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Liang X, Yu W, Meng Y, Shang S, Tian H, Zhang Z, Rollins JA, Zhang R, Sun G. Genome comparisons reveal accessory genes crucial for the evolution of apple Glomerella leaf spot pathogenicity in Colletotrichum fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13454. [PMID: 38619507 PMCID: PMC11018114 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is an emerging fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum fructicola and other Colletotrichum species. These species are polyphyletic and it is currently unknown how these pathogens convergently evolved to infect apple. We generated chromosome-level genome assemblies of a GLS-adapted isolate and a non-adapted isolate in C. fructicola using long-read sequencing. Additionally, we resequenced 17 C. fructicola and C. aenigma isolates varying in GLS pathogenicity using short-read sequencing. Genome comparisons revealed a conserved bipartite genome architecture involving minichromosomes (accessory chromosomes) shared by C. fructicola and other closely related species within the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Moreover, two repeat-rich genomic regions (1.61 Mb in total) were specifically conserved among GLS-pathogenic isolates in C. fructicola and C. aenigma. Single-gene deletion of 10 accessory genes within the GLS-specific regions of C. fructicola identified three that were essential for GLS pathogenicity. These genes encoded a putative non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, a flavin-binding monooxygenase and a small protein with unknown function. These results highlight the crucial role accessory genes play in the evolution of Colletotrichum pathogenicity and imply the significance of an unidentified secondary metabolite in GLS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yanan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shengping Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | | | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Fan J, Wei PL, Yin WB. Formation of Bridged Disulfide in Epidithiodioxopiperazines. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300770. [PMID: 38116907 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP) alkaloids, featuring a 2,5-diketopiperazine core and transannular disulfide bridge, exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. However, the structural complexity has prevented efficient chemical synthesis and further clinical research. In the past few decades, many achievements have been made in the biosynthesis of ETPs. Here, we discuss the biosynthetic progress and summarize them as two comprehensible metabolic principles for better understanding the complex pathways of α, α'- and α, β'-disulfide bridged ETPs. Specifically, we systematically outline the catalytic machineries to install α, α'- and α, β'-disulfide by flavin-containing oxygenases. This concept would contribute to the medical and industrial applications of ETPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Lin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Yan LH, Li X, Wang BG. Natural products with 1,2-oxazine scaffold: occurrence, chemical diversity, bioactivity, synthesis, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1874-1900. [PMID: 37642299 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of July, 20231,2-Oxazine is a heterocyclic scaffold rarely found in natural products and is characterized by a directly connected N-O bond in a six-membered ring. Since the discovery of geneserine, the first 1,2-oxazine-containing natural product (1,2-oxazine NP) being isolated from Calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum) in 1925, a total of 76 naturally occurring 1,2-oxazine NPs have been isolated and identified from various sources, which have attracted the attention of researchers in the field of natural product chemistry, organic synthesis, biosynthesis, and pharmacology. This review summarizes the chemical family of 1,2-oxazine NPs, focusing on their source organisms, structural diversities, chemical synthesis, and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Yan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bin-Gui Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China
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4
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Bansal R, Sahoo SA, Barvkar VT, Srivastava AK, Mukherjee PK. Trichoderma virens exerts herbicidal effect on Arabidopsis thaliana via modulation of amino acid metabolism. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111702. [PMID: 37030329 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma virens is a plant beneficial fungus well-known for its biocontrol, herbicidal and growth promotion activity. Earlier, we identified HAS (HA-synthase, a terpene cyclase) and GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) to be involved in the production of multiple non-volatiles and non-volatile+volatile metabolites, respectively. The present study delineates the function of HAS and GAPDH in regulating herbicidal activity, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Under axenic conditions, rosette-biomass of seedlings co-cultivated with ΔHAS (HASR) and ΔGAPDH (GAPDHR) was higher than WT-Trichoderma (WTR) as well as non-colonized control (NoTR), even though the root colonization ability was reduced. However, HASR biomass was still higher than those of GAPDHR, indicating that blocking volatiles will not provide any additional contribution over non-volatile metabolites for Trichoderma-induced herbicidal activity. LC-MS analysis revealed that loss of herbicidal activity of ΔHAS/ΔGAPDH was associated with an increase in the levels of amino acids, which coincided with reduced expression levels of amino-acid catabolism and anabolism related genes in HASR/GAPDHR. RNAi-mediated suppression of an oxidoreductase gene, VDN5, specifically prevented viridin-to-viridiol conversion. Additionally, vdn5 mimics ΔHAS, in terms of amino-acid metabolism gene expression and partially abolishes the herbicidal property of WT-Trichoderma. Thus, the study provides mechanistic frame-work for better utilization of Trichoderma virens for biocontrol purposes, balancing between plant growth promotion and herbicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India
| | - Sripati Abhiram Sahoo
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India; Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - Prasun Kumar Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India.
