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Spangenberg JE, Lantos I. Fingerprinting of monovarietal olive oils from Argentina and Uruguay via stable isotope, fatty acid profile, and chemometric analyses. Food Chem 2024; 449:139194. [PMID: 38574525 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Tracing methods of non-European EVOOs commercialized worldwide are becoming crucial for effective authenticity controls. Limited analytical studies of these oils are available on a global scale, similar to those of European EVOOs. We report for the first time the fatty acid concentrations, bulk-oil 2H/1H, 13C/12C, and 18O/16O ratios and fatty acid 13C/12C ratios of 43 authentic monovarietal EVOOs from different geographical regions in Argentina and Uruguay. The samples were obtained from a wide range of latitudes and altitudes along an E-W profile, from lowlands near the Atlantic Ocean to the pre-Andean highlands near the Pacific Ocean. Principal component scores were used to cluster EVOOs into three groups- central-western Argentina, central Argentina, and Uruguay-based on nine stable isotope ratios and the oleic-linoleic acid concentration ratio. The bulk 2H/1H and 18O/16O values and 13C/12C of palmitoleic and linoleic acids provide good tools for differentiating these oils via linear discriminant analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Enrique Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, Geopolis Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Irene Lantos
- Instituto de las Culturas (IDECU), Universidad de Buenos Aires & Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Moreno 350, C1091AAH Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bilić Rajs B, Flanjak I, Milojković-Opsenica D, Tešić Ž, Čačić-Kenjerić F, Primorac L. Analysis of δ 13C and δ 15N values in Croatian honey by EA-IRMS and possibility of their application in botanical origin verification. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:939-949. [PMID: 38487291 PMCID: PMC10933234 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05888-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to give characteristic stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio (δ13Choney, δ13Cprotein and δ15N) ranges and examine their relation with botanical origin of honey. Despite that δ13C parameter has primary purpose to detect honey adulteration, stable isotopes generally have become important parameter for detection its botanical and geographical origin. The data about stable isotopes are scarce in comparison to other well-known parameters in honey, and in Croatia there is no data about stable isotopes in unifloral honey. This research includes six characteristic honey types (black locust, chestnut, lime, rape, winter savory, and sage honey) from Croatia. Large number of differences between honey types were found in the analyzed IRMS parameters. PCA analysis has successfully separated winter savory from all other honey types, except sage honey, whose samples differed from black locust samples. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05888-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Bilić Rajs
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Flanjak
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Živoslav Tešić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Frane Čačić-Kenjerić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Primorac
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Medoro V, Ferretti G, Rotondi A, Morrone L, Faccini B, Coltorti M. Incidence of foliar treatments and geographical origin on the geochemical fingerprints of leaves and fruits in olive growing. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:10.1007/s10653-023-01519-6. [PMID: 36892789 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, food quality and safety has become of great interest, with a consequent demand for geographical identification of agri-food products and eco-friendly agricultural practices. In this study geochemical analyses of soils, leaves and olives from two areas in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy), Montiano and San Lazzaro were performed aiming at identifying geochemical fingerprints able to (1) univocally determine the locality of provenance and (2) the effect of different foliar treatments (control, dimethoate, and alternating of natural zeolitite and dimethoate in MN; Spinosad + Spyntor fly, natural zeolitite and NH4+-enriched zeolitite in SL). PCA and PLS-DA (including VIP analysis) were used to discriminate between localities and different treatments. Bioaccumulation and Translocation Coefficients (BA and TC) were studied to evaluate differences in the uptake of trace elements by plants. The PCA performed on soil data highlighted a total variance of 88.81%, allowing a good distinction between the two sites. Leaves and olives PCA showed that using trace elements it is possible to discriminate different foliar treatments (total variance: 95.64% and 91.08% in MN; 71.31% and 85.33% in SL of leaves and olives, respectively) better than the identification of their geographical origin (87.46% of leaves and 83.50% of total variance of olives). PLS-DA of all samples gave the largest contribution to the discrimination of different treatments and geographical identification. Among all elements, only Lu and Hf were able to correlate soil, leaf, and olive for geographical identification through VIP analyses, but also Rb and Sr were significant in the plant uptake (BA and TC). For the discrimination of different foliar treatments, Sm and Dy were identified in MN site, whereas Rb, Zr, La and Th correlated leaves and olives from SL. Based on trace element analyses, it can be put forward that (1) the geographical origin could be discriminated and (2) different foliar treatments applied for crop protection can be recognized, which means, reversing the reasoning that each farmer can develop a method to pinpoint his own product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Medoro
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Ferretti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Rotondi
- Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Morrone
- Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Faccini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Coltorti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
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Determining the Geographical Origin of Fuji Apple from China by Multivariate Analysis Based on Soluble Sugars, Organic Acids, and Stable Isotopes. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5415257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the regional characteristics of soluble sugars, organic acids, and stable isotopes (δ2H, δ18O, and δ13C) in Fuji apple and the viability of tracing the geographical origin. Totally, 181 Fuji apple samples from 2017 and 2018 from three main apple production regions in China, Bohai Bay (BHB), Loess Plateau (LP), and Northwest region (NW) were collected. The parameters of soluble sugars, organic acids, and stable isotopes in samples were analyzed with HPLC, IC, and IRMS, respectively. The results of regional difference analysis, multiway variance analysis, and correlation analysis indicated that sorbitol (Sor), glucose (Glu), fructose (Fru), sucrose (Sucr), δ2H, and δ13C can be used to distinguish the samples from the three regions. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) showed that the correct discriminant rate of samples from the advantageous production areas of apples in China (BHB and LP) was 82.2%, and the most effective indexes were Glu, Fru, Sucr, and δ2H. Moreover, satisfactory classification can be achieved in samples from BHB and NW, with a correct classification rate of 90.0%, and Sor, Glu, and Fru were included in the discrimination model. Furthermore, the validity of the discriminant model was verified by the prediction set. The study also found that organic acids were not suitable to distinguish the apple samples from the three regions. In addition, soluble sugars and stable isotopes could not effectively distinguish LP and NW samples, which was also the reason that the samples from the three main apple production regions could not be distinguished well.
