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Hong H, Habib A, Bi L, Qais DS, Wen L. Hollow Cathode Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Detection, Quantification and Gas Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions of Explosives and Related Compounds. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:148-174. [PMID: 35467991 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2067467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential analytical method in every sector of science and technology. Because of its unique ability to provide direct molecular structure information on analytes, an extra method is rarely required. This review describes fabrication of a variable-pressure hollow cathode discharge (HCD) ion source for MS in detection, quantification and investigation of gas-phase ion molecule reactions of explosives and related compounds using air as a carrier gas. The HCD ion source has been designed in such a way that by altering the ion source pressures, the system can generate both HCD and conventional GD. This design enables for the selective detection and quantification of explosives at trace to ultra-trace levels. The pressure-dependent HCD ion source has also been used to investigate ion-molecule reactions in the gas phase of explosives and related compounds. The mechanism of ion formation in explosive reactions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Hong
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lei Bi
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Luhong Wen
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Subbaraj AK, Deb-Choudhury S, Pavan E, Realini CE. Volatile fingerprints of beef cooking methods using sol-gel-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9655. [PMID: 38073203 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The aroma profile of food is a complex mixture of volatile compounds that constitutes a major component of the overall eating experience. The food service industry and chefs therefore constantly seek ways to investigate and thereby enhance the aroma profile. Oven cooking, sous vide and pan fry are three cooking methods of beef commonly practised by chefs. Near real-time analysis of volatile compounds from these three cooking methods will provide insight into respective volatile fingerprints and help improve cooking techniques. METHODS Volatile compounds from three beef cooking methods were captured using an in-house sol-gel based solid phase microextraction (SPME) method and analysed using direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). A volatile organic compound (VOC) standard was used to demonstrate successful implementation of the sol-gel coating technique. Volatile features discriminating the three cooking methods were shortlisted and statistically assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS The VOC standard was successfully adsorbed by the sol-gel method and detected by DART-MS. Hierarchical cluster analysis clearly demarcated three beef cooking methods based on their volatile fingerprints. Out of 65 significant features differentiating the cooking methods, 50 were at highest concentrations from pan-fry cooking only, followed by 14 with highest concentrations from oven cooking followed by pan frying. Sous vide followed by pan frying showed lowest concentrations of almost all volatile features. CONCLUSIONS The sol-gel-based solid-phase microextraction technique combined with DART-MS was successful in differentiating beef cooking methods based on their volatile fingerprints. A workflow for rapid assessment of the volatile profile from beef cooking methods was established, providing a baseline to further explore volatile profiles from other key ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind K Subbaraj
- Proteins and Metabolites Team, AgResearch Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Enrique Pavan
- Food Technology and Processing Team, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Carolina E Realini
- Food Technology and Processing Team, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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3
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Malaspina P, Papaianni M, Ranesi M, Polito F, Danna C, Aicardi P, Cornara L, Woo SL, De Feo V. Eucalyptus cinerea and E. nicholii by-Products as Source of Bioactive Compounds for Agricultural Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2777. [PMID: 36297802 PMCID: PMC9609402 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of different species of Eucalyptus has recently expanded in Liguria (Italy) due to the growing demand of the North European floricultural market. Eucalyptus tree branches are cut and selected for their quality, resulting in large amounts of waste biomass to be disposed of. The aim of our study was to evaluate the phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of essential oils (EOs) from pruning wastes of E. cinerea (EC) and E. nicholii (EN), for potential applications in agriculture. Phytochemical analyses showed eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) as the major component in both EOs, but the EO yield of EN was higher than that of EC, in agreement with a significantly higher oil gland density on EN leaves. EOs from both species showed phytotoxicity on both weeds tested, but no significant inhibition on horticultural crop seed germination, except for Raphanus sativus. The EO from EC showed the strongest antibacterial activity, while the EO from EN showed the strongest antifungal activity. Concluding, EOs from Eucalyptus pruning may be used as possible alternatives to synthetic herbicides and pesticides, acting as antimicrobial and antifungal agents, thus representing a safe strategy for crop management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Malaspina
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Papaianni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Marta Ranesi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Flavio Polito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Cristina Danna
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cornara
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Sheridan L. Woo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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4
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Losso K, Wörz H, Kappacher C, Huber S, Jakschitz T, Rainer M, Bonn GK. Rapid quality control of black truffles using Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry and Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 403:134418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Mason TJ, Bettenhausen HM, Chaparro JM, Uchanski ME, Prenni JE. Evaluation of ambient mass spectrometry tools for assessing inherent postharvest pepper quality. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:160. [PMID: 34193823 PMCID: PMC8245583 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Horticulturists are interested in evaluating how cultivar, environment, or production system inputs can affect postharvest quality. Ambient mass spectrometry approaches enable analysis of minimally processed samples under ambient conditions and offer an attractive high-throughput alternative for assessing quality characteristics in plant products. Here, we evaluate direct analysis in real time (DART-MS) mass spectrometry and rapid evaporative ionization-mass spectrometry (REIMS) to assess quality characteristics in various pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars. DART-MS exhibited the ability to discriminate between pod colors and pungency based on chemical fingerprints, while REIMS could distinguish pepper market class (e.g., bell, lunchbox, and popper). Furthermore, DART-MS analysis resulted in the putative detection of important bioactive compounds in human diet such as vitamin C, p-coumaric acid, and capsaicin. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for these approaches as accessible and reliable tools for high throughput screening of pepper quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Mason
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Harmonie M Bettenhausen
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Chaparro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Mark E Uchanski
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA.
