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Si Y, Hayat MA, Hu J. NSPCs-ES: mechanisms and functional impact on central nervous system diseases. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:042011. [PMID: 38916246 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad5819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Patients with central neuronal damage may suffer severe consequences, but effective therapies remain unclear. Previous research has established the transplantation of neural stem cells that generate new neurons to replace damaged ones. In a new field of scientific research, the extracellular secretion of NPSCs (NSPCs-ES) has been identified as an alternative to current chemical drugs. Many preclinical studies have shown that NSPCs-ES are effective in models of various central nervous system diseases (CNS) injuries, from maintaining functional structures at the cellular level to providing anti-inflammatory functions at the molecular level, as well as improving memory and motor functions, reducing apoptosis in neurons, and mediating multiple signaling pathways. The NSPC-ES can travel to the damaged tissue and exert a broad range of therapeutic effects by supporting and nourishing damaged neurons. However, gene editing and cell engineering techniques have recently improved therapeutic efficacy by modifying NSPCs-ES. Consequently, future research and application of NSPCs-ES may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of CNS diseases in the future. In this review, we summarize the current progress on these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Si
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Abid Hayat
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabo Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, People's Republic of China
- Zhenjiang Blood Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
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Smith SM, Ranjan K, Hoover BM, Drayson OGG, Acharya MM, Kramár EA, Baulch JE, Limoli CL. Extracellular vesicles from GABAergic but not glutamatergic neurons protect against neurological dysfunction following cranial irradiation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12274. [PMID: 38806540 PMCID: PMC11133350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation used to control brain malignancies invariably leads to progressive and debilitating declines in cognition. Clinical efforts implementing hippocampal avoidance and NMDAR antagonism, have sought to minimize dose to radiosensitive neurogenic regions while normalizing excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) tone. Results of these trials have yielded only marginal benefits to cognition, prompting current studies to evaluate the potential of systemic extracellular vesicle (EV) therapy to restore neurocognitive functionality in the irradiated brain. Here we tested the hypothesis that EVs derived from inhibitory but not excitatory neuronal cultures would prove beneficial to cognition and associated pathology. Rats subjected to a clinically relevant, fractionated cranial irradiation paradigm were given multiple injections of either GABAergic- or glutamatergic-derived EV and subjected to behavioral testing. Rats treated with GABAergic but not glutamatergic EVs showed significant improvements on hippocampal- and cortical-dependent behavioral tasks. While each treatment enhanced levels of the neurotrophic factors BDNF and GDNF, only GABAergic EVs preserved granule cell neuron dendritic spine density. Additional studies conducted with GABAergic EVs, confirmed significant benefits on amygdala-dependent behavior and modest changes in synaptic plasticity as measured by long-term potentiation. These data point to a potentially more efficacious approach for resolving radiation-induced neurological deficits, possibly through a mechanism able to restore homeostatic E/I balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Medical Sciences I, Room B-146B, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Kashvi Ranjan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Medical Sciences I, Room B-146B, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Brianna M Hoover
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Medical Sciences I, Room B-146B, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Olivia G G Drayson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Medical Sciences I, Room B-146B, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eniko A Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Medical Sciences I, Room B-146B, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Medical Sciences I, Room B-146B, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA.
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Tan F, Li X, Wang Z, Li J, Shahzad K, Zheng J. Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:17. [PMID: 38212307 PMCID: PMC10784577 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although stem cell-based therapy has demonstrated considerable potential to manage certain diseases more successfully than conventional surgery, it nevertheless comes with inescapable drawbacks that might limit its clinical translation. Compared to stem cells, stem cell-derived exosomes possess numerous advantages, such as non-immunogenicity, non-infusion toxicity, easy access, effortless preservation, and freedom from tumorigenic potential and ethical issues. Exosomes can inherit similar therapeutic effects from their parental cells such as embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells through vertical delivery of their pluripotency or multipotency. After a thorough search and meticulous dissection of relevant literature from the last five years, we present this comprehensive, up-to-date, specialty-specific and disease-oriented review to highlight the surgical application and potential of stem cell-derived exosomes. Exosomes derived from stem cells (e.g., embryonic, induced pluripotent, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, neural, and endothelial stem cells) are capable of treating numerous diseases encountered in orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, urology, head and neck surgery, ophthalmology, and obstetrics and gynecology. The diverse therapeutic effects of stem cells-derived exosomes are a hierarchical translation through tissue-specific responses, and cell-specific molecular signaling pathways. In this review, we highlight stem cell-derived exosomes as a viable and potent alternative to stem cell-based therapy in managing various surgical conditions. We recommend that future research combines wisdoms from surgeons, nanomedicine practitioners, and stem cell researchers in this relevant and intriguing research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tan
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
- The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK.
