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Wang D, Wu G, Tian J, Li C, Liu J, Liang L, Qiu G. Efficient acid hydrolysis for compound-specific δ 15N analysis of amino acids for determining trophic positions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 256:119223. [PMID: 38810830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis of nitrogen in amino acids (CSIA-AA, δ15NAA) has gained increasing popularity for elucidating energy flow within food chains and determining the trophic positions of various organisms. However, there is a lack of research on the impact of hydrolysis conditions, such as HCl concentration and hydrolysis time, on δ15NAA analysis in biota samples. In this study, we investigated two HCl concentrations (6 M and 12 M) and four hydrolysis times (2 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h) for hydrolyzing and derivatizing AAs in reference materials (Tuna) and biological samples of little egret (n = 4), night heron (n = 4), sharpbelly (n = 4) and Algae (n = 1) using the n-pivaloyl-iso-propyl (NPIP) ester approach. A Dowex cation exchange resin was used to purify amino acids before derivatization. We then determined δ15NAA values using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). The results revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in δ15NAA values among samples treated with different HCl concentrations or hydrolysis times, particularly for δ15NGlx (range: 21.0-23.5‰) and δ15NPhe (range: 4.3-5.4‰) in Tuna (12 M). Trophic positions (TPs) calculated based on δ15NAA at 2 h (little egret: 2.9 ± 0.1, night heron: 2.8 ± 0.1, sharpbelly: 2.0 ± 0.1 and Algae: 1.3 ± 0.2) were consistent with those at 24 h (3.1 ± 0.1, 2.8 ± 0.1, 2.2 ± 0.1 and 1.1 ± 0.1, respectively), suggesting that a 2-h hydrolysis time and a 6 M HCl concentration are efficient pretreatment conditions for determining δ15NAA and estimating TP. Compared to the currently used hydrolysis conditions (24 h, 6 M), the proposed conditions (2 h, 6 M) accelerated the δ15NAA assay, making it faster, more convenient, and more efficient. Further research is needed to simplify the operational processes and reduce the time costs, enabling more efficient applications of CSIA-AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gaoen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Chan Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, China
| | - Longchao Liang
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guangle Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
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2
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Tobias HJ, Jones A, Saunders TR, Brenna JT. Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Expanded to Include Organic Mobile Phases. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7348-7352. [PMID: 38696329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Current commercially available liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry systems (LC-IRMS) oxidize all eluent and thus can only operate with all-aqueous mobile phases, limiting their application to a small subset of analytes and mixtures that can be separated without organic solvents. We report a novel rotating-catalytic disc desolvation device with subsequent laser-activated photocatalytic analyte combustion to create CO2 for high precision carbon isotope ratio measurements compatible with both aqueous and organic liquid mobile phases. Sucrose, glucose, androsterone, or androsterone acetate in 20% and 50% H2O-CH3OH solutions were introduced by flow injection to the interface to IRMS for sugars and steroids, respectively. Sucrose δ13CVPDB linearity was excellent over 1-10 μg (33-655 nmol C) injections, using IRMS compatible He/1%O2 oxidation gas. The limit of precise isotope analysis (LOIA) of δ13CVPDB was 1 μg (35 nmol C) for sucrose and 10 μg (655 nmol C) for androsterone with average precisions of SD(δ13C) ± 0.8‰. Calibration was performed with and bracketed the δ13CVPDB isotope ratio range using androsterone-acetate and glucose. With further development to improve sensitivity and application to chromatography, the prototype proof-of-principle LC-IRMS shows promise to resolve a major drawback in current LC-IRMS systems and may open LC-IRMS to many more compounds than currently possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert J Tobias
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - Andrew Jones
- Activated Research Company, 7561 Corporate Way, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - Thomas R Saunders
- Activated Research Company, 7561 Corporate Way, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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3
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Verrone V, Gupta A, Laloo AE, Dubey RK, Hamid NAA, Swarup S. Organic matter stability and lability in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems: A chemical and microbial perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167757. [PMID: 37852479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have specific carbon fingerprints and sequestration potential, due to the intrinsic properties of the organic matter (OM), mineral content, environmental conditions, and microbial community composition and functions. A small variation in the OM pool can imbalance the carbon dynamics that ultimately affect the climate and functionality of each ecosystem, at regional and global scales. Here, we review the factors that continuously contribute to carbon stability and lability, with particular attention to the OM formation and nature, as well as the microbial activities that drive OM aggregation, degradation and eventually greenhouse gas emissions. We identified that in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, microbial attributes (i.e., carbon metabolism, carbon use efficiency, necromass, enzymatic activities) play a pivotal role in transforming the carbon stock and yet they are far from being completely characterised and not often included in carbon estimations. Therefore, future research must focus on the integration of microbial components into carbon mapping and models, as well as on translating molecular-scaled studies into practical approaches. These strategies will improve carbon management and restoration across ecosystems and contribute to overcome current climate challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Verrone
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Singapore Centre of Environmental Engineering and Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Andrew Elohim Laloo
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore; Singapore Centre of Environmental Engineering and Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rama Kant Dubey
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Nur Ashikin Abdul Hamid
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Swarup
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore; Singapore Centre of Environmental Engineering and Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
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4
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Blessing M, Baran N. A review on environmental isotope analysis of aquatic micropollutants: Recent advances, pitfalls and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Cabugao KGM, Gushgari-Doyle S, Chacon SS, Wu X, Bhattacharyya A, Bouskill N, Chakraborty R. Characterizing Natural Organic Matter Transformations by Microbial Communities in Terrestrial Subsurface Ecosystems: A Critical Review of Analytical Techniques and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:864895. [PMID: 35602028 PMCID: PMC9114703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the mechanisms, traits, and pathways that regulate microbial transformation of natural organic matter (NOM) is critical to informing our understanding of the microbial impacts on the global carbon cycle. The capillary fringe of subsurface soils is a highly dynamic environment that remains poorly understood. Characterization of organo-mineral chemistry combined with a nuanced understanding of microbial community composition and function is necessary to understand microbial impacts on NOM speciation in the capillary fringe. We present a critical review of the popular analytical and omics techniques used for characterizing complex carbon transformation by microbial communities and focus on how complementary information obtained from the different techniques enable us to connect chemical signatures with microbial genes and pathways. This holistic approach offers a way forward for the comprehensive characterization of the formation, transformation, and mineralization of terrestrial NOM as influenced by microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Grace M Cabugao
- Department of Ecology, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Sara Gushgari-Doyle
- Department of Ecology, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Stephany S Chacon
- Department of Ecology, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Department of Ecology, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Amrita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Ecology, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas Bouskill
- Department of Ecology, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Romy Chakraborty
- Department of Ecology, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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6
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Perini M, Bontempo L. Liquid Chromatography coupled to Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (LC-IRMS): A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Mueller EP, Sessions AL, Sauer PE, Weiss GM, Eiler JM. Simultaneous, High-Precision Measurements of δ 2H and δ 13C in Nanomole Quantities of Acetate Using Electrospray Ionization-Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1092-1100. [PMID: 34967622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stable hydrogen isotope compositions (2H/1H ratios) have been an invaluable tool for studying biogeochemical processes in nature, but the diversity of molecular targets amenable to such analysis is limited. Here, we demonstrate a new technique for measuring δ2H of biomolecules via Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) using acetate as a model analyte. Acetate was chosen as a target molecule because its production and consumption are central to microbial carbon cycling, yet the mechanisms behind acetate turnover remain poorly understood. δ2H of acetate could provide a useful constraint on these processes; however, it remains uncharacterized in nature due to analytical challenges. Electrospray ionization (ESI)-Orbitrap MS circumvents these challenges and delivers methyl-specific H-isotope compositions of acetate with nanomole sensitivity, enough to enable analyses of environmental samples. This approach quantifies the methyl-specific δ2H and molecular-average δ13C of acetate simultaneously while achieving <3 and <0.5‰ uncertainty, respectively. Using optimized ionization and Orbitrap parameters, this level of precision is obtained within 15 min using only 15 nmol of acetate. As a demonstration of our analytical approach, we cultured three acetogenic bacteria and found a large 2H-fractionation between acetate and water (>310‰ depletion) associated with the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, while fermentation expressed a muted (∼80‰) fractionation. With its high precision and sensitivity, Orbitrap MS is a promising tool for investigating these signals in nature after offline purification. Furthermore, the ESI-Orbitrap method presented here could be applied to other molecules amenable to ESI, including central metabolites and sugars, greatly expanding the molecular targets used in hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott P Mueller