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Cody R, Maleknia SD. Coated glass capillaries as SPME devices for DART mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8946. [PMID: 32918514 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) provides high-throughput sample cleanup and pre-concentration. Here we demonstrate coated glass capillaries (CGCs) as SPME devices for specific applications in direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry, referred to as "CGC-DART", for rapid screening of environmental contaminants at low parts-per-trillion detection limits and with accurate identification of analytes. METHODS The extraction is performed in a one-step process in minutes by dipping the CGC in solutions containing the analytes, and then placing the CGC in a DART source for analysis. CGCs are disposable and relatively inexpensive in comparison with SPME devices, and can be prepared with hydrophobic, hydrophilic or mixed-mode materials similar to SPME. CGCs were prepared by adsorption coating with incubation of capillaries in saturated solutions of octadecylamine or covalent activation of silanes. RESULTS Quantitation is shown with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) at 1 ppt to 100 ppb, with the lowest detection at 500 parts-per quadrillion (ppq) in tap water. One-step extraction of contaminated groundwater from Northern Queensland, Australia, revealed perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonamide as well as C4-C8 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids. A soil sample taken near a former military air base (New Hampshire, USA) revealed the presence of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) at 1 ppb and traces of perfluoroheptanoic acid. CONCLUSIONS CGC-DART enabled one-step extraction of PFASs in minutes with mL sample volumes at low concentrations as shown for the standards and contaminated soil and water samples. DART-MS combined with Kendrick mass defect analysis enabled accurate identification of PFASs without chromatography steps, as fluorinated compounds are mass deficient and easily distinguished over background signal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simin D Maleknia
- SDM Enterprises, Sydney, Australia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Kubátová A, Andrianova AA, Hatton J, Kozliak EI. Atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry as a tool for structural characterization of lignin. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8813. [PMID: 32285962 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lignin occurs in a broad range of forms, e.g., native as the main support for plant walls, and processed, for which its structure depends on the nature of the industrial isolation method, such as in paper production or in biorefineries. Due to the variety of lignin sources, there is no unified agreement on the structure of lignin or even its molecular weight (MW). METHODS The focus of this review is on the application of atmospheric pressure ionization methods to lignin analysis by mass spectrometry (MS), namely electrospray ionization (ESI) or direct analysis in real-time (DART). Specific parameters affecting ionization including electrolytes and solvents are discussed. RESULTS The main challenge for MW determination of lignin is its heteropolymer character as well as the mass range limitations of MS instrumentation. To date, only a few studies have successfully used the mass range above m/z 1500. We present the advantage of ESI in generating multiply charged ions, allowing for a further increase in the mass range of deconvoluted mass spectra. While some methods such as DART do not address the mass range problem, they may serve as excellent imaging tools suitable for structural characterization of lignin. CONCLUSIONS A literature review presents the recent accomplishments in lignin MS analysis by atmospheric pressure ionization techniques. Although significant breakthroughs have been made, it is essential to further improve the operating conditions and validate the methods for a broader range of feedstocks with the results being confirmed using other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Anastasia A Andrianova
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Joshua Hatton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Evguenii I Kozliak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
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Nunome Y, Kodama K, Wagatsuma K. Glow Discharge Plasma Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Direct Detection of Oxygenated Organic Compounds in the Gas-phase. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:269-273. [PMID: 31611472 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a direct analysis of oxygenated organic compounds, such as ketones, esters and ethers, rapidly and easily using a soft plasma ionization (SPI) source combined with a Q-mass spectrometer. A related molecular ion, [2M+H]+, in which a sample molecule (M) can undergo protonation via water clusters, such as [(H2O)n+H]+ and [N2(H2O)n+H]+, in an ambient air glow discharge plasma, can be dominantly detected as a base peak with little or no fragmentation at a pressure of several kPa. Oxygenated organic compounds with high proton affinity were found to generate their dimers through the hydrogen bonding interaction at higher pressures. A deuterated solvent was used to examine whether or not the adduct ion of analyte was derived from the solvent. The formation of [2M+H]+ strongly depended on the time. A two-dimensional spectrometer was used to obtain the distribution of several excited species and then to confirm the ionization reactions of the analyte in the SPI source. The sample molecule would be readily ionized through Penning-type collisions with excited N2, which causes fragmentation for oxygenated compounds due to the lower pressures (approx. 1.0 kPa) while it is ionized by an attachment with protons from water clusters at higher pressures (several kPa). The SPI source can be a new and powerful tool for soft ionization in direct analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nunome
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
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Nagy T, Kuki Á, Nagy L, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Rapid qualitative analysis of 2 flavonoids, rutin and silybin, in medical pills by direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) combined with in situ derivatization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:240-246. [PMID: 29285822 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) with in situ silylation was used for the rapid analysis of the flavonoids silybin ((2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl]chroman-4-one) and rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside). Three different derivatization reagents, hexamethyldisilazane/trimethylchlorosilane/pyridine (HMDS/TMCS/pyridine), N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide/trimethylchlorosilane/N-trimethylsilyimidazole (BSA/TMCS/TMSI), and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide/trimethylchlorosilane (BSTFA/TMCS), were applied. Silybin and rutin were detected with various degrees of silylation, and the formation of dimers with pyridine and imidazole was also observed. HMDS/TMCS/pyridine was the best choice for the DART-MS analysis of silybin, and BSA/TMCS/TMSI was the most effective for the detection of rutin. The effects of the DART source temperature on desorption, ionization, in-source fragmentation, dimer formation, and hydrolysis of the trimethylsilyl groups were also studied. In addition, the collision-induced dissociation properties of the derivatized silybin and rutin were explored. With our in situ silylation method, the derivatized bioactive compounds in intact medical pills could also be detected by DART-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