| | - Xuran Li
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Khawar Shahzad
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Ahmed W, Huang S, Chen L. Engineered exosomes derived from stem cells: a new brain-targeted strategy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:91-110. [PMID: 38258509 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2306877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Using engineered exosomes produced from stem cells is an experimental therapeutic approach for treating brain diseases. According to reports, preclinical research has demonstrated notable neurogenesis and angiogenesis effects using modified stem cell-derived exosomes. These biological nanoparticles have a variety of anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties that make them very promising for treating nervous system disorders. AREAS COVERED This review examines different ways to enhance the delivery of modified stem cell-derived exosomes, how they infiltrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and how they facilitate their access to the brain. We would also like to determine whether these nanoparticles have the most significant transmission rates through BBB when targeting brain lesions. EXPERT OPINION Using engineered stem cell-derived exosomes for treating brain disorders has generated considerable attention toward clinical research and application. However, stem cell-derived exosomes lack consistency, and their mechanisms of action are uncertain. Therefore, upcoming research needs to prioritize examining the underlying mechanisms and strategies via which these nanoparticles combat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songze Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Zhu Y, Cheng J, Li Y, Pan D, Li H, Xu Y, Du Z, Lei M, Xiao S, Shen Q, Shi Z, Tang Y. Progression of cognitive dysfunction in NPC survivors with radiation-induced brain necrosis: A prospective cohort. Radiother Oncol 2024; 190:110033. [PMID: 38030079 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.110033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The evidence of longitudinal changes in cognition in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) survivors with radiation-induced brain necrosis (RIBN) after radiotherapy (RT) remained insufficient. We aimed to estimate the clinical progression rate of cognitive decline and identify patients with differential decline rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on an ongoing prospective cohort study, NPC patients aged ≥18 years old and diagnosed with RIBN were included in this current analysis if they finished the time frame of 3-year follow-up and had at least twice cognition assessments. The Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to assess the cognitive state. Linear mixed-effect models were used to analyze the annual progression rates of MoCA total and seven sub-items scores. RESULTS Among 134 patients in this study, the transition probability from normal to mild/moderate cognitive dysfunction were 14.2 % (19/134) and 1.49 % (2/134) respectively during the median follow-up time of 2.35 years. The total MoCA score declined by -0.569 (SE 0.208) points annually (p = 0.008). Patients with ≤6 years of duration from RT to RIBN have higher annual progression rate of total scores [-0.851 (SE 0.321), p = 0.013; p for interaction = 0.041]. CONCLUSION Our findings of the annual decline rate of cognition in NPC patients with RIBN from a 3-year longitudinal data, particularly for those who developed RIBN rapidly after RT, have important implications for the upcoming clinical trials designed to prevent or decrease cognitive decline in NPC patients with RIBN, regarding the selection of study patients and the calculation of sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Clinical Research Design Division, Clinical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Dong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 528406, China
| | - Honghong Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yongteng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhicheng Du
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Songhua Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qingyu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhongshan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Sabzalizadeh M, Afarinesh MR, Derakhshani A, Sheibani V. Left Barrel Cortical Neurons Activity following Transplantation of Stem Cells into Right Lesioned-Barrel Cortex in Rats. CELL JOURNAL 2023; 25:822-828. [PMID: 38192252 PMCID: PMC10777320 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2023.2007586.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stem cells (SCs) can improve the functional defects of brain injury. Rodents use their whiskers to get tactile information from their surroundings. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the transplantation of SCs into the lesioned barrel cortex can help neuronal function in the contralateral cortex. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen male Wistar rats (200-230 g) were used in this experimental study. We induced a mechanical lesion in the right barrel cortex area of rats by removing this area by a 3 mm skin punch. Four groups containing one intact group of rats: group 1: control, and three lesion groups, group 2: lesion+un-differentiated dental pulp SCs (U-DPSCs), group 3: lesion+differentiated dental pulp SCs (D-DPSCs), and group 4: cell medium (vehicle) that were injected in the lesion area. Three weeks after transplantation of SCs or cell medium, the rats' responses of left barrel cortical neurons to controlled deflections of right whiskers were recorded by using the extracellular single-unit recordings technique. RESULTS The results showed that the neural spontaneous activity and response magnitude of intact barrel cortex neurons in the lesion group decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the control group while ON and OFF responses were improved in the D-DPSCs (P<0.001) group compared to the vehicle group three weeks after transplantation. CONCLUSION Transplantation of dental pulp mesenchymal SCs significantly improved the neural responses of the left barrel cortex that was depressed in the vehicle group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Sabzalizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afarinesh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Derakhshani
- Hydatid Disease Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Ye Z, Wang J, Shi W, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yang H. Reprimo (RPRM) as a Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Target for Radiation-Induced Brain Injury via Multiple Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17055. [PMID: 38069378 PMCID: PMC10707327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving cranial radiotherapy for primary and metastatic brain tumors may experience radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI). Thus far, there has been a lack of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for RIBI. Due to its complicated underlying pathogenic mechanisms, it is rather difficult to develop a single approach to target them simultaneously. We have recently reported that Reprimo (RPRM), a tumor suppressor gene, is a critical player in DNA damage repair, and RPRM deletion significantly confers radioresistance to mice. Herein, by using an RPRM knockout (KO) mouse model established in our laboratory, we found that RPRM deletion alleviated RIBI in mice via targeting its multiple underlying mechanisms. Specifically, RPRM knockout significantly reduced hippocampal DNA damage and apoptosis shortly after mice were exposed to whole-brain irradiation (WBI). For the late-delayed effect of WBI, RPRM knockout obviously ameliorated a radiation-induced decline in neurocognitive function and dramatically diminished WBI-induced neurogenesis inhibition. Moreover, RPRM KO mice exhibited a significantly lower level of acute and chronic inflammation response and microglial activation than wild-type (WT) mice post-WBI. Finally, we uncovered that RPRM knockout not only protected microglia against radiation-induced damage, thus preventing microglial activation, but also protected neurons and decreased the induction of CCL2 in neurons after irradiation, in turn attenuating the activation of microglial cells nearby through paracrine CCL2. Taken together, our results indicate that RPRM plays a crucial role in the occurrence of RIBI, suggesting that RPRM may serve as a novel potential target for the prevention and treatment of RIBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (W.S.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.)
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Haroon J, Aboody K, Flores L, McDonald M, Mahdavi K, Zielinski M, Jordan K, Rindner E, Surya J, Venkatraman V, Go-Stevens V, Ngai G, Lara J, Hyde C, Schafer S, Schafer M, Bystritsky A, Nardi I, Kuhn T, Ross D, Jordan S. Use of transcranial low-intensity focused ultrasound for targeted delivery of stem cell-derived exosomes to the brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17707. [PMID: 37853206 PMCID: PMC10584845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a significant challenge for targeted drug delivery. A proposed method to improve drug delivery across the BBB is focused ultrasound (fUS), which delivers ultrasound waves to a targeted location in the brain and is hypothesized to open the BBB. Furthermore, stem cell-derived exosomes have been suggested as a possible anti-inflammatory molecule that may have neural benefits, if able to pass the BBB. In the present study, transcranial low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), without the use of intravenous microbubbles, was assessed for both (1) its ability to influence the BBB, as well as (2) its ability to increase the localization of intravenously administered small molecules to a specific region in the brain. In vivo rat studies were conducted with a rodent-customized 2 MHz LIFU probe (peak pressure = 1.5 MPa), and injection of labeled stem cell-derived exosomes. The results suggested that LIFU (without microbubbles) did not appear to open the BBB after exposure times of 20, 40, or 60 min; instead, there appeared to be an increase in transcytosis of the dextran tracer. Furthermore, the imaging results of the exosome study showed an increase in exosome localization in the right hippocampus following 60 min of targeted LIFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haroon
- The Regenesis Project, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
| | - K Aboody
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - L Flores
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - M McDonald
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - K Mahdavi
- The Regenesis Project, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - M Zielinski
- The Regenesis Project, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - K Jordan
- The Regenesis Project, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - E Rindner
- The Regenesis Project, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - J Surya
- The Regenesis Project, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - V Go-Stevens
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - G Ngai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - J Lara
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - C Hyde
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - S Schafer
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - M Schafer
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - A Bystritsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - I Nardi
- Kimera Labs Inc., Miramar, USA
| | - T Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - D Ross