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Tracing the geographical origin of Spanish mango (Mangifera indica L.) using stable isotopes ratios and multi-element profiles. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chemometric Discrimination of the Geographical Origin of Three Greek Cultivars of Olive Oils by Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020336. [PMID: 33557322 PMCID: PMC7914497 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Α stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer was used for stable isotope ratio (i.e., δ13C, δ18O, and δ2H) measurements, achieving geographical discrimination using orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis. A total of 100 Greek monovarietal olive oil samples from three different olive cultivars (cv. Koroneiki, cv. Lianolia Kerkyras, and cv. Maurolia), derived from Central Greece and Peloponnese, were collected during the 2019-2020 harvest year aiming to investigate the effect of botanical and geographical origin on their discrimination through isotopic data. The selection of these samples was made from traditionally olive-growing areas in which no significant research has been done so far. Samples were discriminated mainly by olive cultivar and, partially, by geographical origin, which is congruent with other authors. Based on this model, correct recognition of 93.75% in the training samples and correct prediction of 100% in the test set were achieved. The overall correct classification of the model was 91%. The predictability based on the externally validated method of discrimination was good (Q2 (cum) = 0.681) and illustrated that δ18O and δ2H were the most important isotope markers for the discrimination of olive oil samples. The authenticity of olive oil based on the examined olive varieties can be determined using this technique.
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The Use of Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis to Trace European Sea Bass ( D. labrax) Originating from Different Farming Systems. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112042. [PMID: 33167344 PMCID: PMC7694367 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary European sea bass is one of the most economically important fish species in the Mediterranean area. The potential effects of farming systems on the final quality of this product and the recent popular demand for labels to certify the animal rearing origin, which is increasingly used as a marketing tool, have raised the use of analytical techniques that make it possible to differentiate this fish product according to the rearing farming system and authenticate their geographical origin. The aim of this study was to determine whether isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) can discriminate farmed European sea bass according to different farming systems (concrete tank inland, sea cages, and extensive methods in valleys or salt works) and geographic origins (different locations scattered throughout Italy). The results of this study showed the viability of δ13C and δ15N to discriminate cultured sea bass from different farming systems (extensive vs. intensive) reared at different geographical sites in Italy. Meanwhile, the measurement of δ18O and δ2H made it possible to distinguish the geographical origin of the sea bass farmed extensively and intensively (in cages). Abstract This study aimed to determine whether isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) can discriminate farmed European sea bass according to different farming systems and geographic origins. Dicentrarchus labrax of commercial size from three different rearing systems (concrete tank inland, sea cages, and extensive methods in valleys or salt works) were collected at the trading period (autumn–winter). For each farming type, different locations spread over Italy were monitored. Once the fish were harvested, the muscle and feed were sampled. For both muscle and feed, δ13C and δ15N were measured by continuous flow elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-EA-IRMS) with the goal of discriminating samples based on the rearing system. Additional δ2H and δ18O measurements of fish samples were performed by continuous flow total combustion elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-TC/EA-IRMS) to track the geographical origin. The measurements of δ13C and δ15N made it possible to discriminate cultured sea bass from different farming systems (extensive vs. intensive) reared at different geographical sites in Italy. Additional information was obtained from δ18O and δ2H, which enabled the geographical areas of origin of the sea bass farmed extensively and intensively (in cages) to be distinguished.
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Jiménez-Morillo NT, Palma V, Garcia R, Pereira JA, Dias CB, Cabrita MJ. Multivariate geostatistical analysis of stable isotopes in Portuguese varietal extra virgin olive oils. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lipid Profiling and Stable Isotopic Data Analysis for Differentiation of Extra Virgin Olive Oils Based on Their Origin. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010004. [PMID: 31861325 PMCID: PMC6982832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To differentiate extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) according to the origin of purchase, such as monocultivar Italian EVOO with protected denomination of origin (PDO) and commercially-blended EVOO purchased in supermarkets, a number of samples was subjected to the analysis of various lipid species by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS, LC-ESI-IT-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (1H-NMR). Many putative chemical markers were extracted as differentiators by uni- and multivariate statistical analysis. Commercially-blended EVOO contained higher concentrations of the majority of minor lipids, including free fatty acids, their alkyl (methyl and ethyl) esters, monoglycerides, and diglycerides, which may be indicative of a higher degree of triglyceride lipolysis in these than in monocultivar PDO EVOO. Triterpenoids and particular TAG species were also found in higher proportions in the samples from the commercially-blended EVOO class, suggesting a possible influence of factors such as the cultivar and geographical origin. The largest differences between the classes were determined for the concentrations of uvaol and oleanolic acid. The results of the analysis by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) were reasonably consistent with the information about the geographical origin declared on the labels of the investigated EVOOs, showing considerable variability, which possibly also contributed to the differences in lipid composition observed between the two investigated classes of EVOO.
