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Hiraoka K, Ariyada O, Usmanov DT, Chen LC, Ninomiya S, Yoshimura K, Takeda S, Yu Z, Mandal MK, Wada H, Rankin-Turner S, Nonami H. Probe Electrospray Ionization (PESI) and Its Modified Versions: Dipping PESI (dPESI), Sheath-Flow PESI (sfPESI) and Adjustable sfPESI (ad-sfPESI). Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2020; 9:A0092. [PMID: 33299735 PMCID: PMC7708747 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007, probe electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (PESI/MS) was developed. In this technique, the needle is moved down along a vertical axis and the tip of the needle touched to the sample. After capturing the sample at the needle tip, the needle is then moved up and a high voltage is applied to the needle at the highest position to generate electrospray. Due to the discontinuous sampling followed by the generation of spontaneous electrospray, sequential and exhaustive electrospray takes place depending on the surface activity of the analytes. As modified versions of PESI, dipping PESI (dPESI), sheath-flow PESI (sfPESI) and adjustable sfPESI (ad-sfPESI) have been developed. These methods are complementary to each other and they can be applicable to surface and bulk analysis of various biological samples. In this article, the characteristics of these methods and their applications to real samples will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4–3–11 Takeda, Kofu 400–8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Ariyada
- ARIOS INC., 3–2–20 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196–0021, Japan
| | - Dilshadbek T. Usmanov
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4–3–11 Takeda, Kofu 400–8511, Japan
| | - Lee C. Chen
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4–3–11 Takeda, Kofu 400–8511, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ninomiya
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4–3–11 Takeda, Kofu 400–8511, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimo-Kateau, Chuo, Yamanashi 409–3898, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimo-Kateau, Chuo, Yamanashi 409–3898, Japan
| | - Zhang Yu
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4–3–11 Takeda, Kofu 400–8511, Japan
| | - Mridul K. Mandal
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4–3–11 Takeda, Kofu 400–8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, 496 Izumi, Chikugo, Fukuoka 833–0041, Japan
| | - Stephanie Rankin-Turner
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4–3–11 Takeda, Kofu 400–8511, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroshi Nonami
- Plant Biophysics/Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790–8566, Japan
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de Araújo GL, de Aguiar DVA, Pereira I, da Silva LC, Chaves AAR, Vaz BG. Polypyrrole-coated needle as an electrospray emitter for ambient mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3235-3241. [PMID: 32930186 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) is a polymer widely used as an extraction phase due to its ability to perform intermolecular interactions with the analyte, such as acid-base, π-π, dipole-dipole, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding. In this manuscript, we report the coating of a stainless steel needle with a PPy film for analyte extraction and subsequent analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) under ambient and open-air conditions. The method, named PPy-ESI-MS, was optimized for analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in synthetic urine. Seven cycles of electrodeposition of the PPy film onto the needle surface, sample at pH 8, and 40 min of extraction of analytes were determined as the best analysis conditions. The analytical performance of PPy-ESI-MS was evaluated for MDA and MDMA compounds. Analytical curves were obtained with R2 > 0.98. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were determined as 20 μg L-1 and 70 μg L-1 for MDA and as 25 μg L-1 and 80 μg L-1 for MDMA, respectively. Values of precision were below 17%, and values of accuracy below 5%. The apparent recoveries ranged between 84.5% and 111.3%. In addition, the PPy-ESI-MS method was applied for the analysis of sarcosine in synthetic urine in order to evaluate the performance of the method for another class of compounds. The calibration curve was obtained with R2 > 0.98, along with LOD and LOQ of 30 μg L-1 and 100 μg L-1, respectively. The precision and accuracy values were below 5% and 8%, respectively, and the apparent recoveries close to 100%. This work demonstrates the usefulness of combining an extraction phase with ESI-MS analysis under ambient conditions to determine different classes of small molecules in a complex sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L de Araújo
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Igor Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Lidya C da Silva
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Andrà A R Chaves
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
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3
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Reactive carbon fiber ionization-mass spectrometry for characterization of unsaturated hydrocarbons from plant aroma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5489-5497. [PMID: 32583215 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fiber ionization (CFI)-mass spectrometry (MS) is an ambient technique that can be used to detect samples in gas, liquid, and solid forms simply by using a piece of carbon fiber as the ionization emitter. Reactive MS can be performed to selectively detect target analytes by conducting fast reactions during ionization. Most ambient ionization MS techniques used to monitor chemical reactions are limited to liquid-phase reactions. Herein, we develop reactive CFI-MS to be a suitable tool for monitoring of reaction products derived from volatile unsaturated hydrocarbons in the gas phase. Hydroamination is a fast reaction that can form a carbon-nitrogen bond through the addition of an amine to unsaturated hydrocarbons. In this study, reactive CFI-MS was used to selectively characterize aroma molecules, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons derived from plants, through hydroamination. A piece of carbon fiber was placed close (~ 1 mm) to the inlet of the mass spectrometer and deposited with dried methylamine. The sample in either liquid or solid form was placed underneath the carbon fiber. The volatiles derived from the sample reacted with amine on the carbon fiber were simultaneously determined once the mass spectrometer was switched on. For proof of concept, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, which has double bonds and is highly volatile, was initially selected as the model sample to demonstrate the feasibility of using reactive CFI-MS to detect its hydroamination derivative. Banana, garlic, and ginger, which possess aroma molecules with unsaturated hydrocarbons, were selected as real-world samples. Graphical abstract.