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Kumbhani SR, Wingen LM, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. A cautionary note on the effects of laboratory air contaminants on ambient ionization mass spectrometry measurements. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1659-1668. [PMID: 28782138 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods are convenient, sensitive and require little sample preparation. However, they are susceptible to species present in air surrounding the mass spectrometer. This study identifies some challenges associated with the potential impacts of indoor air contaminants on ionization and analysis involving open-air methods. METHODS Unexpected effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from floor maintenance activities on ambient ionization mass spectrometry were studied using three different ambient ionization techniques. Extractive electrospray ionization (EESI), direct analysis in real time (DART) and ionization by piezoelectric direct discharge (PDD) plasma were demonstrated in this study to be affected by indoor air contaminants. Identification of contaminant vapors was verified by comparison with standards using EESI-MS/MS product ion scans. RESULTS Emissions of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether are identified from floor stripping and waxing solutions using three ambient ionization mass spectrometry techniques. These unexpected indoor air contaminants are capable of more than 75% ion suppression of target analytes due to their high volatility, proton affinity and solubility compared with the target analytes. The contaminant vapors are also shown to form adducts with one of the target analytes. CONCLUSIONS The common practice in MS analysis of subtracting a background air spectrum may not be appropriate if the presence of ionizable air contaminants alters the spectrum in unexpected ways. For example, VOCs released into air from floor stripping and waxing are capable of causing ion suppression of target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambhav R Kumbhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Lisa M Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
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Guo T, Yong W, Jin Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang S, Chen Q, Dong Y, Su H, Tan T. Applications of DART-MS for food quality and safety assurance in food supply chain. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:161-187. [PMID: 25975720 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) represents a new generation of ion source which is used for rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditions. The combination of DART and various mass spectrometers allows analyzing multiple food samples with simple or no sample treatment, or in conjunction with prevailing protocolized sample preparation methods. Abundant applications by DART-MS have been reviewed in this paper. The DART-MS strategy applied to food supply chain (FSC), including production, processing, and storage and transportation, provides a comprehensive solution to various food components, contaminants, authenticity, and traceability. Additionally, typical applications available in food analysis by other ambient ionization mass spectrometers were summarized, and fundamentals mainly including mechanisms, devices, and parameters were discussed as well. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:161-187, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yong
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Sai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Berkhout DJC, Benninga MA, van Stein RM, Brinkman P, Niemarkt HJ, de Boer NKH, de Meij TGJ. Effects of Sampling Conditions and Environmental Factors on Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis by an Electronic Nose Device. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1967. [PMID: 27886068 PMCID: PMC5134625 DOI: 10.3390/s16111967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prior to implementation of volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis in clinical practice, substantial challenges, including methodological, biological and analytical difficulties are faced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of several sampling conditions and environmental factors on fecal VOC profiles, analyzed by an electronic nose (eNose). Effects of fecal sample mass, water content, duration of storage at room temperature, fecal sample temperature, number of freeze-thaw cycles and effect of sampling method (rectal swabs vs. fecal samples) on VOC profiles were assessed by analysis of totally 725 fecal samples by means of an eNose (Cyranose320®). Furthermore, fecal VOC profiles of totally 1285 fecal samples from 71 infants born at three different hospitals were compared to assess the influence of center of origin on VOC outcome. We observed that all analyzed variables significantly influenced fecal VOC composition. It was feasible to capture a VOC profile using rectal swabs, although this differed significantly from fecal VOC profiles of similar subjects. In addition, 1285 fecal VOC-profiles could significantly be discriminated based on center of birth. In conclusion, standardization of methodology is necessary before fecal VOC analysis can live up to its potential as diagnostic tool in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J C Berkhout
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc A Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruby M van Stein
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hendrik J Niemarkt
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Máxima Medical Center, De Run 4600, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Nanne K H de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim G J de Meij
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Li Y, Mathews RA. In vivo real-time monitoring of aphrodisiac pheromone release of small white cabbage butterflies (Pieris rapae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91-92:107-112. [PMID: 27405008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of insect behavior is of practical importance for developing possible control methods in Integrated Pest Management. Currently, one model of butterfly mating behavior suggests that the initial location of potential mates occurs visually followed by the release of one or more short-range male aphrodisiac pheromones. This model is supported by data obtained from field observations and inferences based on the behavioral effects of chemicals extracted or isolated using indirect and offline techniques. In this study, we performed in vivo real-time monitoring of the male aphrodisiac pheromones released by the small white cabbage male butterfly (Pieris rapae Linnaeus) using confined direct analysis in real time (cDART) mass spectrometry. cDART is a new method easily adapted to the study in real time of chemicals released into the environment by virtually any insect. The major compound released by the male Pieris rapae was identified as ferrulactone. The experimental results reported here indicate that the release of ferrulactone occurs less than 1s after the male visualizes its partner, and reaches a maximum after about one half minute. This study is the first reported in vivo detection and monitoring of butterfly male aphrodisiac pheromones in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Robert A Mathews
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013, USA.