- Kimera Labs Inc., Miramar, USA
| | - S Jordan
- The Regenesis Project, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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Gan C, Li W, Xu J, Pang L, Tang L, Yu S, Li A, Ge H, Huang R, Cheng H. Advances in the study of the molecular biological mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:3275-3299. [PMID: 37693137 PMCID: PMC10492106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most commonly used treatments for head and neck cancers, but it often leads to radiation-induced brain injury. Patients with radiation-induced brain injury have a poorer quality of life, and no effective treatments are available. The pathogenesis of this condition is unknown. This review summarizes the molecular biological mechanism of radiation-induced brain injury and provides research directions for future studies. The molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury are diverse and complex. Radiation-induced chronic neuroinflammation, destruction of the blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress, neuronal damage, and physiopathological responses caused by specific exosome secretion lead to radiation-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lulian Pang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lingxue Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Anlong Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Han Ge
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Runze Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huaidong Cheng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China
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10
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. Neural Progenitor Cells and the Hypothalamus. Cells 2023; 12:1822. [PMID: 37508487 PMCID: PMC10378393 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of self-renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the postnatal/adult brain, NPCs are primarily located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). There is evidence that NPCs are also present in the postnatal/adult hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in the regulation of core homeostatic processes, such as feeding, metabolism, reproduction, neuroendocrine integration and autonomic output. In the rodent postnatal/adult hypothalamus, NPCs mainly comprise different subtypes of tanycytes lining the wall of the 3rd ventricle. In the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, the neurogenic niche is constituted by tanycytes at the floor of the 3rd ventricle, ependymal cells and ribbon cells (showing a gap-and-ribbon organization similar to that in the SVZ), as well as suprachiasmatic cells. We speculate that in the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in a highly complex, exquisitely sophisticated neurogenic niche consisting of at least four subniches; this structure has a key role in the regulation of extrahypothalamic neurogenesis, and hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neural circuits, partly through the release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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11
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Britten RA, Limoli CL. New Radiobiological Principles for the CNS Arising from Space Radiation Research. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1293. [PMID: 37374076 DOI: 10.3390/life13061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the brain has been regarded as a relatively insensitive late-reacting tissue, with radiologically detectable damage not being reported at doses < 60 Gy. When NASA proposed interplanetary exploration missions, it was required to conduct an intensive health and safety evaluation of cancer, cardiovascular, and cognitive risks associated with exposure to deep space radiation (SR). The SR dose that astronauts on a mission to Mars are predicted to receive is ~300 mGy. Even after correcting for the higher RBE of the SR particles, the biologically effective SR dose (<1 Gy) would still be 60-fold lower than the threshold dose for clinically detectable neurological damage. Unexpectedly, the NASA-funded research program has consistently reported that low (<250 mGy) doses of SR induce deficits in multiple cognitive functions. This review will discuss these findings and the radical paradigm shifts in radiobiological principles for the brain that were required in light of these findings. These included a shift from cell killing to loss of function models, an expansion of the critical brain regions for radiation-induced cognitive impediments, and the concept that the neuron may not be the sole critical target for neurocognitive impairment. The accrued information on how SR exposure impacts neurocognitive performance may provide new opportunities to reduce neurocognitive impairment in brain cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Britten
- EVMS Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department Radiation Oncology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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12
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Usmani MT, Krattli RP, El-Khatib SM, Le ACD, Smith SM, Baulch JE, Ng DQ, Acharya MM, Chan A. BDNF Augmentation Using Riluzole Reverses Doxorubicin-Induced Decline in Cognitive Function and Neurogenesis. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:838-852. [PMID: 36720792 PMCID: PMC10275819 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) considerably affects the quality of life of millions of cancer survivors. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to promote survival, differentiation, and maintenance of in vivo dentate neurogenesis, and chemotherapy induces a plethora of physiological and cellular alterations, including a decline in neurogenesis and increased neuroinflammation linked with cognitive impairments. In our clinical studies, breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, ADR) experienced a significant reduction in the blood levels of BDNF that was associated with a higher risk of CRCI. Our past rodent studies in CRCI have also shown a significant reduction in dentate neurogenesis accompanied by cognitive impairment. In this study, using a female mouse model of ADR-induced cognitive decline, we tested the impact of riluzole (RZ), an orally active BDNF-enhancing medication that is FDA-approved for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ADR-treated mice receiving RZ in the drinking water for 1 month showed significant improvements in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory function (spatial recognition), fear extinction memory consolidation, and reduced anxiety-like behavior. RZ prevented chemotherapy-induced reductions of BDNF levels in the hippocampus. Importantly, RZ mitigated chemotherapy-induced loss of newly born, immature neurons, dentate neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, this data provides pre-clinical evidence for a translationally feasible approach to enhance the neuroprotective effects of RZ treatment to prevent CRCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal T Usmani
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert P Krattli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sanad M El-Khatib
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anh C D Le
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ding Quan Ng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Alexandre Chan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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13
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Li X, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Xia X, Zheng JC. Neural stem/progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles: A novel therapy for neurological diseases and beyond. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e214. [PMID: 36776763 PMCID: PMC9905070 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As bilayer lipid membrane vesicles secreted by neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs), NSC-derived extracellular vesicles (NSC-EVs) have attracted growing attention for their promising potential to serve as novel therapeutic agents in treatment of neurological diseases due to their unique physicochemical characteristics and biological functions. NSC-EVs exhibit advantages such as stable physical and chemical properties, low immunogenicity, and high penetration capacity to cross blood-brain barrier to avoid predicaments of the clinical applications of NSCs that include autoimmune responses, ethical/religious concerns, and the problematic logistics of acquiring fetal tissues. More importantly, NSC-EVs inherit excellent neuroprotective and neuroregenerative potential and immunomodulatory capabilities from parent cells, and display outstanding therapeutic effects on mitigating behavioral alterations and pathological phenotypes of patients or animals with neurological diseases. In this review, we first comprehensively summarize the progress in functional research and application of NSC-EVs in different neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, acute neurological diseases, dementia/cognitive dysfunction, and peripheral diseases. Next, we provide our thoughts on current limitations/concerns as well as tremendous potential of NSC-EVs in clinical applications. Last, we discuss future directions of further investigations on NSC-EVs and their probable applications in both basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative TherapyTongji Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yingbo Zhu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative TherapyTongji Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative TherapyYangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative TherapyTongji Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic MedicineTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain‐Like IntelligenceShanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji UniversityMinistry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Jialin C. Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative TherapyTongji Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic MedicineTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain‐Like IntelligenceShanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji UniversityMinistry of EducationShanghaiChina
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14
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Ratushnyak MG, Zhirnik AS, Smirnova OD, Semochkina YP, Parfenova AA, Goryunov KV, Silachev DN, Moskaleva EY. The Use of Neural Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes to Prevent Late Radiation-Induced Cognitive Impairments in Mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 174:571-577. [PMID: 36894818 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of intranasal administration of neural stem cell (NSC)-derived exosomes on behavior and cognitive functions of mice in the late period after head irradiation in a dose of 8 Gy. The used exosomes had specific markers (CD9+/CD63+, 99.5%; TSG101+, 98.4%) and mean size 105.7±8.8 nm according to dynamic light scattering data and 119.0±12.4 nm according to nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Exosome suspension (2×1012 particles/ml according to NTA measurements) was administered intranasally for 4 weeks starting from 48 h after irradiation in a volume of 5 μl/nostril (2×1010 exosomes/mouse). It was shown that intranasal administration of mouse NSC-derived exosomes prevented delayed radiation-induced behavioral changes and recognition memory impairments in mice after head irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Ratushnyak
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia.