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Pachauri S, Zaid R, Sherkhane PD, Easa J, Viterbo A, Chet I, Horwitz BA, Mukherjee PK. Comparative Phenotypic, Genomic, and Transcriptomic Analyses of Two Contrasting Strains of the Plant Beneficial Fungus Trichoderma virens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0302422. [PMID: 36719232 PMCID: PMC10100780 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03024-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma virens is a beneficial fungus that helps plants fight pathogens and abiotic stresses and thereby enhances crop yields. Unlike other Trichoderma spp., there are two well-defined strains (P and Q) of T. virens, classified by secondary metabolites profiling, primarily the biosynthesis of the nonribosomal, strong antimicrobial agents gliotoxin (Q) and gliovirin (P). We have studied the phenotypic and biocontrol properties of two well-studied representative isolates (T. virens Gv29-8 and T. virens GvW/IMI304061) that represent a Q strain and a P strain of T. virens, respectively. We refined the genome assembly of the P strain using nanopore technology, and we compared it with the Q strain. The differences between the genomes include gene expansion in the Q strain. T. virens Gv29-8 is weaker than GvW as a mycoparasite on the broad host-range plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii, and it is ineffective as a biocontrol agent when applied to pathogen-infested soil. T. virens Gv29-8 proved to be phytotoxic to Arabidopsis seedlings, whereas the effect of T. virens GvW was not major. Both strains colonized the surface and outer cortex layer of tomato roots, with about 40% higher colonization by T. virens Gv29-8. T. virens Gv29-8 induced the expression of a larger set of tomato genes than did T. virens GvW, although some tomato genes were uniquely induced in response to T. virens GvW. We studied the comparative transcriptome response of T. virens Gv29-8 and T. virens GvW to S. rolfsii. A larger set of genes was regulated in T. virens GvW than in T. virens Gv29-8 in the presence of the plant pathogen. IMPORTANCE Trichoderma virens populations that were earlier classified into two strains (P and Q) based on secondary metabolites profiling are also phenotypically and genetically distinct, with the latter being ineffective in controlling the devastating, broad host range plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii. The two strains also provoke distinct as well as overlapping transcriptional responses to the presence of the plant and the pathogen. This study enriches our knowledge of Trichoderma-plant-pathogen interactions and identifies novel candidate genes for further research and deployment in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Pachauri
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Rinat Zaid
- Faculty of Biology, The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Pramod D. Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Jamela Easa
- Faculty of Biology, The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ada Viterbo
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilan Chet
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Faculty of Biology, The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
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Huber EM. Epipolythiodioxopiperazine-Based Natural Products: Building Blocks, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200341. [PMID: 35997236 PMCID: PMC10086836 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are fungal secondary metabolites that share a 2,5-diketopiperazine scaffold built from two amino acids and bridged by a sulfide moiety. Modifications of the core and the amino acid side chains, for example by methylations, acetylations, hydroxylations, prenylations, halogenations, cyclizations, and truncations create the structural diversity of ETPs and contribute to their biological activity. However, the key feature responsible for the bioactivities of ETPs is their sulfide moiety. Over the last years, combinations of genome mining, reverse genetics, metabolomics, biochemistry, and structural biology deciphered principles of ETP production. Sulfurization via glutathione and uncovering of the thiols followed by either oxidation or methylation crystallized as fundamental steps that impact expression of the biosynthesis cluster, toxicity and secretion of the metabolite as well as self-tolerance of the producer. This article showcases structure and activity of prototype ETPs such as gliotoxin and discusses the current knowledge on the biosynthesis routes of these exceptional natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Huber
- Chair of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
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7