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Geographical discrimination of garlic (Allium Sativum L.) based on Stable isotope ratio analysis coupled with statistical methods: The Italian case study. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hu L, Chen X, Yang J, Guo L. Geographic authentication of the traditional Chinese medicine Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (Baizhu) using stable isotope and multielement analyses. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1703-1710. [PMID: 31267592 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (Baizhu) is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, and medicines of that type originating from Zhejiang province are the most famous and much more expensive than those from other regions. Driven by the great difference in prices, fraudulent labeling often occurs. In order to protect the interests of consumers, producers and honest traders, reliable techniques for the geographic authentication of Baizhu are needed urgently. METHODS The stable isotope ratios of five light elements (C, N, H, O and S) in Baizhu samples originating from four provinces of China were determined with an elemental analyzer coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry, and the concentrations of 45 elements in these samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Chemometric approaches including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthodox partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to the obtained data. RESULTS The PCA results showed that the techniques enabled clear classification of the Baizhu samples into three clusters: A (Zhejiang province), B (Shaanxi province) and C (Hebei and Ahui provinces). Furthermore, OPLS-DA using 27 key variables provided 100% correct discrimination between samples originating from Zhejiang province and those from the other three provinces. CONCLUSIONS Stable isotope ratio and multielement analyses in combination with chemometric approaches showed great potential for the geographic authentication of Baizhu, providing a promising method for the control of fraudulent labeling that frequently occurs with traditional herbal medicines in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, 315000, Ningbo, China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, 315000, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian Yang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
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Characterisation and geographical traceability of Italian goji berries. Food Chem 2019; 275:585-593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bontempo L, Paolini M, Franceschi P, Ziller L, García-González DL, Camin F. Characterisation and attempted differentiation of European and extra-European olive oils using stable isotope ratio analysis. Food Chem 2019; 276:782-789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Perini M, Paolini M, Pace R, Camin F. The use of stable isotope ratio analysis to characterise saw palmetto (Serenoa Repens) extract. Food Chem 2019; 274:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Magdas DA, Feher I, Dehelean A, Cristea G, Magdas TM, Puscas R, Marincaş O. Isotopic and elemental markers for geographical origin and organically grown carrots discrimination. Food Chem 2018; 267:231-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A Multi-Methodological Protocol to Characterize PDO Olive Oils. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8030043. [PMID: 30060576 PMCID: PMC6160970 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical approach including Panel Test, Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was proposed to characterize Italian “Colline Pontine” PDO olive oils (40 samples) of two consecutive crop years. Our approach has evidenced the high quality of these olive oils. Only 6 of 40 olive oils samples were defined as “defective” by the official Panel Test due to the detection of negative sensory attributes. The low variability of isotopic data monitored by IRMS confirmed that the olive oil samples all came from a limited geographical area. NMR spectra did not evidence any chemical composition anomaly in the investigated samples. In order to assess the influence of harvesting year over the olive oil chemical composition, the NMR analysis was extended to other 22 olive oil samples of a third harvesting year. NMR data were submitted to two different statistical methods, namely, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) allowing olive oils of three consecutive harvesting years to be grouped.
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Gori Y, Stradiotti A, Camin F. Timber isoscapes. A case study in a mountain area in the Italian Alps. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192970. [PMID: 29451907 PMCID: PMC5815615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local timber is still one of the main sources of work and income for mountain communities. However, illegal logging is a major cause of deforestation in many countries and has significant impacts on local communities and biodiversity. Techniques for tracing timber would provide a useful tool to protect local timber industries and contribute to the fight against illegal logging. Although considerable progress has been made in food traceability, timber provenance is still a somewhat neglected research area. Stable isotope ratios in plants are known to reflect geographical variations. This study reports accurate spatial distribution of δ18O and δ2H in timber from north-eastern Italy (Trentino) in order to trace geographical origin. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We tested the accuracy of four kriging methods using an annual resolution of δ18O and δ2H measured in Picea abies. Pearson's correlation coefficients revealed altitude to be the most appropriate covariate for the cokriging model, which has ultimately proved to be the best method due to its low estimation error. CONCLUSIONS We present regional maps of interpolated δ18O and δ2H in Picea abies wood together with the 95% confidence intervals. The strong spatial structure of the data demonstrates the potential of multivariate spatial interpolation, even in a highly heterogeneous area such as the Alps. We believe that this geospatial approach can be successfully applied on a wider scale in order to combat illegal logging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Gori
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’ Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Ana Stradiotti
- Stable Isotopes Center, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Campus, Brazil
| | - Federica Camin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’ Adige, Trento, Italy
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Muhammad SA, Seow EK, Mohd Omar AK, Rodhi AM, Mat Hassan H, Lalung J, Lee SC, Ibrahim B. Variation of δ 2 H, δ 18 O & δ 13 C in crude palm oil from different regions in Malaysia: Potential of stable isotope signatures as a key traceability parameter. Sci Justice 2018; 58:59-66. [PMID: 29332695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Paolini M, Bontempo L, Camin F. Compound-specific δ13C and δ2H analysis of olive oil fatty acids. Talanta 2017; 174:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Longobardi F, Casiello G, Centonze V, Catucci L, Agostiano A. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry in combination with chemometrics for characterization of geographical origin and agronomic practices of table grape. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3173-3180. [PMID: 27885687 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although table grape is one of the most cultivated and consumed fruits worldwide, no study has been reported on its geographical origin or agronomic practice based on stable isotope ratios. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of isotopic ratios (i.e. 2 H/1 H, 13 C/12 C, 15 N/14 N and 18 O/16 O) as possible markers to discriminate the agronomic practice (conventional versus organic farming) and provenance of table grape. RESULTS In order to quantitatively evaluate which of the isotopic variables were more discriminating, a t test was carried out, in light of which only δ13 C and δ18 O provided statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for the discrimination of geographical origin and farming method. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed no good separation of samples differing in geographical area and agronomic practice; thus, for classification purposes, supervised approaches were carried out. In particular, general discriminant analysis (GDA) was used, resulting in prediction abilities of 75.0 and 92.2% for the discrimination of farming method and origin respectively. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that stable isotopes (i.e. δ18 O, δ2 H and δ13 C) combined with chemometrics can be successfully applied to discriminate the provenance of table grape. However, the use of bulk nitrogen isotopes was not effective for farming method discrimination. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Longobardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Casiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Centonze
