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Topolewska A, Haliński ŁP. A comprehensive approach to the monitoring of steroidal glycoalkaloids in foods of plant origin. Food Chem 2024; 457:140091. [PMID: 38879959 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (GAs) are toxins produced by solanaceous plants. As there are no fully standardized methods for their extraction and determination in food, the research aimed to: (1) develop and critically compare methods based on gas (GC) and liquid (LC) chromatography, including their coupling with mass spectrometry, and (2) to develop and optimize a universal GA extraction method. Hyphenated techniques proved to be the most useful in GA analysis: LC-MS was the most sensitive one, while GC-MS offered the highest chromatographic resolution. It was proven that quantitative results obtained using different analytical techniques cannot be directly compared. New extraction method that is more efficient than the AOAC method (997.13) was then designed and optimized. It was characterized by higher absolute recovery (99% and 34%, respectively) and allowed to extract much more GAs from the same material (e.g. 21.2 ± 1.4 and 11.82 ± 0.97 mg g-1 of potato tubers, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Topolewska
- Laboratory of Natural Product Analysis, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz P Haliński
- Laboratory of Natural Product Analysis, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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2
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Santonocito D, Delli Carri M, Campisi A, Sposito G, Pellitteri R, Raciti G, Cardullo N, Aquino G, Basilicata MG, Pepe G, Pignatello R, Puglia C. Steroidal Alkaloids from Food Waste of Tomato Processing Inhibit Neuroblastoma Cell Viability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16915. [PMID: 38069237 PMCID: PMC10706926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is considerable attention toward the use of food waste from food processing as possible sources of compounds with health properties, such as anticancer activity. An example is tomato processing, which is responsible for generating a remarkable amount of waste (leaves, peel, seeds). Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the potential anticancer property of tomato extracts, in particular "Datterino" tomato (DT) and "Piccadilly" tomato (PT), and to study their phytochemical composition. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) results showed that these extracts are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, lipids, and terpenes. Furthermore, their potential anticancer activity was evaluated in vitro by MTT assay. In particular, the percentage of cell viability was assessed in olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a particular glial cell type of the olfactory system, and in SH-SY5Y, a neuroblastoma cell line. All extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) did not lead to any significant change in the percentage of cell viability on OECs when compared with the control. Instead, in SH-SY5Y we observed a significant decrease in the percentage of cell viability, confirming their potential anticancer activity; this was more evident for the ethanolic extracts. In conclusion, tomato leaves extracts could be regarded as a valuable source of bioactive compounds, suitable for various applications in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Santonocito
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Matteo Delli Carri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.D.C.); (G.A.); (M.G.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Agatina Campisi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Giovanni Sposito
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Raciti
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.D.C.); (G.A.); (M.G.B.); (G.P.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.D.C.); (G.A.); (M.G.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Rosario Pignatello
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Patel AH, Sharma HP. Physiological functions, pharmacological aspects and nutritional importance of green tomato- a future food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-29. [PMID: 37267154 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2212766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Green tomatoes contain significant levels of steroidal glycoalkoids (SGA) such as α-tomatine and green pigment chlorophyll. Tomatine is an admixture of two glycoalkoids; alpha tomatine and dehydrotomatine reported various health beneficial biological activities. Moreover, a hydrolyzed product of tomatine also contributes to age-related atrophy, and muscle weakness and helps the elderly recover from illness and injuries related to age. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the absorption of tomatine in the human body concerning proposed biological activity, which should be an area of interest in the future. Once, the absorption study is established compounds concentrated in green tomatoes are potentially involved as protective compounds for several diseases and also used for functional food. To facilitate the use of green tomatoes in food processing, this comprehensive review provides data on the nutritional value of green tomatoes, with emphasis on the evolution of the physiological chemistry, analytical, medicinal, and pharmacological effects of the α-tomatine and chlorophyll in an experimental model. The broad aim of this review is to evaluate the health benefits of green tomatoes in addition to their nutritional value and to study the several features of the role of α-tomatine and chlorophyll in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit H Patel
- College of Food Processing Technology and Bio-energy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Harsh P Sharma
- Food Science and Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
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Kozukue N, Kim DS, Choi SH, Mizuno M, Friedman M. Isomers of the Tomato Glycoalkaloids α-Tomatine and Dehydrotomatine: Relationship to Health Benefits. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083621. [PMID: 37110854 PMCID: PMC10142774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of three commercial tomatine samples and another isolated from green tomatoes revealed the presence of two small peaks in addition to those associated with the glycoalkaloids dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine. The present study investigated the possible structures of the compounds associated with the two small peaks using HPLC-mass spectrophotometric (MS) methods. Although the two peaks elute much earlier on chromatographic columns than the elution times of the known tomato glycoalkaloids dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine, isolation of the two compounds by preparative chromatography and subsequent analysis by MS shows the two compounds have identical molecular weights, tetrasaccharide side chains, and MS and MS/MS fragmentation patterns to dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine. We suggest the two isolated compounds are isomeric forms of dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine. The analytical data indicate that widely used commercial tomatine preparations and those extracted from green tomatoes and tomato leaves consist of a mixture of α-tomatine, dehydrotomatine, an α-tomatine isomer, and a dehydrotomatine isomer in an approximate ratio of 81:15:4:1, respectively. The significance of the reported health benefits of tomatine and tomatidine is mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kozukue
- Department of Food Service & Culinary Arts, Seowon University, Cheongju-City 28674, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Kim
- Department of Food Service & Industry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-City 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Hyun Choi
- Department of Food Service & Culinary Arts, Seowon University, Cheongju-City 28674, Republic of Korea
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Urbański A, Konopińska N, Bylewska N, Gmyrek R, Spochacz-Santoro M, Bufo SA, Adamski Z. Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract Modulates Immune System Activity of Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor L. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:68. [PMID: 36668887 PMCID: PMC9861574 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the first evidence concerning the modulation of insect immune system activity after applying Solanum nigrum fruit extract (EXT). We focused on two main issues: (1) is EXT cytotoxic for Tenebrio molitor haemocytes? and (2) how EXT affects the basic immune mechanisms of T. molitor. The results indicate cytotoxic action of 0.01 and 0.1% EXT on beetle haemocytes. Both the injection of EXT and incubating haemocytes with the EXT solution on microscopic slides significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells. However, 24 h after injection of 0.1% EXT cytotoxic effect of the tested extract probably was masked by the increased number of circulating haemocytes. Application of 0.01 and 0.1% EXT led to impairment of the activity of basic immune mechanisms such as phenoloxidase activity and the lysozyme-like antimicrobial activity of T. molitor haemolymph. Moreover, the EXT elicited significant changes in the expression level of selected immune genes. However, some of the immunomodulatory effects of EXT were different in beetles with and without an activated immune system. The obtained results are an essential step toward a complete understanding of the EXT mode of action on the T. molitor physiology and its potential usage in pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Urbański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Konopińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Bylewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Radosław Gmyrek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Spochacz-Santoro
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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The Bio-Patina on a Hypogeum Wall of the Matera-Sassi Rupestrian Church "San Pietro Barisano" before and after Treatment with Glycoalkaloids. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010330. [PMID: 36615524 PMCID: PMC9822071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The investigation focused on the deterioration of the walls in the hypogeum of "San Pietro Barisano" rupestrian church, located in the Matera-Sassi (Southern Italy), one of the UNESCO World Heritage sites. The study evaluated the biocide activity of a mixture of natural glycoalkaloids (GAs) extracted from the unripe fruit of Solanum nigrum and applied to clean a hypogeum wall surface in the church affected by bio-patinas. The analyzed bio-patina, collected before treatment and, at pre-established times, after treatment, showed changes in chemical composition detected by XPS, accompanied by visible discoloration and biological activity variation. The biocidal action of the glycoalkaloids mixture, directly employed on the wall surface, was effective after about four weeks for most bio-patina colonizers but not for the fungal species that can migrate and survive in the porosities of the calcarenite. Consequently, the cleaning procedure requires the integration of fungicidal actions, combined with the consolidation of the surfaces, to obtain complete bioremediation and avoid subsequent biological recolonization. SEM images and associated microanalysis of pretreated bio-patina have revealed the biocalcogenity of some autochthonous microorganisms, thus preluding to their eventual isolation and reintroduction on the wall surface to act as consolidants once the bio-cleaning phase has been completed.