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Bedjanian Y, Morin J, Romanias MN. Gas-Phase Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with p-Cymene over an Extended Temperature Range. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11076-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bedjanian
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique,
Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS and Université d’Orléans, 45071 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
| | - Julien Morin
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique,
Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS and Université d’Orléans, 45071 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
| | - Manolis N. Romanias
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique,
Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS and Université d’Orléans, 45071 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
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15
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Musah RA, Espinoza EO, Cody RB, Lesiak AD, Christensen ED, Moore HE, Maleknia S, Drijfhout FP. A High Throughput Ambient Mass Spectrometric Approach to Species Identification and Classification from Chemical Fingerprint Signatures. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11520. [PMID: 26156000 PMCID: PMC4648398 DOI: 10.1038/srep11520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A high throughput method for species identification and classification through chemometric processing of direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry-derived fingerprint signatures has been developed. The method entails introduction of samples to the open air space between the DART ion source and the mass spectrometer inlet, with the entire observed mass spectral fingerprint subjected to unsupervised hierarchical clustering processing. A range of both polar and non-polar chemotypes are instantaneously detected. The result is identification and species level classification based on the entire DART-MS spectrum. Here, we illustrate how the method can be used to: (1) distinguish between endangered woods regulated by the Convention for the International Trade of Endangered Flora and Fauna (CITES) treaty; (2) assess the origin and by extension the properties of biodiesel feedstocks; (3) determine insect species from analysis of puparial casings; (4) distinguish between psychoactive plants products; and (5) differentiate between Eucalyptus species. An advantage of the hierarchical clustering approach to processing of the DART-MS derived fingerprint is that it shows both similarities and differences between species based on their chemotypes. Furthermore, full knowledge of the identities of the constituents contained within the small molecule profile of analyzed samples is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabi A Musah
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222 USA
| | - Edgard O Espinoza
- U.S. National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory, 1490 East Main Street, Ashland, OR, 97520-1310, USA
| | - Robert B Cody
- JEOL USA Inc., 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, MA 01960 USA
| | - Ashton D Lesiak
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222 USA
| | - Earl D Christensen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, MS-1634, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Hannah E Moore
- Department of Chemical Ecology, School of Physical and Geographical Science, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Simin Maleknia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Falko P Drijfhout
- Department of Chemical Ecology, School of Physical and Geographical Science, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
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16
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Dorokhov YL, Shindyapina AV, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Metabolic methanol: molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:603-44. [PMID: 25834233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol has been historically considered an exogenous product that leads only to pathological changes in the human body when consumed. However, in normal, healthy individuals, methanol and its short-lived oxidized product, formaldehyde, are naturally occurring compounds whose functions and origins have received limited attention. There are several sources of human physiological methanol. Fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages are likely the main sources of exogenous methanol in the healthy human body. Metabolic methanol may occur as a result of fermentation by gut bacteria and metabolic processes involving S-adenosyl methionine. Regardless of its source, low levels of methanol in the body are maintained by physiological and metabolic clearance mechanisms. Although human blood contains small amounts of methanol and formaldehyde, the content of these molecules increases sharply after receiving even methanol-free ethanol, indicating an endogenous source of the metabolic methanol present at low levels in the blood regulated by a cluster of genes. Recent studies of the pathogenesis of neurological disorders indicate metabolic formaldehyde as a putative causative agent. The detection of increased formaldehyde content in the blood of both neurological patients and the elderly indicates the important role of genetic and biochemical mechanisms of maintaining low levels of methanol and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sheshukova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Häbe TT, Morlock GE. Quantitative surface scanning by Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:474-484. [PMID: 26160413 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Only a few ambient ionization sources have been demonstrated to work quantitatively for surface scanning. A modification of the Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) interface is needed to improve the precision during the scanning of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) plate or any other surface or planar substrate, especially for quantitation without an internal standard correction. METHODS The substrate movement relative to the ion source outlet and the mass spectrometer inlet was optimized to improve the desorption, ionization, and capture of analytes. The substrate carrier was mounted at an angled position, thus reducing collisions between the deflected gas stream and the inner transfer tube wall. A special transfer tube, whose edge was angled towards the substrate and allowed a narrow set-up of the ambient air gap, captured the deflected DART gas stream. RESULTS For the repeated DART-MS scanning along five identical deposited bands of butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate a mean precision of 2.7% was obtained. A signal decay of 62% was observed after five scans. After HPTLC of methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, mean determination coefficients of 0.9937 and 0.9906 were obtained for five calibrations on five plates, respectively. The mean recovery of two control standards was 94% with a mean repeatability of 9% (%RSD, n = 5) obtained on five different plates. CONCLUSIONS The DART SVPA-3DS system remained compact and the access to the substrate was kept wide open despite the optimized scan lane (spatial resolution at full width at half maximum 0.8 mm, height 3 mm). The performance data showed that the quantitative surface scanning was improved as well as the desorption efficacy and detectability using this modified DART-MS interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim T Häbe
- Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ) and Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ) and Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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18
