Revisiting Zeta Potential, the Key Feature of Interfacial Phenomena, with Applications and Recent Advancements

Genistein transfersome-embedded topical delivery system for skin melanoma treatment: in vitro and ex vivo evaluations

Skin melanoma is considered the most dangerous form of skin cancer due to its association with high risk of metastasis, high mortality rate and high resistance to different treatment options. Genistein is a natural isoflavonoid with known chemotherapeutic activity. Unfortunately, it has low bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility and excessive metabolism. In the current study, genistein was incorporated into transferosomal hydrogel to improve its bioavailability. The prepared transferosomal formulations were characterized regarding: particle size; polydispersity index; zeta potential; encapsulation efficiency; TEM; FTIR; DSC; XRD; in vitro drug release; viscosity; pH; ex vivo anti-tumor activity on 3D skin melanoma spheroids and 1-year stability study at different storage temperatures. The optimized formulation has high encapsulation efficiency with an excellent particle size that will facilitate its penetration through the skin. The transfersomes have a spherical shape with sustained drug release profile. The anti-tumor activity evaluation of genistein transfersome revealed that genistein is a potent chemotherapeutic agent with enhanced penetration ability through the melanoma spheroids when incorporated into transfersomes. Stability study results demonstrate the high physical and chemical stability of our formulations. All these outcomes provide evidence that our genistein transferosomal hydrogel is a promising treatment option for skin melanoma.

Size effect of ZIF-8 based nanocarrier pesticide delivery system on targeted release and insecticidal activity

BACKGROUND

Traditional chemical pesticides are easily lost by surface runoff and only small quantities reach the target, thus causing serious environmental pollution. In this work, dinotefuran@zeolitic imidazolate framework-8@polydopamine@zein (DNF@ZIF-8@PDA@zein), was constructed to deliver DNF with pH and enzyme double response of release, thereby achieving targeted release and efficient long-term pest control.

RESULTS

DNF@ZIF-8@PDA@zein was synthesized with three hydrated diameters (249.73 ± 9.99 nm, 142.94 ± 5.63 nm and 75.16 ± 4.66 nm, respectively). The release of DNF from DNF@ZIF-8@PDA@zein after 28 h was significantly higher at pH 5.0 (89.22 ± 7.18%) compared to that at pH 8 (81.8 ± 6.11%). Protease-assisted release of DNF was notably higher than that without protease (pH 5: 89.22 ± 5.55% versus 27.19 ± 3.22%; pH 8: 81.8 ± 6.11% versus 25.39 ± 3.87%). The stimuli-responsive release of DNF from DNF@ZIF-8@PDA@zein increased with decreased particle size due to increased pore size, reduced binding forces (i.e., weaker π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and Zn-N covalent bonding), and the shortening of diffusion path, leading to faster disintegration and drug release. Additionally, the anti-photolysis ability of DNF@ZIF-8@PDA@zein was 3.2 times that of pure DNF. The insecticidal activity improved with smaller nanoparticles due to higher drug release rate and greater inhibition of detoxification enzyme activity by more zinc ion (Zn2+) dissolution.

CONCLUSION

The pH and enzyme dual-responsive release as well as insecticidal activity of DNF@ZIF-8@PDA@zein increase with decreased nanoparticle size, showing effective pest management in long-term and potential application prospects in sustainable agriculture. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Bioconjugation of Serratiopeptidase with Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles: Improving Stability and Antibacterial Properties

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, necessitating the development of novel antibacterial strategies. Serratiopeptidase (SP), a metalloprotease produced by bacteria such as Serratia marcescens, has gained attention not only for its anti-inflammatory properties but also for its potential antibacterial activity. However, its protein nature makes it susceptible to pH changes and self-proteolysis, limiting its effectiveness. This study aimed to increase both the enzymatic stability and antibacterial activity of serratiopeptidase through immobilization on titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), leveraging the biocompatibility and stability of these nanomaterials. Commercial TiO2-NPs were characterized using TGA/DTG, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and XRD analyses, and their biocompatibility was assessed through cytotoxicity studies. Serratiopeptidase was produced via fermentation using the C8 isolate of Serratia marcescens obtained from the intestine of Bombyx mori L., purified chromatographically, and immobilized on carboxylated nanoparticles via EDC/NHS coupling at various pH conditions. The optimal enzymatic activity was achieved by using pH 5.1 for nanoparticle activation and pH 5.5 for enzyme coupling. The resulting bioconjugate demonstrated stable proteolytic activity at 25 °C for 48 h. Immobilization was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, and the Michaelis-Menten kinetics were determined. Notably, the bioconjugate exhibited two-fold greater antibacterial activity against E. coli than the free enzyme or TiO2-NPs at 1000 µg/mL. This study successfully developed a serratiopeptidase-TiO2 bioconjugate with enhanced enzymatic stability and antibacterial properties. The improved antibacterial activity of the immobilized enzyme presents a promising approach for developing new tools to combat antimicrobial resistance, with potential applications in healthcare, food safety, and environmental protection.