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Akiyama R, Watanabe B, Kato J, Nakayasu M, Lee HJ, Umemoto N, Muranaka T, Saito K, Sugimoto Y, Mizutani M. Tandem Gene Duplication of Dioxygenases Drives the Structural Diversity of Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in the Tomato Clade. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:981-990. [PMID: 35560060 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) contains α-tomatine, a steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA), which functions as a defense compound to protect against pathogens and herbivores; interestingly, wild species in the tomato clade biosynthesize a variety of SGAs. In cultivated tomato, the metabolic detoxification of α-tomatine during tomato fruit ripening is an important trait that aided in its domestication, and two distinct 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (DOXs), a C-23 hydroxylase of α-tomatine (Sl23DOX) and a C-27 hydroxylase of lycoperoside C (Sl27DOX), are key to this process. There are tandemly duplicated DOX genes on tomato chromosome 1, with high levels of similarity to Sl23DOX. While these DOX genes are rarely expressed in cultivated tomato tissues, the recombinant enzymes of Solyc01g006580 and Solyc01g006610 metabolized α-tomatine to habrochaitoside A and (20R)-20-hydroxytomatine and were therefore named as habrochaitoside A synthase (HAS) and α-tomatine 20-hydroxylase (20DOX), respectively. Furthermore, 20DOX and HAS exist in the genome of wild tomato S. habrochaites accession LA1777, which accumulates habrochaitoside A in its fruits, and their expression patterns were in agreement with the SGA profiles in LA1777. These results indicate that the functional divergence of α-tomatine-metabolizing DOX enzymes results from gene duplication and the neofunctionalization of catalytic activity and gene expression, and this contributes to the structural diversity of SGAs in the tomato clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Akiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Junpei Kato
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Masaru Nakayasu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Hyoung Jae Lee
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
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Simões S, Santos R, Bento-Silva A, Santos MV, Mota M, Duarte N, Sousa I, Raymundo A, Prista C. Improving nutritional quality of unripe tomato through fermentation by a consortium of yeast and lactic acid bacteria. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1422-1429. [PMID: 34388265 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portugal is one of the main producers of industrial tomato and tomato paste, an important intermediate ingredient used in many added-value foods. The tomato processing industry rigorously selects the fruits by colour during mechanical harvest, picking only completely ripe fruits to produce high quality tomato paste. The latest available data shows that about 1.12 × 108 kg yr-1 of non-red/not-ripe tomatoes are left in the field, representing a major side product/field residue with great impact on the environment and for tomato producers. RESULTS The aim of the work was to use fermentation by a consortium of yeast and lactic acid bacteria to improve the nutritional quality of unripe tomato paste. A consortium of Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Kluyveromyces marxianus was selected, producing an acidic paste with olive-like flavours after 4 days of fermentation. Nutritional characterization revealed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the content of ascorbic acid and antioxidant potential. In addition, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis showed that the fermented green tomato paste content in glycoalkaloid α-tomatine represents no hazard to the consumer. CONCLUSION Therefore, the obtained fermented green tomato paste can be further used to produce new food products, such as salad dressings and sauces. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Simões
- LEAF (Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food) Research Centre, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Santos
- LEAF (Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food) Research Centre, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Marisa V Santos
- LEAF (Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food) Research Centre, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Mota
- LEAF (Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food) Research Centre, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Noélia Duarte
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.Ulisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sousa
- LEAF (Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food) Research Centre, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anabela Raymundo
- LEAF (Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food) Research Centre, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Prista
- LEAF (Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food) Research Centre, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Qu M, Xue P, Zhang Q, Lu T, Liu K, Hu B, Pang J, Xiao Q, Xu T, Wang Q, Cheng Z. Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability and metabolic analysis of solasodine in mice by dried blood spot LC-MS/MS and UHPLC-Q-Exactive MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 210:114542. [PMID: 34979491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solasodine, a major ingredient in Solanaceae family, has various biological functions such as inducing neurogenesis, anticonvulsant and anti-tumor. Its risk assessment has also drawn public attention. However, little is known about its oral bioavailability and metabolic process. In this study, an liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantification of solasodine in mice dried blood spot (DBS) samples. To block nonspecific adsorption, DBS samples were pretreated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and then extracted with ethyl acetate. This method was applied to a pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of solasodine. The absolute bioavailability was only 1.28%. Thereafter, its metabolites in mice were characterized using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QE-HRMS). Several isomeric metabolites were well separated and differentiated using their retention time, fragmentation pathways and correspondingly fragmentation rules of solasodine. As a result, 21 metabolites were characterized including 16 phase I and 5 phase II metabolites. The proposed metabolic pathways showed that solasodine mainly experienced oxidation, dehydration, dehydrogenation and sulfation. These results could help us to better understand the efficacy and safety of solasodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Peng Xue
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Tiantian Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Bingying Hu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Jingjing Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Qianqian Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Tongxin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Quande Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Qixing District, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Zhongzhe Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China.
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Becker C, Han P, de Campos MR, Béarez P, Thomine E, Le Bot J, Adamowicz S, Brun R, Fernandez X, Desneux N, Michel T, Lavoir AV. Feeding guild determines strength of top-down forces in multitrophic system experiencing bottom-up constraints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148544. [PMID: 34182448 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and water are crucial in crop production but increasingly scarce environmental resources. Reducing their inputs can affect the whole plant-arthropod community including biocontrol agents. In a multitrophic system, we studied the interaction of the bottom-up effects of moderately reduced N concentration and/or water supply as well as the top-down effects of pests of different feeding guilds on plant nutritional quality (N and carbon concentration), direct defense (alkaloids and phenolics), and indirect defense (plant volatile organic compounds); on herbivore performance and host quality (N and carbon) to parasitoids and the latter's performance. Studied organisms were tomato plants, the sap feeders Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Bemisia tabaci, the leaf chewers Tuta absoluta and Spodoptera littoralis, and the parasitic wasps Aphelinus abdominalis and Necremnus tutae. Resource limitation affected plant quality, triggering bottom-up effects on herbivore and parasitoid performance, except for T. absoluta and N. tutae. Feeding guild had a major influence: bottom-up effects were stronger on sap feeders; N effects were stronger on sap feeders while water effects were stronger with leaf chewers (S. littoralis). Top-down effects of leaf chewer herbivory partly attenuated bottom-up effects and partly suppressed plant defenses. Bottom-up effects weakened when cascading up trophic levels. In summary, the interaction between plants, pests, and beneficial insects was modulated by abiotic factors, affecting insect performance. Simultaneous abiotic and biotic impact shaped plant biochemistry depending on the feeding guild: the biotic top-down effect of leaf chewer herbivory attenuated the bottom-up effects of plant nutrition and hence dominated the plant biochemical profile whereas in sap feeder infested leaves, it corresponded to the abiotic impact. This study highlights the plant's finely tuned regulatory system facilitating response prioritization. It offers perspectives on how smart manipulation of plant nutrient solutions might save resources while maintaining efficient biocontrol in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Becker
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France.
| | - Peng Han
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | | | - Philippe Béarez
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Eva Thomine
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | | | | | - Richard Brun
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Xavier Fernandez
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR, 7272 Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Thomas Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR, 7272 Nice, France
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Messaili S, Qu Y, Fougère L, Colas C, Desneux N, Lavoir AV, Destandau E, Michel T. Untargeted metabolomic and molecular network approaches to reveal tomato root secondary metabolites. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:672-684. [PMID: 33225475 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tomato plant, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), is one of the most widely consumed vegetables in the world and plays an important role in human diet. Tomato cultivars are hosts for diverse types of pests, implying diverse chemical defence strategies. Glycoalkaloids are the main specialised metabolites produced by tomato leaves and fruits to protect against pests. However, the roots have received little attention, leading to limited knowledge about their phytochemical content. OBJECTIVE The main goal of the current study was the development of an untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) based metabolomic approach to study phytochemical variations in tomato roots at two different development stages (i.e. 34th and 62nd day after sowing). METHODS UHPLC-HRMS was used to establish the fingerprint of 24 batches of tomato roots. Statistical analyses were performed to highlight the compounds that discriminated between young and mature tomato roots. A dereplication strategy using molecular networking and HRMS/MS data was set up to identify the metabolites regulated during early root development. KEY FINDINGS The main biomarkers were guanidine and adenosine derivatives associated with tryptophan. Secondary metabolites such as glycoalkaloids and steroidal alkaloids were also characterised. Most of the metabolites were up-regulated in young tomato roots (34 days old) while tryptophan was up-regulated in the older roots (62 days old). CONCLUSION The metabolic changes observed in this work contribute to a deeper understanding of early-stage root development and may help our understanding of the complex processes involved in the tomato root defence arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhila Messaili
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, Orléans, France
| | - Yanyan Qu
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAe, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 1355-7254, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Laëtitia Fougère
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, Orléans, France
| | - Cyril Colas
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, Orléans, France
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Université d'Orléans, UPR 4311, Orléans, France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAe, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 1355-7254, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Anne-Violette Lavoir
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAe, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 1355-7254, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Emilie Destandau