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Le Pogam P, Legouin B, Le Lamer AC, Boustie J, Rondeau D. Analysis of the cyanolichen Lichina pygmaea metabolites using in situ DART-MS: from detection to thermochemistry of mycosporine serinol. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:454-462. [PMID: 25800181 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Direct Analysis in Real Time DART-HRMS is here first applied to the detection of molecules from a lichen, Lichina pygmaea. The aim was to propose an innovative method of in situ detection of lichen secondary metabolites using the possibilities of elemental composition determination available when a DART source is interfaced with a TOF analyzer. Three kinds of samples have been submitted to DART ionization, i.e. an intact thallus, a powder obtained from the crushed lichen and an aqueous extract. In situ analysis of crushed lichen, yields an extensive chemical profile, comparable to what is obtained from the aqueous extract, comprising both major polar metabolites described in literature along with some other signals that could correspond to potentially unknown metabolites. One of the detected secondary metabolites, mycosporine serinol, underwent a dehydration reaction prior to its transfer in the gas-phase by DART ionization. The consideration of the thermal transfers involved in the DART ionization process and the possibility to record time-dependent mass spectra through the use of the TOF analyzer allowed establishing Arrhenius plots of this water molecule loss to obtain associated thermodynamic quantities. The low values of corresponding activation enthalpy (Δr‡Hm° of the order of 25 kJ mol(-1)) enabled formulating some assumption regarding a possible role of such metabolites in the lichen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Pogam
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Equipe PNSCM, (ISCR UMR CNRS 6226), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 2 av. du Pr Léon-Bernard, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
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19
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Wolfender JL, Marti G, Thomas A, Bertrand S. Current approaches and challenges for the metabolite profiling of complex natural extracts. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:136-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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In SituAnalysis for Herbal Pieces ofAconitumPlants by Using Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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21
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Vaikkinen A, Shrestha B, Koivisto J, Kostiainen R, Vertes A, Kauppila TJ. Laser ablation atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry imaging of phytochemicals from sage leaves. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2490-6. [PMID: 25366396 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite fast advances in ambient mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), the study of neutral and nonpolar compounds directly from biological matrices remains challenging. In this contribution, we explore the feasibility of laser ablation atmospheric pressure photoionization (LAAPPI) for MSI of phytochemicals in sage (Salvia officinalis) leaves. METHODS Sage leaves were studied by LAAPPI-time-of-flight (TOF)-MSI without any sample preparation. Leaf mass spectra were also recorded with laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) mass spectrometry and the spectra were compared with those obtained by LAAPPI. RESULTS Direct probing of the plant tissue by LAAPPI efficiently produced ions from plant metabolites, including neutral and nonpolar terpenes that do not have polar functional groups, as well as oxygenated terpene derivatives. Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids could also be studied from sage by LAESI, but only LAAPPI was able to detect larger nonpolar compounds, such as sesquiterpenes and triterpenoid derivatives, from the leaf matrix. Alternative MSI methods for nonpolar compounds, such as desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI), do not achieve as good spatial resolution as LAAPPI (<400 µm). CONCLUSIONS We show that MSI with LAAPPI is a useful tool for concurrently studying the distribution of polar and nonpolar compounds, such as phytochemicals, directly from complex biological samples, and it can provide information that is not available by other, established methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Vaikkinen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Syage J, Jorabchi K. Ambient Analysis by Thermal Desorption Atmospheric-Pressure Photoionization. AMBIENT IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782628026-00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Among ambient ionization methods, thermal desorption-ionization stands out because of two attributes: (1) simplicity, rendering the technique suitable for in-field applications, and (2) ability to couple with a variety of gas-phase ionization methods, thereby broadening the range of molecules that can be analyzed with this method. In this chapter we will describe the use of atmospheric-pressure photoionization (APPI) for ambient analysis. The focus will be on uses as standalone sources, such as desorption-APPI (DAPPI), and combination with other ambient sources such as direct analysis in real time-APPI (DART-APPI). Generally, the direct photoionization and charge-transfer mechanisms offered by APPI in addition to a proton-transfer mechanism lead to a higher coverage of small molecules and better sensitivities using APPI and the combined sources. APPI has the advantage of ionizing over a wide range of polarities, in particular extending the range to classes of nonpolar compounds (e.g., PAHs, hydrocarbons, steroids, pesticides, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Syage
- Syagen Technology Inc., a subsidiary of Morpho Detection, Inc. Santa Ana, CA USA
| | - Kaveh Jorabchi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University Washington, DC 20057 USA
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Bouslimani A, Sanchez LM, Garg N, Dorrestein PC. Mass spectrometry of natural products: current, emerging and future technologies. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:718-29. [PMID: 24801551 PMCID: PMC4161218 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00044g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although mass spectrometry is a century old technology, we are entering into an exciting time for the analysis of molecular information directly from complex biological systems. In this Highlight, we feature emerging mass spectrometric methods and tools used by the natural product community and give a perspective of future directions where the mass spectrometry field is migrating towards over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Bouslimani
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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24
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Espinoza EO, Lancaster CA, Kreitals NM, Hata M, Cody RB, Blanchette RA. Distinguishing wild from cultivated agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) using direct analysis in real time and time of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:281-289. [PMID: 24375879 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is important for the enforcement of the CITES treaty to determine whether agarwood (a resinous wood produced in Aquilaria and Gyrinops species) seen in trade is from a plantation that was cultivated for sustainable production or was harvested from natural forests which is usually done illegally. METHODS We analyzed wood directly using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART™) ionization coupled with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOFMS). Agarwood was obtained from five countries, and the collection contained over 150 samples. The spectra contained ions from agarwood-specific 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones as well as many other ions. The data was analyzed using either kernel discriminant analysis or kernel principal component analysis. Probability estimates of origin (wild vs cultivated) were assigned to unknown agarwood samples. RESULTS Analysis of the DART-TOFMS data shows that many of the chromones found in cultivated and wild agarwood samples are similar; however, there is a significant difference in particular chromones that can be used for differentiation. In certain instances, the analysis of these chromones also allows inferences to be made as to the country of origin. Mass Mountaineer™ software provides an estimate of the accuracy of the discriminate model, and an unknown sample can be classified as cultivated or wild. Eleven of the thirteen validation samples (85%) were correctly assigned to either cultivated or wild harvested for their respective geographic provenance. The accuracy of each classification can be estimated by probabilities based on Z scores. CONCLUSIONS The direct analysis of wood for the diagnostic chromones using DART-TOFMS followed by discriminant analysis is sufficiently robust to differentiate wild from cultivated agarwood and provides strong inference for the origin of the agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgard O Espinoza