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Catucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF-CNR), sez. di Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Agostiano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF-CNR), sez. di Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
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Jin G, Kim J, Lee Y, Kim J, Akoh CC, Chun HS, Ahn S, Kim BH. A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Approach to Discriminate the Geographic Origin of Roasted Asian Sesame Oils. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:337-344. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gyungsu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University
| | - Jeongeun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University
| | - Yunhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University
| | - Jinyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University
| | - Casimir C. Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University
| | - Sangdoo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University
| | - Byung Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University
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22
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Bontempo L, Camin F, Paolini M, Micheloni C, Laursen KH. Multi-isotopic signatures of organic and conventional Italian pasta along the production chain. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:675-683. [PMID: 27457424 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The variability of stable isotope ratios (δ(2) H, δ(13) C, δ(15) N, δ(18) O and δ(34) S) along the production chain of pasta (durum wheat, flour and pasta) produced by using both conventional and organic farming systems in four Italian regions in 2 years was investigated. The aim was to evaluate if and how the farming system and geographical origin affect stable isotope ratios determined along the production chain. Irrespective of the processing technology, 65% of the samples were correctly classified according to the farming system and 98% were correctly classified regarding the geographical region. When considering both farming system and geographical region simultaneously, 80% of the samples were correctly classified. The measured isotope parameters were thus primarily affected by the geographical origin. In conclusion, it is expected that the use of these parameters will allow the development of analytical control procedures that can be used to check the geographical origin of Italian organic and conventional pasta and its raw materials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bontempo
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - F Camin
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - M Paolini
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - C Micheloni
- AIAB - Associazione Italiana per l'Agricoltura Biologica, largo D. Frisullo, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - K H Laursen
- Plant and Soil Science Section and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Perini M, Bontempo L, Ziller L, Barbero A, Caligiani A, Camin F. Stable isotope composition of cocoa beans of different geographical origin. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:684-689. [PMID: 27484307 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic profile (δ(13) C, δ(15) N, δ(18) O, δ(2) H, δ(34) S) was used to characterise a wide selection of cocoa beans from different renowned production areas (Africa, Asia, Central and South America). The factors most influencing the isotopic signatures of cocoa beans were climate and altitude for δ(13) C and the isotopic composition of precipitation water for δ(18) O and δ(2) H, whereas δ(15) N and δ(34) S were primarily affected by geology and fertilisation practises. Multi-isotopic analysis was shown to be sufficiently effective in determining the geographical origin of cocoa beans, and combining it with Canonical Discriminant Analysis led to more than 80% of samples being correctly reclassified. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Perini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Ziller
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Alice Barbero
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Augusta Caligiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 59A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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24
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Camin F, Pavone A, Bontempo L, Wehrens R, Paolini M, Faberi A, Marianella RM, Capitani D, Vista S, Mannina L. The use of IRMS, 1 H NMR and chemical analysis to characterise Italian and imported Tunisian olive oils. Food Chem 2016; 196:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Longobardi F, Casiello G, Cortese M, Perini M, Camin F, Catucci L, Agostiano A. Discrimination of geographical origin of lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) using isotope ratio mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics. Food Chem 2015; 188:343-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Horacek M, Hansel-Hohl K, Burg K, Soja G, Okello-Anyanga W, Fluch S. Control of origin of sesame oil from various countries by stable isotope analysis and DNA based markers--a pilot study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123020. [PMID: 25831054 PMCID: PMC4382116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The indication of origin of sesame seeds and sesame oil is one of the important factors influencing its price, as it is produced in many regions worldwide and certain provenances are especially sought after. We joined stable carbon and hydrogen isotope analysis with DNA based molecular marker analysis to study their combined potential for the discrimination of different origins of sesame seeds. For the stable carbon and hydrogen isotope data a positive correlation between both isotope parameters was observed, indicating a dominant combined influence of climate and water availability. This enabled discrimination between sesame samples from tropical and subtropical/moderate climatic provenances. Carbon isotope values also showed differences between oil from black and white sesame seeds from identical locations, indicating higher water use efficiency of plants producing black seeds. DNA based markers gave independent evidence for geographic variation as well as provided information on the genetic relatedness of the investigated samples. Depending on the differences in ambient environmental conditions and in the genotypic fingerprint, a combination of both analytical methods is a very powerful tool to assess the declared geographic origin. To our knowledge this is the first paper on food authenticity combining the stable isotope analysis of bio-elements with DNA based markers and their combined statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Horacek