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Bansal R, Sethy SK, Khan Z, Shaikh N, Banerjee K, Mukherjee PK. Genetic Evidence in Favor of a Polyketide Origin of Acremeremophilanes, the Fungal "Sesquiterpene" Metabolites. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0179322. [PMID: 35938791 PMCID: PMC9430172 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01793-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Eremophilanes are a large group of "sesquiterpenes" produced by plants and fungi, with more than 180 compounds being known in fungi alone. Many of these compounds are phytotoxic, antimicrobial, anticancer and immunomodulators, and hence are of great economic values. Acremeremophilanes A to O have earlier been reported in a marine isolate of Acremonium sp. We report here the presence of Acremeremophilane I, G, K, N, and O, in a plant beneficial fungus Trichoderma virens, in a strain-specific manner. We also describe a novel, P strain-specific polyketide synthase (PKS) gene cluster in T. virens. This gene cluster, designated amm cluster, is absent in the genome of a Q strain of T. virens, and in other Trichoderma spp.; instead, a near identical cluster is present in the genome of the toxic mold Stachybotrys chartarum. Using gene knockout, we provide evidence that acremeremophilanes are biosynthesized via a polyketide route, and not via the mevalonate/terpene synthesis route as believed. We propose here that the 10-carbon skeleton is a product of polyketide synthase, to which a five-carbon isoprene unit is added by a prenyl transferase (PT), a gene for which is present next to the PKS gene in the genome. Based on this evidence, we propose that at least some of the eremophilanes classified in literature as sesquiterpenes (catalyzed by terpene cyclase) are actually meroterpenes (catalyzed by PKSs and PTs), and that the core moiety is not a sesquiterpene, but a hybrid polyketide/isoprene unit. IMPORTANCE The article contradicts the established fact that acremeremophilane metabolites produced by fungi are sesquiterpenes; instead, our findings suggest that at least some of these well-studied metabolites are of polyketide origin. Acremeremophilane metabolites are of medicinal significance, and the present findings have implications for the metabolic engineering of these metabolites and also their overproduction in microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Sethy
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zareen Khan
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR–National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nasiruddin Shaikh
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR–National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR–National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Gliotoxin, an Immunosuppressive Fungal Metabolite, Primes Plant Immunity: Evidence from Trichoderma virens-Tomato Interaction. mBio 2022; 13:e0038922. [PMID: 35862794 PMCID: PMC9426506 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00389-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial interaction of members of the fungal genus Trichoderma with plant roots primes the plant immune system, promoting systemic resistance to pathogen infection. Some strains of Trichoderma virens produce gliotoxin, a fungal epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP)-type secondary metabolite that is toxic to animal cells. It induces apoptosis, prevents NF-κB activation via the inhibition of the proteasome, and has immunosuppressive properties. Gliotoxin is known to be involved in the antagonism of rhizosphere microorganisms. To investigate whether this metabolite has a role in the interaction of Trichoderma with plant roots, we compared gliotoxin-producing and nonproducing T. virens strains. Both colonize the root surface and outer layers, but they have differential effects on root growth and architecture. The responses of tomato plants to a pathogen challenge were followed at several levels: lesion development, levels of ethylene, and reactive oxygen species. The transcriptomic signature of the shoot tissue in response to root interaction with producing and nonproducing T. virens strains was monitored. Gliotoxin producers provided stronger protection against foliar pathogens, compared to nonproducing strains. This was reflected in the transcriptomic signature, which showed the induction of defense-related genes. Two markers of plant defense response, PR1 and Pti-5, were differentially induced in response to pure gliotoxin. Gliotoxin thus acts as a microbial signal, which the plant immune system recognizes, directly or indirectly, to promote a defense response. IMPORTANCE A single fungal metabolite induces far-reaching transcriptomic reprogramming in the plant, priming immune responses and defense, in contrast to its immunosuppressive effect on animal cells. While the negative effects of gliotoxin-producing Trichoderma strains on growth may be observed only under a particular set of laboratory conditions, gliotoxin-linked molecular patterns, including the potential for limited cell death, could strongly prime plant defense, even in mature soil-grown plants in which the same Trichoderma strain promotes growth.
