., Isfahan, 81746 73461 Iran
| | - Malihe Nasiri
- grid.411600.2Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gao ZR, Feng YZ, Zhao YQ, Zhao J, Zhou YH, Ye Q, Chen Y, Tan L, Zhang SH, Feng Y, Hu J, Ou-Yang ZY, Dusenge MA, Guo Y. Traditional Chinese medicine promotes bone regeneration in bone tissue engineering. Chin Med 2022; 17:86. [PMID: 35858928 PMCID: PMC9297608 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising method for the repair of difficult-to-heal bone tissue damage by providing three-dimensional structures for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been introduced as an effective global medical program by the World Health Organization, comprising intricate components, and promoting bone regeneration by regulating multiple mechanisms and targets. This study outlines the potential therapeutic capabilities of TCM combined with BTE in bone regeneration. The effective active components promoting bone regeneration can be generally divided into flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, and polyphenols, among others. The chemical structures of the monomers, their sources, efficacy, and mechanisms are described. We summarize the use of compounds and medicinal parts of TCM to stimulate bone regeneration. Finally, the limitations and prospects of applying TCM in BTE are introduced, providing a direction for further development of novel and potential TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Rong Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Hui Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Ye
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ze-Yue Ou-Yang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Marie Aimee Dusenge
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Persico M, García-Viñuales S, Santoro AM, Lanza V, Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Coletta M, Romanucci V, Zarrelli A, Di Fabio G, Fattorusso C, Milardi D. Silybins are stereospecific regulators of the 20S proteasome. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 66:116813. [PMID: 35576657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A reduced proteasome activity tiles excessive amyloid growth during the progress of protein conformational diseases (PCDs). Hence, the development of safe and effective proteasome enhancers represents an attractive target for the therapeutic treatment of these chronic disorders. Here we analyze two natural diastereoisomers belonging to the family of flavonolignans, Sil A and Sil B, by evaluating their capacity to increase proteasome activity. Enzyme assays carried out on yeast 20S (y20S) proteasome and in parallel on a permanently "open gate" mutant (α3ΔN) evidenced that Sil B is a more efficient 20S activator than Sil A. Conversely, in the case of human 20S proteasome (h20S) a higher affinity and more efficient activation is observed for Sil A. Driven by experimental data, computational studies further demonstrated that the taxifolin group of both diastereoisomers plays a crucial role in their anchoring to the α5/α6 groove of the outer α-ring. However, due to the different stereochemistry at C-7" and C-8" of ring D, only Sil A was able to reproduce the interactions responsible for h20S proteasome activation induced by their cognate regulatory particles. The provided silybins/h20S interaction models allowed us to rationalize their different ability to activate the peptidase activities of h20S and y20S. Our results provide structural details concerning the important role played by stereospecific interactions in driving Sil A and Sil B binding to the 20S proteasome and may support future rational design of proteasome enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Persico
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara García-Viñuales
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
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Kirdeeva Y, Fedorova O, Daks A, Barlev N, Shuvalov O. How Should the Worldwide Knowledge of Traditional Cancer Healing Be Integrated with Herbs and Mushrooms into Modern Molecular Pharmacology? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:868. [PMID: 35890166 PMCID: PMC9320176 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicine (THM) is a "core" from which modern medicine has evolved over time. Besides this, one third of people worldwide have no access to modern medicine and rely only on traditional medicine. To date, drugs of plant origin, or their derivates (paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, etoposide, camptothecin, topotecan, irinotecan, and omacetaxine), are very important in the therapy of malignancies and they are included in most chemotherapeutic regimes. To date, 391,000 plant and 14,000 mushroom species exist. Their medical and biochemical capabilities have not been studied in detail. In this review, we systematized the information about plants and mushrooms, as well as their active compounds with antitumor properties. Plants and mushrooms are divided based on the regions where they are used in ethnomedicine to treat malignancies. The majority of their active compounds with antineoplastic properties and mechanisms of action are described. Furthermore, on the basis of the available information, we divided them into two priority groups for research and for their potential of use in antitumor therapy. As there are many prerequisites and some examples how THM helps and strengthens modern medicine, finally, we discuss the positive points of THM and the management required to transform and integrate THM into the modern medicine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Kirdeeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Nikolai Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119435 Moscow, Russia
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Ding Y, Zhang S, Sun Z, Tong Z, Ge Y, Zhou L, Xu Q, Zhou H, Wang W. Preclinical validation of silibinin/albumin nanoparticles as an applicable system against acute liver injury. Acta Biomater 2022; 146:385-395. [PMID: 35460909 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silibinin (SIL) has been extensively studied for its therapeutic effects on various liver diseases. However, its effect on acute liver injury was limited for poor solubility and low bioavailability. Thus, we prepared SIL and bovine serum albumin (SIL/BSA) nanoparticles and further evaluated their therapeutic efficacy against acute liver injury in mouse models. METHODS SIL/BSA nanoparticles were prepared via a nanoprecipitation method. Both in vitro cell culture model and in vivo mouse models of acetaminophen (APAP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of SIL/BSA nanoparticles and potential mechanisms. RESULTS The SIL/BSA nanoparticles with hydrophilic diameters of 90 ± 29 nm were stably suspended. SIL/BSA nanoparticles presented better biocompatibility and more liver distribution in vivo than SIL microparticles. SIL/BSA nanoparticles significantly alleviated APAP and LPS/D-GalN induced acute liver injury in mice. Similarly, SIL/BSA nanoparticles remarkably enhanced the viability of hepatocytes in vitro against both APAP and LPS/D-GalN induced hepatocyte damage. Moreover, SIL/BSA nanoparticles exhibited antioxidant effects against intracellular oxidative stress via upregulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant responsive element (ARE) pathway, decreasing ROS and regulating antioxidant enzyme reactivity. And the downstream of mitochondria damage and caspase 9/3 related apoptosis pathway was also inhibited CONCLUSION: SIL/BSA nanoparticles were successfully prepared to enhance the liver availability of SIL. Both in vivo and in vitro, SIL/BSA nanoparticles exerted ideal hepatoprotective and antioxidant efficacy against acute liver injury, suggesting the promising future in clinical transfer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In our study, we prepared small-size, stable and well-dispersed silibinin/bovine serum albumin (SIL/BSA) nanoparticles via using simple and cost-effective nanoprecipitation techniques. Their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics were analyzed. We systematically studied the hepatoprotective and antioxidant efficacy of SIL/BSA both in vivo and in vitro, using two acute liver injury models. These findings revealed that SIL/BSA nanoparticles exerted ideal hepatoprotective and antioxidant efficacy against acute liver injury, suggesting the promising future in clinical transfer.