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Han Z, Gu X, Wang S, Liu L, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Yu Z. Time-resolved in situ monitoring of photocatalytic reactions by probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2020; 145:3313-3319. [PMID: 32195503 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PESI-MS) has been demonstrated to be a useful in situ and online analytical technique for monitoring of various reactions. In this work, PESI-MS with a surface-modified probe was adopted and applied to in situ monitoring of photocatalytic reactions. Typical reactions of semiconductor photocatalysts, namely TiO2, SnO2, WO3, SiC and ZnS catalyzed methylene blue (MB) and brilliant green (BG) degradation, were selected to demonstrate the potential of PESI-MS to monitor heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions occurring in suspensions. Surface modification of the probe ensures increased wettability during the whole monitoring process. PESI-MS could provide continuous sampling and real-time MS results without time-consuming and cumbersome sample pretreatments. This method has other merits including good reproducibility and stability (time scale > 60 min), convenience of operation, low sample consumption, high time resolution and high tolerance to suspended photocatalyst particles. Time-resolved mass spectra and ion chromatograms of every chemical species e.g. the substrate and reactive intermediates could be obtained, which is helpful for a better understanding of the photocatalytic reaction process. Thus, PESI-MS could be a versatile analytical technique for in situ photocatalytic reaction analysis and could be an alternative means for the evaluation of photocatalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China.
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Usui K, Kobayashi H, Fujita Y, Kubota E, Hanazawa T, Yoshizawa T, Kamijo Y, Funayama M. An ultra-rapid drug screening method for acetaminophen in blood serum based on probe electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:786-792. [PMID: 31324294 PMCID: PMC9307038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poisoning incidents caused by drugs, accidental ingestion of poisons, attempted suicide, homicide, and exposure to toxic compounds occur frequently every year across the globe. This raises the need to rapidly identify toxic agents in poisoned patients in a clinical emergency setting. In addition, determining drug/poison concentration is undoubtedly necessary to arrive at a toxicological treatment plan. The purpose of this study was to develop an ultra-rapid drug screening method for the clinical treatment of poisoning. Probe electrospray ionization (PESI), one of the ambient ionization techniques, is able to detect compounds from various biological materials almost directly. We applied the PESI technique to the rapid detection of acetaminophen (APAP). Blood serum samples were diluted 100-fold with 10 mM ammonium formate/ethanol (1:1 v/v) solution including deuterium-labeled internal standards (IS; APAP-d4). Only 10 μL of the diluted sample was used for measurement. The tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) equipped with a PESI was used in selected reaction monitoring mode for the quantitation of APAP; the measurement time was only 18 s. Transitions were set at 152 > 110 for quantitation, 152 > 65 for qualifier, and 156 > 114 for IS (APAP-d4). All measurements were conducted in positive mode. The calibration curve (1/x2) was linear over the range of 1.56–200 μg/mL (r2 = 0.998), and the limit of detection and quantitation were 0.37 μg/mL and 1.56 μg/mL, respectively. The accuracy (bias) and precision (RSD%) of the method were within an acceptable range (−0.15–2.8% and 2.3–6.1%, respectively) and matrix effect at 3 concentrations (95.1–104%) indicated that PESI-MS/MS is only slightly affected by matrices. In real forensic cases, quantitative values of APAP determined by the PESI-MS/MS were almost identical to those determined by the liquid chromatography-MS/MS method. Since PESI-MS/MS is a simple, reliable, and rapid determination method for toxic agents with virtually no need for blood serum pretreatment, it would be highly suitable for poisoning cases in clinical emergency settings. In the future, a method for simultaneous rapid determination of multiple toxic agents will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Usui
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Haruka Kobayashi
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujita
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Eito Kubota
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hanazawa
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yoshizawa
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Masato Funayama