Elastin-Derived Peptide-Based Hydrogels as a Potential Drug Delivery System

A peptide-based hydrogel sequence was computationally predicted from the Ala-rich cross-linked domains of elastin. Three candidate peptides were subsequently synthesised and characterised as potential drug delivery vehicles. The elastin-derived peptides are Fmoc-FFAAAAKAA-NH2, Fmoc-FFAAAKAA-NH2, and Fmoc-FFAAAKAAA-NH2. All three peptide sequences were able to self-assemble into nanofibers. However, only the first two could form hydrogels, which are preferred as delivery systems compared to solutions. Both of these peptides also exhibited favourable nanofiber lengths of at least 1.86 and 4.57 µm, respectively, which are beneficial for the successful delivery and stability of drugs. The shorter fibre lengths of the third peptide (maximum 0.649 µm) could have inhibited their self-assembly into the three-dimensional networks crucial to hydrogel formation.

Fisetin-loaded pluronic-based nanogel: Radiation synthesis for alleviating neurocognitive impairments in a rat model of alzheimer's disease via modulation of the apoptotic cascade

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive impairment and memory loss. In this study, AD was experimentally induced in rats using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and D-galactose (D-gal). Fisetin (Fis), a natural compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has potential for neurodegeneration management, but its low bioavailability limits clinical applications. To address this, we synthesized and characterized Pluronic-2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (PLUR-PAMPS) nanogels using gamma radiation and successfully loaded Fis onto them (Fis-PLUR-PAMPS). The optimal formulation exhibited minimal particle size, a highly acceptable polydispersity index, and the highest zeta-potential, enhancing stability and solubilization efficiency. Our goal was to improve Fis's bioavailability and assess its efficacy against AlCl3/D-gal-induced AD. Male albino Wistar rats were pre-treated orally with Fis (40 mg/kg) or Fis-PLUR-PAMPS for seven days, followed by a seven-day intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3 and D-gal. Behavioral assessments, histopathological analysis, and biochemical evaluation of markers related to AD pathology were conducted. Results demonstrated that Fis-PLUR-PAMPS effectively mitigated cognitive impairments and neurodegenerative signs induced by AlCl3/D-gal. These findings suggest that Fis-PLUR-PAMPS nanogels enhance Fis's bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, offering a promising approach for AD management.

Therapeutic potential of limonene-based syringic acid nanoemulsion: Enhanced ex-vivo cutaneous deposition and clinical anti-psoriatic efficacy

Nanoemulsions have carved their position in topical delivery owing to their peculiar features of forming a uniform film on the skin and conquering stratum corneum barrier and hence fostering dermal penetration and retention. The present work developed syringic acid nanoemulsion (SA-NE) by spontaneous emulsification as an anti-psoriatic remedy via the dermal route. SA-NE were prepared with either lauroglycol90, limonene or their combination (oil phase) and tween80 (surfactant) with variable concentrations. The physicochemical characteristics of SA-NE were assessed together with Ex-vivo skin deposition and dermal toxicity. The effectiveness of optimal formula in psoriatic animal model and psoriatic patients was investigated using PASI scoring and dermoscope examination. Results showed that, SA-NE containing mixture of lauroglycol 90, limonene and 10 % tween80 (F5), was selected as the optimal formula presenting stable nanoemulsion for 2-month period, showing droplet size of 177.6 ± 13.23 nm, polydispersity index of 0.16 ± 0.06, zeta potential of -21.23 ± 0.41 mV. High SA% in different skin strata and no dermal irritation was noticed with limonene-based SA-NE also it showed high in-vitro anti- inflammatory potential compared to the blank and control formulations. A preclinical study demonstrated that limonene-based SA-NE is effective in alleviating psoriasis-like skin lesions against imiquimod-induced psoriasis in rats. Clinically, promising anti-psoriatic potential was asserted as all patients receiving F5 experienced better clinical improvement and response to therapy, achieving ≥ 50 % reduction in PASI scores versus only 35 % responders in the Dermovate® cream group. Collectively, the practical feasibility of limonene-based SA-NE topical delivery can boost curative functionality in the treatment of psoriatic lesions.