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alex L Sessions
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Peter E Sauer
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Gabriella M Weiss
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.,Astrobiology Center for Isotopologue Research, Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John M Eiler
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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8
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Julien M, Liégeois M, Höhener P, Paneth P, Remaud GS. Intramolecular non-covalent isotope effects at natural abundance associated with the migration of paracetamol in solid matrices during liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461932. [PMID: 33535117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Position-specific isotope analysis by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometry was employed to study the 13C intramolecular isotopic fractionation associated with the migration of organic substrates through different stationary phases chromatography columns. Liquid chromatography is often used to isolate compounds prior to their isotope analysis and this purification step potentially alters the isotopic composition of target compounds introducing a bias in the later measured data. Moreover, results from liquid chromatography can yield the sorption parameters needed in reactive transport models that predict the transport and fate of organic contaminants to in the environment. The aim of this study was to use intramolecular isotope analysis to study both 13C and 15N isotope effects associated with the elution of paracetamol (acetaminophen) through different stationary phases and to compare them to effects observed previously for vanillin. Results showed very different intramolecular isotope fractionation profiles depending on the chemical structure of the stationary phase. The data also demonstrate that both the amplitude and the distribution of measured isotope effects depend on the nature of the non-covalent interactions involved in the migration process. Results provided by theoretical calculation performed during this study also confirmed the direct link between observed intramolecular isotope fractionation and the nature of involved intermolecular interactions. It is concluded that the nature of the stationary phase through which the substrate passes has a major impact on the intramolecular isotopic composition of organic compounds isolated by chromatography methods..
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Julien
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ōokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551 Japan; Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Patrick Höhener
- University of Aix-Marseille-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, UMR 7376, place Victor Hugo 3, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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9
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Lacombe RJS, Bazinet RP. Natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis and its application in the study of diet and metabolism. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:869-888. [PMID: 33141222 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to differences in carbon assimilation pathways between plants, there are subtle but distinct variations in the carbon isotope ratios of foods and animal products throughout the food supply. Although it is well understood that the carbon isotope ratio composition of the diet influences that of the consumers' tissues, the application of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis in nutrition has long been underappreciated. Over the past decade, however, several studies have investigated the utility of carbon isotope ratio analysis for evaluation of nutritional biomarker status, primarily focusing on its application as an objective indicator of sugar and animal protein intake. More recently, research investigating the application of natural abundance measurements has been extended to study fatty acid metabolism and has yielded encouraging results. Collectively, data from large-scale observational studies and experimental animal studies highlight the potential for carbon isotope ratio analysis as an additional and effective tool to study diet and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis, its application to studying nutrition, and an update of the research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Scott Lacombe
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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10
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Julien M, Gori D, Höhener P, Robins RJ, Remaud GS. Intramolecular isotope effects during permanganate oxidation and acid hydrolysis of methyl tert-butyl ether. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125975. [PMID: 32007772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopes have been widely used to monitor remediation of environmental contaminants over the last decades. This approach gives a good mechanistic description of natural or assisted degradation of organic pollutants, such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Since abiotic degradation seems to be the most promising assisted attenuation method, the isotopic fractionation associated with oxidation and hydrolysis processes need to be further investigated in order to understand better these processes and make their monitoring more efficient. In this study, position-specific isotope effects (PSIEs) associated with permanganate oxidation and acid hydrolysis of MTBE were determined using isotope ratio monitoring by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (irm-13C NMR) combined with isotope ratio monitoring by Mass Spectrometry (irm-MS). The use of this Position-Specific Isotopic Analysis (PSIA) method makes it possible to observe a specific normal isotope effect (IE) associated with each of these two abiotic degradation mechanisms. The present work demonstrates that the 13C isotope pattern of the main degradation product, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), depends on the chemical reaction by which it is produced. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that PSIA at natural abundance can give new insights into reaction mechanisms and that this methodology is very promising for the future of modeling the remediation of organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Julien
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes, France.
| | - Didier Gori
- University of Aix-Marseille-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, UMR 7376, Place Victor Hugo 3, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- University of Aix-Marseille-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, UMR 7376, Place Victor Hugo 3, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Richard J Robins
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes, France
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11
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Martin PR, Buchner D, Jochmann MA, Haderlein SB. Stable carbon isotope analysis of polyphosphonate complexing agents by anion chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry: method development and application. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:4827-4835. [PMID: 31813019 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compound-specific carbon isotope analysis (carbon CSIA) by liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS) is a novel and promising tool to elucidate the environmental fate of polar organic compounds such as polyphosphonates, strong complexing agents for di- and trivalent cations with growing commercial importance over the last decades. Here, we present a LC-IRMS method for the three widely used polyphosphonates 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonate (HEDP), amino tris(methylenephosphonate) (ATMP), and ethylenediamine tetra(methylenephosphonate) (EDTMP). Separation of the analytes, as well as ATMP and its degradation products, was carried out on an anion exchange column under acidic conditions. Quantitative wet chemical oxidation inside the LC-IRMS interface to CO2 was achieved for all three investigated polyphosphonates at a comparatively low sodium persulfate concentration despite the described resilience of HEDP towards oxidative breakdown. The developed method has proven to be suitable for the determination of carbon isotope fractionation of ATMP transformation due to manganese-catalyzed reaction with molecular oxygen, as well as for equilibrium sorption of ATMP to goethite. A kinetic isotope effect was associated with the investigated reaction pathway, whereas no detectable isotope fractionation could be observed during sorption. Thus, CSIA is an appropriate technique to distinguish between sorption and degradation processes that contribute to a concentration decrease of ATMP in laboratory batch experiments. Our study highlights the potential of carbon CSIA by LC-IRMS to gain a process-based understanding of the fate of polyphosphonate complexing agents in environmental as well as technical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Martin
- Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Buchner
- Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan B Haderlein
- Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography combined with isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the determination of stable carbon isotope ratios of gluconic acid in honey. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1608:460421. [PMID: 31405574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS) is used to analyze various types of samples, including foodstuffs, to determine their authenticity and trace their origin on the basis of their stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C). However, multicomponent samples are difficult to analyze. For example, determining the δ13C values of the organic acids in honey is complicated by the presence of large amounts of carbohydrates. Herein, we present a heart-cutting two-dimensional LC/IRMS method for analysis of honey samples. In this method, the organic acids in the samples were first separated from the carbohydrates by a size-exclusion column, and then the organic acids were separated from each other by a reverse-phase column connected to the first column via a switching valve. By means of this method, the δ13C values for three organic acids in high-carbohydrate-content simulated honey samples could be determined with high accuracy and precision (≤0.3‰ and ≤0.1‰, respectively). In addition, the gluconic acid δ13C values for 25 honey samples were determined with high precision and found to range from -31.7 to -28.5‰ (mean: -30.0 ± 0.7‰). These values shed some light on the mechanism of gluconic acid production. Taken together, our results suggest that this two-dimensional LC method has the potential to be more effective than one-dimensional LC for use in isotopic research.