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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Usui K, Murata T, Fujita Y, Kamijo Y, Hanazawa T, Yoshizawa T, Funayama M. Direct detection of the psychoactive substance MT-45 in human tissue samples by probe electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1033-1038. [PMID: 29669397 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of drugs and poisons in tissue samples are essential in forensic toxicology and pharmacology. However, current procedures for tissue analysis are laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, we assessed the utility of a newly devised probe electrospray ionization (PESI) technique with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for easy, ultra-rapid drug detection in human tissue samples. Using this system, typical pretreatment procedures, such as solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, deproteinization, or homogenization, can be avoided. Briefly, a tissue sample of 1-2 mm3 was supplemented with a solution of ethanol and 10 mmol/L ammonium formate, and measurements were obtained. We demonstrated the successful application of this method in a forensic case by detecting an opioid analgesic, MT-45, in all tissue samples (liver, kidney, lung, brain, and heart). We also detected oxidized metabolites of MT-45 in the liver. Since the analysis required only 0.5 minutes per sample, PESI-MS/MS is an ultra-rapid detection method. Furthermore, for a quantitative approach, the total analysis time for the combination of PESI-MS/MS with the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method (from instrument start-up to extraction and PESI-analysis) was within 8 minutes. MT-45 concentrations obtained by QuEChERS-PESI-MS/MS and liquid chromatography (LC) -MS/MS were similar for all tissue samples. PESI-MS/MS cannot be used to separate isobars/isomers (ie, compounds with the same m/z value), similar to other direct introduction techniques. Further studies are needed to validate the quantitation method. However, our results indicate that PESI-MS/MS is a potentially easy and rapid technique for the analysis of drugs and poisons in human tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Usui
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tasuku Murata
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujita
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hanazawa
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Funayama
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Xia B, Gao Y, Ji B, Ma F, Ding L, Zhou Y. Analysis of Compounds Dissolved in Nonpolar Solvents by Electrospray Ionization on Conductive Nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:573-580. [PMID: 29372550 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technique has limitations in analysis of compounds that are dissolved in nonpolar solvents. In this study, ambient ionization of compounds in solvents that are not "friendly" to electrospray ionization, such as n-hexane, is achieved by conductive nanomaterials spray ionization (CNMSI) on nanomaterial emitters, including carbon nanotubes paper and mesodendritic silver covered metal, which applies high voltages to emitters made of these materials without the assistance of polar solvents. Although the time intensity curves (TIC) commonly vary from 4.5% to 23.7% over analyses, protonated molecular ions were found to be the most abundant species, demonstrating good reproducibility of the technique in terms of ionized species. Higher mass spectrometric responses are observed in analyzing nonpolar systems than polar systems. 2-Methoxyacetophenone, 4-methylacetophenone, benzothiazole, quinolone, and cycloheptanone as low as 2 pg in n-hexane can be directly detected using the developed method. The developed technique expands the analysis capability of ESI-MS for direct, online analysis of nonpolar systems, such as low polarity extracts, normal phase liquid chromatography eluates, and synthetic mixtures. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanji Gao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Baocheng Ji
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengwei Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisheng Ding
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Metabolic Effects of Clenbuterol and Salbutamol on Pork Meat Studied Using Internal Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5136. [PMID: 28698672 PMCID: PMC5506000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct mass spectrometry analysis of metabolic effects of clenbuterol and salbutamol on pork quality at the molecular level is incredibly beneficial for food regulations, public health and the development of new anti-obesity drugs. With internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (iEESI-MS), nutrients including creatine, amino acids, L-carnitine, vitamin B6, carnosine and phosphatidylcholines in pork tissue were identified, without sample pretreatment, using collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments and by comparison with authentic compounds. Furthermore, normal pork samples were clearly differentiated from pork samples with clenbuterol and salbutamol via principal component analysis (PCA). Correlation analysis performed on the spectral data revealed that the above-mentioned nutrients strongly correlated with pork quality, and the absolute intensity of phosphatidylcholines in normal pork was much higher than pork contaminated by clenbuterol and salbutamol. Our findings suggested that clenbuterol and salbutamol may render effects on the activity of carnitine acyltransferase I, hence the process that L-carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria and the formation of phosphatidylcholines might be affected. However, the underlying metabolic mechanisms of clenbuterol and salbutamol on carnitine acyltransferase I requires more comprehensive studies in future work.