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Bansal R, Pachauri S, Gururajaiah D, Sherkhane PD, Khan Z, Gupta S, Banerjee K, Kumar A, Mukherjee PK. Dual role of a dedicated GAPDH in the biosynthesis of volatile and non-volatile metabolites- novel insights into the regulation of secondary metabolism in Trichoderma virens. Microbiol Res 2021; 253:126862. [PMID: 34563853 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma virens produces viridin/viridiol, heptelidic (koningic) acid, several volatile sesquiterpenes and gliotoxin (Q strains) or gliovirin (P strains). We earlier reported that deletion of the terpene cyclase vir4 and a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, designated as vGPD) associated with the "vir" cluster abrogated the biosynthesis of several volatile sesquiterpene metabolites. Here we show that, the deletion of this GAPDH also impairs the biosynthesis of heptelidic acid (a non-volatile sesquiterpene), viridin (steroid) and gliovirin (non-ribosomal peptide), indicating regulation of non-volatile metabolite biosynthesis by this GAPDH that is associated with a secondary metabolism gene cluster. To gain further insights into the details of this novel form of regulation, we identified the terpene cyclase gene responsible for heptelidic acid biosynthesis (hereafter designated as has1) and prove that the expression of this gene is regulated by vGPD. Interestingly, deletion of has1 impaired biosynthesis of heptelidic acid (HA), viridin and gliovirin, but not of volatile sesquiterpenes. Deletion of the vir cluster associated terpene cyclase gene (vir4), located next to the vGPD gene, did not impair biosynthesis of HA, viridin or gliovirin. We thus unveil a novel circuitry of regulation of secondary metabolism where an HA-tolerant GAPDH isoform (vGPD) regulates HA biosynthesis through the transcriptional regulation of the HA-synthase gene (which is not part of the "vir" cluster). Interestingly, impairment of HA biosynthesis leads to the down-regulation of biosynthesis of other non-volatile secondary metabolites, but not of volatile secondary metabolites. We thus provide evidence that the "vir" cluster associated, HA-tolerant GAPDH in T. virens participates in the biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes as a biosynthetic enzyme, and regulates the production of non-volatile metabolites via regulation of HA biosynthesis. The orthologue of the "vir" cluster in Aspergillus oryzae was earlier reported to synthesize HA by another group. Our study thus proves that the same gene cluster can code for unrelated metabolites in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Shikha Pachauri
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Deepa Gururajaiah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur 482004, India
| | - Pramod D Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Zareen Khan
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune 412307. India
| | - Sumit Gupta
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune 412307. India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur 482004, India
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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10
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Liu H, Fan J, Zhang P, Hu Y, Liu X, Li SM, Yin WB. New insights into the disulfide bond formation enzymes in epidithiodiketopiperazine alkaloids. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4132-4138. [PMID: 34163685 PMCID: PMC8179532 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06647h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) are a group of bioactive fungal natural products and structurally feature unique transannular disulfide bridges between α, α or α, β carbons. However, no enzyme has yet been demonstrated to catalyse α, β-disulfide bond formation in these molecules. Through genome mining and gene deletion approaches in Trichoderma hypoxylon, we identified a putative biosynthetic gene cluster of pretrichodermamide A (1), which requires a FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, TdaR, for the