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Křen V, Valentová K. Silybin and its congeners: from traditional medicine to molecular effects. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1264-1281. [PMID: 35510639 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 up to 2022 (Feb)Silymarin, an extract of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) fruits, has been used in various medicinal applications since ancient times. A major component of silymarin is the flavonolignan silybin and its relatives isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin, 2,3-dehydrosilybin, and some others. Except for silydianin, they occur in nature as two stereomers. This review focuses on recent developments in chemistry, biosynthesis, modern advanced analytical methods, and transformations of flavonolignans specifically reflecting their chirality. Recently described chemotypes of S. marianum, but also the newest findings regarding the pharmacokinetics, hepatoprotective, antiviral, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective activity, modulation of endocrine functions, modulation of multidrug resistance, and safety of flavonolignans are discussed. A growing number of studies show that the respective diastereomers of flavonolignans have significantly different activities in anisotropic biological systems. Moreover, it is now clear that flavonolignans do not act as antioxidants in vivo, but as specific ligands of biological targets and therefore their chirality is crucial. Many controversies often arise, mainly due to the non-standard composition of this phytopreparation, the use of various undefined mixtures, the misattribution of silymarin vs. silybin, and also the failure to consider the chemistry of the respective components of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, CZ 14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, CZ 14220, Czech Republic.
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Silybins inhibit human IAPP amyloid growth and toxicity through stereospecific interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 1870:140772. [PMID: 35307557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes is a major public health threat, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. The abnormal accumulation of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in pancreatic β-cells is associated with the onset of the disease. Therefore, the design of small molecules able to inhibit IAPP aggregation represents a promising strategy in the development of new therapies. Here we employ in vitro, biophysical, and computational methods to inspect the ability of Silybin A and Silybin B, two natural diastereoisomers extracted from milk thistle, to interfere with the toxic self-assembly of human IAPP (hIAPP). We show that Silybin B inhibits amyloid aggregation and protects INS-1 cells from hIAPP toxicity more than Silybin A. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the higher efficiency of Silybin B is ascribable to its interactions with precise hIAPP regions that are notoriously involved in hIAPP self-assembly i.e., the S20-S29 amyloidogenic core, H18, the N-terminal domain, and N35. These results highlight the importance of stereospecific ligand-peptide interactions in regulating amyloid aggregation and provide a blueprint for future studies aimed at designing Silybin derivatives with enhanced drug-like properties.
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Ameliorative Impact of Silymarin on the Male Reproductive System: An Updated Systematic Review. JORJANI BIOMEDICINE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jorjanibiomedj.10.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Borymska W, Zych M, Dudek S, Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak I. Silymarin from Milk Thistle Fruits Counteracts Selected Pathological Changes in the Lenses of Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:1450. [PMID: 35406062 PMCID: PMC9003010 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease affecting many tissues and organs. The main etiological factor for diabetic complications is hyperglycemia and subsequent pathologies, such as oxidative stress. One of the organs susceptible to the development of diabetic complications is the eye with all of its elements, including the lens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silymarin, an extract obtained from milk thistle fruit husks, on the oxidative stress markers in the lenses of type 1 diabetic rats. The study was performed on male rats in which type 1 diabetes was induced with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin injection. Diabetic animals were treated via an intragastric tube with silymarin at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses for four weeks. Multiple oxidative stress and polyol pathway-related parameters were measured in the lenses, and auxiliary biochemical tests in the serum were conducted. Diabetes induced severe pathological changes both in the lenses and the serum, and silymarin counteracted several of them. Nevertheless, the qualitative analyses encompassing all tested parameters indicate that silymarin slightly improved the overall state of diabetic animals. Upon the obtained results, it can be concluded that silymarin reveals a faint positive effect on the lenses in type 1 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Borymska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (M.Z.); (S.D.); (I.K.-S.)
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