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Meher AK, Chen YC. Electrospray Modifications for Advancing Mass Spectrometric Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:S0057. [PMID: 28573082 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Generation of analyte ions in gas phase is a primary requirement for mass spectrometric analysis. One of the ionization techniques that can be used to generate gas phase ions is electrospray ionization (ESI). ESI is a soft ionization method that can be used to analyze analytes ranging from small organics to large biomolecules. Numerous ionization techniques derived from ESI have been reported in the past two decades. These ion sources are aimed to achieve simplicity and ease of operation. Many of these ionization methods allow the flexibility for elimination or minimization of sample preparation steps prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Such ion sources have opened up new possibilities for taking scientific challenges, which might be limited by the conventional ESI technique. Thus, the number of ESI variants continues to increase. This review provides an overview of ionization techniques based on the use of electrospray reported in recent years. Also, a brief discussion on the instrumentation, underlying processes, and selected applications is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
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Usmanov DT, Ninomiya S, Chen LC, Saha S, Mandal MK, Sakai Y, Takaishi R, Habib A, Hiraoka K, Yoshimura K, Takeda S, Wada H, Nonami H. Desorption in Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:S0059. [PMID: 28337398 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mass spectrometry, analytes must be released in the gas phase. There are two representative methods for the gasification of the condensed samples, i.e., ablation and desorption. While ablation is based on the explosion induced by the energy accumulated in the condensed matrix, desorption is a single molecular process taking place on the surface. In this paper, desorption methods for mass spectrometry developed in our laboratory: flash heating/rapid cooling, Leidenfrost phenomenon-assisted thermal desorption (LPTD), solid/solid friction, liquid/solid friction, electrospray droplet impact (EDI) ionization/desorption, and probe electrospray ionization (PESI), will be described. All the methods are concerned with the surface and interface phenomena. The concept of how to desorb less-volatility compounds from the surface will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoshi Ninomiya
- Graduate School, Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi
| | - Lee Chuin Chen
- Graduate School, Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | - Yuji Sakai
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
| | - Rio Takaishi
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Hiroshi Nonami
- Plant Biophysics/Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University
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11
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Cai Y, Liu P, Held MA, Dewald HD, Chen H. Coupling Electrochemistry with Probe Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1104-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Edison Biotechnology Institute Ohio University Athens OH 45701 USA
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Edison Biotechnology Institute Ohio University Athens OH 45701 USA
| | - Michael A. Held
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Edison Biotechnology Institute Ohio University Athens OH 45701 USA
| | - Howard D. Dewald
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Edison Biotechnology Institute Ohio University Athens OH 45701 USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Edison Biotechnology Institute Ohio University Athens OH 45701 USA
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12
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Klampfl CW, Himmelsbach M. Direct ionization methods in mass spectrometry: An overview. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 890:44-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Iijima M, Watanabe T, Yoshida T, Kawasaki M, Kato T, Yamane K. Visualization of water transport into soybean nodules by Tof-SIMS cryo system. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 178:64-8. [PMID: 25778411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper examined the route of water supply into soybean nodules through the new visualization technique of time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (Tof-SIMS) cryo system, and obtained circumstantial evidence for the water inflow route. The maximum resolution of the Tof-SIMS imaging used by this study was 1.8 μm (defined as the three pixel step length), which allowed us to detect water movement at the cellular level. Deuterium-labeled water was supplied to soybean plants for 4h and the presence of deuterium in soybean nodules was analyzed by the Tof-SIMS cryo system. Deuterium ions were found only in the endodermis tissue surrounding the central cylinder in soybean nodules. Neither xylem vessels nor phloem complex itself did not indicate any deuterium accumulation. Deuterium-ion counts in the endodermis tissue were not changed by girdling treatment, which restricted water movement through the phloem complex. The results strongly indicated that nodule tissues did not receive water directly from the phloem complex, but received water through root cortex apoplastic pathway from the root axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morio Iijima
- School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
| | - Toshimasa Watanabe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michio Kawasaki
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Aomori, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kato
- Technical Center of Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Koji Yamane
- School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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Hiraoka K, Usmanov DT, Chen LC, Ninomiya S, Mandal MK, Saha S. Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) mass spectrometry with discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface (DAPI). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:327-334. [PMID: 26307713 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) using a 0.2 mm outside diameter titanium wire was performed and the generated ions were introduced into the mass spectrometer via a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface using a pinch valve. Time-lapse PESI mass spectra were acquired by gradually increasing delay time for the pinch valve opening with respect to the start of each electrospray event when a high voltage was applied. The opening time of the pinch valve was 20 ms. Time-resolved PESI mass spectra showed marked differences for 10 mM NaCl, 10(-5) M gramicidin S and insulin in H(2)O/CH(3)OH/CH(3)COOH/CH(3)COONH(4) (65/35/1) with and without the addition of 10 mM CH(3)COONH(4). This was ascribed to the pH change of the liquid attached to the needle caused by electrochemical reactions taking place at the interface between the metal probe and the solution. NaCl cluster ions appeared only after the depletion of analytes. For the mixed solution of 10(-5) M cytochrome c, insulin, and gramicidin S in H(2)O/CH(3)OH/CH(3)COOH (65/35/1), a sequential appearance of analyte ions in the order of cytochrome c→insulin→gramicidin S was observed. The present technique was applied to three narcotic samples; methamphetamine, morphine and codeine. Limits of detection for these compounds were 10 ppb in H(2)O/CH(3)OH (1/1) for the single sampling with a pinch valve opening time of 200 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511 Japan.