irregular α, β-disulfide formation in 1 biosynthesis. In vitro assays of TdaR, together with AclT involved in aspirochlorine and GliT involved in gliotoxin biosynthesis, proved that all three enzymes catalyse not only the conversion of red-pretrichodermamide A (4) to α, β-disulfide-containing 1 but also that of red-gliotoxin (5) to α, α-disulfide-containing gliotoxin (6). These results provide new insights into the thiol-disulfide oxidases responsible for the disulfide bond formation in natural products with significant substrate and catalytic promiscuities. A FAD-dependent oxidoreductase TdaR was responsible for α, β-disulfide formation in the biosynthesis of pretrichodermamide A. TdaR, together with its homologs AclT and GliT, catalysed not only α, α- but also α, β-disulfide formation in fungi.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Youcai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 P. R. China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Robert-Koch-Straße 4 Marburg 35037 Germany
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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11
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Cai F, Druzhinina IS. In honor of John Bissett: authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of Trichoderma. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractModern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standardized principles of species recognition, at least in a given taxonomic group. However, in fungi, species delimitation is frequently subjective because it depends on the choice of a species concept and the criteria selected by a taxonomist. Contrary to it, identification of fungal species is expected to be accurate and precise because it should predict the properties that are required for applications or that are relevant in pathology. The industrial and plant-beneficial fungi from the genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales) offer a suitable model to address this collision between species delimitation and species identification. A few decades ago, Trichoderma diversity was limited to a few dozen species. The introduction of molecular evolutionary methods resulted in the exponential expansion of Trichoderma taxonomy, with up to 50 new species recognized per year. Here, we have reviewed the genus-wide taxonomy of Trichoderma and compiled a complete inventory of all Trichoderma species and DNA barcoding material deposited in public databases (the inventory is available at the website of the International Subcommission on Taxonomy of Trichodermawww.trichoderma.info). Among the 375 species with valid names as of July 2020, 361 (96%) have been cultivated in vitro and DNA barcoded. Thus, we have developed a protocol for molecular identification of Trichoderma that requires analysis of the three DNA barcodes (ITS, tef1, and rpb2), and it is supported by online tools that are available on www.trichokey.info. We then used all the whole-genome sequenced (WGS) Trichoderma strains that are available in public databases to provide versatile practical examples of molecular identification, reveal shortcomings, and discuss possible ambiguities. Based on the Trichoderma example, this study shows why the identification of a fungal species is an intricate and laborious task that requires a background in mycology, molecular biological skills, training in molecular evolutionary analysis, and knowledge of taxonomic literature. We provide an in-depth discussion of species concepts that are applied in Trichoderma taxonomy, and conclude that these fungi are particularly suitable for the implementation of a polyphasic approach that was first introduced in Trichoderma taxonomy by John Bissett (1948–2020), whose work inspired the current study. We also propose a regulatory and unifying role of international commissions on the taxonomy of particular fungal groups. An important outcome of this work is the demonstration of an urgent need for cooperation between Trichoderma researchers to get prepared to the efficient use of the upcoming wave of Trichoderma genomic data.