- U.S. National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory, 1490 East Main Street, Ashland, OR, 97520-1310, USA
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25
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Harding LP, Parkes GMB, Townend JD. Parameters affecting ion intensities in transmission-mode direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry. Analyst 2014; 139:4176-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00859f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first systematic study of thermal parameters affecting ion intensities in transmission mode DARTMS is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay P. Harding
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Huddersfield
- Huddersfield, UK
| | | | - James D. Townend
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Huddersfield
- Huddersfield, UK
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26
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Monitoring tea fermentation/manufacturing by direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 141:2060-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Afzal A, Iqbal N, Mujahid A, Schirhagl R. Advanced vapor recognition materials for selective and fast responsive surface acoustic wave sensors: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 787:36-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Monge ME, Harris GA, Dwivedi P, Fernández FM. Mass Spectrometry: Recent Advances in Direct Open Air Surface Sampling/Ionization. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2269-308. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Monge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Glenn A. Harris
- Department
of Biochemistry and
the Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Prabha Dwivedi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
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Alarcón P, Strekowski R, Zetzsch C. Reversible addition of the OH radical to p-cymene in the gas phase: kinetic analysis assuming formation of a single adduct. Part 1. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20105-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Krieger S, von Trotha A, Leung KSY, Schmitz OJ. Development, optimization, and use of an APCI source with temperature-controlled vaporization of solid and liquid samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sarkar D, Srimany A, Pradeep T. Rapid identification of molecular changes in tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) upon ageing using leaf spray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012; 137:4559-63. [PMID: 22900261 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Tulsi or Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn) is a medicinally important plant. Ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) are among its major constituents which account for many medicinal activities of the plant. In the present work, we deployed a new ambient ionization method, leaf spray ionization, for rapid detection of UA, OA and their oxidation products from tulsi leaves. Tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been performed on tulsi leaf extracts in methanol to establish the identity of the compounds. We probed changes occurring in the relative amounts of the parent compounds (UA and OA) with their oxidized products and the latter show an increasing trend upon ageing. The findings are verified by ESI-MS analysis of tulsi leaf extracts, which shows the same trend proving the reliability of the leaf spray method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depanjan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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Li Y. Confined direct analysis in real time ion source and its applications in analysis of volatile organic compounds of Citrus limon (lemon) and Allium cepa (onion). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1194-1202. [PMID: 22499194 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The DART (direct analysis in real time) ion source is a novel atmospheric pressure ionization technique that enables efficient ionization of gases, liquids and solids with high throughput. A major limit to its wider application in the analysis of gases is its poor detection sensitivity caused by open-air sampling. In this study, a confined interface between the DART ion source outlet and mass spectrometer sampling orifice was developed, where the plasma generated by the atmospheric pressure glow discharge collides and ionizes gas-phase molecules in a Tee-shaped flow tube instead of in open air. It leads to significant increase of collision reaction probability between high energy metastable molecules and analytes. The experimental results show that the ionization efficiency was increased at least by two orders of magnitude. This technique was then applied in the real time analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Citrus Limon (lemon) and wounded Allium Cepa (onion). The confined DART ion source was proved to be a powerful tool for the studies of plant metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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34
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Zhao FJ, Shu LF, Wang QH. Terpenoid emissions from heated needles of Pinus sylvestris and their potential influences on forest fires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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35
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Biniecka M, Caroli S. Analytical methods for the quantification of volatile aromatic compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (volatiles) comprise a chemically diverse class of low molecular weight organic compounds having an appreciable vapor pressure under ambient conditions. Volatiles produced by plants attract pollinators and seed dispersers, and provide defense against pests and pathogens. For insects, volatiles may act as pheromones directing social behavior or as cues for finding hosts or prey. For humans, volatiles are important as flavorants and as possible disease biomarkers. The marine environment is also a major source of halogenated and sulfur-containing volatiles which participate in the global cycling of these elements. While volatile analysis commonly measures a rather restricted set of analytes, the diverse and extreme physical properties of volatiles provide unique analytical challenges. Volatiles constitute only a small proportion of the total number of metabolites produced by living organisms, however, because of their roles as signaling molecules (semiochemicals) both within and between organisms, accurately measuring and determining the roles of these compounds is crucial to an integrated understanding of living systems. This review summarizes recent developments in volatile research from a metabolomics perspective with a focus on the role of recent technical innovation in developing new areas of volatile research and expanding the range of ecological interactions which may be mediated by volatile organic metabolites.