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, Orléans, France
| | - Thomas Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Nice, France
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Mhlongo MI, Piater LA, Steenkamp PA, Labuschagne N, Dubery IA. Metabolomic Evaluation of Tissue-Specific Defense Responses in Tomato Plants Modulated by PGPR-Priming against Phytophthora capsici Infection. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081530. [PMID: 34451575 PMCID: PMC8400099 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can stimulate disease suppression through the induction of an enhanced state of defense readiness. Here, untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS) and targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QqQ-MS) were used to investigate metabolic reprogramming in tomato plant tissues in response to priming by Pseudomonas fluorescens N04 and Paenibacillus alvei T22 against Phytophthora capsici. Roots were treated with the two PGPR strains prior to stem inoculation with Ph. capsici. Metabolites were methanol-extracted from roots, stems and leaves at two–eight days post-inoculation. Targeted analysis by UHPLC–QqQ-MS allowed quantification of aromatic amino acids and phytohormones. For untargeted analysis, UHPLC–MS data were chemometrically processed to determine signatory biomarkers related to priming against Ph. capsici. The aromatic amino acid content was differentially reprogrammed in Ps. fluorescens and Pa. alvei primed plants responding to Ph. capsici. Furthermore, abscisic acid and methyl salicylic acid were found to be major signaling molecules in the tripartite interaction. LC–MS metabolomics analysis showed time-dependent metabolic changes in the primed-unchallenged vs. primed-challenged tissues. The annotated metabolites included phenylpropanoids, benzoic acids, glycoalkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, as well as oxygenated fatty acids. Tissue-specific reprogramming across diverse metabolic networks in roots, stems and leaves was also observed, which demonstrated that PGPR priming resulted in modulation of the defense response to Ph. capsici infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Nico Labuschagne
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-559-2401
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Mbaluto CM, Ahmad EM, Mädicke A, Grosser K, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Induced Local and Systemic Defense Responses in Tomato Underlying Interactions Between the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the Potato Aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:632212. [PMID: 33936126 PMCID: PMC8081292 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.632212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants mediate interactions between different herbivores that attack simultaneously or sequentially aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) organs. The local and systemic activation of hormonal signaling pathways and the concomitant accumulation of defense metabolites underlie such AG-BG interactions. The main plant-mediated mechanisms regulating these reciprocal interactions via local and systemic induced responses remain poorly understood. We investigated the impact of root infection by the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita at different stages of its infection cycle, on tomato leaf defense responses triggered by the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. In addition, we analyzed the reverse impact of aphid leaf feeding on the root responses triggered by the RKN. We focused specifically on the signaling pathways regulated by the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as well as steroidal glycoalkaloids as induced defense compounds. We found that aphid feeding did not induce AG hormonal signaling, but it repressed steroidal glycoalkaloids related responses in leaves, specifically when feeding on plants in the vegetative stage. Root infection by the RKN impeded the aphid-triggered repression of the steroidal glycoalkaloids-related response AG. In roots, the RKN triggered the SA pathway during the entire infection cycle and the ABA pathway specifically during its reproduction stage. RKN infection also elicited the steroidal glycoalkaloids related gene expression, specifically when it was in the galling stage. Aphid feeding did not systemically alter the RKN-induced defense responses in roots. Our results point to an asymmetrical interaction between M. incognita and Ma. euphorbiae when co-occurring in tomato plants. Moreover, the RKN seems to determine the root defense response regardless of a later occurring attack by the potato aphid AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispus M. Mbaluto
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Esraa M. Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anne Mädicke
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Grosser
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
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Spochacz M, Szymczak M, Chowański S, Bufo SA, Adamski Z. Solanum Nigrum Fruit Extract Increases Toxicity of Fenitrothion-A Synthetic Insecticide, in the Mealworm Beetle Tenebrio Molitor Larvae. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E612. [PMID: 32987787 PMCID: PMC7598628 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic insecticides are widely used for crop protection both in the fields and in the food stored facilities. Due to their toxicity, and assumptions of Integrated Pest Management, we conducted two independent experiments, where we studied the influence of Solanum nigrum unripe fruit extract on the toxicity of an organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion. In the first variant of the experiment, Tenebrio molitor larvae were fed with blended fenitrothion (LC50) and the extract in four concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10%) in ratio 1:1 for 3 days. In the second variant, a two-day application of fenitrothion (LC40) was preceded by a one-day extract treatment. The first variant did not show any increase in lethality compared to fenitrothion; however, ultrastructure observations exhibited swollen endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes in the midgut and nuclear and cellular membranes in the fat body, after application of blended fenitrothion and extract. An increased amount of heterochromatin in the fat body was observed, too. In the second variant, pre-treatment of the extract increased the lethality of larvae, decreased the level of glycogen and lipids in the fat body and disrupted integrity of midgut cellular membranes. S. nigrum extract, applied prior to fenitrothion treatment can be a factor increasing fenitrothion toxicity in T. molitor larvae. Thus, this strategy may lead to decreased emission of synthetic insecticides to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (S.C.); (Z.A.)
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (S.C.); (Z.A.)
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (S.C.); (Z.A.)
| | - Sabino Aurelio Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (S.C.); (Z.A.)
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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15
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Alseekh S, Ofner I, Liu Z, Osorio S, Vallarino J, Last RL, Zamir D, Tohge T, Fernie AR. Quantitative trait loci analysis of seed-specialized metabolites reveals seed-specific flavonols and differential regulation of glycoalkaloid content in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:2007-2024. [PMID: 32538521 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the potential health benefits (and adverse effects), of polyphenolic and steroidal glycoalkaloids in the diet there is a growing interest in fully elucidating the genetic control of their levels in foodstuffs. Here we carried out profiling of the specialized metabolites in the seeds of the Solanum pennellii introgression lines identifying 338 putative metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL) for flavonoids, steroidal glycoalkaloids and further specialized metabolites. Two putative mQTL for flavonols and one for steroidal glycoalkaloids were cross-validated by evaluation of the metabolite content of recombinants harboring smaller introgression in the corresponding QTL interval or by analysis of lines from an independently derived backcross inbred line population. The steroidal glycoalkaloid mQTL was localized to a chromosomal region spanning 14 genes, including a previously defined steroidal glycoalkaloid gene cluster. The flavonoid mQTL was further validated via the use of transient and stable overexpression of the Solyc12g098600 and Solyc12g096870 genes, which encode seed-specific uridine 5'-diphosphate-glycosyltransferases. The results are discussed in the context of our understanding of the accumulation of polyphenols and steroidal glycoalkaloids, and how this knowledge may be incorporated into breeding strategies aimed at improving nutritional aspects of plants as well as in fortifying them against abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Itai Ofner
- Faculty of Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Horticultural Sciences, Plant Innovation Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruiticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea "La Major" - University of Malaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dani Zamir
- Faculty of Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
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16
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Yu G, Li C, Zhang L, Zhu G, Munir S, Shi C, Zhang H, Ai G, Gao S, Zhang Y, Yang C, Zhang J, Li H, Ye Z. An allelic variant of GAME9 determines its binding capacity with the GAME17 promoter in the regulation of steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2527-2536. [PMID: 31943062 PMCID: PMC7210767 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules found in the family Solanaceae. SGA content varies among different plant species and varieties. However, the genetic mechanisms regulating SGA content remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that genetic variation in GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 9 (GAME9) is responsible for the variation in SGA content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). During a sequential analysis we found a 1 bp substitution in the AP2/ERF binding domain of GAME9. The 1 bp substitution in GAME9 was significantly associated with high SGA content and determined the binding capacity of GAME9 with the promoter of GAME17, a core SGA biosynthesis gene. The high-SGA GAME9 allele is mainly present in S. pimpinellifolium and S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme populations and encodes a protein that can bind the GAME17 promoter. In contrast, the low-SGA GAME9 allele is mainly present in the big-fruited varieties of S. lycopersicum and encodes a protein that shows weak binding to the GAME17 promoter. Our findings provide new insight into the regulation of SGA biosynthesis and the factors that affect the accumulation of SGA in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangtao Zhu
- The CAAS-YNNU Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Shoaib Munir
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caixue Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo Ai
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenghua Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence: , , or
| | - Hanxia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence: , , or
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence: , , or
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Nakayasu M, Akiyama R, Kobayashi M, Lee HJ, Kawasaki T, Watanabe B, Urakawa S, Kato J, Sugimoto Y, Iijima Y, Saito K, Muranaka T, Umemoto N, Mizutani M. Identification of α-Tomatine 23-Hydroxylase Involved in the Detoxification of a Bitter Glycoalkaloid. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:21-28. [PMID: 31816045 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) contain steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine, which functions as a chemical barrier to pathogens and predators. α-Tomatine accumulates in all tissues and at particularly high levels in leaves and immature green fruits. The compound is toxic and causes a bitter taste, but its presence decreases through metabolic conversion to nontoxic esculeoside A during fruit ripening. This study identifies the gene encoding a 23-hydroxylase of α-tomatine, which is a key to this process. Some 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases were selected as candidates for the metabolic enzyme, and Solyc02g062460, designated Sl23DOX, was found to encode α-tomatine 23-hydroxylase. Biochemical analysis of the recombinant Sl23DOX protein demonstrated that it catalyzes the 23-hydroxylation of α-tomatine and the product spontaneously isomerizes to neorickiioside B, which is an intermediate in α-tomatine metabolism that appears during ripening. Leaves of transgenic tomato plants overexpressing Sl23DOX accumulated not only neorickiioside B but also another intermediate, lycoperoside C (23-O-acetylated neorickiioside B). Furthermore, the ripe fruits of Sl23DOX-silenced transgenic tomato plants contained lower levels of esculeoside A but substantially accumulated α-tomatine. Thus, Sl23DOX functions as α-tomatine 23-hydroxylase during the metabolic processing of toxic α-tomatine in tomato fruit ripening and is a key enzyme in the domestication of cultivated tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakayasu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkoudai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Ryota Akiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkoudai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Midori Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkoudai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Hyoung Jae Lee