Transition Metal-Based Dimeric Metallosurfactants: From Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Structures and Low-Dimensional Magnets to Metallomicelles

The dimeric (gemini) as well as metallosurfactants exhibit enhanced physicochemical properties compared with conventional surfactants. By uniting the benefits of both, a series of novel dimeric metallosurfactants of the type (12-2-12)[MBr4] (M = Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) was successfully prepared by the reaction of the dimeric surfactant bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecyl)ethylene-1,2-diammonium dibromide, 12-2-12, and the MBr2 salt. Structures and magnetic properties of the materials were studied comprehensively in the solid state, while their micellization was explored in solution. The obtained results unveil that the incorporation and the choice of transition metal more significantly influence surfactants' structures ((12-2-12)2+ cations adopt V-, U-, or trans-conformations) and the magnetic features (metal ions form 1D or 2D magnetic lattice) than their solution properties. However, all synthesized metallosurfactants display improved self-assembly properties compared with the metal-free precursor. The investigated systems represent a fruitful platform for the development of multifunctional materials as they are simple to produce, can be obtained in high yields, and show advanced properties both in solution and in the solid state. Notably, this work unveils a simple approach to the design and synthesis of novel low-dimensional magnetic systems of great potential for future spintronic and optoelectronic devices.

A High Andean Hydrocolloid Extracted by Microatomization: Preliminary Optimization in Aqueous Stability

Aqueous suspensions rely on electrostatic interactions among suspended solids, posing a significant challenge to maintaining stability during storage, particularly in the food and pharmaceutical industries, where synthetic stabilizers are commonly employed. However, there is a growing interest in exploring new materials derived from natural and environmentally friendly sources. This study aimed to optimize the stability parameters of a novel Altoandino Nostoc Sphaericum hydrocolloid (NSH) extracted via micro atomization. Suspensions were prepared by varying the pH, gelatinization temperature and NSH dosage using a 23 factorial arrangement, resulting in eight treatments stored under non-controlled conditions for 20 days. Stability was assessed through turbidity, sedimentation (as sediment transmittance), ζ potential, particle size, color and UV-Vis scanning. Optimization of parameters was conducted using empirical equations, with evaluation based on the correlation coefficient (R2), average relative error (ARE) and X2. The suspensions exhibited high stability throughout the storage period, with optimized control parameters identified at a pH of 4.5, gelatinization temperature of 84.55 °C and NSH dosage of 0.08 g/L. Simulated values included turbidity (99.00%), sedimentation (72.34%), ζ potential (-25.64 mV), particle size (300.00 nm) and color index (-2.00), with simulated results aligning with practical application. These findings suggest the potential use of NSH as a substitute for commercial hydrocolloids, albeit with consideration for color limitations that require further investigation.

Nanosuspensions in ophthalmology: Overcoming challenges and enhancing drug delivery for eye diseases

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in using nanosuspensions for controlled drug delivery in ophthalmology. It highlights the significance of ophthalmic drug delivery due to the prevalence of eye diseases and delves into various aspects of this field. The article explores molecular mechanisms, drugs used, and physiological factors affecting drug absorption. It also addresses challenges in treating both anterior and posterior eye segments and investigates the role of mucus in obstructing micro- and nanosuspensions. Nanosuspensions are presented as a promising approach to enhance drug solubility and absorption, covering formulation, stability, properties, and functionalization. The review discusses the pros and cons of using nanosuspensions for ocular drug delivery and covers their structure, preparation, characterization, and applications. Several graphical representations illustrate their role in treating various eye conditions. Specific drug categories like anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamines, glucocorticoids, and more are discussed in detail, with relevant studies. The article also addresses current challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for improved nanosuspension stability and exploring potential technologies. Nanosuspensions have shown substantial potential in advancing ophthalmic drug delivery by enhancing solubility and absorption. This article is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical professionals in this field, offering insights into recent developments, challenges, and future prospects in nanosuspension use for ocular drug delivery.