| | - A S Zhirnik
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - O D Smirnova
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu P Semochkina
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Parfenova
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - K V Goryunov
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - D N Silachev
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Yu Moskaleva
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
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15
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Jin S, Lv Z, Kang L, Wang J, Tan C, Shen L, Wang L, Liu J. Next generation of neurological therapeutics: Native and bioengineered extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells. Asian J Pharm Sci 2022; 17:779-797. [PMID: 36600903 PMCID: PMC9800941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based cell-free therapy, particularly stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs), offers new insights into treating a series of neurological disorders and becomes a promising candidate for alternative stem cell regenerative therapy. Currently, SC-EVs are considered direct therapeutic agents by themselves and/or dynamic delivery systems as they have a similar regenerative capacity of stem cells to promote neurogenesis and can easily load many functional small molecules to recipient cells in the central nervous system. Meanwhile, as non-living entities, SC-EVs avoid the uncontrollability and manufacturability limitations of live stem cell products in vivo (e.g., low survival rate, immune response, and tumorigenicity) and in vitro (e.g., restricted sources, complex preparation processes, poor quality control, low storage, shipping instability, and ethical controversy) by strict quality control system. Moreover, SC-EVs can be engineered or designed to enhance further overall yield, increase bioactivity, improve targeting, and extend their half-life. Here, this review provides an overview on the biological properties of SC-EVs, and the current progress in the strategies of native or bioengineered SC-EVs for nerve injury repairing is presented. Then we further summarize the challenges of recent research and perspectives for successful clinical application to advance SC-EVs from bench to bedside in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Jin
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Frontier Technology of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian Engineering Research Center for Genetic Variation Detection of Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms, Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian 116085, China
| | - Zhongyue Lv
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Frontier Technology of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian Engineering Research Center for Genetic Variation Detection of Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms, Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian 116085, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Frontier Technology of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian Engineering Research Center for Genetic Variation Detection of Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms, Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian 116085, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Frontier Technology of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian Engineering Research Center for Genetic Variation Detection of Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms, Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian 116085, China
| | - Chengcheng Tan
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Frontier Technology of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian Engineering Research Center for Genetic Variation Detection of Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms, Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian 116085, China
| | - Liming Shen
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Frontier Technology of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian Engineering Research Center for Genetic Variation Detection of Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms, Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian 116085, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Frontier Technology of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian Engineering Research Center for Genetic Variation Detection of Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms, Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian 116085, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jing Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Frontier Technology of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian Engineering Research Center for Genetic Variation Detection of Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms, Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian 116085, China
- Corresponding authors.
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16
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Stem Cell Exosomes Improve Survival of Neural Stem Cells after Radiation Exposure. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 173:544-552. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Liu Q, Huang Y, Duan M, Yang Q, Ren B, Tang F. Microglia as Therapeutic Target for Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158286. [PMID: 35955439 PMCID: PMC9368164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) after radiotherapy has become an increasingly important factor affecting the prognosis of patients with head and neck tumor. With the delivery of high doses of radiation to brain tissue, microglia rapidly transit to a pro-inflammatory phenotype, upregulate phagocytic machinery, and reduce the release of neurotrophic factors. Persistently activated microglia mediate the progression of chronic neuroinflammation, which may inhibit brain neurogenesis leading to the occurrence of neurocognitive disorders at the advanced stage of RIBI. Fully understanding the microglial pathophysiology and cellular and molecular mechanisms after irradiation may facilitate the development of novel therapy by targeting microglia to prevent RIBI and subsequent neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yan Huang
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mengyun Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Boxu Ren
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Fengru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (F.T.)