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13
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Köster D, Sanchez Villalobos IM, Jochmann MA, Brand WA, Schmidt TC. New Concepts for the Determination of Oxidation Efficiencies in Liquid Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5067-5073. [PMID: 30892863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS), analytes are separated on an LC system and consecutively oxidized to CO2, which is required for the determination of compound-specific carbon isotope ratios. Oxidation is performed in an online reactor by sulfate radicals. Reaction conditions in the interface depend on the flow conditions determined by the LC method and the flow rates and concentrations of oxidation agent and phosphoric acid added in the interface. To determine accurate isotope ratios, a quantitative conversion of the carbon contained in the analyte to the CO2 measurement gas is a prerequisite. Oxidation efficiencies are not commonly evaluated during method development, although certain analytes are known to be difficult to be oxidized by sulfate radicals. For the assessment of the oxidation efficiency of the LC-IRMS system, three different approaches were evaluated. (1) Residual organic carbon in the eluent stream of the interface was determined to calculate oxidation yields depending on the initial analyte concentration. (2) The IRMS response was calibrated to an inorganic carbon reference material to determine oxidation efficiencies with the help of the IRMS as a detector. (3) The oxidation temperature was deliberately reduced while monitoring the δ13C and signal intensity. The common assumption that a linear relation of IRMS signal to analyte concentration is an indicator for complete oxidation in LC-IRMS could be disproved. All three approaches can be applied for future method development in LC-IRMS, monitoring of existing flow injection applications, as well as for verification of complete oxidation in established LC-IRMS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Willi A Brand
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry , Hans-Knöll-Strasse 10 , 07745 Jena , Germany
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14
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Dasenaki ME, Thomaidis NS. Quality and Authenticity Control of Fruit Juices-A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:E1014. [PMID: 30871258 PMCID: PMC6470824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food fraud, being the act of intentional adulteration of food for financial advantage, has vexed the consumers and the food industry throughout history. According to the European Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, fruit juices are included in the top 10 food products that are most at risk of food fraud. Therefore, reliable, efficient, sensitive and cost-effective analytical methodologies need to be developed continuously to guarantee fruit juice quality and safety. This review covers the latest advances in the past ten years concerning the targeted and non-targeted methodologies that have been developed to assure fruit juice authenticity and to preclude adulteration. Emphasis is placed on the use of hyphenated techniques and on the constantly-growing role of MS-based metabolomics in fruit juice quality control area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena E Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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15
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Melsbach A, Ponsin V, Torrentó C, Lihl C, Hofstetter TB, Hunkeler D, Elsner M. 13C- and 15N-Isotope Analysis of Desphenylchloridazon by Liquid Chromatography-Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry and Derivatization Gas Chromatography-Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3412-3420. [PMID: 30672693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The widespread application of herbicides impacts surface water and groundwater. Metabolites (e.g., desphenylchloridazon from chloridazon) may be persistent and even more polar than the parent herbicide, which increases the risk of groundwater contamination. When parent herbicides are still applied, metabolites are constantly formed and may also be degraded. Evaluating their degradation on the basis of concentration measurements is, therefore, difficult. This study presents compound-specific stable-isotope analysis (CSIA) of nitrogen- and carbon-isotope ratios at natural abundances as an alternative analytical approach to track the origin, formation, and degradation of desphenylchloridazon (DPC), the major degradation product of the herbicide chloridazon. Methods were developed and validated for carbon- and nitrogen-isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of DPC by liquid chromatography-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS) and derivatization gas chromatography-IRMS (GC-IRMS), respectively. Injecting standards directly onto an Atlantis LC-column resulted in reproducible δ13C-isotope analysis (standard deviation <0.5‰) by LC-IRMS with a limit of precise analysis of 996 ng of DPC on-column. Accurate and reproducible δ15N analysis with a standard deviation of <0.4‰ was achieved by GC-IRMS after derivatization of >100 ng of DPC with 160-fold excess of (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane. Application of the method to environmental-seepage water indicated that newly formed DPC could be distinguished from "old" DPC by the different isotopic signatures of the two DPC sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Melsbach
- Helmholtz Zentrum München , Institute of Groundwater Ecology , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Violaine Ponsin
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN) , University of Neuchâtel , 2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Clara Torrentó
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN) , University of Neuchâtel , 2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Christina Lihl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München , Institute of Groundwater Ecology , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Thomas B Hofstetter
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN) , University of Neuchâtel , 2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Martin Elsner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München , Institute of Groundwater Ecology , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
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16
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Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis encompasses a variety of methods for examining the naturally occurring isotope ratios of individual organic molecules. In marine environments, these methods have revealed heterogeneous sources and alteration processes that underlie the more commonly measured isotope ratios of bulk materials, as well as revealing signatures of marine metabolisms that may otherwise be impossible to isolate. Recently, compound-specific isotopic techniques have improved the reconstruction of metazoan diets and revealed a new potential of metazoan biomass as an archive of paleoecological information. Despite six decades of practice and a diversity of applications, the use of compound-specific isotopic techniques remains uncommon in marine studies. This review examines broad theoretical motivations behind compound-specific isotopic approaches, some applications to studies of marine carbon cycling and trophic relationships, and methodological limitations. In coming years, improvements in analytical efficiency and molecular or intramolecular specificity may transform compound-specific isotope analysis into a tool that can be applied more broadly and help to build global oceanographic data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary G Close
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA;
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17
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Matos MPV, Konstantynova KI, Mohr RM, Jackson GP. Analysis of the 13C isotope ratios of amino acids in the larvae, pupae and adult stages of Calliphora vicina blow flies and their carrion food sources. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7943-7954. [PMID: 30357442 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult blow flies are one of the first necrophagous insects to colonize fresh carcasses. The eggs they lay hatch into larvae, which then feed on the decomposing body. Like all organisms, blow flies "are what they eat," meaning that the isotopic composition of their body tissues reflects their diet. This manuscript combines ecology with a forensic application by using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to understand the relationship between the δ13C of amino acids in different carrion sources and the blow fly that feed on them. We also measure the amino acid-level fractionation that occurs at each major life stage of the blow flies. Adult blow flies from a commercial strain of Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) oviposited on raw pork muscle, beef muscle, or chicken liver. Larvae, pupae, and adult blow flies from each carrion were selected for amino acid compound-specific isotope analysis. Canonical discriminant analysis showed that flies were correctly classified to specific carrion types in 100% (original rules) and 96.8% (leave-one-out cross-validation [LOOCV]) of cases. Regarding life stages, we obtained 100% and 71% of correct classification in original rules and LOOCV, respectively. The isotope ratios of most of the essential amino acids did not significantly change between life stages (at 95% CI). However, some non-essential amino acids (Ala, Ser, and Glu) and some conditionally essential amino acids (Gly and Pro) were isotopically depleted in the adult stage. Except for the essential amino acids, the amino acids in larvae and pupae were enriched in 13C, and adult blow flies were depleted in 13C relative to the carrion on which they fed. These results make it possible to exclude potential sources of carrion as larval food. Amino acid-specific IRMS could help inform entomologists whether a fly has just arrived from another location to feed on a corpse or has emerged from a pupa whose feedstock was the corpse. Such insight could enhance the significance of blow flies for post-mortem interval determinations. The analytical ability to link organisms from one trophic level to another through the use of compound-specific isotope analysis of amino acids could have wide-reaching consequences in a variety of disciplines. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara P V Matos
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - Kateryna I Konstantynova
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - Rachel M Mohr
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA. .,Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA.