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Scharf DH, Chankhamjon P, Scherlach K, Dworschak J, Heinekamp T, Roth M, Brakhage AA, Hertweck C. N-Heterocyclization in Gliotoxin Biosynthesis is Catalyzed by a Distinct Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:336-339. [PMID: 32835438 PMCID: PMC7891397 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gliotoxin and related epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETP) from diverse fungi feature highly functionalized hydroindole scaffolds with an array of medicinally and ecologically relevant activities. Mutation analysis, heterologous reconstitution, and biotransformation experiments revealed that a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (GliF) from the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus plays a key role in the formation of the complex heterocycle. In vitro assays using a biosynthetic precursor from a blocked mutant showed that GliF is specific to ETPs and catalyzes an unprecedented heterocyclization reaction that cannot be emulated with current synthetic methods. In silico analyses indicate that this rare biotransformation takes place in related ETP biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Scharf
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Department of MicrobiologyZhejiang University School of MedicineYuhangtang Road 866Hangzhou310058P. R. China
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthBinsheng Road 3333Hangzhou310052P. R. China
| | - Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Jan Dworschak
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Martin Roth
- Bio Pilot PlantLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
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13
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Jiang G, Zhang P, Ratnayake R, Yang G, Zhang Y, Zuo R, Powell M, Huguet-Tapia JC, Abboud KA, Dang LH, Teplitski M, Paul V, Xiao R, Ahammad KH, Zaman U, Hu Z, Cao S, Luesch H, Ding Y. Fungal Epithiodiketopiperazines Carrying α,β-Polysulfide Bridges from Penicillium steckii YE, and Their Chemical Interconversion. Chembiochem 2021; 22:416-422. [PMID: 32816319 PMCID: PMC7895331 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some fungal epithiodiketopiperazine alkaloids display α,β-polysulfide bridges alongside diverse structural variations. However, the logic of their chemical diversity has rarely been explored. Here, we report the identification of three new (2, 3, 8) and five known (1, 4-7) epithiodiketopiperazines of this subtype from a marine-derived Penicillium sp. The structure elucidation was supported by multiple spectroscopic analyses. Importantly, we observed multiple nonenzymatic interconversions of these analogues in aqueous solutions and organic solvents. Furthermore, the same biosynthetic origin of these compounds was supported by one mined gene cluster. The dominant analogue (1) demonstrated selective cytotoxicity to androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells and HIF-depleted colorectal cells and mild antiaging activities, linking the bioactivity to oxidative stress. These results provide crucial insight into the formation of fungal epithiodiketopiperazines through chemical interconversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangde Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Peilan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ranjala Ratnayake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ran Zuo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Magan Powell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - José C Huguet-Tapia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, FL, USA
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, FL, USA
| | - Long H Dang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA
| | - Max Teplitski
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Paul
- Smithsonian Marine Station at Ft., Pierce, 701 Seaway Drive, Ft. Pierce, 34949, FL, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Departments of Aging and Geriatric Research, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA
| | - K H Ahammad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Uz Zaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, 96720, USA
| | - Zhenquan Hu
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, 96720, USA
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Zhu M, Zhang X, Huang X, Wang H, Anjum K, Gu Q, Zhu T, Zhang G, Li D. Irregularly Bridged Epipolythiodioxopiperazines and Related Analogues: Sources, Structures, and Biological Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2045-2053. [PMID: 32543845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are a class of biologically active fungal secondary metabolites characterized by a bridged polysulfide piperazine ring. Regularly, the sulfide functionality is attached in the α-positions of the dioxopiperazine scaffold. However, ETPs possessing irregular sulfur bridges have rarely been explored. This review summarizes that 83 compounds of this subtype have been isolated and characterized since the discovery of gliovirin in 1982. Herein, particular emphasis is given to the isolation, chemistry, and biological activity of this subtype. For a better understanding, a relevant summary focusing on the source microorganisms and their taxonomy is provided and will help elucidate the fascinating chemistry and biology of these unusual ETPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuenan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Haotian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Komal Anjum
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojian Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