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Chan SLF, Wong MYM, Tang HW, Che CM, Ng KM. Tissue-spray ionization mass spectrometry for raw herb analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2837-2843. [PMID: 21913262 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-spray ionization mass spectrometry is developed for the in situ chemical analysis of raw herbs under ambient conditions. We demonstrated that analyte molecules could be directly sprayed and ionized from solvent-wetted ginseng tissues upon the application of high electrical voltage to the tissue sample. Abundant phytochemicals/ metabolites, including ginsenosides, amino acids and oligosaccharides, could be detected from ginseng tissues when the tissue-spray experiments were conducted in positive ion mode. Thermally labile and easily hydrolyzed malonyl-ginsenosides were also detected in negative ion mode. The tissue-spray ionization method enables the direct detection of analytes from raw herb samples and preserves the sample integrity for subsequent morphological and/ or microscopic examination. In addition, this method is simple and fast for chemical profiling of wild-type and cultivated-type American ginsengs with differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lai-Fung Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Block E, Dane AJ, Cody RB. Crushing Garlic and Slicing Onions: Detection of Sulfenic Acids and Other Reactive Organosulfur Intermediates from Garlic and Other Alliums using Direct Analysis in Real-Time Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS). PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.507728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Block
- a Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , Albany, New York, USA
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Harris GA, Galhena AS, Fernández FM. Ambient sampling/ionization mass spectrometry: applications and current trends. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4508-38. [PMID: 21495690 DOI: 10.1021/ac200918u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Harris
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Rummel JL, Steill JD, Oomens J, Contreras CS, Pearson WL, Szczepanski J, Powell DH, Eyler JR. Structural Elucidation of Direct Analysis in Real Time Ionized Nerve Agent Simulants with Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4045-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102973a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia L. Rummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Steill
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Van‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cesar S. Contreras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Wright L. Pearson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Jan Szczepanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - David H. Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - John R. Eyler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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KAWAMURA M, KIKURA-HANAJIRI R, GODA Y. Simple and Rapid Screening for Methamphetamine and 3,4-Methylene- dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Their Metabolites in Urine Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART)-TOFMS. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:827-33. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gratien A, Johnson SN, Ezell MJ, Dawson ML, Bennett R, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Surprising formation of p-cymene in the oxidation of α-pinene in air by the atmospheric oxidants OH, O3, and NO3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2755-2760. [PMID: 21405079 DOI: 10.1021/es103632b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic sources release into the troposphere a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including aromatic hydrocarbons, whose major sources are believed to be combustion and the evaporation of fossil fuels. An important question is whether there are other sources of aromatics in air. We report here the formation of p-cymene [1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) benzene, C6H4(CH3)(C3H7)] from the oxidation of α-pinene by OH, O3, and NO3 at 1 atm in air and 298 K at low (<5%) and high (70%) relative humidities (RH). Loss of α-pinene and the generation of p-cymene were measured using GC-MS. The fractional yields of p-cymene relative to the loss of α-pinene, Δ [p-cymeme]/Δ [α-pinene], were measured to range from (1.6±0.2)×10(-5) for the O3 reaction to (3.0±0.3)×10(-4) for the NO3 reaction in the absence of added water vapor. The yields for the OH and O3 reactions increased by a factor of 4-8 at 70% RH (uncertainties are ±2s). The highest yields at 70% RH for the OH and O3 reactions, ∼15 times higher than for dry conditions, were observed if the walls of the Teflon reaction chamber had been previously exposed to H2SO4 formed from the OH oxidation of SO2. Possible mechanisms of the conversion of α-pinene to p-cymene and the potential importance in the atmosphere are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Gratien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Challenging applications offered by direct analysis in real time (DART) in food-quality and safety analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Edison SE, Lin LA, Gamble BM, Wong J, Zhang K. Surface swabbing technique for the rapid screening for pesticides using ambient pressure desorption ionization with high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:127-139. [PMID: 21157860 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A rapid screening method for pesticides has been developed to promote more efficient processing of produce entering the United States. Foam swabs were used to recover a multiclass mixture of 132 pesticides from the surfaces of grapes, apples, and oranges. The swabs were analyzed using direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization coupled with a high-resolution Exactive Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer. By using a DART helium temperature gradient from 100-350°C over 3 min, a minimal separation of analytes based on volatility differences was achieved. This, combined with the Exactive's mass resolution of 100,00, allowed the chromatographic step, along with the typical compositing and extraction steps associated with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) approaches, to be eliminated. Detection of 86% of the analytes present was consistently achieved at levels of 2 ng/g (per each apple or orange) and 10 ng/g (per grape). A resolution study was conducted with four pairs of isobaric compounds analyzed at a mass resolution of 100 000. Baseline separation was achieved with analyte ions differing in mass by 25 ppm and analyte ions with a mass difference of 10 ppm were partially resolved. In addition, field samples that had undergone traditional sample preparation using QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and safe) were analyzed using both LC/MS and DART-MS and the results from the two techniques were found to be comparable in terms of identification of the pesticides present. The use of swabs greatly increased sample throughput by reducing sample preparation and analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Edison
- Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Zhou Z, Zhang J, Zhang W, Bai Y, Liu H. Rapid screening for synthetic antidiabetic drug adulteration in herbal dietary supplements using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Analyst 2011; 136:2613-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an01047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Antioxidant activity of lignin phenolic compounds extracted from kraft and sulphite black liquors. Molecules 2010; 15:9308-22. [PMID: 21169882 PMCID: PMC6259474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15129308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds present in industrial black liquors obtained from the two cooking processes (kraft and sulphite) used in Portugal to produce Eucalyptus globulus pulp was evaluated. The black liquors treated at several pH values were extracted with ethyl acetate. Phenolic fractions were further separated by liquid chromatography of the crude extracts of kraft liquor at pH = 6 and sulphite liquor at the original pH. Total phenolic content was determined in terms of gallic acid equivalents (Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method), and the antioxidant activity in the crude extracts at several pH values and in the separated fractions was measured using the DPPH test for radical scavenging capacity. The total phenolic content of crude extracts and separated fractions ranged from 92.7 to 181.6 and from 91.6 to 1,099.6 mg GAE/g, respectively, while the antioxidant activity index (AAI) ranged from 2.20 to 3.41 and from 2.21 to 11.47 respectively, showing very strong antioxidant activity in all studied cases. The fractions separated by column chromatography were submitted to mass spectrometry analysis and the results were compared to others in the literature of natural products, mainly from Eucalyptus, and the characteristic bands of functional groups were identified by 1H-NMR and FTIR. These methods allowed the identification of 17 phenolic compounds.