| | - Dilshadbek T Usmanov
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511 Japan. Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Dormon Yoli Street 33, Akademgorodok, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan.
| | - Lee Chuin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511 Japan.
| | - Satoshi Ninomiya
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511 Japan.
| | - Mridul K Mandal
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511 Japan.
| | - Subhrakanti Saha
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511 Japan.
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15
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Guo C, Tang F, Chen J, Wang X, Zhang S, Zhang X. Development of dielectric-barrier-discharge ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2345-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Na N, Shi R, Long Z, Lu X, Jiang F, Ouyang J. Real-time analysis of self-assembled nucleobases by Venturi easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 128:366-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Hsu FJ, Liu TL, Laskar AH, Shiea J, Huang MZ. Gravitational sampling electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for real-time reaction monitoring. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1979-1986. [PMID: 25132298 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The elucidation of chemical reaction mechanisms has attracted tremendous interest in recent years. Here, gravitational sampling electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (GS-ESI-MS) is used to explore a simple method for the real-time monitoring of chemical and biochemical reactions. METHODS A sample solution in a stainless steel sample well is directly delivered through a fused-silica capillary due to the forces of gravity, capillary action, and electroosmotic flow (EOF). Analyte ions are continuously generated via electrospray ionization from the capillary tip when a high voltage is applied on the sample well. RESULTS Liquid solutions (<5 μL) of small organic compounds (e.g., crystal violet) and large biomolecules (e.g., reserpine, angiotensin II, and insulin) were directly analyzed via GS-ESI-MS. In addition, the technique was successfully applied to continuously monitor chemical [e.g. chelation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with copper(II), and addition-elimination of aminophenol and acetic anhydride] and biochemical (e.g., unfolding of cytochrome c) reactions in real time, where chelation complexes, reaction intermediates, and protein conformation changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS GS-ESI-MS is a very simple modification of the ESI technique that does not require sample delivery pumps or nebulizer gases. It is particularly suitable for the analysis of liquid samples and the real-time monitoring of inorganic/organic chemical or biochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jen Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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18
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So PK, Hu B, Yao ZP. Electrospray Ionization on Solid Substrates. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2014; 3:S0028. [PMID: 26819900 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of electrospray ionization on solid substrates (solid-substrate ESI) avoids the clogging problem encountered in conventional capillary-based ESI, allows more convenient sampling and permits new applications. So far, solid-substrate ESI with various materials, e.g., metals, paper, wood, fibers and biological tissue, has been developed, and applications ranging from analysis of pure compounds to complex mixtures as well as in vivo study were demonstrated. Particularly, the capability of solid-substrate ESI in direct analysis of complex samples, e.g., biological fluids and foods, has significantly facilitated mass spectrometric analysis in real-life applications and led to increasingly important roles of these techniques nowadays. In this review, various solid-substrate ESI techniques and their applications are summarized and the prospects in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Kin So
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre and Department of
Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | - Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre and Department of
Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | - Zhong-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre and Department of
Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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19
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Yan X, Sokol E, Li X, Li G, Xu S, Cooks RG. On-Line Reaction Monitoring and Mechanistic Studies by Mass Spectrometry: Negishi Cross-Coupling, Hydrogenolysis, and Reductive Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5931-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Yan X, Sokol E, Li X, Li G, Xu S, Cooks RG. On-Line Reaction Monitoring and Mechanistic Studies by Mass Spectrometry: Negishi Cross-Coupling, Hydrogenolysis, and Reductive Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Liu P, Forni A, Chen H. Development of Solvent-Free Ambient Mass Spectrometry for Green Chemistry Applications. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4024-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500527q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Liu
- Center for Intelligent Chemical
Instrumentation, †Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Edison Biotechnology
Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Amanda Forni
- Center for Intelligent Chemical
Instrumentation, †Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Edison Biotechnology
Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical
Instrumentation, †Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Edison Biotechnology
Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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22