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18
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Kawashima H, Suto M, Suto N. Determination of carbon isotope ratios for honey samples by means of a liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry system coupled with a post-column pump. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1271-1279. [PMID: 29781254 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS) has been used to authenticate and trace products such as honey, wine, and lemon juice, and compounds such as caffeine and pesticides. However, LC/IRMS has several disadvantages, including the high cost of the CO2 membrane and blocking by solidified sodium persulfate. Here, we developed an improved system for determining carbon isotope ratios using LC/IRMS. METHODS The main improvement was the use of a post-column pump. Using the improved system, we determined δ13 C values for glucose with high accuracy and precision (0.1‰ and 0.1‰, respectively; n = 3). The glucose, fructose, disaccharide, trisaccharide, and organic acid constituents of honey samples were analyzed using LC/IRMS. RESULTS The δ13 C values for glucose, fructose, disaccharides, trisaccharides, and organic acids ranged from -27.0 to -24.2‰, -26.8 to -24.0‰, -28.8 to -24.0‰, -27.8 to -22.8‰, and - 30.6 to -27.4‰, respectively. The analysis time was a third to a half of that required for analysis by previously reported methods. CONCLUSIONS The column flow rate could be arbitrarily adjusted with the post-column pump. We applied the improved method to 26 commercial honey samples. Our results can be expected to be useful for other researchers who use LC/IRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Kawashima
- Akita Prefectural University, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, 84-4, Ebinokuchi, Tuchiya, Yuri-Honjyo, Akita, 015-0055, Japan
| | - Momoka Suto
- Akita Prefectural University, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, 84-4, Ebinokuchi, Tuchiya, Yuri-Honjyo, Akita, 015-0055, Japan
| | - Nana Suto
- Akita Prefectural University, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, 84-4, Ebinokuchi, Tuchiya, Yuri-Honjyo, Akita, 015-0055, Japan
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19
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Franke S, Kümmel S, Nijenhuis I. Liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of halogenated benzoates for characterization of the underlying degradation reaction in Thauera chlorobenzoica CB-1 T. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:906-912. [PMID: 29575501 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Halogenated benzoic acids occur in the environment due to their widespread agricultural and pharmaceutical use. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) has developed over the last decades for investigation of in situ transformation and reaction mechanisms of environmental pollutants amenable by gas chromatography (GC). As polar compounds are unsuitable for GC analysis we developed a method to perform liquid chromatography (LC)/CSIA for halogenated benzoates. METHODS LC/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) utilizing a LC-Surveyor pump coupled to a MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer via a LC-Isolink interface was applied. For chromatographic separation a YMC-Triart C18 column and a potassium hydrogen phosphate buffer (150 mM, pH 7.0, 40°C, 200 μL mL-1 ) were used, followed by wet oxidation deploying 1.5 mol L-1 ortho-phosphoric acid and 200 g L-1 sodium peroxodisulfate at 75 μL mL-1 . RESULTS Separation of benzoate and halogenated benzoates could be achieved in less than 40 min over a concentration range of 2 orders of magnitude. Under these conditions the dehalogenation reaction of Thauera chlorobenzoica 3CB-1T using 3-chloro-, 3-bromo- and 4-chlorobenzoic acid was investigated resulting in inverse carbon isotope fractionation for meta-substituted benzoic acids and minor normal fractionation for para-substituted benzoic acids. Together with the respective growth rates this led to the assumption that dehalogenation of para-halobenzoic acids follows a different mechanism from that of meta-halobenzoic acids. CONCLUSIONS A new LC/IRMS method for the quantitative determination of halogenated benzoates was developed and used to investigate the in vivo transformation pathways of these compounds, providing some insights into degradation and removal of these widespread compounds by T. chlorobenzoica 3CB-1T .