Co-delivery of paclitaxel and curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for improved targeting of lung cancer: In vitro and in vivo investigation

The objective of this study was to develop nanotechnology-mediated paclitaxel (PAC) and curcumin (CUR) co-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (PAC-CUR-SLNs) for the treatment of lung cancer, which is a leading cause of death worldwide. Around 85 % cases of lungs cancer constitute non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PAC-CUR-SLNs were prepared via high pressure homogenization. The in vitro drug release of PAC-CUR-SLNs was checked followed by their in vitro cytotoxic investigation using adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) cell lines. Anticancer effects along with side effects of the synergistic delivery of PAC-CUR-SLNs were studied in vivo, using BALB/c mice. PAC-CUR-SLNs were nano sized (190 nm), homogeneously disseminated particles with %IE of both PAC and CUR above 94 %. PAC-CUR-SLNs released PAC and CUR in a controlled fashion when compared with free drug suspensions. The cytotoxicity of PAC-CUR-SLNs was higher than individual drug-loaded SLNs and pure drugs. Moreover, the co-delivery displayed synergistic effect, indicating potential of PAC-CUR-SLNs in lung cancer treatment. In vivo tumor investigation of PAC-CUR-SLNs exhibited 12-fold reduced tumor volume and almost no change in body weight of BALB/c mice, when compared with the experimental groups including control group. The inhibition of tumor rate on day 28 was 82.7 % in the PAC-CUR-SLNs group, which was significantly higher than the pure drugs and monotherapies. It can be concluded that, encapsulating the co-loaded antitumor drugs like PAC-CUR in SLNs may help in improved targeting of the tumor with enhanced anticancer effect.

Towards High-Performance Photo-Fenton Degradation of Organic Pollutants with Magnetite-Silver Composites: Synthesis, Catalytic Reactions and In Situ Insights

In this study, Fe3O4/Ag magnetite-silver (MSx) nanocomposites were investigated as catalysts for advanced oxidation processes by coupling the plasmonic effect of silver nanoparticles and the ferromagnetism of iron oxide species. A surfactant-free co-precipitation synthesis method yielded pure Fe3O4 magnetite and four types of MSx nanocomposites. Their characterisation included structural, compositional, morphological and optical analyses, revealing Fe3O4 magnetite and Ag silver phases with particle sizes ranging from 15 to 40 nm, increasing with the silver content. The heterostructures with silver reduced magnetite particle aggregation, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering. The UV-Vis spectra showed that the Fe:Ag ratio strongly influenced the absorbance, with a strong absorption band around 400 nm due to the silver phase. The oxidation kinetics of organic pollutants, monitored by in situ luminescence measurements using rhodamine B as a model system, demonstrated the higher performance of the developed catalysts with increasing Ag content. The specific surface area measurements highlighted the importance of active sites in the synergistic catalytic activity of Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposites in the photo-Fenton reaction. Finally, the straightforward fabrication of diverse Fe3O4/Ag heterostructures combining magnetism and plasmonic effects opens up promising possibilities for heterogeneous catalysis and environmental remediation.

Boosted photo-immunotherapy via near-infrared light excited phototherapy in tumor sites and photo-activation in sentinel lymph nodes

Phototherapy is a promising modality that could eradicate tumor and trigger immune responses via immunogenic cell death (ICD) to enhance anti-tumor immunity. However, due to the lack of deep-tissue-excitable phototherapeutic agents and appropriate excitation strategies, the utility of phototherapy for efficient activation of the immune system is challenging. Herein, we report functionalized ICG nanoparticles (NPs) with the capture capability of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Under near-infrared (NIR) light excitation, the ICG NPs exhibited high-performance phototherapy, i.e., synergistic photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, thereby efficiently eradicating primary solid tumor and inducing ICD and subsequently releasing TAAs. The ICG NPs also captured TAAs and delivered them to sentinel lymph nodes, and then the sentinel lymph nodes were activated with NIR light to trigger efficient T-cell immune responses through activation of dendritic cells with the assistance of ICG NP generated reactive oxygen species, inhibiting residual primary tumor recurrence and controlling distant tumor growth. The strategy of NIR light excited phototherapy in tumor sites and photo-activation in sentinel lymph nodes provides a powerful platform for active immune systems for anti-tumor photo-immunotherapy.