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18
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Pancholi S, Tripathi A, Bhan A, Acharya MM, Pillai P. Emerging Concepts on the Role of Extracellular Vesicles and Its Cargo Contents in Glioblastoma-Microglial Crosstalk. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2822-2837. [PMID: 35212938 PMCID: PMC10058057 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common, highly aggressive malignant brain tumor which is marked by highest inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Despite, immunotherapy, and combination therapies developed; the clinical trials often result into large number of failures. Often cancer cells are known to communicate with surrounding cells in tumor microenvironment (TME). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) consisting of diverse cargo mediates this intercellular communication and is believed to modulate the immune function against GBM. Tumor-associated microglia (TAM), though being the resident innate immune cell of CNS, is known to attain pro-tumorigenic M2 phenotype, and this immunomodulation is aided by extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of oncogenic, immunomodulatory molecules. Besides, oncogenic proteins, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are believed to carry oncogenic potential, and therefore, understanding the mechanism leading to microglial dysregulation mediated by GBM-derived extracellular vesicle (GDEV) lncRNAs becomes crucial. This review focuses on current understanding of role of GDEV and lncRNA in microglial dysfunction and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangati Pancholi
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston (UT Health), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arunoday Bhan
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope Medical Centre, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Prakash Pillai
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
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19
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Pazzaglia S, Tanno B, De Stefano I, Giardullo P, Leonardi S, Merla C, Babini G, Tuncay Cagatay S, Mayah A, Kadhim M, Lyng FM, von Toerne C, Khan ZN, Subedi P, Tapio S, Saran A, Mancuso M. Micro-RNA and Proteomic Profiles of Plasma-Derived Exosomes from Irradiated Mice Reveal Molecular Changes Preventing Apoptosis in Neonatal Cerebellum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042169. [PMID: 35216284 PMCID: PMC8878539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell communication via exosomes is capable of influencing cell fate in stress situations such as exposure to ionizing radiation. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that exosomes might play a role in out-of-target radiation effects by carrying molecular signaling mediators of radiation damage, as well as opposite protective functions resulting in resistance to radiotherapy. However, a global understanding of exosomes and their radiation-induced regulation, especially within the context of an intact mammalian organism, has been lacking. In this in vivo study, we demonstrate that, compared to sham-irradiated (SI) mice, a distinct pattern of proteins and miRNAs is found packaged into circulating plasma exosomes after whole-body and partial-body irradiation (WBI and PBI) with 2 Gy X-rays. A high number of deregulated proteins (59% of WBI and 67% of PBI) was found in the exosomes of irradiated mice. In total, 57 and 13 miRNAs were deregulated in WBI and PBI groups, respectively, suggesting that the miRNA cargo is influenced by the tissue volume exposed to radiation. In addition, five miRNAs (miR-99b-3p, miR-200a-3p, miR-200a, miR-182-5p, miR-182) were commonly overexpressed in the exosomes from the WBI and PBI groups. In this study, particular emphasis was also given to the determination of the in vivo effect of exosome transfer by intracranial injection in the highly radiosensitive neonatal cerebellum at postnatal day 3. In accordance with a major overall anti-apoptotic function of the commonly deregulated miRNAs, here, we report that exosomes from the plasma of irradiated mice, especially in the case of WBI, prevent radiation-induced apoptosis, thus holding promise for exosome-based future therapeutic applications against radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Barbara Tanno
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilaria De Stefano
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Paola Giardullo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Simona Leonardi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Caterina Merla
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Gabriele Babini
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Seda Tuncay Cagatay
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (S.T.C.); (A.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Ammar Mayah
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (S.T.C.); (A.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (S.T.C.); (A.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Fiona M. Lyng
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Christine von Toerne
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; (C.v.T.); (Z.N.K.); (P.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Zohaib N. Khan
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; (C.v.T.); (Z.N.K.); (P.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Prabal Subedi
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; (C.v.T.); (Z.N.K.); (P.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; (C.v.T.); (Z.N.K.); (P.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Anna Saran
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.M.)
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20
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Parsons MW, Peters KB, Floyd SR, Brown P, Wefel JS. Preservation of neurocognitive function in the treatment of brain metastases. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:v96-v107. [PMID: 34859237 PMCID: PMC8633744 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive function (NCF) deficits are common in patients with brain metastases, occurring in up to 90% of cases. NCF deficits may be caused by tumor-related factors and/or treatment for the metastasis, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. In recent years, strategies to prevent negative impact of treatments and ameliorate cognitive deficits for patients with brain tumors have gained momentum. In this review, we report on research that has established the efficacy of preventative and rehabilitative therapies for NCF deficits in patients with brain metastases. Surgical strategies include the use of laser interstitial thermal therapy and intraoperative mapping. Radiotherapy approaches include focal treatments such as stereotactic radiosurgery and tailored approaches such as hippocampal avoidant whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Pharmacologic options include use of the neuroprotectant memantine to reduce cognitive decline induced by WBRT and incorporation of medications traditionally used for attention and memory problems. Integration of neuropsychology into the care of patients with brain metastases helps characterize cognitive patterns, educate patients and families regarding their management, and guide rehabilitative therapies. These and other strategies will become even more important for long-term survivors of brain metastases as treatment options improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Parsons
- Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine B Peters
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott R Floyd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Wefel
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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21
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Chu C, Gao Y, Lan X, Lin J, Thomas AM, Li S. Stem-Cell Therapy as a Potential Strategy for Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:639-649. [PMID: 32418118 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a standard and effective non-surgical treatment for primary brain tumors and metastases. However, this strategy inevitably results in damage of normal brain tissue, causing severe complications, especially the late-delayed cognitive impairment. Due to the multifactorial and complex pathological effects of radiation, there is a lack of effective preventative and restorative treatments for the irradiated brain. Stem-cell therapy has held considerable promise for decades in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders because of its unique capacity for tissue repair and functional integrity. Currently, there is growing interest in using stem cells as a novel option to attenuate the adverse effects of irradiation. In the present review, we discuss recent studies evaluating stem-cell therapies for the irradiated brain and their therapeutic effects on ameliorating radiation-related brain injury as well as their potential challenges in clinical applications. We discuss these works in context of the pathogenesis of radiation-induced injury to CNS tissue in an attempt to elucidate the potential mechanisms of engrafted stem cells to reverse radiation-induced degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyan Chu
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated with Dalian Medical University, No. 826 Xinan Road, Shahekou District Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116033, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated with Dalian Medical University, No. 826 Xinan Road, Shahekou District Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116033, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lan
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated with Dalian Medical University, No. 826 Xinan Road, Shahekou District Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116033, China
| | - Jianwen Lin
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated with Dalian Medical University, No. 826 Xinan Road, Shahekou District Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116033, China
| | - Aline M Thomas
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated with Dalian Medical University, No. 826 Xinan Road, Shahekou District Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116033, China.