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Franke
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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21
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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22
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Pati SG, Kohler HPE, Hofstetter TB. Characterization of Substrate, Cosubstrate, and Product Isotope Effects Associated With Enzymatic Oxygenations of Organic Compounds Based on Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:291-329. [PMID: 28911775 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic oxygenations are among the most important biodegradation and detoxification reactions of organic pollutants. In the environment, however, such natural attenuation processes are extremely difficult to monitor. Changes of stable isotope ratios of aromatic pollutants at natural isotopic abundances serve as proxies for isotope effects associated with oxygenation reactions. Such isotope fractionations offer new avenues for revealing the pathway and extent of pollutant transformation and provide new insights into the mechanisms of catalysis by Rieske non-heme ferrous iron oxygenases. Based on compound-specific C, H, N, and O isotope analysis, we present a comprehensive methodology with which isotope effects can be derived from the isotope fractionation measured in substrates, the cosubstrate O2, and organic oxygenation products. We use dioxygenation of nitrobenzene and 2-nitrotoluene by nitrobenzene dioxygenase as illustrative examples to introduce different mathematical procedures for deriving apparent substrate and product isotope effects. We present two experimental approaches to control reactant and product turnover for isotope fractionation analysis in experimental systems containing purified enzymes, E. coli clones, and pure strains of environmental microorganisms. Finally, we present instrumental procedures and sample treatment instructions for analysis of C, H, and N isotope analysis in organic compounds and O isotope analysis in aqueous O2 by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Pati
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter E Kohler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas B Hofstetter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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23
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Lehmann WD. A timeline of stable isotopes and mass spectrometry in the life sciences. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:58-85. [PMID: 26919394 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review retraces the role of stable isotopes and mass spectrometry in the life sciences. The timeline is divided into four segments covering the years 1920-1950, 1950-1980, 1980-2000, and 2000 until today. For each period methodic progress and typical applications are discussed. Application of stable isotopes is driven by improvements of mass spectrometry, chromatography, and related fields in sensitivity, mass accuracy, structural specificity, complex sample handling ability, data output, and data evaluation. We currently experience the vision of omics-type analyses, that is, the comprehensive identification and quantification of a complete compound class within one or a few analytical runs. This development is driven by stable isotopes without competition by radioisotopes. In metabolic studies as classic field of isotopic tracer experiments, stable isotopes and radioisotopes were competing solutions, with stable isotopes as the long-term junior partner. Since the 1990s the number of metabolic studies with radioisotopes decreases, whereas stable isotope studies retain their slow but stable upward tendency. Unique fields of stable isotopes are metabolic tests in newborns, metabolic experiments in healthy controls, newborn screening for inborn errors, quantification of drugs and drug metabolites in doping control, natural isotope fractionation in geology, ecology, food authentication, or doping control, and more recently the field of quantitative omics-type analyses. There, cells or whole organisms are systematically labeled with stable isotopes to study proteomic differences or specific responses to stimuli or genetic manipulation. The duo of stable isotopes and mass spectrometry will probably continue to grow in the life sciences, since it delivers reference-quality quantitative data with molecular specificity, often combined with informative isotope effects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:58-85, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf D Lehmann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Kheirbeik L, Hatté C, Balesdent J. Labelled microbial culture as a calibration medium for (13) C-isotope measurement of derivatized compounds: application to tert-butyldimethylsilyl amino acids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1991-2001. [PMID: 27461937 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) is widely used in studies of environmental or biological functioning. In the case of derivatized molecules, a calibration might be required due to added non-analyte carbon and in some cases non-stoichiometric recovery by the mass spectrometer. METHODS Two biological materials of known isotopic composition were produced by microbial cell cultures on either (13) C-labelled glucose or non-labelled glucose as sole source of carbon. Subsequent hydrolyzed amino acids were derivatized as tert-butyldimethylsilyl (tBDMSi) derivatives and analyzed by GC/C/IRMS. The (13) C-enrichment measurements were used as a direct calibration to calculate the original (13) C/(12) C ratios of individual amino acids. We tested this calibration on both known and unknown samples. RESULTS For the main proteinogenic amino acids we could determine the number of non-analyte added carbon atoms and assess the non-stoichiometrical recovery of tBDMSi carbon atoms, due to their incomplete oxidation in the combustion step of GC/C/IRMS. The calibration enabled the determination of the natural abundances (δ(13) C values) of amino acids with an average accuracy of ±1.1 ‰. We illustrate the application of the calibration to determine the (13) C/(12) C ratios of amino acids, and the associated uncertainty, in biological and plant materials. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of a labelled microbial cell culture offers a straightforward, rapid and reliable estimate of non-analyte carbon contribution to stable isotope composition. We recommend this method as a calibration or a control in artificial or natural (13) C-tracing experiments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louay Kheirbeik
- Aix-Marseille-Universite, CNRS, College de France, IRD, INRA, CEREGE UM34, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Christine Hatté
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme Balesdent
- Aix-Marseille-Universite, CNRS, College de France, IRD, INRA, CEREGE UM34, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
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25
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Pati SG, Kohler HPE, Pabis A, Paneth P, Parales RE, Hofstetter TB. Substrate and Enzyme Specificity of the Kinetic Isotope Effects Associated with the Dioxygenation of Nitroaromatic Contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6708-16. [PMID: 26895026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a promising approach for tracking biotransformation of organic pollutants, but isotope fractionation associated with aromatic oxygenations is only poorly understood. We investigated the dioxygenation of a series of nitroaromatic compounds to the corresponding catechols by two enzymes, namely, nitrobenzene and 2-nitrotoluene dioxygenase (NBDO and 2NTDO) to elucidate the enzyme- and substrate-specificity of C and H isotope fractionation. While the apparent (13)C- and (2)H-kinetic isotope effects of nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene isomers, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, and naphthalene dioxygenation by NBDO varied considerably, the correlation of C and H isotope fractionation revealed a common mechanism for nitrobenzene and nitrotoluenes. Similar observations were made for the dioxygenation of these substrates by 2NTDO. Evaluation of reaction kinetics, isotope effects, and commitment-to-catalysis based on experiment and theory showed that rates of dioxygenation are determined by the enzymatic O2 activation and aromatic C oxygenation. The contribution of enzymatic O2 activation to the reaction rate varies for different nitroaromatic substrates of NBDO and 2NTDO. Because aromatic dioxygenation by nonheme iron dioxygenases is frequently the initial step of biodegradation, O2 activation kinetics may also have been responsible for the minor isotope fractionation reported for the oxygenation of other aromatic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Pati
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter E Kohler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anna Pabis
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rebecca E Parales
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Thomas B Hofstetter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Federherr E, Willach S, Roos N, Lange L, Molt K, Schmidt TC. A novel high-temperature combustion interface for compound-specific stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen via high-performance liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:944-952. [PMID: 26969937 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In aqueous samples compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) plays an important role. No direct method (without sample preparation) for stable nitrogen isotope analysis (δ(15) N SIA) of non-volatile compounds is known yet. The development of a novel HPLC/IRMS interface based on high-temperature combustion (HTC) for both δ(13) C and δ(15) N CSIA and its proof of principle are described in this study. METHODS To hyphenate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) a modified high-temperature combustion total organic carbon analyzer (HTC TOC) was used. A system to handle a continuously large amount of water (three-step drying system), favorable carrier and reaction gas mix and flow, an efficient high-temperature-based oxidation and subsequent reduction system and a collimated beam transfer system were the main requirements to achieve the necessary performance. RESULTS The proof of principle with caffeine solutions of the system succeeded. In this initial testing, both δ(13) C and δ(15) N values of tested compounds were determined with precision and trueness of ≤0.5 ‰. Further tests resulted in lower working limit values of 3.5 μgC for δ(13) C SIA and 20 μgN for δ(15) N SIA, considering an accuracy of ±0.5 ‰ as acceptable. CONCLUSIONS The development of a novel HPLC/IRMS interface resulted in the first system reported to be suitable for both δ(13) C and δ(15) N direct CSIA of non-volatile compounds. This highly efficient system will probably open up new possibilities in SIA-based research fields. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Federherr