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Hu B, So PK, Yao ZP. Electrospray ionization with aluminum foil: A versatile mass spectrometric technique. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 817:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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So PK, Hu B, Yao ZP. Mass spectrometry: towards in vivo analysis of biological systems. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:915-29. [PMID: 23364350 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25428j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo analysis is of paramount importance in monitoring physiological processes that take place in living organisms. Mass spectrometry, an analytical technique with high speed, sensitivity and specificity, is indispensable in biochemical studies nowadays. However, traditional mass spectrometric techniques are of limited applicability in direct analysis of living organisms due to various constraints, e.g., the necessity of ionization of analytes under vacuum and perturbation of physiological functions of living organisms during analysis. Recent development of mass spectrometry, particularly the development of ambient ionization techniques, has opened the door for direct analysis of living organisms. These new mass spectrometric techniques have the features that the ionization processes take place under atmospheric pressure and no or only little sample preparation is required, thus are well suited for analysis of living specimens without significantly perturbing their physiological states. The role of these mass spectrometric techniques in in vivo analysis has been increasingly important in recent years and is expected to be further expanded in the future. In this review, the use of various mass spectrometric techniques in in vivo analysis of biological systems is summarized and the prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Kin So
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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24
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Yoshimura K, Mandal MK, Hara M, Fujii H, Chen LC, Tanabe K, Hiraoka K, Takeda S. Real-time diagnosis of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma using a novel mass spectrometry-based technique. Anal Biochem 2013; 441:32-7. [PMID: 23851340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Real-time analyses of hepatocellular carcinoma were performed in living mice to assess the applicability of probe electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (PESI-MS) in medical diagnosis. The number of peaks and the abundance of ions corresponding to triacylglycerols (TAGs) were higher in cancerous tissues than in noncancerous tissues. Multiple sequential scans of the specimens were performed along a predetermined line extending over the noncancerous region to detect the boundary of the cancerous region. Our system successfully discriminated the noncancerous and cancerous tissues based on the intensities of the TAG ions. These results highlight the potential application of PESI-MS for clinical diagnosis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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25
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26
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Nyadong L, Inutan ED, Wang X, Hendrickson CL, Trimpin S, Marshall AG. Laserspray and matrix-assisted ionization inlet coupled to high-field FT-ICR mass spectrometry for peptide and protein analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:320-8. [PMID: 23381687 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present the first coupling of laser spray ionization inlet (LSII) and matrix assisted ionization inlet (MAII) to high-field Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) for generation of electrospray-like ions to take advantage of increased sensitivity, mass range, and mass resolving power afforded by multiple charging. We apply the technique to top-down protein analysis and characterization of metalloproteins. We also present a novel method for generation of multiply-charged copper-peptide complexes with varying degrees of copper adduction by LSII. We show an application of the generated copper-peptide complexes for protein charge state and molecular weight determination, particularly useful for an instrument such as a linear ion trap mass analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Nyadong
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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27
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Monge ME, Harris GA, Dwivedi P, Fernández FM. Mass Spectrometry: Recent Advances in Direct Open Air Surface Sampling/Ionization. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2269-308. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Monge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Glenn A. Harris
- Department
of Biochemistry and
the Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Prabha Dwivedi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
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28
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Zhu W, Yuan Y, Zhou P, Zeng L, Wang H, Tang L, Guo B, Chen B. The expanding role of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for probing reactive intermediates in solution. Molecules 2012; 17:11507-37. [PMID: 23018925 PMCID: PMC6268401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past decade, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has rapidly occupied a prominent position for liquid-phase mechanistic studies due to its intrinsic advantages allowing for efficient "fishing" (rapid, sensitive, specific and simultaneous detection/identification) of multiple intermediates and products directly from a "real-world" solution. In this review we attempt to offer a comprehensive overview of the ESI-MS-based methodologies and strategies developed up to date to study reactive species in reaction solutions. A full description of general issues involved with probing reacting species from complex (bio)chemical reaction systems is briefly covered, including the potential sources of reactive intermediate (metabolite) generation, analytical aspects and challenges, basic rudiments of ESI-MS and the state-of-the-art technology. The main purpose of the present review is to highlight the utility of ESI-MS and its expanding role in probing reactive intermediates from various reactions in solution, with special focus on current progress in ESI-MS-based approaches for improving throughput, testing reality and real-time detection by using newly developed MS instruments and emerging ionization sources (such as ambient ESI techniques). In addition, the limitations of modern ESI-MS in detecting intermediates in organic reactions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Le Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Ling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
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29