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22
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Dutta D, Khan N, Wu J, Jay SM. Extracellular Vesicles as an Emerging Frontier in Spinal Cord Injury Pathobiology and Therapy. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:492-506. [PMID: 33581883 PMCID: PMC8159852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-delimited particles that are secreted by nearly all cell types. EVs mediate crucial physiological functions and pathophysiological processes in the CNS. As carriers of diverse bioactive cargoes (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) that can be modified in response to external stimuli, EVs have emerged as pathological mediators following neurotrauma such as spinal cord injury (SCI). We discuss the roles of endogenous EVs in the CNS as well as crosstalk with peripheral EVs in relation to neurotrauma, with a particular focus on SCI. We then summarize the status of EV-based therapeutic advances in preclinical animal models for these conditions. Finally, we discuss new bioengineering strategies that are poised to enhance CNS-specific therapeutic capabilities of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Dutta
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Niaz Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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23
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Koh YQ, Ng DQ, Ng CC, Boey A, Wei M, Sze SK, Ho HK, Acharya M, Limoli CL, Chan A. Extracellular Vesicle Proteome of Breast Cancer Patients with and Without Cognitive Impairment Following Anthracycline-based Chemotherapy: An Exploratory Study. Biomark Insights 2021; 16:11772719211018204. [PMID: 34103887 PMCID: PMC8150437 DOI: 10.1177/11772719211018204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment due to cancer and its therapy is a major concern among cancer patients and survivors. Extracellular vesicle (EVs) composition altered by cancer and chemotherapy may affect neurological processes such as neuroplasticity, potentially impacting the cognitive abilities of cancer patients and survivors. We investigated the EV proteome of breast cancer patients with and without cognitive impairment following anthracycline-based chemotherapy from longitudinally collected plasma. EVs were cup-shaped and positive for Flotillin-1 and TSG-101. We identified 517 differentially expressed EV proteins between the cognitive impaired and non-impaired groups during and post-chemotherapy. The observed decreased expression of p2X purinoceptor, cofilin-1, ADAM 10, and dynamin-1 in the plasma EVs of the cognitive impaired group may suggest alterations in the mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. The reduced expression of tight junction proteins among cognitive-impaired patients may imply weakening of the blood-brain barrier. These EV protein signatures may serve as a fingerprint that underscores the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in cancer patients and survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin Koh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ding Quan Ng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Chiu Chin Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Boey
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meng Wei
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Munjal Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre Chan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Oncology Pharmacy, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Apodaca LA, Baddour AAD, Garcia C, Alikhani L, Giedzinski E, Ru N, Agrawal A, Acharya MM, Baulch JE. Human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles mitigate hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:57. [PMID: 33676561 PMCID: PMC7937214 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Regenerative therapies to mitigate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology have shown very limited success. In the recent era, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from multipotent and pluripotent stem cells have shown considerable promise for the treatment of dementia and many neurodegenerative conditions. Methods Using the 5xFAD accelerated transgenic mouse model of AD, we now show the regenerative potential of human neural stem cell (hNSC)-derived EVs on the neurocognitive and neuropathologic hallmarks in the AD brain. Two- or 6-month-old 5xFAD mice received single or two intra-venous (retro-orbital vein, RO) injections of hNSC-derived EVs, respectively. Results RO treatment using hNSC-derived EVs restored fear extinction memory consolidation and reduced anxiety-related behaviors 4–6 weeks post-injection. EV treatment also significantly reduced dense core amyloid-beta plaque accumulation and microglial activation in both age groups. These results correlated with partial restoration of homeostatic levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines in the AD mice. Importantly, EV treatment protected against synaptic loss in the AD brain that paralleled improved cognition. MiRNA analysis of the EV cargo revealed promising candidates targeting neuroinflammation and synaptic function. Conclusions Collectively, these data demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of systemic administration of stem cell-derived EVs for remediation of behavioral and molecular AD neuropathologies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00791-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Apodaca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Al Anoud D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Camilo Garcia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Leila Alikhani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ning Ru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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25
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Yang X, Ma L, Ye Z, Shi W, Zhang L, Wang J, Yang H. Radiation-induced bystander effects may contribute to radiation-induced cognitive impairment. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:329-340. [PMID: 33332177 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1864498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite being a major treatment modality for brain cancer due to its efficiency in achieving cancer control, radiotherapy has long been known to cause long-term side effects, including radiation-induced cognitive impairment (RICI). Neurogenesis inhibition due to radiation-induced damage in neural stem cells (NSCs) has been demonstrated to be an important mechanism underlying RICI. Radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBEs) denote the biological responses in non-targeted cells after their neighboring cells are irradiated. We have previously demonstrated that RIBEs could play an important role in the skin wound healing process. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether RIBEs contribute to RICI in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The transwell co-culture method was used to investigate bystander effects in mouse NSCs induced by irradiated GL261 mouse glioma cells in vitro. The proliferation, neurosphere-forming capacity and differentiation potential of NSCs were determined as the bystander endpoints. The exosomes were extracted from the media used to culture GL261 cells and were injected into the hippocampus of C57BL/6 mice. Two months later, the neurogenesis of mice was assessed using BrdU incorporation and immunofluorescence microscopy, and cognitive function was evaluated by the Morris Water Maze. RESULTS After co-culture with GL261 glioma cells, mouse NSCs displayed inhibited proliferation and reduced neurosphere-forming capacity and differentiation potential. The irradiated GL261 cells caused greater inhibition and reduction in NSCs than unirradiated GL261 cells. Moreover, adding the exosomes secreted by GL261 cells into the culture of NSCs inhibited NSC proliferation, suggesting that the cancer cell-derived exosomes may be critical intercellular signals. Furthermore, injection of the exosomes from GL261 cells into the hippocampus of mice caused significant neurogenesis inhibition and cognitive impairment two month later, and the exosomes from irradiated GL261 cells induced greater inhibitory effects. CONCLUSION RIBEs mediated by the exosomes from irradiated cancer cells could contribute to RICI and, therefore, could be a novel mechanism underlying RICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Linlin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Zhujing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Wenyu Shi
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Jingdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Hongying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, PR China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
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26
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Yu Z, Ling Z, Lu L, Zhao J, Chen X, Xu P, Zou X. Regulatory Roles of Bone in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:610581. [PMID: 33408628 PMCID: PMC7779400 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.610581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases are two kinds of common disorders of the elderly, which often co-occur. Previous studies have shown the skeletal and central nervous systems are closely related to pathophysiology. As the main structural scaffold of the body, the bone is also a reservoir for stem cells, a primary lymphoid organ, and an important endocrine organ. It can interact with the brain through various bone-derived cells, mostly the mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The bone marrow is also a place for generating immune cells, which could greatly influence brain functions. Finally, the proteins secreted by bones (osteokines) also play important roles in the growth and function of the brain. This article reviews the latest research studying the impact of bone-derived cells, bone-controlled immune system, and bone-secreted proteins on the brain, and evaluates how these factors are implicated in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases and their potential use in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengran Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Orthopaedic Research Institute/Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zemin Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Orthopaedic Research Institute/Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuenong Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Orthopaedic Research Institute/Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Limoli C. Can a comparison of clinical and deep space irradiation scenarios shed light on the radiation response of the brain? Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20200245. [PMID: 32970457 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Not surprisingly, our knowledge of the impact of radiation on the brain has evolved considerably. Decades of work have struggled with identifying the critical cellular targets in the brain, the latency of functional change and understanding how irradiation alters the balance between excitatory and inhibitory circuits. Radiation-induced cell kill following clinical fractionation paradigms pointed to both stromal and parenchymal targets but also defined an exquisite sensitivity of neurogenic populations of newly born cells in the brain. It became more and more apparent too, that acute (days) events transpiring after exposure were poorly prognostic of the late (months-years) waves of radiation injury believed to underlie neurocognitive deficits. Much of these gaps in knowledge persisted as NASA became interested in how exposure to much different radiation types, doses and dose rates that characterize the space radiation environment might impair central nervous system functionality, with possibly negative implications for deep space travel. Now emerging evidence from researchers engaged in clinical, translational and environmental radiation sciences have begun to fill these gaps and have uncovered some surprising similarities in the response of the brain to seemingly disparate exposure scenarios. This article highlights many of the commonalities between the vastly different irradiation paradigms that distinguish clinical treatments from occupational exposures in deep space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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28