- Research and Innovation, Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Donaustr. 7, 63452, Hanau, Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - S Willach
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - N Roos
- Application Development Support, Agilent Technologies Sales & Services GmbH und Co.KG, Lyoner Straße 20, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L Lange
- Research and Innovation, Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Donaustr. 7, 63452, Hanau, Germany
| | - K Molt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - T C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Bononi M, Quaglia G, Tateo F. Preliminary LC-IRMS Characterization of Italian Pure Lemon Juices and Evaluation of Commercial Juices Distributed in the Italian Market. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Neves LA, Rodrigues JM, Daroda RJ, Silva PRM, Ferreira AA, Aranda DAG, Eberlin MN, Fasciotti M. The influence of different referencing methods on the accuracy of δ(13) C value measurement of ethanol fuel by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1938-1946. [PMID: 26443391 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Brazil is the largest producer of sugar cane bioethanol in the world. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is the technique of choice to certify the origin/raw materials for ethanol production, but the lack of certified reference materials (CRMs) for accurate measurements of δ(13) C values traceable to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), the international zero point for (13) C/(12) C measurements, certified and compatible with gas chromatography (GC)/IRMS instruments may compromise the accuracy of δ(13) C determinations. METHODS We evaluated the influence of methods for the calibration and normalization of raw δ(13) C values of ethanol samples. Samples were analyzed by GC/C/IRMS using two different GC columns. Different substances were used as isotopic standards for the working gas calibration. The δ(13) C values obtained with the three methods of normalization were statistically compared with those obtained with elemental analyzer (EA)/IRMS, since the δ(13) C results obtained using EA are traceable to VPDB via the NBS 22 reference material. RESULTS It was observed that both the isotopic reference material for CO2 calibration and the GC column have a major effect on the δ(13) C measurements, leading to a bias of almost 2-3 ‰ in the δ(13) C values. All three methods of normalization were equivalent in performance, enabling an improvement in the GC/C/IRMS accuracy, compared with the EA/IRMS reference values for the samples. CONCLUSIONS All the methods of CO2 calibration, chromatography and normalization presented in this work demonstrated several sources of traceability and accuracy loss for the determination of δ(13) C values in ethanol fuel samples by GC/C/IRMS. This work has also shown the importance of using proper CRMs traceable to VPBD that should be compatible and certified using GC/C/IRMS, ideally in a wide range of δ(13) C values. This is important not only for bioethanol fuel samples, but also for many analytes commonly analyzed by IRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Neves
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Green Technologies - GREENTEC, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Technology Center, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Janaína M Rodrigues
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Romeu J Daroda
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo R M Silva
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Ferreira
- PETROBRAS Research and Development Center - CENPES, Division of Geochemistry, 21941-915, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Donato A G Aranda
- Laboratory of Green Technologies - GREENTEC, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Technology Center, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Fasciotti
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Moerdijk-Poortvliet TCW, Schierbeek H, Houtekamer M, van Engeland T, Derrien D, Stal LJ, Boschker HTS. Comparison of gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry for carbon stable-isotope analysis of carbohydrates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1205-1214. [PMID: 26395604 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We compared gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) and liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS) for the measurement of δ(13)C values in carbohydrates. Contrary to GC/IRMS, no derivatisation is needed for LC/IRMS analysis of carbohydrates. Hence, although LC/IRMS is expected to be more accurate and precise, no direct comparison has been reported. METHODS GC/IRMS with the aldonitrile penta-acetate (ANPA) derivatisation method was compared with LC/IRMS without derivatisation. A large number of glucose standards and a variety of natural samples were analysed for five neutral carbohydrates at natural abundance as well as at (13)C-enriched levels. Gas chromatography/chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC/CIMS) was applied to check for incomplete derivatisation of the carbohydrate, which would impair the accuracy of the GC/IRMS method. RESULTS The LC/IRMS technique provided excellent precision (±0.08‰ and ±3.1‰ at natural abundance and enrichment levels, respectively) for the glucose standards and this technique proved to be superior to GC/IRMS (±0.62‰ and ±19.8‰ at natural abundance and enrichment levels, respectively). For GC/IRMS measurements the derivatisation correction and the conversion of carbohydrates into CO2 had a considerable effect on the measured δ(13)C values. However, we did not find any significant differences in the accuracy of the two techniques over the full range of natural δ(13)C abundances and (13)C-labelled glucose. The difference in the performance of GC/IRMS and LC/IRMS diminished when the δ(13)C values were measured in natural samples, because the chromatographic performance and background correction became critical factors, particularly for LC/IRMS. The derivatisation of carbohydrates for the GC/IRMS method was complete. CONCLUSIONS Although both LC/IRMS and GC/IRMS are reliable techniques for compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis of carbohydrates (provided that derivatisation is complete and the calibration requirements are met), LC/IRMS is the technique of choice. The reasons for this are the improved precision, simpler sample preparation, and straightforward isotopic calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henk Schierbeek
- Department of Pediatrics, AMC - Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, VU, University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Houtekamer
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Engeland
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Delphine Derrien
- Inra, Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers, UR1138, Champenoux, F-54280, France
| | - Lucas J Stal
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus T S Boschker
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT, Yerseke, The Netherlands
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Bononi M, Quaglia G, Tateo F. Easy Extraction Method To Evaluate δ13C Vanillin by Liquid Chromatography-Isotopic Ratio Mass Spectrometry in Chocolate Bars and Chocolate Snack Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4777-4781. [PMID: 25965784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An easy extraction method that permits the use of a liquid chromatography-isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS) system to evaluate δ(13)C of vanillin in chocolate products and industrial flavorings is presented. The method applies the determination of stable isotopes of carbon to discriminate between natural vanillin from vanilla beans and vanillin from other sources (mixtures from beans, synthesis, or biotechnology). A series of 13 chocolate bars and chocolate snack foods available on the Italian market and 8 vanilla flavorings derived from industrial quality control processes were analyzed. Only 30% of products considered in this work that declared "vanilla" on the label showed data that permitted the declaration "vanilla" according to European Union (EU) Regulation 1334/2008. All samples not citing "vanilla" or "natural flavoring" on the label gave the correct declaration. The extraction method is presented with data useful for statistical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bononi
- †Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Quaglia
- ‡Floramo Corporation Laboratories, Via Lime 4, 12047 Rocca de' Baldi, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Fernando Tateo