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Zhu Z, Bartmess JE, McNally ME, Hoffman RM, Cook KD, Song L. Quantitative real-time monitoring of chemical reactions by autosampling flow injection analysis coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7547-54. [PMID: 22881719 DOI: 10.1021/ac3017136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although qualitative and/or semiquantitative real-time monitoring of chemical reactions have been reported with a few mass spectrometric approaches, to our knowledge, no quantitative mass spectrometric approach has been reported so far to have a calibration valid up to molar concentrations as required by process control. This is mostly due to the absence of a practical solution that could well address the sample overloading issue. In this study, a novel autosampling flow injection analysis coupled with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (FIA/APCI-MS) system, consisting of a 1 μL automatic internal sample injector, a postinjection splitter with 1:10 splitting ratio, and a detached APCI source connected to the mass spectrometer using a 4.5 in. long, 0.042 in. inner diameter (ID) stainless-steel capillary, was thus introduced. Using this system together with an optional FIA solvent modifier, e.g., 0.05% (v/v) isopropylamine, a linear quantitative calibration up to molar concentration has been achieved with 3.4-7.2% relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 4 replicates. As a result, quantitative real-time monitoring of a model reaction was successfully performed at the 1.63 M level. It is expected that this novel autosampling FIA/APCI-MS system can be used in quantitative real-time monitoring of a wide range of reactions under diverse reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqian Zhu
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
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30
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Yu Z, Chen LC, Mandal MK, Nonami H, Erra-Balsells R, Hiraoka K. Online electrospray ionization mass spectrometric monitoring of protease-catalyzed reactions in real time. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:728-735. [PMID: 22314937 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although there are a lot of well established methods for monitoring enzyme-catalyzed reactions, most of them are based on changes in spectroscopic properties during the conversion of substrates to products. However, reactions without optical changes are common, which are inapplicable to these spectroscopic methods. As an alternative technique for enzymologic research, mass spectrometry (MS) is favored due to its specificity, sensitivity, and the ability to obtain stoichiometric information. In this work, probe electrospray ionization (PESI) source coupled with a time of flight mass spectrometer was employed to monitor some typical protease-catalyzed reactions, including pepsinolysis and trypsinolysis of cytochrome c in real time. Due to the high electrical conductivity of each reaction system, corona discharges are likely to occur, which would decrease intensities of mass spectrometric signals. An ultra-fine sampling probe and an auxiliary vapor spray were adopted to prevent corona discharges. Experimental results from peptic and tryptic digestions of cytochrome c showed different and characteristic catalytic pathways. With the data presented in this study, PESI-MS can be considered as a potential tool for real-time monitoring of enzymatic reactions because of its simplicity in instrumental configuration, wide applicability under harsh conditions, and flexibility in combination with other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Yu
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan
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31
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Rob T, Wilson DJ. Time-resolved mass spectrometry for monitoring millisecond time-scale solution-phase processes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:205-214. [PMID: 22641726 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical and biochemical reactions equilibrate within a few seconds of initiation under "native" conditions. To understand the microscopic processes underlying these reactions, the most direct approach is to monitor the reaction as equilibrium is established (i.e. the reaction kinetics). However, this requires the ability to characterize the reaction mixture on the millisecond time-scale. In this review, we survey the contributions of time-resolved mass spectrometry (TR-MS) to the characterization of millisecond time-scale (bio)chemical processes, with a focus on biochemical applications. Compared to conventional time-resolved techniques, which use optical detection, the primary advantage of TR-MS is the ability to detect virtually all reactive species simultaneously. This provides a singularly high detail account of the reaction without the need for a chromophoric change on turnover or artificial chromophoric probes. To provide millisecond time-resolution, TR-MS set-ups usually employ continuous-flow rapid mixers, corresponding either to a fixed "tee" that provides a single reaction time-point or an adjustable position mixer that allows continuous reaction monitoring. TR-MS has been used to monitor processes with rates up to 500 s(-1) and to provide a detailed account of complex reactions involving 10 co- populated species. This corresponds to significantly lower time-resolution than optical methods, which can measure rates in excess of 900 s(-1) under ideal conditions, but substantially more detail (optical studies are typically limited to one or two analytes). TR-MS has been implemented on a number of platforms, including capillary and microfluidic set-ups. Capillary-based implementations are straightforward to fabricate and provide the most efficient rapid mixing. Microfluidic implementations have also been devised to enable multi-step experimental workflows that incorporate TR-MS. As a general method for time-resolved measurements, the applications for TR-MS are wide ranging. TR-MS has been used to identify intermediates in organic reactions, reveal protein (un)folding mechanisms, monitor enzyme catalysis in the pre-steady-state and, in conjunction with hydrogen-deuterium exchange, characterize protein conformational dynamics. While not without limitations, TR-MS represents a powerful alternative for measuring solution phase processes on the millisecond time-scale and a new, promising approach for revealing mechanistic details in (bio)chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Rob
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