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Pariset E, Malkani S, Cekanaviciute E, Costes SV. Ionizing radiation-induced risks to the central nervous system and countermeasures in cellular and rodent models. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:S132-S150. [PMID: 32946305 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1820598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Harmful effects of ionizing radiation on the Central Nervous System (CNS) are a concerning outcome in the field of cancer radiotherapy and form a major risk for deep space exploration. Both acute and chronic CNS irradiation induce a complex network of molecular and cellular alterations including DNA damage, oxidative stress, cell death and systemic inflammation, leading to changes in neuronal structure and synaptic plasticity with behavioral and cognitive consequences in animal models. Due to this complexity, countermeasure or therapeutic approaches to reduce the harmful effects of ionizing radiation include a wide range of protective and mitigative strategies, which merit a thorough comparative analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed current approaches for developing countermeasures to both targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation on the CNS from the molecular and cellular to the behavioral level. RESULTS We focus on countermeasures that aim to mitigate the four main detrimental actions of radiation on CNS: DNA damage, free radical formation and oxidative stress, cell death, and harmful systemic responses including tissue death and neuroinflammation. We propose a comprehensive review of CNS radiation countermeasures reported for the full range of irradiation types (photons and particles, low and high linear energy transfer) and doses (from a fraction of gray to several tens of gray, fractionated and unfractionated), with a particular interest for exposure conditions relevant to deep-space environment and radiotherapy. Our review reveals the importance of combined strategies that increase DNA protection and repair, reduce free radical formation and increase their elimination, limit inflammation and improve cell viability, limit tissue damage and increase repair and plasticity. CONCLUSIONS The majority of therapeutic approaches to protect the CNS from ionizing radiation have been limited to acute high dose and high dose rate gamma irradiation, and few are translatable from animal models to potential human application due to harmful side effects and lack of blood-brain barrier permeability that precludes peripheral administration. Therefore, a promising research direction would be to focus on practical applicability and effectiveness in a wider range of irradiation paradigms, from fractionated therapeutic to deep space radiation. In addition to discovering novel therapeutics, it would be worth maximizing the benefits and reducing side effects of those that already exist. Finally, we suggest that novel cellular and tissue models for developing and testing countermeasures in the context of other impairments might also be applied to the field of CNS responses to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Pariset
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA.,Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Sherina Malkani
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.,Young Scientist Program, Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Egle Cekanaviciute
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
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29
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Leavitt RJ, Acharya MM, Baulch JE, Limoli CL. Extracellular Vesicle-Derived miR-124 Resolves Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4266-4277. [PMID: 32816912 PMCID: PMC7541572 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction (RICD) is a progressive and debilitating health issue facing patients following cranial radiotherapy to control central nervous system cancers. There has been some success treating RICD in rodents using human neural stem cell (hNSC) transplantation, but the procedure is invasive, requires immunosuppression, and could cause other complications such as teratoma formation. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are nanoscale membrane-bound structures that contain biological contents including mRNA, miRNA, proteins, and lipids that can be readily isolated from conditioned culture media. It has been previously shown that hNSC-derived EV resolves RICD following cranial irradiation using an immunocompromised rodent model. Here, we use immunocompetent wild-type mice to show that hNSC-derived EV treatment administered either intravenously via retro-orbital vein injection or via intracranial transplantation can ameliorate cognitive deficits following 9 Gy head-only irradiation. Cognitive function assessed on the novel place recognition, novel object recognition, and temporal order tasks was not only improved at early (5 weeks) but also at delayed (6 months) postirradiation times with just a single EV treatment. Improved behavioral outcomes were also associated with reduced neuroinflammation as measured by a reduction in activated microglia. To identify the mechanism of action, analysis of EV cargo implicated miRNA (miR-124) as a potential candidate in the mitigation of RICD. Furthermore, viral vector-mediated overexpression of miR-124 in the irradiated brain ameliorated RICD and reduced microglial activation. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that systemic administration of hNSC-derived EV abrogates RICD and neuroinflammation in cranially irradiated wild-type rodents through a mechanism involving miR-124. SIGNIFICANCE: Radiation-induced neurocognitive decrements in immunocompetent mice can be resolved by systemic delivery of hNSC-derived EVs involving a mechanism dependent on expression of miR-124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron J Leavitt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
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30
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Bálentová S, Adamkov M. Pathological changes in the central nervous system following exposure to ionizing radiation. Physiol Res 2020; 69:389-404. [PMID: 32469226 PMCID: PMC8648310 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies in animals provide relevant knowledge about pathogenesis of radiation-induced injury to the central nervous system. Radiation-induced injury can alter neuronal, glial cell population, brain vasculature and may lead to molecular, cellular and functional consequences. Regarding to its fundamental role in the formation of new memories, spatial navigation and adult neurogenesis, the majority of studies have focused on the hippocampus. Most recent findings in cranial radiotherapy revealed that hippocampal avoidance prevents radiation-induced cognitive impairment of patients with brain primary tumors and metastases. However, numerous preclinical studies have shown that this problem is more complex. Regarding the fact, that the radiation-induced cognitive impairment reflects hippocampal and non-hippocampal compartments, it is highly important to investigate molecular, cellular and functional changes in different brain regions and their integration at clinically relevant doses and schedules. Here, we provide a literature review in order support the translation of preclinical findings to clinical practice and improve the physical and mental status of patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bálentová
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic.
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31
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Neuroprotection of Radiosensitive Juvenile Mice by Ultra-High Dose Rate FLASH Irradiation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061671. [PMID: 32599789 PMCID: PMC7352849 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major advances in high precision treatment delivery and imaging have greatly improved the tolerance of radiotherapy (RT); however, the selective sparing of normal tissue and the reduction of neurocognitive side effects from radiation-induced toxicities remain significant problems for pediatric patients with brain tumors. While the overall survival of pediatric patients afflicted with medulloblastoma (MB), the most common type primary brain cancer in children, remains high (≥80%), lifelong neurotoxic side-effects are commonplace and adversely impact patients’ quality of life. To circumvent these clinical complications, we have investigated the capability of ultra-high dose rate FLASH-radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) to protect the radiosensitive juvenile mouse brain from normal tissue toxicities. Compared to conventional dose rate (CONV) irradiation, FLASH-RT was found to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction in multiple independent behavioral paradigms, preserve developing and mature neurons, minimize microgliosis and limit the reduction of the plasmatic level of growth hormone. The protective “FLASH effect” was pronounced, especially since a similar whole brain dose of 8 Gy delivered with CONV-RT caused marked reductions in multiple indices of behavioral performance (objects in updated location, novel object recognition, fear extinction, light-dark box, social interaction), reductions in the number of immature (doublecortin+) and mature (NeuN+) neurons and increased neuroinflammation, adverse effects that were not found with FLASH-RT. Our data point to a potentially innovative treatment modality that is able to spare, if not prevent, many of the side effects associated with long-term treatment that disrupt the long-term cognitive and emotional well-being of medulloblastoma survivors.