Synthesis, characterization, pharmacological and computational evaluation of hyaluronic acid modified chebulinic acid encapsulated chitosan nanocomposite for cancer therapy

The purpose of this study was to produce hyaluronic acid customized nanoparticles with chitosan for the delivery of chebulinic acid (CLA) to enhance its anticancer potential against breast cancer. A significant portion of CLA was encapsulated (89.72 ± 4.38 %) and loaded (43.15 ± 5.61 %) within hybrid nanoparticles. The colloidal hybrid nanoparticles demonstrated a polydispersity index (PDI) of about 0.379 ± 0.112, with zeta capacitance of 32.69 ± 5.12 (mV), and an average size of 115 ± 8 (nm). It was found that CLA-CT-HA-NPs had stronger anticancer effects on MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 8.18 ± 3.02 μM) than pure CLA (IC50 = 17.15 ± 5.11 μM). The initial cytotoxicity findings were supported by additional investigations based on comet assay and flow cytometry analysis. Tumor remission and survival were evaluated in five separate groups of mice. When juxtaposed with pure CLA (3.17 ± 0.419 %), CLA-CT-HA-NPs improved survival rates and reduced tumor burden by 3.76 ± 0.811(%). Furthermore, in-silico molecular docking investigations revealed that various biodegradable polymers had several levels of compatibility with CLA. The outcomes of this study might potentially served as an effective strategy for delivering drugs in the context of breast cancer therapy.

Zinc-doped hydroxyapatite as a pH responsive drug delivery system for anticancer drug 6-mercaptopurine

6-Mercaptopurine (6MP) is commonly used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia as an important agent in maintenance therapy. Despite its therapeutic benefits, 6MP has some limitations during therapy. Taking into account the disadvantages during 6MP therapy, there is a great need to create an appropriate delivery system for this drug. 6MP contains in its structure nitrogen and sulfur atoms capable of forming coordination compounds with metal ions, for example zinc. Therefore, in this work, we prepared biocompatible hydroxyapatite (HAp) doped with zinc ions, and used it as a carrier for 6MP. Doped HAp has not been used as a carrier for this drug before. The work proved that the prepared carrier-drug system has a particle size of about 130 nm, which indicates its potential for intravenous delivery. In addition, in an acidic environment (imitating cancer cells), the carrier agglomerates allow targeted release of the drug. The drug is evenly distributed, which indicates that the doses released from it will always be comparable. The release of the drug in a neutral environment is long-lasting in controlled doses, whereas in an acidic environment it is immediate. The obtained results indicate the high potential of the material in both slow-release and cancer-targeted release of 6MP.

The Control of the Expansion or Compression of Colloidal Crystals Lattice with Salt Solution

Tuning the lattice spacing or stop bands holds great significance in the design and application of materials with colloidal crystals. Typically, particle surface modifications or the application of external physical fields are needed. In this study, we demonstrated the ability to expand or compress the lattice of colloidal crystals simply by utilizing a salt solution, without the need for any special treatments to the colloidal particles. We found that by only considering the diffusiophoresis effect we cannot explain the reversion of lattice expansion to lattice compression with the increase in the salt concentration and that the diffusioosmotic flow originating from the container wall must be taken into account. Further analysis revealed that variations in the salt concentration altered the relative amplitudes between diffusiophoresis and diffusioosmosis through changing the zeta potentials of the particles and the wall, and the competition between the particle diffusiophoresis and wall diffusioosmosis lay at the center of the underlying mechanism.