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Pachauri S, Sherkhane PD, Kumar V, Mukherjee PK. Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Major Deletions in the Genome of M7, a Gamma Ray-Induced Mutant of Trichoderma virens That Is Repressed in Conidiation, Secondary Metabolism, and Mycoparasitism. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1030. [PMID: 32595612 PMCID: PMC7303927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma virens is a commercial biofungicide used in agriculture. We have earlier isolated a mutant of T. virens using gamma ray-induced mutagenesis. This mutant, designated as M7, is defective in morphogenesis, secondary metabolism, and mycoparasitism. The mutant does not produce conidia, and the colony is hydrophilic. M7 cannot utilize cellulose and chitin as a sole carbon source and is unable to parasitize the plant pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum in confrontation assay. Several volatile (germacrenes, beta-caryophyllene, alloaromadendrene, gamma-muurolene) and non-volatile (viridin, viridiol, gliovirin, heptelidic acid) metabolites are not detected in M7. In transcriptome analysis, many genes related to secondary metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, hydrophobicity, and transportation, among others, were found to be downregulated in the mutant. Using whole genome sequencing, we identified five deletions in the mutant genome, totaling about 250 kb (encompassing 71 predicted ORFs), which was confirmed by PCR. This study provides novel insight into genetics of morphogenesis, secondary metabolism, and mycoparasitism and eventually could lead to the identification of novel regulators of beneficial traits in plant beneficial fungi Trichoderma spp. We also suggest that this mutant can be developed as a microbial cell factory for the production of secondary metabolites and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Pachauri
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Pramod D Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.,Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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16
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Bulgari D, Fiorini L, Gianoncelli A, Bertuzzi M, Gobbi E. Enlightening Gliotoxin Biological System in Agriculturally Relevant Trichoderma spp. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:200. [PMID: 32226413 PMCID: PMC7080844 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GT) is a dual fungal secondary metabolite (SM). It displays pleiotropic activities and possesses medicinal properties and biocontrol abilities but, unfortunately, has toxic properties in humans. Various Trichoderma species are used as fungal biological control agents (BCAs), as a sustainable alternative for crop protection worldwide. Among them is Trichoderma virens, a GT-producing fungus. Since no information was available on the genetically coded prerequisites for the production of GT in other Trichoderma spp., genome analyses were carried out in 10 Trichoderma spp. genomes. Moreover, a real-time PCR assay setup ad hoc and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were employed to understand the GT-producing biological systems in T. virens GV29-8 (TvGv29-8) and Trichoderma afroharzianum T6776 (TaT6776), two relevant biocontrol fungi. The structure of the GT biosynthesis genes (GT-BG) is polymorphic, with two distinct types associated with the ability to produce GT. GliH, a key protein for GT synthesis, is absent in most of the Trichoderma GT biosynthetic pathways, which may be the reason for their inability to produce GT. The GT-BG are expressed in TvGv29-8 as expected, while they are silent in TaT6776. Interestingly, in the GT-non-producing TaT6776, only gliA (putative GT transporter) and gtmA (putative GT S-methyltransferase) were induced by exogenous GT, underlining the ability of this strain to reduce the deleterious effect of the toxin. This ability is confirmed by growth assays and by the detection of the bis-thiomethylated form of GT catalyzed by GtmA in the culture medium supplemented with GT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first general description of the GT biological system in different Trichoderma spp. as far as the GT-BG content and organization is concerned and a preliminary insight into their functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bulgari
- Piattaforma di Microbiologia Agroalimentare ed Ambientale (Pi.Mi.A.A.), AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lisa Fiorini
- Piattaforma di Microbiologia Agroalimentare ed Ambientale (Pi.Mi.A.A.), AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Piattaforma di Proteomica, AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Bertuzzi
- Piattaforma di Proteomica, AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Gobbi
- Piattaforma di Microbiologia Agroalimentare ed Ambientale (Pi.Mi.A.A.), AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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17