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkoudai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Takashi Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkoudai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Shingo Urakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkoudai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Junpei Kato
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkoudai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkoudai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Yoko Iijima
- Department of Nutrition and Life Science, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292 Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkoudai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501 Japan
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18
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Ochola J, Cortada L, Ng’ang’a M, Hassanali A, Coyne D, Torto B. Mediation of Potato-Potato Cyst Nematode, G. rostochiensis Interaction by Specific Root Exudate Compounds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:649. [PMID: 32587595 PMCID: PMC7298108 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a widely consumed staple food crop worldwide whose production is threatened by potato cyst nematodes (PCN). To infect a host, PCN eggs first need to be stimulated to hatch by chemical components in the host root exudates, yet it remains unknown how most root exudate components influence PCN behavior. Here, we evaluated the influence of eight compounds identified by LC-QqQ-MS in the root exudate of potato on the hatching response of the PCN, Globodera rostochiensis at varying doses. The eight compounds included the amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine; phytohormones zeatin and methyl dihydrojasmonate; steroidal glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine and the steroidal alkaloid solanidine. We additionally tested two other Solanaceae steroidal alkaloids, solasodine and tomatidine, previously identified in the root exudates of tomato, an alternative host for PCN. In dose-response assays with the individual compounds, the known PCN hatching factors α-chaconine and α-solanine stimulated the highest number of eggs to hatch, ∼47 and ∼42%, respectively, whereas the steroidal alkaloids (aglycones), solanidine and solasodine and potato root exudate (PRE) were intermediate, 28% each and 21%, respectively, with tomatidine eliciting the lowest hatching response 13%. However, ∼60% of the hatched juveniles failed to emerge from the cyst, which was compound- and concentration-dependent. The amino acids, phytohormones and the negative control (1% DMSO in water), however, were generally non-stimulatory. The use of steroidal glycoalkaloids and their aglycones in the suicidal hatching of PCN offers promise as an environmentally sustainable approach to manage this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Ochola
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laura Cortada
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Ahmed Hassanali
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Danny Coyne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Baldwyn Torto,
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19
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Marciniak P, Kolińska A, Spochacz M, Chowański S, Adamski Z, Scrano L, Falabella P, Bufo SA, Rosiński G. Differentiated Effects of Secondary Metabolites from Solanaceae and Brassicaceae Plant Families on the Heartbeat of Tenebrio molitor Pupae. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E287. [PMID: 31121818 PMCID: PMC6563514 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of insects as model organisms is becoming more and more common in toxicological, pharmacological, genetic and biomedical research. Insects, such as fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), locusts (Locusta migratoria), stick insects (Baculum extradentatum) or beetles (Tenebrio molitor) are used to assess the effect of different active compounds, as well as to analyse the background and course of certain diseases, including heart disorders. The goal of this study was to assess the influence of secondary metabolites extracted from Solanaceae and Brassicaceae plants: Potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), on T. molitor beetle heart contractility in comparison with pure alkaloids. During the in vivo bioassays, the plants glycoalkaloid extracts and pure substances were injected at the concentration 10-5 M into T. molitor pupa and evoked changes in heart activity. Pure glycoalkaloids caused mainly positive chronotropic effects, dependant on heart activity phase during a 24-h period of recording. Moreover, the substances affected the duration of the heart activity phases. Similarly, to the pure glycoalkaloids, the tested extracts also mainly accelerated the heart rhythm, however S. tuberosum and S. lycopersicum extracts slightly decreased the heart contractions frequency in the last 6 h of the recording. Cardioacceleratory activity of only S. lycopersicum extract was higher than single alkaloids whereas S. tubersoum and S. nigrum extracts were less active when compared to pure alkaloids. The most cardioactive substance was chaconine which strongly stimulated heart action during the whole recording after injection. A. rusticana extract which is composed mainly of glucosinolates did not significantly affect the heart contractions. Obtained results showed that glycoalkaloids were much more active than glucosinolates. However, the extracts depending on the plant species might be more or less active than pure substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Angelika Kolińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy.
| | | | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa.
| | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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20
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A Complete Survey of Glycoalkaloids Using LC-FTICR-MS and IRMPD in a Commercial Variety and a Local Landrace of Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) and their Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040230. [PMID: 31010145 PMCID: PMC6521288 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggplant contains glycoalkaloids (GAs), a class of nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites of great structural variety that may have both adverse and beneficial biological effects. In this study, we performed a complete survey of GAs and their malonylated form, in two genotypes of eggplants: A commercial cultivated type, Mirabella (Mir), with purple peel and bitter taste and a local landrace, named Melanzana Bianca di Senise (Sen), characterized by white peel with purple strip and a typical sweet aroma. Besides the analysis of their morphological traits, nineteen glycoalkaloids were tentatively identified in eggplant berry extracts based upon LC-ESI-FTICR-MS analysis using retention times, elution orders, high-resolution mass spectra, as well as high-resolution fragmentation by IRMPD. The relative signal intensities (i.e., ion counts) of the GAs identified in Mir and Sen pulp extracts showed as solamargine, and its isomers are the most abundant. In addition, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated. Pulp tissue was found to be more active in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme than peel showing an inhibitory effect higher than 20% for Mir pulp. The identification of new malonylated GAs in eggplant is proposed.
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21
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Ghisalberti EL. Steroidal Glycoalkaloids: Isolation, Structure, Analysis, and Biosynthesis. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the steroidal glycoalkaloids have emerged as an important class of bioactive compounds. Their occurrence in a number of foods and their diverse biological activities has encouraged the development of more efficient procedures for their isolation, purification and analysis, and more sensitive methods of detection and structure determination. This review is mainly concerned with new approaches for the characterization of these metabolites. The formation of artifacts of isolation and purification is discussed. The limited information on their biosynthesis is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio L. Ghisalberti
- Chemistry, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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22
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Moles TM, de Brito Francisco R, Mariotti L, Pompeiano A, Lupini A, Incrocci L, Carmassi G, Scartazza A, Pistelli L, Guglielminetti L, Pardossi A, Sunseri F, Hörtensteiner S, Santelia D. Salinity in Autumn-Winter Season and Fruit Quality of Tomato Landraces. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1078. [PMID: 31611885 PMCID: PMC6769068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tomato landraces, originated by adaptive responses to local habitats, are considered a valuable resource for many traits of agronomic interest, including fruit nutritional quality. Primary and secondary metabolites are essential determinants of fruit organoleptic quality, and some of them, such as carotenoids and phenolics, have been associated with beneficial proprieties for human health. Landraces' fruit taste and flavour are often preferred by consumers compared to the commercial varieties' ones. In an autumn-winter greenhouse hydroponic experiment, the response of three Southern-Italy tomato landraces (Ciettaicale, Linosa and Corleone) and one commercial cultivar (UC-82B) to different concentrations of sodium chloride (0 mM, 60 mM or 120 mM NaCl) were evaluated. At harvest, no losses in marketable yield were noticed in any of the tested genotypes. However, under salt stress, fresh fruit yield as well as fruit calcium concentration were higher affected in the commercial cultivar than in the landraces. Furthermore, UC-82B showed a trend of decreasing lycopene and total antioxidant capacity with increasing salt concentration, whereas no changes in these parameters were observed in the landraces under 60 mM NaCl. Landraces under 120 mM NaCl accumulated more fructose and glucose in the fruits, while salt did not affect hexoses levels in UC-82B. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed differential accumulation of glycoalkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and their derivatives in the fruits of all genotypes under stress. Overall, the investigated Italian landraces showed a different behaviour compared to the commercial variety UC-82B under moderate salinity stress, showing a tolerable compromise between yield and quality attributes. Our results point to the feasible use of tomato landraces as a target to select interesting genetic traits to improve fruit quality under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Michele Moles
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Rita de Brito Francisco
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Lorenzo Mariotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Antonio Lupini
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Luca Incrocci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Carmassi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Pardossi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Spochacz M, Chowański S, Szymczak M, Lelario F, Bufo SA, Adamski Z. Sublethal Effects of Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract and Its Pure Glycoalkaloids on the Physiology of Tenebrio molitor (Mealworm). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E504. [PMID: 30513736 PMCID: PMC6316220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solanaceae plants produce glycoalkaloids (GAs) that affect various physiological processes of herbivorous insects and they are being tested as potential alternatives for synthetic pesticides. They cause lethal and sublethal effects. Nevertheless, their mode of action remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the effects of Solanum nigrum fruit extracts and pure glycoalkaloids on a model beetle, Tenebrio molitor. METHODS Plant extracts or pure alkaloids were added to the food of the larvae for three days. The lipid, glycogen, and protein content in the fat body and the midgut were determined, and the contractility of the heart, hindgut, and oviduct muscles was tested using the video-microscopy technique. Finally, the ultrastructure of the fat body and the midgut was observed using electron microscopy. RESULTS No lethal effects were noted. Sublethal changes were observed in the content of biomolecules, malformations of organelles, chromatin condensation, and heart and oviduct contractility. The observed effects differed between the tested glycoalkaloids and the extract. CONCLUSIONS Both the extract and pure GAs have a wide range of effects that may result in impaired development, food intake, and reproduction. Some early effects may be used as bioindicators of stress. The effects of the extract and pure alkaloids suggest that the substances produced by the plant may act additively or synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Filomena Lelario