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32
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Ioannides P, Giedzinski E, Limoli CL. Evaluating different routes of extracellular vesicle administration for cranial therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6. [PMID: 34277952 PMCID: PMC8281946 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2020.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Human stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) provide many advantages over cell-based therapies for the treatment of functionally compromised tissue beds and organ sites. Here we aimed to highlight multiple administration routes for the potential treatment of various forms of brain injury. Methods: Human neural stem cell-derived EV were isolated from conditioned media and administered via three distinct routes: intrahippocampal transplantation, retro-orbital vein injection, and intranasal. EV were administered after which brains were evaluated to determine the capability of EV to translocate into normal tissue. Results: Data showed no significant differences in the amount of EV able to translocate across the brain, indicating the functional equivalence of each administration route to effectively deliver EV to the brain parenchyma. Conclusion: Findings show that both systemic administration routes (retro-orbital vein or intranasal delivery) afforded effective penetrance and perfusion of EV throughout the brain in a minimally invasive manner, and point to a translationally tractable option for treating certain neurological disorders including those resulting from cranial irradiation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pericles Ioannides
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
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33
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Branscome H, Paul S, Yin D, El-Hage N, Agbottah ET, Zadeh MA, Liotta LA, Kashanchi F. Use of Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles as a "Holistic" Approach to CNS Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:455. [PMID: 32587858 PMCID: PMC7298153 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a hallmark of many diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). High levels of neuroinflammation are often associated with irreparable damage to CNS cells due to the dysregulation of signaling cascades that are unable to restore a homeostatic balance. Due to the inherent complexity of the CNS, development of CNS-related therapeutics has met limited success. While stem cell therapy has been evaluated in the context of CNS repair, the mechanisms responsible for their functional properties have not been clearly defined. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of stem cell extracellular vesicles (EVs) for the treatment of various CNS pathologies as these vesicles are believed to mediate many of the functional effects associated with their donor stem cells. The potency of stem cell EVs is believed to be largely driven by their biological cargo which includes various types of RNAs, proteins, and cytokines. In this review, we describe the characteristic properties of stem cell EVs and summarize their reported neuroprotective and immunomodulatory functions. A special emphasis is placed on the identification of specific biological cargo, including proteins and non-coding RNA molecules, that have been found to be associated with stem cell EVs. Collectively, this review highlights the potential of stem cell EVs as an alternative to traditional stem cell therapy for the repair of cellular damage associated with diverse CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Branscome
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Siddhartha Paul
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Cell Systems, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Dezhong Yin
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Cell Systems, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Emmanuel T. Agbottah
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Mohammad Asad Zadeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
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34
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Koh YQ, Tan CJ, Toh YL, Sze SK, Ho HK, Limoli CL, Chan A. Role of Exosomes in Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082755. [PMID: 32326653 PMCID: PMC7215650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in cognitive function following cancer treatment is one of the most commonly reported post-treatment symptoms among patients with cancer and those in remission, and include memory, processing speed, and executive function. A clear understanding of cognitive impairment as a result of cancer and its therapy can be obtained by delineating structural and functional changes using brain imaging studies and neurocognitive assessments. There is also a need to determine the underlying mechanisms and pathways that impact the brain and affect cognitive functioning in cancer survivors. Exosomes are small cell-derived vesicles formed by the inward budding of multivesicular bodies, and are released into the extracellular environment via an exocytic pathway. Growing evidence suggests that exosomes contribute to various physiological and pathological conditions, including neurological processes such as synaptic plasticity, neuronal stress response, cell-to-cell communication, and neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize the relationship between exosomes and cancer-related cognitive impairment. Unraveling exosomes’ actions and effects on the microenvironment of the brain, which impacts cognitive functioning, is critical for the development of exosome-based therapeutics for cancer-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin Koh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Chia Jie Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Yi Long Toh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Alexandre Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-949-824-8896
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35
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Smith SM, Giedzinski E, Angulo MC, Lui T, Lu C, Park AL, Tang S, Martirosian V, Ru N, Chmielewski NN, Liang Y, Baulch JE, Acharya MM, Limoli CL. Functional equivalence of stem cell and stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle transplantation to repair the irradiated brain. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:93-105. [PMID: 31568685 PMCID: PMC6954724 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy, although beneficial for the treatment of brain tumors, inevitably leads to normal tissue damage that can induce unintended neurocognitive complications that are progressive and debilitating. Ionizing radiation exposure has also been shown to compromise the structural integrity of mature neurons throughout the brain, an effect believed to be at least in part responsible for the deterioration of cognitive health. Past work has shown that cranially transplanted human neural stem cells (hNSCs) or their extracellular vesicles (EVs) afforded long-term beneficial effects on many of these cognitive decrements. To provide additional insight into the potential neuroprotective mechanisms of cell-based regenerative strategies, we have analyzed hippocampal neurons for changes in structural integrity and synaptic remodeling after unilateral and bilateral transplantation of hNSCs or EVs derived from those same cells. Interestingly, hNSCs and EVs similarly afforded protection to host neurons, ameliorating the impact of irradiation on dendritic complexity and spine density for neurons present in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampi 1 month following irradiation and transplantation. These morphometric improvements were accompanied by increased levels of glial cell-derived growth factor and significant attenuation of radiation-induced increases in postsynaptic density protein 95 and activated microglia were found ipsi- and contra-lateral to the transplantation sites of the irradiated hippocampus treated with hNSCs or hNSC-derived EVs. These findings document potent far-reaching neuroprotective effects mediated by grafted stem cells or EVs adjacent and distal to the site of transplantation and support their potential as therapeutic agents to counteract the adverse effects of cranial irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Smith
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Maria C. Angulo
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Tiffany Lui
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Celine Lu
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Audrey L. Park
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Sharon Tang
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Vahan Martirosian
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Ning Ru
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | | | - Yaxuan Liang
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Janet E. Baulch
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Munjal M. Acharya
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
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