Package delivered: folate receptor-mediated transporters in cancer therapy and diagnosis

Neoplasias pose a significant threat to aging society, underscoring the urgent need to overcome the limitations of traditional chemotherapy through pioneering strategies. Targeted drug delivery is an evolving frontier in cancer therapy, aiming to enhance treatment efficacy while mitigating undesirable side effects. One promising avenue utilizes cell membrane receptors like the folate receptor to guide drug transporters precisely to malignant cells. Based on the cellular folate receptor as a cancer cell hallmark, targeted nanocarriers and small molecule-drug conjugates have been developed that comprise different (bio) chemistries and/or mechanical properties with individual advantages and challenges. Such modern folic acid-conjugated stimuli-responsive drug transporters provide systemic drug delivery and controlled release, enabling reduced dosages, circumvention of drug resistance, and diminished adverse effects. Since the drug transporters' structure-based de novo design is increasingly relevant for precision cancer remediation and diagnosis, this review seeks to collect and debate the recent approaches to deliver therapeutics or diagnostics based on folic acid conjugated Trojan Horses and to facilitate the understanding of the relevant chemistry and biochemical pathways. Focusing exemplarily on brain and breast cancer, recent advances spanning 2017 to 2023 in conjugated nanocarriers and small molecule drug conjugates were considered, evaluating the chemical and biological aspects in order to improve accessibility to the field and to bridge chemical and biomedical points of view ultimately guiding future research in FR-targeted cancer therapy and diagnosis.

Fabrication and evaluation of anticancer potential of diosgenin incorporated chitosan-silver nanoparticles; in vitro, in silico and in vivo studies

The discovery of effective therapeutic approaches with minimum side effects and their tendency to completely eradicate the disease is the main challenge in the history of cancer treatment. Fenugreek (FGK) seeds are a rich source of phytochemicals, especially Diosgenin (DGN), which shows outstanding anticancer activities. In the present study, chitosan-silver nanoparticles (ChAgNPs) containing Diosgenin (DGN-ChAgNPs) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). For the physical characterization, the hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of DGN-ChAgNPs were determined to be 160.4 ± 12 nm and +37.19 ± 5.02 mV, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that nanoparticles shape was mostly round with smooth edges. Moreover, DGN was efficiently entrapped in nanoformulation with good entrapment efficacy (EE) of ~88 ± 4 %. The in vitro anti-proliferative activity of DGN-ChAgNPs was performed by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay with promising inhibitory concentration of 6.902 ± 2.79 μg/mL. DAPI staining, comet assay and flow cytometry were performed to validate the anticancer potential of DGN-ChAgNPs both qualitatively and quantitatively. The percentage of survival rate and tumor reduction weight was evaluated in vivo in different groups of mice. Cisplatin was used as a standard anticancer drug. The DGN-ChAgNPs (12.5 mg/kg) treated group revealed higher percentage of survival rate and tumor reduction weight as compared to pure DGN treated group. These findings suggest that DGN-ChAgNPs could be developed as potential treatment therapy for breast cancer.

Dynamic Light Scattering and Its Application to Control Nanoparticle Aggregation in Colloidal Systems: A Review

Colloidal systems and their control play an essential role in daily human activities, but several drawbacks lead to an avoidance of their extensive application in some more productive areas. Some roadblocks are a lack of knowledge regarding how to influence and address colloidal forces, as well as a lack of practical devices to understand these systems. This review focuses on applying dynamic light scattering (DLS) as a powerful tool for monitoring and characterizing nanoparticle aggregation dynamics. We started by outlining the core ideas behind DLS and how it may be used to examine colloidal particle size distribution and aggregation dynamics; then, in the last section, we included the options to control aggregation in the chemically processed toner. In addition, we pinpointed knowledge gaps and difficulties that obstruct the use of DLS in real-world situations. Although widely used, DLS has limits when dealing with complicated systems, including combinations of nanoparticles, high concentrations, and non-spherical particles. We discussed these issues and offered possible solutions and the incorporation of supplementary characterization approaches. Finally, we emphasized how critical it is to close the gap between fundamental studies of nanoparticle aggregation and their translation into real-world applications, recognizing challenges in colloidal science.