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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24
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Kirwa HK, Murungi LK, Beck JJ, Torto B. Elicitation of Differential Responses in the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita to Tomato Root Exudate Cytokinin, Flavonoids, and Alkaloids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11291-11300. [PMID: 30346752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root exudates of plants mediate interactions with a variety of organisms in the rhizosphere, including root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) We investigated the responses of the motile stage second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne incognita to non-volatile components identified in the root exudate of tomato. Using stylet thrusting, chemotaxis assays, and chemical analysis, we identified specific metabolites in the root exudate that attract and repel J2s. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of bioactive fractions obtained from the root exudate revealed a high diversity of compounds, of which five were identified as the phytohormone zeatin (cytokinin), the flavonoids quercetin and luteolin, and alkaloids solasodine and tomatidine. In stylet thrusting and chemotaxis assays, the five compounds elicited concentration-dependent responses in J2s relative to 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (negative control) and methyl salicylate (positive control). These results indicate that J2 herbivory is influenced by root exudate chemistry and concentrations of specific compounds, which may have potential applications in RKN management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary K Kirwa
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit , International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , Post Office Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi , Kenya
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Post Office Box 62000, 00200 Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Lucy K Murungi
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Post Office Box 62000, 00200 Nairobi , Kenya
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , 1700 Southwest 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit , International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , Post Office Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi , Kenya
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25
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Chowański S, Chudzińska E, Lelario F, Ventrella E, Marciniak P, Miądowicz-Kobielska M, Spochacz M, Szymczak M, Scrano L, Bufo SA, Adamski Z. Insecticidal properties of Solanum nigrum and Armoracia rusticana extracts on reproduction and development of Drosophila melanogaster. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:454-463. [PMID: 30015192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived substances, because of high biological activity, arouse interest of many scientists. Thus, plant extracts and pure substances are intensively studied on various insects as potential insecticides. In such studies, D. melanogaster is one of the most important model organisms. In our studies, we analysed the contents of two plant extracts and tested the activity of their main components against fruit flies and compared observed effects to effects caused by crude extracts. Then, we assessed the development of the next, unexposed generation. The chemical analysis of extracts revealed the presence of numerous glycoalkaloids and glucosinolates in Solanum nigrum and Armoracia rusticana extracts. These extracts, as well as their main components, revealed lethal and sublethal effects, such as the altered developmental time of various life stages and malformations of imagoes. Interestingly, the results for the extracts and pure main compounds often varied. Some of the results were also observed in the unexposed generation. These results confirm that the tested plants produce a range of substances with potential insecticidal effects. The different effects of extracts and pure main components suggest the presence of minor compounds, which should be tested as insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Ewa Chudzińska
- Department of Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Filomena Lelario
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
| | | | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | - Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy.
| | | | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland; Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland.
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Comparative Metabolic Phenotyping of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) for the Identification of Metabolic Signatures in Cultivars Differing in Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092558. [PMID: 30158424 PMCID: PMC6163672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important dietary source which contains numerous bioactive phytochemicals. Active breeding programs constantly produce new cultivars possessing superior and desirable traits. However, the underlying molecular signatures that functionally describe these traits are yet to be elucidated. Thus, in this study we used an untargeted metabolomic approach to describe differential metabolic profiles of four cultivars described as having high to intermediate resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. Metabolites were methanol-extracted from leaves, stems and root tissues and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with high definition mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis revealed cultivar-related differential metabolic phenotypes. A total of 41 metabolites were statistically selected and annotated, consisting of amino acids, organic acids, lipids, derivatives of cinnamic acid and benzoic acids, flavonoids and steroidal glycoalkaloids which were especially prominent in the two highly resistant cultivars. Interestingly, the less resistant cultivars had various fatty acid derivatives in root extracts that contributed to the differentiated metabolic signatures. Moreover, the metabolic phenotype of the STAR9008 (8SC) cultivar with intermediate resistance, was characterized by derivatives of cinnamic acids and flavonoids but at lower levels compared to the resistant cultivars. The 8SC cultivar also exhibited a lack of hydroxybenzoic acid biomarkers, which may be attributed to its lower resistance. These metabolic phenotypes provide insights into the differential metabolic signatures underlying the metabolism of these four cultivars, defining their respective phenotypic traits such as their resistance, tolerance or susceptibility to Ralstonia solanacearum.
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27
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Spochacz M, Chowański S, Walkowiak-Nowicka K, Szymczak M, Adamski Z. Plant-Derived Substances Used Against Beetles-Pests of Stored Crops and Food-and Their Mode of Action: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1339-1366. [PMID: 33350162 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plants are sources of numerous active substances that are used to protect crops. Currently, due to the limitations of using synthetic insecticides, plant products have attracted increasing attention as possible pesticides. In this review, we discuss some of the most interesting plant products (for example, Solanaceae, or Asteraceae extracts, Artemisia absinthium or Citrus spp. essential oils, and single compounds like α-chaconine, or α-solanine) that exhibit insecticidal activity against beetles that are pests of stored food products. Next, we describe and discuss the mode of action of these products, including lethal and sublethal effects, such as antifeedant or neurotoxic activity, ultrastructural malformation, and effects on prooxidant/antioxidant balance. Furthermore, the methods of application of plant-derived substances in food storage areas are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spochacz
- Dept. of Animal Physiology and Development, Inst. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ. in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Dept. of Animal Physiology and Development, Inst. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ. in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Karolina Walkowiak-Nowicka
- Dept. of Animal Physiology and Development, Inst. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ. in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Dept. of Animal Physiology and Development, Inst. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ. in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Dept. of Animal Physiology and Development, Inst. of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ. in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland.,Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ. in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
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28
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Lelario F, Labella C, Napolitano G, Scrano L, Bufo SA. Fragmentation study of major spirosolane-type glycoalkaloids by collision-induced dissociation linear ion trap and infrared multiphoton dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2395-2406. [PMID: 27593526 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glycoalkaloids play a key role in the plant protection system against phytopathogens including fungi, viruses, bacteria, insects and worms. They can be toxic to humans if consumed in high concentrations causing gastrointestinal disturbances. METHODS The structural characterization of the major spirosolane glycoalkaloids, solasonine, solamargine, α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine, were investigated by positive electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with a hybrid linear ion trap (LIT) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of spirosolane glycoalkaloids was performed by both collision-induced dissociation (CID) within the LIT and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) in conjunction with the FTICR cell. RESULTS Several common product ions were observed, generated by losses of the sugar moiety or aglycone fragmentation in the B- or E-ring, that can provide information on the accurate mass of aglycone and the primary sequence and branching of the oligosaccharide chains. Thanks to the multistage CID it was possible to understand the fragmentation pathways and thanks to the high resolution of IRMPD-FTICR the elemental compositions of product ions were obtained. CONCLUSIONS Because the investigated tandem mass spectra data were acquired with high mass accuracy, unambiguous interpretation and determination of the chemical compositions for the majority of detected fragment ions were feasible. From these data, generalized fragmentation pathways were proposed, providing guidance for the characterization of unknown glycoalkaloids in plants. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lelario
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
| | - C Labella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - G Napolitano
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - L Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - S A Bufo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Does Plant Cultivar Difference Modify the Bottom-Up Effects of Resource Limitation on Plant-Insect Herbivore Interactions? J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:1293-1303. [PMID: 27889865 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Variation in resource input to plants triggers bottom-up effects on plant-insect herbivore interactions. However, variation in plant intrinsic traits in response to resource availability may modify the bottom-up effects. Furthermore, the consequences also may depend on the feeding strategy of insect herbivores belonging to different feeding guilds. We evaluated the performance of two insect herbivores from distinct feeding guilds, the leaf miner Tuta absoluta and the phloem feeder Bemisia tabaci. We offered the insects two tomato cultivars growing under optimal nitrogen input vs. nitrogen limitation, or under optimal water input vs. water limitation. We found that: (i) the two cultivars differed in their responses to nitrogen and water limitation by regulating primary (leaf-gas exchange related parameters, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf C/N ratio) and secondary metabolism (main defensive compounds: glycoalkaloids); (ii) for both plant cultivars, nitrogen or water limitation significantly affected T. absoluta survival and development, while B. tabaci survival was affected only by nitrogen limitation; and surprisingly (iii) plant cultivar differences did not modify the negative bottom-up effects of resource limitation on the two insect herbivores. In conclusion, the negative effects of resource limitation cascaded up to insect herbivores even though plant cultivars exhibited various adaptive traits to resource limitation.