- AIT- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Health & Environment Department, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Karin Hansel-Hohl
- AIT- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Health & Environment Department, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Kornel Burg
- AIT- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Health & Environment Department, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Soja
- AIT- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Health & Environment Department, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Walter Okello-Anyanga
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, P.O. Box. 7062, Kampala, Uganda, and National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute (NaSARRI), Serere (Soroti), Uganda
| | - Silvia Fluch
- AIT- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Health & Environment Department, 3430, Tulln, Austria
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27
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Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios of bulk needles reveal the geographic origin of Norway spruce in the European Alps. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118941. [PMID: 25742601 PMCID: PMC4351073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tracking timber is necessary in order to prevent illegal logging and protect local timber production, but there is as yet no suitable analytical traceability method. Stable isotope ratios in plants are known to reflect geographical variations. In this study we analysed four stable isotope ratios in order to develop a model able to identify the geographic origin of Norway spruce in the European Alps. Methodology and Principal Findings δ18O, δ2H, δ13C and δ15N were measured in bulk needles of Picea abies sampled in 20 sites in and around the European Alps. Environmental and spatial variables were found to be related to the measured isotope ratios. An ordinary least squares regression was used to identify the most important factor in stable isotope variability in bulk needles. Spatial autocorrelation was tested for all isotope ratios by means of Moran’s I. δ18O, δ2H and δ15N values differed significantly between sites. Distance from the coast had the greatest influence on δ2H, while latitude and longitude were strongly related to δ18O. δ13C values did not appear to have any relationship with geographical position, while δ15N values were influenced by distance from the motorway. The regression model improved the explanatory power of the spatial and environmental variables. Positive spatial autocorrelations were found for δ18O and δ2H values. Conclusions The δ 18O, δ2H and δ15N values in P. abies bulk needles are a suitable proxy to identify geographic origin as they vary according to geographical position. Although the regression model showed the explanatory variables to have significant power and stability, we conclude that our model might be improved by multivariate spatial interpolation of the δ 18O and δ2H values.
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Schmidt HL, Robins RJ, Werner RA. Multi-factorial in vivo stable isotope fractionation: causes, correlations, consequences and applications. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2015; 51:155-199. [PMID: 25894429 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1014355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many physical and chemical processes in living systems are accompanied by isotope fractionation on H, C, N, O and S. Although kinetic or thermodynamic isotope effects are always the basis, their in vivo manifestation is often modulated by secondary influences. These include metabolic branching events or metabolite channeling, metabolite pool sizes, reaction mechanisms, anatomical properties and compartmentation of plants and animals, and climatological or environmental conditions. In the present contribution, the fundamentals of isotope effects and their manifestation under in vivo conditions are outlined. The knowledge about and the understanding of these interferences provide a potent tool for the reconstruction of physiological events in plants and animals, their geographical origin, the history of bulk biomass and the biosynthesis of defined representatives. It allows the use of isotope characteristics of biomass for the elucidation of biochemical pathways and reaction mechanisms and for the reconstruction of climatic, physiological, ecological and environmental conditions during biosynthesis. Thus, it can be used for the origin and authenticity control of food, the study of ecosystems and animal physiology, the reconstruction of present and prehistoric nutrition chains and paleaoclimatological conditions. This is demonstrated by the outline of fundamental and application-orientated examples for all bio-elements. The aim of the review is to inform (advanced) students from various disciplines about the whole potential and the scope of stable isotope characteristics and fractionations and to provide them with a comprehensive introduction to the literature on fundamental aspects and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns-Ludwig Schmidt
- a Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie , Technische Universität München , Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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29
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Jeon H, Lee SC, Cho YJ, Oh JH, Kwon K, Kim BH. A triple-isotope approach for discriminating the geographic origin of Asian sesame oils. Food Chem 2015; 167:363-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Mihailova A, Abbado D, Kelly SD, Pedentchouk N. The impact of environmental factors on molecular and stable isotope compositions of n-alkanes in Mediterranean extra virgin olive oils. Food Chem 2014; 173:114-21. [PMID: 25466002 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of climatic factors on the molecular and stable carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of n-alkanes in extra virgin olive oils from eight Mediterranean countries is studied, and the applicability of these data for olive oil regional classification is discussed. n-Alkane average chain length values are positively correlated with the amount of precipitation and are the lowest in olive oils from Morocco and Greece and the highest in oils from Spain and Portugal. Stable carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of n-alkane C29 show significant correlation with climatic parameters and are significantly more positive in olive oils from the southern compared with northern Mediterranean countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Mihailova
- University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Dimitri Abbado
- HYDEA S.p.A., Via del Rosso Fiorentino 2/g, 50142 Florence, Italy
| | - Simon D Kelly
- University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nikolai Pedentchouk
- University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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31
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Camin F, Dordevic N, Wehrens R, Neteler M, Delucchi L, Postma G, Buydens L. Climatic and geographical dependence of the H, C and O stable isotope ratios of Italian wine. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 853:384-390. [PMID: 25467483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationship between (D/H)1, (D/H)2 and δ(13)C of ethanol and δ(18)O of water in wine, and variables describing the climate and the geography of the production area, using exploratory visualisation tools, regression analysis and linear modelling. For the first time, a large amount of data (around 4000 wine samples collected over 11 years in Italy) and all the official isotopic parameters, as well as a large number of significant climatic and geographical descriptors (date of harvest, latitude, longitude, elevation, distance from the sea, amount of precipitation, maximum daily temperature, minimum daily temperature, mean daily temperature, δ(18)O and δ(2)H of precipitation) were considered. δ(18)O, followed by (D/H)1, was shown to have the strongest relationship with climate and location. The dominant variables were latitude, with a negative relationship, δ(18)O and δ(2)H of precipitation and temperature, both with positive relationships. The identified correlations and models could be used to predict the isotopic composition of authentic wines, offering increased possibilities for detecting fraud and mislabelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Camin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