Nanoreporter Identifies Lysosomal Storage Disease Lipid Accumulation Intracranially

Dysregulated lipid metabolism contributes to neurodegenerative pathologies and neurological decline in lysosomal storage disorders as well as more common neurodegenerative diseases. Niemann-Pick type A (NPA) is a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease characterized by abnormal sphingomyelin accumulation in the endolysosomal lumen. The ability to monitor abnormalities in lipid homeostasis intracranially could improve basic investigations and the development of effective treatment strategies. We investigated the carbon nanotube-based detection of intracranial lipid content. We found that the near-infrared emission of a carbon nanotube-based lipid sensor responds to lipid accumulation in neuronal and in vivo models of NPA. The nanosensor detected lipid accumulation intracranially in an acid sphingomyelinase knockout mouse via noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy. This work indicates a tool to improve drug development processes in NPA, other lysosomal storage diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Gelled Liquid Crystal Nanocarriers for Improved Antioxidant Activity of Resveratrol

As many natural origin antioxidants, resveratrol is characterized by non-suitable physicochemical properties for its topical application. To allow its benefits to manifest on human skin, resveratrol has been entrapped within liquid crystal nanocarriers (LCNs) made up of glyceryl monooleate, a penetration enhancer, and DSPE-PEG 750. The nanosystems have been more deeply characterized by using dynamic light scattering and Turbiscan Lab® Expert optical analyzer, and they have been tested in vitro on NCTC 2544. The improved antioxidant activity of entrapped resveratrol was evaluated on keratinocyte cells as a function of its concentration. Finally, to really propose the resveratrol-loaded LCNs for topical use, the systems were gelled by using two different gelling agents, poloxamer P407 and carboxymethyl cellulose, to improve the contact time between skin and formulation. The rheological features of obtained gels were evaluated using two important methods (microrheology at rest and dynamic rheology), before testing their safety profile on human healthy volunteers. The obtained results showed the ability of LCNs to improve antioxidant activity of RSV and the gelled LCNs showed good rheological profiles. In conclusion, the results confirmed the potentiality of gelled resveratrol-loaded nanosystems for skin disease, mainly related to their antioxidant effects.

Smartphone-enabled colorimetric visual quantification of highly hazardous trivalent chromium ions in environmental waters and catalytic reduction of p-nitroaniline by thiol-functionalized gold nanoparticles

High-efficiency sensing systems for extremely hazardous chromium (Cr(III)) ions are important due to their detrimental effects on human health and the environment. We employed a spectrophotometric method combined with a smartphone (red, green, and blue (RGB) color ratio)-based detection platform to realize the quick, visually quantifiable in situ detection of Cr(III) ions using surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-aided colorimetry. For optical sensing nanoprobes, we synthesized the 2-Mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (MMT)-modified gold nanoparticles (MMT-AuNPs) using a wet chemical method. By way of a coordination reaction, the Cr(III) ions induce the as-prepared MMT-AuNPs to aggregate and subsequently change the SPR wavelength band. The freshly synthesized MMT-AuNPs exhibited a wine-red color. While Cr(III) ions interact with the MMT-AuNPs, the color of the latter evolved from wine red to purple, thus facilitating visual monitoring. The SPR-relevant color change allowed the quantitative sensing of Cr(III) ions in the range of 40-128 nM, with the limit of detection of 6.93 nM when employing the spectrophotometric method and 12.4 nM when using the smartphone RGB color ratio. Furthermore, we developed the spectrophotometric technique that used the smartphone RGB color ratio for on-site analysis of Cr(III) ions in environmental water samples, indicating the possibility of its chemo-sensing applications for portable quantitative detection devices. Additionally, the catalytic performance of the MMT-AuNPs was demonstrated by the reduction of p-nitroaniline in the presence of sodium borohydride. It was interestingly unveiled that the MMT-AuNPs showed outstanding catalytic performance with a catalytic rate constant of 6.31 × 10-3 s-1.

In vitro-in vivo assessments of apocynin-hybrid nanoparticle-based gel as an effective nanophytomedicine for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Apocynin (APO), a well-known bioactive plant-based phenolic phytochemical with renowned anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pharmacological activities, has recently emerged as a specific nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor. As far as we know, no information has been issued yet regarding its topical application as a nanostructured-based delivery system. Herein, APO-loaded Compritol® 888 ATO (lipid)/chitosan (polymer) hybrid nanoparticles (APO-loaded CPT/CS hybrid NPs) were successfully developed, characterized, and optimized, adopting a fully randomized design (32) with two independent active parameters (IAPs), namely, CPT amount (XA) and Pluronic® F-68 (PF-68) concentration (XB), at three levels. Further in vitro-ex vivo investigation of the optimized formulation was performed before its incorporation into a gel base matrix to prolong its residence time with consequent therapeutic efficacy enhancement. Subsequently, scrupulous ex vivo-in vivo evaluations of APO-hybrid NPs-based gel (containing the optimized formulation) to scout out its momentous activity as a topical nanostructured system for beneficial remedy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were performed. Imperatively, the results support an anticipated effectual therapeutic activity of the APO-hybrid NPs-based gel formulation against Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CFA-induced RA) in rats. In conclusion, APO-hybrid NPs-based gel could be considered a promising topical nanostructured system to break new ground for phytopharmaceutical medical involvement in inflammatory-dependent ailments.