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Han P, Wang ZJ, Lavoir AV, Michel T, Seassau A, Zheng WY, Niu CY, Desneux N. Increased water salinity applied to tomato plants accelerates the development of the leaf miner Tuta absoluta through bottom-up effects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32403. [PMID: 27619473 PMCID: PMC5020321 DOI: 10.1038/srep32403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in resource inputs to plants may trigger bottom-up effects on herbivorous insects. We examined the effects of water input: optimal water vs. limited water; water salinity: with vs. without addition of 100 mM NaCl; and their interactions on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum), and consequently, the bottom-up effects on the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meytick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Plant growth was significantly impeded by limited water input and NaCl addition. In terms of leaf chemical defense, the production of tomatidine significantly increased with limited water and NaCl addition, and a similar but non-significant trend was observed for the other glycoalkaloids. Tuta absoluta survival did not vary with the water and salinity treatments, but the treatment “optimal water-high salinity” increased the development rate without lowering pupal mass. Our results suggest that caution should be used in the IPM program against T. absoluta when irrigating tomato crops with saline water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- College of Plant Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Zhi-Jian Wang
- College of Plant Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Anne-Violette Lavoir
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Thomas Michel
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR CNRS 7272, Parc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, France
| | - Aurélie Seassau
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Wen-Yan Zheng
- College of Plant Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chang-Ying Niu
- College of Plant Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
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31
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Adamski Z, Radtke K, Kopiczko A, Chowański S, Marciniak P, Szymczak M, Spochacz M, Falabella P, Lelario F, Scrano L, Bufo SA. Ultrastructural and developmental toxicity of potato and tomato leaf extracts to beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (lepidoptera: noctuidae). Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:948-958. [PMID: 27440448 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua is a herbivorous moth and a serious pest of many economically important plants, which are used as food sources. Because of rigorous standards of food quality, usage of synthetic insecticides in crop protection, against pests, is limited. Solanaceae plant extracts may be a relatively cheap source of efficient natural insecticides that can limit usage of synthetic substances. Their biological activity is not fully known. In particular, ultrastructural studies, using transmission electron microscopy, are not usual. In the present article we describe the effects of sublethal concentrations of tomato and potato leaf extracts against S. exigua. Acute lethal effects were not observed. Both extracts exerted similar effects within midgut and fat body cells. Midgut cells were not significantly altered while fat body cells showed prominent swelling of nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum, vacuolization of mitochondria and fusion of fat droplets. These changes were much more intensive within groups exposed to potato than tomato extracts at highest concentration at least. Light microscopy was used to observe and document developmental alterations of S. exigua exposed to potato and tomato leaf extracts. Potato leaf extracts significantly decreased hatching success and caused morphological malformations of imagoes. Among them, malformations of wings were the most prominent. Interestingly, these effects were not observed within populations exposed to tomato extracts at highest concentration at least.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznan, 61-614, Poland. .,Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznan, 61-614, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Radtke
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kopiczko
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | | | - Filomena Lelario
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Ventrella E, Adamski Z, Chudzińska E, Miądowicz-Kobielska M, Marciniak P, Büyükgüzel E, Büyükgüzel K, Erdem M, Falabella P, Scrano L, Bufo SA. Solanum tuberosum and Lycopersicon esculentum Leaf Extracts and Single Metabolites Affect Development and Reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155958. [PMID: 27213896 PMCID: PMC4877002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoalkaloids are secondary metabolites commonly found in Solanaceae plants. They have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and insecticidal activities. In the present study we examine the effects of potato and tomato leaf extracts and their main components, the glycoalkaloids α-solanine, α-chaconine and α-tomatine, on development and reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster wild-type flies at different stages. Parental generation was exposed to five different concentrations of tested substances. The effects were examined also on the next, non-exposed generation. In the first (exposed) generation, addition of each extract reduced the number of organisms reaching the pupal and imaginal stages. Parent insects exposed to extracts and metabolites individually applied showed faster development. However, the effect was weaker in case of single metabolites than in case of exposure to extracts. An increase of developmental rate was also observed in the next, non-exposed generation. The imagoes of both generations exposed to extracts and pure metabolites showed some anomalies in body size and malformations, such as deformed wings and abdomens, smaller black abdominal zone. Our results further support the current idea that Solanaceae can be an impressive source of molecules, which could efficaciously be used in crop protection, as natural extract or in formulation of single pure metabolites in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Chudzińska
- Department of Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ender Büyükgüzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Kemal Büyükgüzel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Meltem Erdem
- Bülent Ecevit University Ahmet Erdoğan Vocational School of Health Services, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | | | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
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Suwalsky M, Ramírez P, Avello M, Villena F, Gallardo MJ, Barriga A, Manrique-Moreno M. Morphological Effects and Antioxidant Capacity of Solanum crispum (Natre) In Vitro Assayed on Human Erythrocytes. J Membr Biol 2016; 249:349-61. [PMID: 26809653 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-016-9873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain insight into the molecular mechanism of the antioxidant properties of Solanum crispum, aqueous extracts of its leaves were assayed on human erythrocytes and molecular models of its membrane. Phenolics and alkaloids were detected by HPLC-MS. Scanning electron and defocusing microscopy showed that S. crispum changed erythrocytes from the normal shape to echinocytes. These results imply that molecules present in the aqueous extracts were located in the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane. Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) were chosen as representative of phospholipid classes located in the outer and inner monolayers of the erythrocyte membrane, respectively. X-ray diffraction showed that S. crispum preferentially interacted with DMPC bilayers. Experiments regarding its antioxidant properties showed that S. crispum neutralized the oxidative capacity of HClO on DMPE bilayers; defocusing microscopy and hemolysis assays demonstrated the protective effect of S. crispum against the oxidant effects of HClO on human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Suwalsky
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Patricia Ramírez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcia Avello
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fernando Villena
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María José Gallardo
- Center for Optics and Photonics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrés Barriga
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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34
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Musharraf SG, Goher M, Zareena B. Quantification of steroidal alkaloids in Buxus papillosa using electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Steroids 2015; 100:5-10. [PMID: 25862613 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Buxus papillosa is one of the most extensively studied species of the genus Buxus known to possess steroidal alkaloids which can be used for assessing the various pharmacological activities of this plant. This paper describes the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QQQ-MS) method for the quantification of six steroidal alkaloids as chemical markers in the extracts of leaves, roots and stems of B. papillosa. Quantitative MS/MS analysis was carried out by optimization of the most sensitive transition for each analyte. This has yielded detection and quantification limits of 0.486-8.08 ng/mL and 1.473-24.268 ng/mL, respectively for all analytes. Linearity of response was also achieved and the regression coefficient found to be >0.99 for all analyzed compounds. The newly developed MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) method showed excellent sensitivity for the quantification of steroidal alkaloids within 15 min run time. This paper describes the application of LC-QQQ-MS technique for steroidal alkaloids analysis in plant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Madiha Goher
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Bibi Zareena
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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35
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Ventrella E, Marciniak P, Adamski Z, Rosiński G, Chowański S, Falabella P, Scrano L, Bufo SA. Cardioactive properties of Solanaceae plant extracts and pure glycoalkaloids on Zophobas atratus. INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:251-262. [PMID: 24470045 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycoalkaloids, the biologically active secondary metabolites produced by Solanaceae plants, are natural defenses against animals, insects and fungi. In this paper, the effects of glycoalkaloids present in extracts of Solanaceae plants (potato, tomato and black nightshade) or pure commercial glycoalkaloids on the coleopteran Zophobas atratus F. were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo bioassays using heart experimental models. Each tested extract induced a dose-dependent cardioinhibitory effect. The perfusion of Zophobas atratus semi-isolated heart using the highest potato and tomato extract concentration (1 mmol/L) caused irreversible cardiac arrests, while extract from black nightshade produced fast but reversible arrests. Pure commercial glycoalkaloids caused similar but less evident effects compared with extracts. Our results showed that the bioactivity of tested compounds depended on their structure and suggested the existence of synergistic interactions when combinations of the main glycoalkaloids of potato and black nightshade were used for trials. Surprisingly, injection of tomato and potato extracts in 1-day-old pupae of Zophobas atratus induced reversible positive chronotropic effects and decreased the duration of the both phases (anterograde and retrograde) of the heart contractile activity. Furthermore, these extracts affected the amplitude of the heart contractions.