- †Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Birkigt J, Gilevska T, Ricken B, Richnow HH, Vione D, Corvini PFX, Nijenhuis I, Cichocka D. Carbon Stable Isotope Fractionation of Sulfamethoxazole during Biodegradation by Microbacterium sp. Strain BR1 and upon Direct Photolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6029-6036. [PMID: 25906077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope fractionation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) during biodegradation by Microbacterium sp. strain BR1 (ipso-hydroxylation) and upon direct photolysis was investigated. Carbon isotope signatures (δ(13)C) of SMX were measured by LC-IRMS (liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry). A new LC-IRMS method for the SMX metabolite, 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole (3A5MI), was established. Carbon isotope enrichment factors for SMX (ε(C)) were -0.6 ± 0.1‰ for biodegradation and -2.0 ± 0.1‰ and -3.0 ± 0.2‰ for direct photolysis, at pH 7.4 and pH 5, respectively. The corresponding apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIE) for ipso-hydroxylation were 1.006 ± 0.001; these fall in the same range as AKIE in previously studied hydroxylation reactions. The differences in SMX and 3A5MI fractionation upon biotic and abiotic degradation suggest that compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) is a suitable method to distinguish SMX reaction pathways. In addition, the study revealed that the extent of isotope fractionation during SMX photolytic cleavage is pH-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Birkigt
- †Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Tetyana Gilevska
- †Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ricken
- ‡Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- †Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Davide Vione
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Philippe F-X Corvini
- ‡Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- †Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Danuta Cichocka
- ‡Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland
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Jackson GP, An Y, Konstantynova KI, Rashaid AH. Biometrics from the carbon isotope ratio analysis of amino acids in human hair. Sci Justice 2015; 55:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pati SG, Kohler HPE, Bolotin J, Parales RE, Hofstetter TB. Isotope effects of enzymatic dioxygenation of nitrobenzene and 2-nitrotoluene by nitrobenzene dioxygenase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10750-10759. [PMID: 25101486 DOI: 10.1021/es5028844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenation of aromatic rings is a frequent initial step in the biodegradation of persistent contaminants, and the accompanying isotope fractionation is increasingly used to assess the extent of transformation in the environment. Here, we systematically investigated the dioxygenation of two nitroaromatic compounds (nitrobenzene and 2-nitrotoluene) by nitrobenzene dioxygenase (NBDO) to obtain insights into the factors governing its C, H, and N isotope fractionation. Experiments were carried out at different levels of biological complexity from whole bacterial cells to pure enzyme. C, H, and N isotope enrichment factors and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were derived from the compound-specific isotope analysis of nitroarenes, whereas C isotope fractionation was also quantified in the oxygenated reaction products. Dioxygenation of nitrobenzene to catechol and 2-nitrotoluene to 3-methylcatechol showed large C isotope enrichment factors, ϵC, of -4.1 ± 0.2‰ and -2.5 ± 0.2‰, respectively, and was observed consistently in the substrates and dioxygenation products. ϵH- and ϵN-values were smaller, that is -5.7 ± 1.3‰ and -1.0 ± 0.3‰, respectively. C isotope fractionation was also identical in experiments with whole bacterial cells and pure enzymes. The corresponding (13)C-KIEs for the dioxygenation of nitrobenzene and 2-nitrotoluene were 1.025 ± 0.001 and 1.018 ± 0.001 and suggest a moderate substrate specificity. Our study illustrates that dioxygenation of nitroaromatic contaminants exhibits a large C isotope fractionation, which is not masked by substrate transport and uptake processes and larger than dioxygenation of other aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Pati
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Ai G, Sun T, Dong X. Gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry: analysis of methanol, ethanol and acetic acid by direct injection of aqueous alcoholic and acetic acid samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1674-1682. [PMID: 24975247 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methanol, ethanol, and acetic acid are not easily extracted from aqueous samples and are susceptible to isotope fractionation in gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) analysis. Developing a direct dilution GC/IRMS method for aqueous samples, by adjusting the sample concentrations in common solvents to be similar to each other and using a fixed GC split ratio, is very convenient and important because any linearity effects caused by amount-dependent isotope fractionation can be avoided. METHODS The suitability of acetonitrile and acetone solvents for the GC/IRMS analysis of pure methanol, ethanol and acetic acid, and commercial liquor and vinegar samples was evaluated using n-hexane and water as control solvents. All the solvents including water were separated from the analyte on a HP-INNOWAX column and were diverted away from the combustion interface. The influence of liquor matrix on the ethanol GC/IRMS analyses was evaluated by adding pure ethanol to liquor samples. RESULTS Acetonitrile and acetone gave similar δ(13) C values for pure ethanol and pure acetic acid to those obtained in water and n-hexane, and also gave similar δ(13) C values of ethanol in liquor and acetic acid in white vinegar to that obtained in water. For methanol analysis, acetonitrile and refined acetone gave similar δ(13) C values to that obtained in water, but n-hexane was not a suitable solvent. In addition, isotopic fractionation caused by solvent and solute interactions was observed. CONCLUSIONS We recommend using acetonitrile for the GC/IRMS analysis of aqueous alcoholic samples, and acetone for the analysis of aqueous acetic acid samples. This direct dilution method can provide high accurate and precise GC/IRMS analysis of the relative changes in δ(13) C values of methanol, ethanol, and acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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Gilevska T, Gehre M, Richnow HH. Performance of the wet oxidation unit of the HPLC isotope ratio mass spectrometry system for halogenated compounds. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7252-7. [PMID: 24975492 DOI: 10.1021/ac501174d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The performance of liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS) for polar halogenated compounds was evaluated. Oxidation capacity of the system was tested with halogenated acetic acids and halogenated aromatic compounds. Acetic acid (AA) was selected as a reference compound for complete oxidation and compared on the molar basis to the oxidation of other analytes. The isotope values were proofed with calibrated δ(13)C values obtained with an elemental analyzer (EA). Correct isotope values were obtained for mono- and dichlorinated, fluorinated, and tribrominated acetic acids and also for aniline, phenol, benzene, bromobenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentafluorophenol, and nitrobenzene. Incomplete oxidation of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) resulted in lower recovery compared to AA (37% and 24%, respectively) and in isotopic shift compared to values obtained with EA (TCA Δδ(13)C(EA/LC-IRMS) = 8.8‰, TFA Δδ(13)C(EA/LC-IRMS) = 6.0‰). Improvement of oxidation by longer reaction time in the reactor and increase in the concentration of sulfate radicals did not lead to complete combustion of TCA and TFA needed for δ(13)C analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such highly chlorinated compounds were studied with the LC-IRMS system. This work provides information for method development of LC-IRMS methods for halogenated contaminants that are known as potential threats to public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Gilevska
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Department for Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
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Laursen K, Schjoerring J, Kelly S, Husted S. Authentication of organically grown plants – advantages and limitations of atomic spectroscopy for multi-element and stable isotope analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Applications and impacts of stable isotope probing for analysis of microbial interactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4817-28. [PMID: 24715147 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Probing the interactions between microbes and their environment with stable isotopes became a powerful technique over the last years. While quadruple mass spectrometry or isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) require at least 300,000 bacterial cells, analysis at the single-cell level is possible with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or Raman microspectrometry. While SIMS needs enrichments of more than 0.1 and Raman microscopy of more than 25 at.-%, IRMS can deal with 0.0001 at.-%. To find out who eats what, one has to discern between the different species in a community. Several methods have been introduced to discern between the different taxa in microbial communities, e.g., by using fatty acids as biomarkers, density centrifugation of DNA/RNA, or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with phylogenetic probes. While the biomarker approach can be coupled with the high sensitivity of the IRMS, the DNA approach gives in general a better phylogenetic resolution of the metabolic active microbes. A combination of both is the separation via coupling of FISH-probes to magnetic beads or fluorescent assisted cell sorting (FACS) of stained cells leading to fractions which can be analyzed by IRMS. Applying these techniques over a time course can reveal the metabolic kinetics and food webs. In this review, the different methods are presented with examples and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. An outlook on the combination of the various techniques and their applications in microbial ecology is given.