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RamyaSree B, Jose PA, Divakar K. Fermentative Production of Secondary Metabolites from Bioengineered Fungal Species and Their Applications. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Mukherjee PK, Mehetre ST, Sherkhane PD, Muthukathan G, Ghosh A, Kotasthane AS, Khare N, Rathod P, Sharma KK, Nath R, Tewari AK, Bhattacharyya S, Arya M, Pathak D, Wasnikar AR, Tiwari RKS, Saxena DR. A Novel Seed-Dressing Formulation Based on an Improved Mutant Strain of Trichoderma virens, and Its Field Evaluation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1910. [PMID: 31543866 PMCID: PMC6730527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using gamma-ray-induced mutagenesis, we have developed a mutant (named G2) of Trichoderma virens that produced two- to three-fold excesses of secondary metabolites, including viridin, viridiol, and some yet-to-be identified compounds. Consequently, this mutant had improved antibiosis against the oomycete test pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. A transcriptome analysis of the mutant vis-à-vis the wild-type strain showed upregulation of several secondary-metabolism-related genes. In addition, many genes predicted to be involved in mycoparasitism and plant interactions were also upregulated. We used tamarind seeds as a mass multiplication medium in solid-state fermentation and, using talcum powder as a carrier, developed a novel seed dressing formulation. A comparative evaluation of the wild type and the mutant in greenhouse under high disease pressure (using the test pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii) revealed superiority of the mutant over wild type in protecting chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds and seedlings from infection. We then undertook extensive field evaluation (replicated micro-plot trials, on-farm demonstration trials, and large-scale trials in farmers' fields) of our mutant-based formulation (named TrichoBARC) for management of collar rot (S. rolfsii) in chickpea and lentil (Lens culinaris) over multiple locations in India. In certain experiments, other available formulations were included for comparison. This formulation consistently, over multiple locations and years, improved seed germination, reduced seedling mortality, and improved plant growth and yield. We also noticed growth promotion, improved pod bearing, and early flowering (7-10 days) in TrichoBARC-treated chickpea and lentil plants under field conditions. In toxicological studies in animal models, this formulation exhibited no toxicity to mammals, birds, or fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sayaji T Mehetre
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - P D Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Gopi Muthukathan
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Ananya Ghosh
- Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, India
| | - A S Kotasthane
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - N Khare
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - Parshuram Rathod
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - Kishan Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - Rajib Nath
- Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, India
| | - Anand K Tewari
- Department of Plant Pathology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | | | - Meenakshi Arya
- Department of Plant Pathology, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, India
| | - D Pathak
- Regional Agricultural Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Shillongani, India
| | - A R Wasnikar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, India
| | - R K S Tiwari
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - D R Saxena
- R.A.K. College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Sehore, India
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Zhao P, Xue Y, Li J, Li X, Zu X, Zhao Z, Quan C, Gao W, Feng S. Non-lipopeptide fungi-derived peptide antibiotics developed since 2000. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:651-673. [PMID: 31020454 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) are the smallest cyclopeptides and their basic structure includes a six-membered piperazine nucleus. Typical peptides lack a special functional group in the oligopeptide nucleus. Both are produced by at least 35 representative genera of fungi, and possess huge potential as pharmaceutical drugs and biocontrol agents. To date, only cyclosporin A has been developed into a commercial product. This review summarises 186 fungi-derived compounds reported since 2000. Antibiotic (antibacterial, antifungal, synergistic antifungal, antiviral, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, antileishmanial, insecticidal, antitrypanosomal, nematicidal and antimicroalgal) activities are discussed for 107 of them, including 66 DKPs (14 epipolythiodioxopiperazines, 20 polysulphide bridge-free thiodiketopiperazines, and 32 sulphur-free prenylated indole DKPs), 15 highly N-methylated, and 26 non-highly N-methylated typical peptides. Structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and research methods are covered in detail. Additionally, biosynthases of tardioxopiperazines and neoechinulins are highlighted. These compounds have attracted considerable interest within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yun Xue
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Jinghua Li
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xin Li
- Life Science College, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, 044000, China
| | - Xiangyang Zu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Zhanqin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Chunshan Quan
- Department of Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Weina Gao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Shuxiao Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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20
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Bansal R, Sherkhane PD, Oulkar D, Khan Z, Banerjee K, Mukherjee PK. The Viridin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster of Trichoderma virens
and Its Conservancy in the Bat White-Nose Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Pramod D. Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Dasharath Oulkar
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Zareen Khan
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
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