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Tai HH, Worrall K, Pelletier Y, De Koeyer D, Calhoun LA. Comparative metabolite profiling of Solanum tuberosum against six wild Solanum species with Colorado potato beetle resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9043-55. [PMID: 25144460 DOI: 10.1021/jf502508y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (CPB) is a coleopteran herbivore that feeds on the foliage on Solanum species, in particular, potato. Six resistant wild Solanum species were identified, and two of these species had low levels of glycoalkaloids. Comparative analysis of the untargeted metabolite profiles of the foliage using UPLC-qTOF-MS was done to find metabolites shared between the wild species but not with Solanum tuberosum (L.) to identify resistance-related metabolites. It was found that only S. tuberosum produced the triose glycoalkaloids solanine and chaconine. Instead, the six wild species produced glycoalkaloids that shared in common tetrose sugar side chains. Additionally, there were non-glycoalkaloid metabolites associated with resistance including hydroxycoumarin and a phenylpropanoid, which were produced in all wild species but not in S. tuberosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Tai
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Potato Research Centre, P.O. Box 20280, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 4Z7
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37
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Adamski Z, Adamski Z, Marciniak P, Ziemnicki K, Büyükgüzel E, Erdem M, Büyükgüzel K, Ventrella E, Falabella P, Cristallo M, Salvia R, Bufo SA, Scrano L. Potato leaf extract and its component, α-solanine, exert similar impacts on development and oxidative stress in Galleria mellonella L. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 87:26-39. [PMID: 25041927 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize a broad range of secondary metabolites that act as natural defenses against plant pathogens and herbivores. Among these, potato plants produce glycoalkaloids (GAs). In this study, we analyzed the effects of the dried extract of fresh potato leaves (EPL) on the biological parameters of the lepidopteran, Galleria mellonella (L.) and compared its activity to one of the main EPL components, the GA α-solanine. Wax moth larvae were reared from first instar on a diet supplemented with three concentrations of EPL or α-solanine. Both EPL and α-solanine affected survivorship, fecundity, and fertility of G. mellonella to approximately the same extent. We evaluated the effect of EPL and α-solanine on oxidative stress in midgut and fat body by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) contents, both biomarkers of oxidative damage. We evaluated glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, a detoxifying enzyme acting in prevention of oxidative damage. EPL and α-solanine altered MDA and PCO concentrations and GST activity in fat body and midgut. We infer that the influence of EPL on G. mellonella is not enhanced by synergistic effects of the totality of potato leaf components compared to α-solanine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Adamski
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Schwahn K, de Souza LP, Fernie AR, Tohge T. Metabolomics-assisted refinement of the pathways of steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in the tomato clade. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:864-75. [PMID: 25109688 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites of the Solanum species, which are known to have large chemical and bioactive diversity in nature. While recent effort and development on LC/MS techniques for SGA profiling have elucidated the main pathways of SGA metabolism in tomato, the problem of peak annotation still remains due to the vast diversity of chemical structure and similar on overlapping of chemical formula. Here we provide a case study of peak classification and annotation approach by integration of species and tissue specificities of SGA accumulation for provision of comprehensive pathways of SGA biosynthesis. In order to elucidate natural diversity of SGA biosynthesis, a total of 169 putative SGAs found in eight tomato accessions (Solanum lycopersicum, S. pimpinellifolium, S. cheesmaniae, S. chmielewskii, S. neorickii, S. peruvianum, S. habrochaites, S. pennellii) and four tissue types were used for correlation analysis. The results obtained in this study contribute annotation and classification of SGAs as well as detecting putative novel biosynthetic branch points. As such this represents a novel strategy for peak annotation for plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schwahn
- University of Potsdam, AG Bioinformatics, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str 24-25, 14479, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Caprioli G, Cahill MG, James KJ. Mass Fragmentation Studies of α-Tomatine and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography LTQ Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Method for Its Quantification in Tomatoes. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Iijima Y, Watanabe B, Sasaki R, Takenaka M, Ono H, Sakurai N, Umemoto N, Suzuki H, Shibata D, Aoki K. Steroidal glycoalkaloid profiling and structures of glycoalkaloids in wild tomato fruit. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 95:145-57. [PMID: 23941899 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) constitute one of the main groups of secondary metabolites in tomato fruit. However, the detailed composition of SGAs other than α-tomatine, dehydrotomatine and esculeoside A, remains unclear. Comparative SGA profiling was performed in eight tomato accessions, including wild tomato species by HPLC-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (HPLC-FTICR/MS). On the basis of molecular formulae obtained from accurate m/z and fragmentation patterns by multistage MS/ MS (MS(n)), 123 glycoalkaloids in total were screened. Detailed MS(n) analysis showed that the observed structural diversity was derived from various chemical modifications, such as glycosylation, acetylation, hydroxylation and isomerization. Total SGA content in each tomato accession was in the range of 121-1986 nmol/gfr.wt. Furthermore, the compositional variety of SGA structures was distinctive in some tomato accessions. While most tomato accessions were basically categorized as α-tomatine-rich or esculeoside A-rich group, other specific SGAs also accumulated at high levels in wild tomato. Here, five such SGAs were isolated and their structures were determined by NMR spectroscopic analysis, indicating three of them were presumably synthesized during α-tomatine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Iijima
- Department of Nutrition and Life Science, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan; Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-Kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan.
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Hemalatha RG, Pradeep T. Understanding the molecular signatures in leaves and flowers by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI MS) imaging. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7477-87. [PMID: 23848451 DOI: 10.1021/jf4011998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The difference in size, shape, and chemical cues of leaves and flowers display the underlying genetic makeup and their interactions with the environment. The need to understand the molecular signatures of these fragile plant surfaces is illustrated with a model plant, Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don). Flat, thin layer chromatographic imprints of leaves/petals were imaged using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI MS), and the results were compared with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) of their extracts. Tandem mass spectrometry with DESI and ESI, in conjunction with database records, confirmed the molecular species. This protocol has been extended to other plants. Implications of this study in identifying varietal differences, toxic metabolite production, changes in metabolites during growth, pest/pathogen attack, and natural stresses are shown with illustrations. The possibility to image subtle features like eye color of petals, leaf vacuole, leaf margin, and veins is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Hemalatha
- DST Unit on Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Koh E, Kaffka S, Mitchell AE. A long-term comparison of the influence of organic and conventional crop management practices on the content of the glycoalkaloid α-tomatine in tomatoes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:1537-42. [PMID: 23138335 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Tomatine, synthesized by Lycopersicon and some Solanum species, is a steroidal glycoalkaloid which functions to protect against pathogens and insects. Although glycoalkaloids are generally considered toxic, α-tomatine appears to be well tolerated in humans. α-Tomatine has numerous potential health benefits including the ability to inhibit cancer cell growth in in vitro studies. α-Tomatine is influenced by numerous agronomic factors including fertilization and nitrogen availability. Herein, the levels of α-tomatine were compared in dried tomato samples (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Halley 3155) produced in organic and conventional cropping systems that had been archived over the period from 1994 to 2004 from the Long Term Research on Agricultural Systems project (LTRAS) at UC Davis. RESULTS The α-tomatine levels of tomatoes in both cropping systems ranged from 4.29 to 111.85 µg g(-1) dry weight. Mean levels of α-tomatine were significantly higher in the organically grown tomatoes than conventional ones (P < 0.001). In the organic management system, α-tomatine content was also significantly (P < 0.001) different between cropping years, suggesting that other influencing factors such as environmental conditions also affect α-tomatine content in tomato. CONCLUSIONS The organically produced tomatoes had higher average α-tomatine content than their conventional counterpart over the 10-year study. Significant annual variability in the α-tomatine content in tomatoes was also observed and suggests that environmental factors, external to nitrogen fertilization, influence α-tomatine content in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Koh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, One Shields Avenue, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Royer M, Larbat R, Le Bot J, Adamowicz S, Robin C. Is the C:N ratio a reliable indicator of C allocation to primary and defence-related metabolisms in tomato? PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 88:25-33. [PMID: 23312460 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and defence are both fuelled by compounds synthesized from a common pool of carbon and nitrogen, implying the existence of a competition for carbon and nitrogen allocation to both metabolisms. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) of an organ is often regarded as a convenient indicator of growth and quality. The purpose of this work was to assess whether or not it is possible to extend its use to characterize the trade-off between growth and defence processes. Therefore, we calculated C:N ratios in the pool of resources and in the total plant, and correlated them to the concentrations of diverse compounds of the primary and secondary metabolisms in young tomatoes. Plants were grown hydroponically at N availabilities either limiting (0.1 mM) or not (7 mM) for growth in two glasshouses maintained either under ambient or enriched (700 vpm) air CO(2). These conditions yielded a large array of C:N in fully developed leaves, developing leaves, stem and roots, sampled 27, 35 and 47 days after sowing. Growth parameters and tissue concentrations of primary metabolites (carbohydrates, starch), defence-related compounds (polyphenols, glycoalkaloids), lignin, nitrate, ammonium, C and N were analyzed. Net CO(2) exchange rate was also measured at the last sampling date. Low N limited plant growth more than photosynthesis. The C:N in the resource pool was far higher than the total C:N. Starch was the most responsive compound, attaining high concentration under high C:N, whereas lignin remained stable. Chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol-rutinoside and tomatine concentrations correlated positively to C:N. The same patterns were observed for most organs and molecules, except soluble carbohydrates in fully developed leaves whose concentration was not influenced. Among the organs, developing leaves showed the highest concentrations of secondary compounds and were the most responsive to C:N variations. Neither the biochemical nature of the compounds (C-based or N- containing metabolites) nor the calculation mode of C:N, influenced the patterns observed. Within the range of N availabilities considered (up to N limitation but not deficiency), the C:N can be considered as a good indicator of the secondary compounds concentrations in organs, especially for those involved in the chemical defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Royer