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Miresmailli S, Gries R, Gries G, Zamar RH, Isman MB. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles allow detection of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestation on greenhouse tomato plants. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:916-924. [PMID: 20602512 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring of insect populations is an important component of integrated pest management and typically is based on the presence and number of insects in various development stages. Yet plants respond to insect herbivory and release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which could be exploited in monitoring systems. The present objective was to investigate whether the information associated with HIPVs has potential to become part of advanced technologies for monitoring pest insect populations. RESULTS In a laboratory experiment, it was determined that tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. clarence, each infested with 20 caterpillars of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), emit HIPVs, of which (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-beta-ocimene and beta-caryophyllene were selected as chemicals indicative of herbivory. Using an ultrafast portable gas chromatograph (zNose()) in a research greenhouse and in a commercial greenhouse, it was possible (i) to reveal differential emissions of these three indicator chemicals from plants with or without herbivory, (ii) to detect herbivory within 6 h of its onset, (iii) to track changes in indicator chemical emissions over time and (iv) to study the effect of environmental and crop-maintenance-related factors on the emission of indicator chemicals. CONCLUSION HIPVs appear to be promising as reliable indicators of plant health, but further studies are needed to fully understand the potential of this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Miresmailli
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Curtis M, Minier MA, Chitranshi P, Sparkman OD, Jones PR, Xue L. Direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry of nucleotides and nucleosides: elucidation of a novel fragment [C5H5O]+ and its in-source adducts. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1371-1381. [PMID: 20451406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry is a recently developed innovative technology, which has shown broad applications for fast and convenient analysis of complex samples. Due to the ease of sample preparation, we have recently initiated an investigation of the feasibility of detecting nucleotides and nucleosides using the DART-AccuTOF instrument, which we will refer to as the DART mass spectrometer. Our experimental results reveal that the ions representing the intact molecules of nucleotides are not detectable in either positive-ion or negative-ion mode. Instead, all four natural nucleotides fragment in the DART ion source, and a common fragment ion, [C(5)H(5)O](+) (1), is observed, which is probably formed via multiple-elimination reactions. Interestingly, 1 can form adducts with nucleobases in different molar ratios in the DART ion source. In contrast to nucleotides, the ions representing the intact molecules of nucleosides are detected in both positive-ion and negative-ion mode using DART mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, the fragmentation pattern of nucleosides is different from that of nucleotides in the DART ion source. In the cases of nucleosides (under positive-ion conditions), the production of 1 is not observed, indicating that the phosphate group plays an important role for the multiple eliminations observed in the spectra of nucleotides. The in-source reactions described in the present work show the complexity of the conditions in the DART ion source, and we hope that our results illustrate a better understanding about DART mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Curtis
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, USA
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Jeckelmann N, Haefliger OP. Release kinetics of actives from chewing gums into saliva monitored by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1165-1171. [PMID: 20301100 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) was used to monitor the release kinetics of a taste-refreshing compound from chewing gums into the saliva of subjects. A new DART-MS sample probe was designed which was about four times more sensitive than the current benchmark probe. This decreased the impact of the dilution of the saliva samples that was required to minimize ion suppression effects and make quantitative analyses without an internal standard possible. The new probe was also about three times more reproducible, which allowed quantitative measurements to be conducted manually without requiring the enhanced precision provided by an automatic sample positioner. The accuracy of analyses performed by DART-MS was verified by comparing the results obtained from saliva samples analyzed both by DART-MS and by a more classical liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method. This investigation showed good agreement between the two techniques. DART-MS could then be used to objectively demonstrate the efficiency of a granular carbohydrate-based delivery system to boost for a few minutes the release of a lipophilic flavor raw material with a high octanol/water partition coefficient, cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-ethyl-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) (WS-3), from chewing gum into saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jeckelmann
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D Division, P.O. Box 239, 1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland
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50
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Weston DJ. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry: current understanding of mechanistic theory; analytical performance and application areas. Analyst 2010; 135:661-8. [PMID: 20309440 DOI: 10.1039/b925579f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry allows the rapid analysis of samples or objects in their native state in the open environment with no prior preparation. Over the past six years, the ability of these techniques to provide selective analyte desorption and ionization, in combination with mass spectrometry (MS), has provided a growing number of powerful analytical alternatives across broad application areas, both quantitative and qualitative in nature, including pharmaceutical analysis, process chemistry, biological imaging, in vivo analysis, proteomics, metabolomics, forensics, and explosives detection. With the emergence of new ambient ionization methods, and the complementary nature of existing desorption and/or ionization techniques, additional hyphenated methods have been devised, which pushes the total number of documented methods to almost thirty. To cover all current ambient ionization techniques in detail would be too complex and detract from the main objective of this review. Rather, an overview of the field of ambient ionization MS will be given, followed by broad classification to allow detailed discussion of theory and common mechanistic factors underpinning a number of key techniques. Consideration will be given to experimental design, ease of implementation and analytical performance, detailing subsequent impact on a number of application areas, both established and emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Weston
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, UK LE11 5RH.
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