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Guyon F, Gaillard L, Brault A, Gaultier N, Salagoïty MH, Médina B. Potential of ion chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry via a liquid interface for beverages authentication. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1322:62-8. [PMID: 24267317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
New tools for the determination of characteristic parameters for food authentication are requested to prevent food adulteration from which health concerns, unfair competition could follow. A new coupling in the area of compound-specific carbon 13 isotope ratio (δ(13)C) analysis was developed to simultaneously quantify δ(13)C values of sugars and organic acids. The coupling of ion chromatography (IC) together with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) can be achieved using a liquid interface allowing a chemical oxidation (co) of organic matter. Synthetic solutions containing 1 polyol (glycerol), 3 carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and 12 organic acids (gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, oxalic, fumaric, citric and isocitric) were used to optimize chromatographic conditions (concentration gradient and 3 types of column) and the studied isotopic range (-32.28 to -10.65‰) corresponds to the values found in food products. Optimum chromatographic conditions are found using an IonPac AS15, an elution flow rate of 0.3mLmin(-1) and a linear concentration gradient from 2 to 76mM (rate 21mMmin(-1)). Comparison between δ(13)C value individually obtained for each compound with the coupling IRMS and elemental analyzer, EA-IRMS, and the ones measured on the mixture of compounds by IC-co-IRMS does not reveal any isotope fractionation. Thus, under these experimental conditions, IC-co-IRMS results are accurate and reproducible. This new coupling was tested on two food matrices, an orange juice and a sweet wine. Some optimization is necessary as the concentration range between sugars and organic acids is too large: an increase in the filament intensity of the IRMS is necessary to simultaneously detect the two compound families. These first attempts confirm the good results obtained on synthetic solutions and the strong potential of the coupling IC-co-IRMS in food authentication area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Guyon
- Service Commun des Laboratoires, 3 Avenue du Dr A. Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac, France.
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Guyon F, Auberger P, Gaillard L, Loublanches C, Viateau M, Sabathié N, Salagoïty MH, Médina B. (13)C/(12)C isotope ratios of organic acids, glucose and fructose determined by HPLC-co-IRMS for lemon juices authenticity. Food Chem 2013; 146:36-40. [PMID: 24176310 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography linked to isotope ratio mass spectrometry via an interface allowing the chemical oxidation of organic matter (HPLC-co-IRMS) was used to simultaneously determine carbon 13 isotope ratio (δ(13)C) of organic acids, glucose and fructose in lime and lemon juices. Because of the significant difference between organic acids and sugars concentrations, the experimental protocol was optimised by applying a "current jump" to the IRMS device. The filament current is increased of 300μA during elution in order to enhance IRMS sensitivity. Then, analysis were performed on 35 lemon and lime fruits from various geographical origins and squeezed in the laboratory. An overall average δ(13)C values of -25.40±1.62‰, -23.83±1.82‰ and -25.67±1.72‰ is found for organic acids mixture mainly made up of citric acid, glucose and fructose, respectively. These authentic samples allowed the definition of a confidence domain to which have been confronted 30 commercial juices (24 "pure juices" and 6 coming from concentrate). Among these 30 samples, 10 present δ(13)C values outside the defined range revealing an added "C4" type organic acids or sugars, addition not specified on the label that is not in agreement with EU regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Guyon
- Service Commun des Laboratoires, 3 Avenue du Dr A. Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac, France.
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40
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Lee X, Zhang L, Huang D, An N, Yang F, Jiang W, Fang B. Analysis of the stable carbon isotope composition of formic and acetic acids. Anal Biochem 2013; 436:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kujawinski DM, Wolbert JB, Zhang L, Jochmann MA, Widory D, Baran N, Schmidt TC. Carbon isotope ratio measurements of glyphosate and AMPA by liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2869-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Methods for Elucidation of Transformation Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Rinne KT, Saurer M, Streit K, Siegwolf RTW. Evaluation of a liquid chromatography method for compound-specific δ13C analysis of plant carbohydrates in alkaline media. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2173-2185. [PMID: 22886814 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Isotope analysis of carbohydrates is important for improved understanding of plant carbon metabolism and plant physiological response to the environment. High-performance liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HPLC/IRMS) for direct compound-specific δ(13)C measurements of soluble carbohydrates has recently been developed, but the still challenging sample preparation and the fact that no single method is capable of separating all compounds of interest hinder its wide-spread application. Here we tested in detail a chromatography method in alkaline media. METHODS We examined the most suitable chromatographic conditions for HPLC/IRMS analysis of carbohydrates in aqueous conifer needle extracts using a CarboPac PA20 anion-exchange column with NaOH eluent, paying specific attention to compound yields, carbon isotope fractionation processes and the reproducibility of the method. Furthermore, we adapted and calibrated sample preparation methods for HPLC/IRMS analysis. OnGuard II cartridges were used for sample purification. RESULTS Good peak separation and highly linear and reproducible concentration and δ(13)C measurements were obtained. The alkaline eluent was observed to induce isomerization of hexoses, detected as reduced yields and (13)C fractionation of the affected compounds. A reproducible pre-purification method providing ~100% yield for the carbohydrate compounds of interest was calibrated. CONCLUSIONS The good level of peak separation obtained in this study is reflected in the good precision and linearity of concentration and δ(13)C results. The data provided crucial information on the behaviour of sugars in LC analysis with alkaline media. The observations highlight the importance for the application of compound-matched standard solution for the detection and correction of instrumental biases in concentration and δ(13)C analysis performed under identical chromatographic conditions. The calibrated pre-purification method is well suited for studies with complex matrices that disable the use of a spiked internal standard for the detection of procedural losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja T Rinne
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Zhang L, Kujawinski DM, Federherr E, Schmidt TC, Jochmann MA. Caffeine in your drink: natural or synthetic? Anal Chem 2012; 84:2805-10. [PMID: 22339647 DOI: 10.1021/ac203197d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to possible adulteration and health concerns, it is important to discriminate between natural and synthetic food ingredients. A new method for compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) by coupling high-temperature reversed-phase liquid chromatography to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HT-RPLC/IRMS) was developed for discrimination of natural and synthetic caffeine contained in all types of drinks. The analytical parameters such as stationary phase, column inner diameter, and column temperature were optimized for the separation of caffeine directly from drinks (without extraction). On the basis of the carbon isotope analysis of 42 natural caffeine samples including coffee beans, tea leaves, guaraná powder, and maté leaves, and 20 synthetic caffeine samples from different sources by high-temperature reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry, it is concluded that there are two distinguishable groups of caffeine δ(13)C-values: one between -25 and -32‰ for natural caffeine, and the other between -33 and -38‰ for synthetic caffeine. Isotope analysis by HT-RPLC/IRMS has been applied to identify the caffeine source in 38 drinks. Four mislabeled products were detected due to added but nonlabeled synthetic caffeine with δ(13)C-values lower than -33‰. This work is the first application of HT-RPLC/IRMS to real-world food samples, which showed several advantages: simple sample preparation (only dilution), high throughput, long-term column stability, and high precision of δ(13)C-value. Thus, HT-RPLC/IRMS can be a very promising tool in stable isotope analysis of nonvolatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Elsner M, Jochmann MA, Hofstetter TB, Hunkeler D, Bernstein A, Schmidt TC, Schimmelmann A. Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2471-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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