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Cho DS, Gibson SC, Bhandari D, McNally ME, Hoffman RM, Cook KD, Song L. Evaluation of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry for onsite monitoring of batch slurry reactions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3575-3580. [PMID: 22095506 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Batch slurry reactions are widely used in the industrial manufacturing of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and polymers. However, onsite monitoring of batch slurry reactions is still not feasible in production plants due to the challenge in analyzing heterogeneous samples without complicated sample preparation procedures. In this study, direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) has been evaluated for the onsite monitoring of a model batch slurry reaction. The results suggested that automation of the sampling process of DART-MS is important to achieve quantitative results. With a sampling technique of manual sample deposition on melting point capillaries followed by automatic sample introduction across the helium beam, relative standard deviation (RSD) of the protonated molecule signals from the reaction product of the model batch slurry reaction ranged from 6 to 30%. This RSD range is improved greatly over a sampling technique of manual sample deposition followed by manual sample introduction where the RSDs are up to 110%. Furthermore, with the semi-automated sampling approach, semi-quantitative analysis of slurry samples has been achieved. Better quantification is expected with a fully automated sampling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Cho
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
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33
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Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a mass spectrometric technique widely used in various fields including chemistry, biology, medicine, pharmaceutical industry, clinical assessment, and forensic science. In this study, we report a simple and economical ESI-mass spectrometry (MS) technique, which makes use of disposable wooden tips (wooden toothpicks) for loading and ionization of samples. Samples could be loaded by normal pipetting onto the tip or simply dipping the tip into sample solutions. The hydrophilic and porous nature of wood allows effective adhesion of the sample solution for durable ion signals. The tip can be directly connected to nano-ESI ion sources of various mass spectrometers. Upon application of high voltage to the tip, desirable mass spectra could be obtained. We demostrated that this new technique is applicable for analysis of various samples, including organic compounds, organometallic compounds, peptides, proteins, and samples that cannot be directly analyzed by conventional ESI techniques, e.g., slurry samples and powder samples. The slim and hard properties of the wooden tip enable sampling from specific locations such as corners and small openings, indicating potential applications of the new technique in forensic investigations. The observation of electrospray ionization from wooden materials also allows us to get new insights into the materials that can be directly ionized for mass spectrometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
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Huang MZ, Cheng SC, Cho YT, Shiea J. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:1-15. [PMID: 21819855 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yoshimura K, Chen LC, Yu Z, Hiraoka K, Takeda S. Real-time analysis of living animals by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2011; 417:195-201. [PMID: 21741944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) is one of the most promising methods in biochemical analysis because it enables us to analyze biological samples very quickly without any special pretreatment. Moreover, due to the small size of the needle tip, this method has advantages such as low invasiveness to the samples, making it possible to analyze the biological profiles of organs or tissues in living animal in situ. In this study, we performed a real-time analysis of living mice that delineates the differences in lipid composition of hepatocytes between normal and steatotic mice. In steatotic mice, the number of peaks and the ion abundance for triacylglycerols were much higher compared with those of control mice. All mice used in this study tolerated the procedure well and survived for more than a month until sacrificed for further analysis. To test a potential for medical diagnosis, human tumor tissues were also measured and we obtained discriminative results judged as useful for diagnostics. These results pave the way into the application of PESI to the in vivo analysis of biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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McCullough BJ, Bristow T, O'Connor G, Hopley C. On-line reaction monitoring by extractive electrospray ionisation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1445-1451. [PMID: 21504011 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of a novel extractive electrospray ionisation (EESI) device for on-line reaction monitoring is described. The EESI apparatus uses a secondary, grounded nebuliser to produce an analyte aerosol and a Venturi pump is then used to transfer a sample of the aerosol to an electrospray source where it is ionised. The EESI apparatus was then tested with a variety of small, organic molecules to assess sensitivity, linearity and dynamic range. The performance of the technique will depend on the mass spectrometer used for the experiments; in the configurations used here it has a usable dynamic range of around 3.5 orders of magnitude with a linear range of around 2.5 orders of magnitude and is capable of analysing species present down to low µg/mL with signal-to-noise ratio greater than 2.5. The use of EESI for reaction monitoring was validated using a series of mock reaction mixtures and then used to monitor the base hydrolysis of ethyl salicylate to salicylic acid.
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37
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Harris GA, Galhena AS, Fernández FM. Ambient sampling/ionization mass spectrometry: applications and current trends. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4508-38. [PMID: 21495690 DOI: 10.1021/ac200918u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Harris
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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