| | - Nikola Dordevic
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy; Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Wehrens
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Markus Neteler
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Luca Delucchi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Geert Postma
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lutgarde Buydens
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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32
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Faberi A, Marianella RM, Fuselli F, La Mantia A, Ciardiello F, Montesano C, Mascini M, Sergi M, Compagnone D. Fatty acid composition and δ13 C of bulk and individual fatty acids as marker for authenticating Italian PDO/PGI extra virgin olive oils by means of isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:840-849. [PMID: 25230181 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
European Regulation (EEC) 2568/91 has been setting the minimum requirements in order to allow labeling of oil as extra virgin. These general requirements, are based on physical-chemical and organoleptic parameters directly linked to the freshness and quality of the product. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) was demonstrated to be a useful tool for the discrimination of the origin of unknown samples, because the obtained data are practically independent of the cultivar employed and the production technique. In this work, the evaluation of the composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) alongside with the determination of stable isotope ratio of C in bulk oils and in main FAME constituents have been investigated as a tool to improve geographical discrimination of Italian Protected Designation of Origin/Protected Geographical Indication (PDO/PGI) samples. For this purpose, authentic PDO/PGI extra virgin olive oils were sampled at oil mills and grouped into different sets according to their areas of provenience. The use of principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis multivariate analysis techniques demonstrated that discrimination of olive oil samples can be done using geographical and pedoclimatic parameters predominantly by using δ(13) C results of bulk and individual fatty acids. Results showed that δ(13) C values are a more reliable marker of origin with respect to fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Faberi
- MiPAAF, Dipartimento dell'Ispettorato Centrale della tutela della Qualità e Repressione Frodi dei Prodotti Agro-alimentari, Laboratorio Centrale di Roma, 00149, Rome, Italy
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33
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Longobardi F, Casiello G, Ventrella A, Mazzilli V, Nardelli A, Sacco D, Catucci L, Agostiano A. Electronic nose and isotope ratio mass spectrometry in combination with chemometrics for the characterization of the geographical origin of Italian sweet cherries. Food Chem 2014; 170:90-6. [PMID: 25306321 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sweet cherries from two Italian regions, Apulia and Emilia Romagna, were analysed using electronic nose (EN) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), with the aim of distinguishing them according to their geographic origin. The data were elaborated by statistical techniques, examining the EN and IRMS datasets both separately and in combination. Preliminary exploratory overviews were performed and then linear discriminant analyses (LDA) were used for classification. Regarding EN, different approaches for variable selection were tested, and the most suitable strategies were highlighted. The LDA classification results were expressed in terms of recognition and prediction abilities and it was found that both EN and IRMS performed well, with IRMS showing better cross-validated prediction ability (91.0%); the EN-IRMS combination gave slightly better results (92.3%). In order to validate the final results, the models were tested using an external set of samples with excellent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Longobardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - G Casiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Ventrella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - V Mazzilli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Nardelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Sacco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - L Catucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF-CNR), sez. di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Agostiano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF-CNR), sez. di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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34
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Zhao H, Guo B, Wei Y, Zhang B. Effects of grown origin, genotype, harvest year, and their interactions of wheat kernels on near infrared spectral fingerprints for geographical traceability. Food Chem 2014; 152:316-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Bandoniene D, Zettl D, Meisel T, Maneiko M. Suitability of elemental fingerprinting for assessing the geographic origin of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca) seed oil. Food Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Drivelos SA, Georgiou CA. Multi-element and multi-isotope-ratio analysis to determine the geographical origin of foods in the European Union. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Wei L, Lockington DA, Poh SC, Gasparon M, Lovelock CE. Water use patterns of estuarine vegetation in a tidal creek system. Oecologia 2012; 172:485-94. [PMID: 23070143 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Water availability is a key determinant of the zonation patterns in estuarine vegetation, but water availability and the use of different water sources over space and time are not well understood. We have determined the seasonal water use patterns of riparian vegetation over an estuarine ecotone. Our aim was to investigate how the water use patterns of estuarine vegetation respond to variations in the availability of tidal creek water and rain-derived freshwater. The levels of natural stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen were assessed in the stem of the mangrove Avicennia marina (tall and scrub growth forms), Casuarina glauca and Melaleuca quinquenervia that were distributed along transects from river/creek-front towards inland habitats. The isotopic composition of plant tissues and the potential water sources were assessed in both the wet season, when freshwater from rainfall is present, and the dry season, when mangrove trees are expected to be more dependent on tidal water, and when Casuarina and Melaleuca are expected to be dependent on groundwater. Our results indicate that rainwater during the wet season contributes significantly to estuarine vegetation, even to creek-side mangroves which are inundated by tidal creek water daily, and that estuarine vegetation depends primarily on freshwater throughout the year. In contrast, high intertidal scrub mangroves were found to use the greatest proportion of tidal creek water, supplemented by groundwater in the dry season. Contrary to prediction, inland trees C. glauca and M. quinquenervia were found also to rely predominantly on rainwater--even in the dry season. The results of this study reveal a high level of complexity in vegetation water use in estuarine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wei
- National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Canberra, Australia.