- INRA UMR 1121 Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, BP 172, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Martins G, Santos AD, Vilela MR, Ferreira MDC, Oliveira WPD, Moreira RD. Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Antioxidant Activity of Solanum lycocarpum Fruits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2013.147.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Choi SH, Ahn JB, Kozukue N, Kim HJ, Nishitani Y, Zhang L, Mizuno M, Levin CE, Friedman M. Structure-activity relationships of α-, β(1)-, γ-, and δ-tomatine and tomatidine against human breast (MDA-MB-231), gastric (KATO-III), and prostate (PC3) cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3891-9. [PMID: 22482398 DOI: 10.1021/jf3003027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Partial acid hydrolysis of the tetrasaccharide (lycotetraose) side chain of the tomato glycoalkaloid α-tomatine resulted in the formation of four products with three, two, one, and zero carbohydrate side chains, which were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography ion-trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF). The inhibitory activities in terms of IC(50) values (concentration that inhibits 50% of the cells under the test conditions) of the parent compound and the hydrolysates, isolated by preparative HPLC, against normal human liver and lung cells and human breast, gastric, and prostate cancer cells indicate that (a) the removal of sugars significantly reduced the concentration-dependent cell-inhibiting effects of the test compounds, (b) PC3 prostate cancer cells were about 10 times more susceptible to inhibition by α-tomatine than the breast and gastric cancer cells or the normal cells, (c) the activity of α-tomatine against the prostate cancer cells was 200 times greater than that of the aglycone tomatidine, and (d) the activity increased as the number of sugars on the aglycone increased, but this was only statistically significant at p < 0.05 for the normal lung Hel299 cell line. The effect of the alkaloids on tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was measured in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the dosage of γ- and α-tomatine and the level of TNF-α. α-Tomatine was the most effective compound at reducing TNF-α. The dietary significance of the results and future research needs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Choi
- Department of Food Service Industry, and Bio Organic Material and Food Center, Seowon University, Cheongju-city, Republic of Korea
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Itkin M, Rogachev I, Alkan N, Rosenberg T, Malitsky S, Masini L, Meir S, Iijima Y, Aoki K, de Vos R, Prusky D, Burdman S, Beekwilder J, Aharoni A. GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 is required for steroidal alkaloid glycosylation and prevention of phytotoxicity in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:4507-25. [PMID: 22180624 PMCID: PMC3269880 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids (SAs) are triterpene-derived specialized metabolites found in members of the Solanaceae family that provide plants with a chemical barrier against a broad range of pathogens. Their biosynthesis involves the action of glycosyltransferases to form steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs). To elucidate the metabolism of SGAs in the Solanaceae family, we examined the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 (GAME1) gene. Our findings imply that GAME1 is a galactosyltransferase, largely performing glycosylation of the aglycone tomatidine, resulting in SGA production in green tissues. Downregulation of GAME1 resulted in an almost 50% reduction in α-tomatine levels (the major SGA in tomato) and a large increase in its precursors (i.e., tomatidenol and tomatidine). Surprisingly, GAME1-silenced plants displayed growth retardation and severe morphological phenotypes that we suggest occur as a result of altered membrane sterol levels caused by the accumulation of the aglycone tomatidine. Together, these findings highlight the role of GAME1 in the glycosylation of SAs and in reducing the toxicity of SA metabolites to the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Itkin
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Noam Alkan
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Tally Rosenberg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laura Masini
- Plant Research International, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoko Iijima
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu 292-0818, Japan
| | - Koh Aoki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu 292-0818, Japan
| | - Ric de Vos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Dov Prusky
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Plant Research International, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Address correspondence to
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Ferreres F, Taveira M, Gil-Izquierdo A, Oliveira L, Teixeira T, Valentão P, Simões N, Andrade PB. High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization multi-stage mass spectrometric screening of an insect/plant system: the case of Spodoptera littoralis/Lycopersicon esculentum phenolics and alkaloids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1972-1980. [PMID: 21698680 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization multi-stage mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n)) is considered to be a very valuable tool for the characterization of compounds found in trace amounts in natural matrices, as their previous isolation and clean-up steps can be avoided. Micro-scale separation increases the potential of this analytical technique, allowing the determination of compounds in reduced samples. Spodoptera littoralis represents a major challenge to Solanaceae plants, as it is one of the most deleterious pests. The S. littoralis/Lycopersicon esculentum system was studied for the first time concerning glycoalkaloids and phenolics. Using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n) we were able to characterize 15 phenolic compounds in L. esculentum leaves. Nine of them are reported for the first time. Some differences were found between leaves of cerasiforme and 'Bull's heart' varieties. However, in the materials of S. littoralis (larvae, adults, exuviae and excrements) reared in both L. esculentum leaves no phenolics were identified. α-Tomatine was the main glycoalkaloid in the host plant. The glycoalkaloid composition of the different S. littoralis materials was distinct, with α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine being the main detected compounds in larvae and excrements. These results add knowledge to the ecological interaction in this insect/plant duo, for which it is hard to obtain considerable sample amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferreres
- CEBAS (CSIC) Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus University Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Milner SE, Brunton NP, Jones PW, O'Brien NM, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Bioactivities of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones from Solanum species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3454-3484. [PMID: 21401040 DOI: 10.1021/jf200439q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Potatoes, tomatoes, and aubergines are all species of the Solanum genus and contain a vast array of secondary metabolites including calystegine alkaloids, phenolic compounds, lectins, and glycoalkaloids. Glycoalkaloids have been the subject of many literature papers, occur widely in the human diet, and are known to induce toxicity. Therefore, from a food safety perspective further information is required regarding their analysis, toxicity, and bioavailability. This is especially important in crop cultivars derived from wild species to prevent glycoalkaloid-induced toxicity. A comprehensive review of the bioactivity of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones of the Solanum species, particularly focused on comparison of their bioactivities including their anticancer, anticholesterol, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic effects, toxicity, and synergism of action of the principal Solanum glycoalkaloids, correlated to differences of their individual molecular structures is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Eileen Milner
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Kind T, Fiehn O. Advances in structure elucidation of small molecules using mass spectrometry. BIOANALYTICAL REVIEWS 2010; 2:23-60. [PMID: 21289855 PMCID: PMC3015162 DOI: 10.1007/s12566-010-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The structural elucidation of small molecules using mass spectrometry plays an important role in modern life sciences and bioanalytical approaches. This review covers different soft and hard ionization techniques and figures of merit for modern mass spectrometers, such as mass resolving power, mass accuracy, isotopic abundance accuracy, accurate mass multiple-stage MS(n) capability, as well as hybrid mass spectrometric and orthogonal chromatographic approaches. The latter part discusses mass spectral data handling strategies, which includes background and noise subtraction, adduct formation and detection, charge state determination, accurate mass measurements, elemental composition determinations, and complex data-dependent setups with ion maps and ion trees. The importance of mass spectral library search algorithms for tandem mass spectra and multiple-stage MS(n) mass spectra as well as mass spectral tree libraries that combine multiple-stage mass spectra are outlined. The successive chapter discusses mass spectral fragmentation pathways, biotransformation reactions and drug metabolism studies, the mass spectral simulation and generation of in silico mass spectra, expert systems for mass spectral interpretation, and the use of computational chemistry to explain gas-phase phenomena. A single chapter discusses data handling for hyphenated approaches including mass spectral deconvolution for clean mass spectra, cheminformatics approaches and structure retention relationships, and retention index predictions for gas and liquid chromatography. The last section reviews the current state of electronic data sharing of mass spectra and discusses the importance of software development for the advancement of structure elucidation of small molecules. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12566-010-0015-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kind
- Genome Center–Metabolomics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Genome Center–Metabolomics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Marciniak P, Adamski Z, Bednarz P, Slocinska M, Ziemnicki K, Lelario F, Scrano L, Bufo SA. Cardioinhibitory properties of potato glycoalkaloids in beetles. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 84:153-156. [PMID: 20024528 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-009-9921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The semi-isolated heart bioassay was used to evaluate the effect of glycoalkaloids extracted from potato leaves on the heart contractile activity of three beetle species Zophobas atratus, Tenebrio molitor and Leptinotarsa decemlineata. The dose-response curves indicated species specific action of tested substances. Application of glycoalkaloids on the continuously perfused Z. atratus heart inhibited progressively frequency contractions; higher concentrations exerted short and reversible cardiac arrests. In the rest two beetle species tested glycoalkaloids caused no cardiotropic effect. In vivo bioassay with 1 day old Z. atratus pupae showed that the extract induces a negative inotropic effect on the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89 Street, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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