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38
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Magdas DA, Dehelean A, Puscas R. Isotopic and elemental determination in some romanian apple fruit juices. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:878242. [PMID: 22666164 PMCID: PMC3349163 DOI: 10.1100/2012/878242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
H, C, O stable isotope ratios and the content of some heavy elements of 31 Romanian single-strength organic apple juices collected from four Transylvanian areas are discussed in this study. The aim of this study was to measure the 2H/1H, 18O/16O, 13C/12C ratios of these juices and their elemental profile and to establish a database of authentic values to be used for adulteration and authenticity testing. Our results have shown mean values of δ18O = −4.2‰ and δDδ−46.5‰, respectively, for apples from Transylvania and at the same time the mean value of δ13C = −28.2‰. The content of Cd, Pb, U, Zn, As was below the acceptable limits stipulated in US-EPA standard for drinking water. Cu and Cr limits exceeded for one single juice; Ni content for some apple juices from Maramures, Alba, and Cluj was higher than the acceptable value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Alina Magdas
- Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics Department, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, P.O. Box 700, 400293 Cluj-Napoca 5, Romania
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Chiavaro E, Cerretani L, Di Matteo A, Barnaba C, Bendini A, Iacumin P. Application of a multidisciplinary approach for the evaluation of traceability of extra virgin olive oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Daéid NN, Meier-Augenstein W, Kemp HF. Investigating the provenance of un-dyed spun cotton fibre using multi-isotope profiles and chemometric analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1812-1816. [PMID: 21638356 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of un-dyed spun cotton fibres can be challenging within a forensic science context where discrimination of one fibre from another is of importance. Conventional microscopic and chemical analysis of these fibres is generally unsuccessful because of their similar morphology. In this work we have explored the potential of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) as a tool for spun cotton fibre analysis in an attempt to reveal any discriminatory information available. Seven different batches of un-dyed spun cotton fibre from four different countries were analysed. A combination of the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic data facilitated the correct association of the samples, demonstrating, for the first time, the applicability of IRMS to fibre analysis in this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Nic Daéid
- Centre for Forensic Sciences, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK.
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Bontempo L, Camin F, Manzocco L, Nicolini G, Wehrens R, Ziller L, Larcher R. Traceability along the production chain of Italian tomato products on the basis of stable isotopes and mineral composition. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:899-909. [PMID: 21416526 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The paper shows the variability of stable isotope ratios and mineral composition in tomato and derivatives along the production chain (juice, passata and paste) in order to evaluate the possibility of tracing their geographical origin. The ratios (13)C/(12)C, (15)N/(14)N, (18)O/(16)O, D/H, (34)S/(32)S and the content of Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Ir, Tl, Pb, U and of nitrates, chlorides, sulphates and phosphates were measured by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography, respectively. The tomato products were from three Italian regions - Piedmont, Emilia Romagna, and Apulia. By applying linear discriminant analysis on 17 of these parameters (Gd, La, Tl, Eu, Cs, Ni, Cr, Co, δ(34)S, δ(15)N, Cd, K, Mg, δ(13)C, Mo, Rb and U) excellent discrimination among products from the three regions was achieved. Irrespective of the processing technology, over 95% of the samples were correctly reclassified in cross-validation into the production site. The use of these parameters will allow the development of analytical control procedures that can be used to check the geographical provenance of Italian tomatoes and products derived from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Bontempo
- IASMA Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
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Richter EK, Spangenberg JE, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Characterization of rapeseed (Brassica napus) oils by bulk C, O, H, and fatty acid C stable isotope analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:8048-8055. [PMID: 20536244 DOI: 10.1021/jf101128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) oils differing in cultivar, sites of growth, and harvest year were characterized by fatty acid concentrations and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen stable isotope analyses of bulk oils (delta(13)C(bulk), delta(2)H(bulk), delta(18)O(bulk) values) and individual fatty acids (delta(13)C(FA)). The delta(13)C(bulk), delta(2)H(bulk), and delta(18)O(bulk) values were determined by continuous flow combustion and high-temperature conversion elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS, TC-EA/IRMS). The delta(13)C(FA) values were determined using gas chromatography--combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). For comparison, other C(3) vegetable oils rich in linolenic acid (flax and false flax oils) and rich in linoleic acid (poppy, sunflower, and safflower oils) were submitted to the same chemical and isotopic analyses. The bulk and molecular delta(13)C values were typical for C(3) plants. The delta(13)C value of palmitic acid (delta(13)C(16:0)) and n-3 alpha-linolenic acid (delta(13)C(18:3n-3)) differed (p < 0.001) between rape, flax, and poppy oils. Also within species, significant differences of delta(13)C(FA) were observed (p < 0.01). The hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of rape oil differed between cultivars (p < 0.05). Major differences in the individual delta(13)C(FA) values were found. A plant-specific carbon isotope fractionation occurs during the biosynthesis of the fatty acids and particularly during desaturation of C(18) acids in rape and flax. Bulk oil and specific fatty acid stable isotope analysis might be useful in tracing dietary lipids differing in their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Katharina Richter
- Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Camin F, Bontempo L, Ziller L, Piangiolino C, Morchio G. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and hydrogen to distinguish olive oil from shark squalene-squalane. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1810-1816. [PMID: 20499327 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Squalene and its hydrogenated derivate squalane are widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. The two compounds are mainly produced from the liver oil of deep sea sharks and from olive oil distillates. Squalene and squalane from shark cost less than the same compounds derived from olive oil, and the use of these shark-derived compounds is unethical in cosmetic formulations. In this work we investigate whether (13)C/(12)C and (2)H/(1)H ratios can distinguish olive oil from shark squalene/squalane and can detect the presence of shark derivates in olive oil based products. The (13)C/(12)C ratios (expressed as delta(13)C values) of bulk samples and of pure compounds measured using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) were significantly lower in authentic olive oil squalene/squalane (N: 13; -28.4 +/- 0.5 per thousand; -28.3 +/- 0.8 per thousand) than in shark squalene/squalane samples (N: 15; -20.5 +/- 0.7 per thousand; -20.4 +/- 0.6 per thousand). By defining delta(13)C threshold values of -27.4 per thousand and -26.6 per thousand for olive oil bulk and pure squalene/squalane, respectively, illegal addition of shark products can be identified starting from a minimum of 10%. (2)H/(1)H analysis is not useful for distinguishing the two different origins. Delta(13)C analysis is proposed as a suitable tool for detecting the authenticity of commercial olive oil squalene and squalane samples, using IRMS interfaced to an elemental analyser if the purity is higher than 80% and IRMS interfaced to a gas chromatography/combustion system for samples with lower purity, including solutions of squalane extracted from cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Camin
- IASMA Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
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Aramendía MA, Marinas A, Marinas JM, Sánchez E, Urbano FJ, Guillou C, Moreno Rojas JM, Moalem M, Rallo L. A nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (delta13C, delta2H and delta18O) study of Andalusian olive oils. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1457-1466. [PMID: 20411585 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have determined delta(13)C, delta(2)H and delta(18)O isotopic abundances in Andalusian olive oils. In addition, the fatty acid composition and the distribution of isomers at positions 1,3 and 2 of glycerol were determined by (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. Isotopic results obtained for four series of oil samples extracted from olives harvested in the 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons are discussed in terms of olive variety, ripeness, geographical origin, fatty acid composition and growing altitude. A distinction was also established between olives grown in irrigated and in dry land by studying selected samples of the previous series and others from the 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08 and 2008/09 seasons. The results showed that olive ripeness does not influence the abundance of any of the three isotopes studied. On the other hand, the olive variety influences the abundance of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, and also, less markedly, that of carbon. No clear-cut effect of height or latitude on isotope values is observed, probably because the olive variety also changes with height and latitude, thus masking such influences. The oil samples from dryland-grown olives had increased delta(13)C values relative to irrigation-grown olives. In addition, no definite relationship appears to exist between isotope distribution and fatty acid composition. Finally, oil samples from olives harvested in the 2005/06 season in Italy could be distinguished from those from Spain in terms of their isotopic values (delta(2)H mainly).
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Aramendía
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Marie Curie Building, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Camin F, Larcher R, Nicolini G, Bontempo L, Bertoldi D, Perini M, Schlicht C, Schellenberg A, Thomas F, Heinrich K, Voerkelius S, Horacek M, Ueckermann H, Froeschl H, Wimmer B, Heiss G, Baxter M, Rossmann A, Hoogewerff J. Isotopic and elemental data for tracing the origin of European olive oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:570-577. [PMID: 20000737 DOI: 10.1021/jf902814s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
H, C, and O stable isotope ratios and the elemental profile of 267 olive oils and 314 surface waters collected from 8 European sites are presented and discussed. The aim of the study was to investigate if olive oils produced in areas with different climatic and geological characteristics could be discriminated on the basis of isotopic and elemental data. The stable isotope ratios of H, C, and O of olive oils and the ratios of H and O of the relevant surface waters correlated to the climatic (mainly temperature) and geographical (mainly latitude and distance from the coast) characteristics of the provenance sites. It was possible to characterize the geological origin of the olive oils by using the content of 14 elements (Mg, K, Ca, V, Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr, Cs, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, U). By combining the 3 isotopic ratios with the 14 elements and applying a multivariate discriminant analysis, a good discrimination between olive oils from 8 European sites was achieved, with 95% of the samples correctly classified into the production site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Camin
- IASMA-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
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Perini M, Camin F, Bontempo L, Rossmann A, Piasentier E. Multielement (H, C, N, O, S) stable isotope characteristics of lamb meat from different Italian regions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2573-2585. [PMID: 19603455 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The study focuses on the (2)H/H, (13)C/(12)C, (15)N/(14)N, (18)O/(16)O and (34)S/(32)S values of defatted dry matter (DFDM) and on the (2)H/H, (13)C/(12)C and (18)O/(16)O values of the fat fraction of meat samples from various lamb types reared in seven Italian regions, following different feeding regimes (forage, concentrate, milk). The (13)C/(12)C (r = 0.922), (2)H/H (r = 0.577) and (18)O/(16)O (r = 0.449) values of fat and DFDM are significantly correlated, the fat values being significantly lower for C and H and higher for O than for DFDM values and the differences between the two fractions not being constant for different lamb types. The feeding regime significantly affected the (13)C/(12)C, (15)N/(14)N, (18)O/(16)O and (2)H/H of fat. The DFDM (2)H/H, and (18)O/(16)O values, excluding an outlier, are significantly correlated with the corresponding values in meteoric waters, thus allowing us to trace the variability of geoclimatic factors. (15)N/(14)N is influenced by pedoclimatic conditions, whereas (34)S/(32)S is influenced by the sea spray effect and the surface geology of the provenance area. By applying stepwise linear discriminant analysis only the (2)H/H of fat was found not to be significant and 97.7% of the samples were correctly assigned to the lamb type and more than 90% cross-validated. With the feeding regime, 97.7% of the samples were both correctly assigned and cross-validated using a predictive model including (13)C/(12)C, (15)N/(14)N, (18)O/(16)O, (34)S/(32)S of DFDM and (18)O/(16)O of fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Perini
- FEM-IASMA Research Centre, Agrifood Quality Department, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
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