The Rise of Electroactive Materials in Face Masks for Preventing Virus Infections

Air-transmitted pathogens may cause severe epidemics, posing considerable threats to public health and safety. Wearing a face mask is one of the most effective ways to prevent respiratory virus infection transmission. Especially since the new coronavirus pandemic, electroactive materials have received much attention in antiviral face masks due to their highly efficient antiviral capabilities, flexible structural design, excellent sustainability, and outstanding safety. This review first introduces the mechanism for preventing viral infection or the inactivation of viruses by electroactive materials. Then, the applications of electrostatic-, conductive-, triboelectric-, and microbattery-based materials in face masks are described in detail. Finally, the problems of various electroactive antiviral materials are summarized, and the prospects for their future development directions are discussed. In conclusion, electroactive materials have attracted great attention for antiviral face masks, and this review will provide a reference for materials scientists and engineers in antiviral materials and interfaces.

Biocompatibility Evaluation of TiO2, Fe3O4, and TiO2/Fe3O4 Nanomaterials: Insights into Potential Toxic Effects in Erythrocytes and HepG2 Cells

Nanomaterials such as titanium dioxide and magnetite are increasingly used in several fields, such as water remediation and agriculture. However, this has raised environmental concerns due to potential exposure to organisms like humans. Nanomaterials can cause adverse interactions depending on physicochemical characteristics, like size, morphology, and composition, when interacting with living beings. To ensure safe use and prevent the risk of exposure to nanomaterials, their biocompatibility must be assessed. In vitro cell cultures are beneficial for assessing nanomaterial-cell interactions due to their easy handling. The present study evaluated the biocompatibility of TiO2, Fe3O4, and TiO2/Fe3O4 nanomaterials thermally treated at 350 °C and 450 °C in erythrocytes and HepG2 cells. According to the hemolysis experiments, non-thermally treated NMs are toxic (>5% hemolysis), but their thermally treated counterparts do not present toxicity (<2%). This behavior indicates that the toxicity derives from some precursor (solvent or surfactant) used in the synthesis of the nanomaterials. All the thermally treated nanomaterials did not show hemolytic activity under different conditions, such as low-light exposure or the absence of blood plasma proteins. In contrast, non-thermally treated nanomaterials showed a high hemolytic behavior, which was reduced after the purification (washing and thermal treatment) of nanomaterials, indicating the presence of surfactant residue used during synthesis. An MTS cell viability assay shows that calcined nanomaterials do not reduce cell viability (>11%) during 24 h of exposure. On the other hand, a lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay resulted in a higher variability, indicating that several nanomaterials did not cause an increase in cell death as compared to the control. However, a holotomographic microscopy analysis reveals a high accumulation of nanomaterials in the cell structure at a low concentration (10 µg mL-1), altering cell morphology, which could lead to cell membrane damage and cell viability reduction.

Formulation and optimization of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with riolozatrione: a promising nanoformulation with potential antiherpetic activity

Riolozatrione (RZ) is a diterpenoid compound isolated from a dichloromethane extract of the Jatropha dioica root. This compound has been shown to possess moderate antiherpetic activity in vitro. However, because of the poor solubility of this compound in aqueous vehicles, generating a stable formulation for potential use in the treatment of infection is challenging. The aim of this work was to optimize and physio-chemically characterize Eudragit® L100-55-based polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with RZ (NPR) for in vitro antiherpetic application. The NPs formulation was initially optimized using the dichloromethane extract of J. dioica, the major component of which was RZ. The optimized NPR formulation was stable, with a size of 263 nm, polydispersity index < 0.2, the zeta potential of -37 mV, and RZ encapsulation efficiency of 89 %. The NPR showed sustained release of RZ for 48 h with release percentages of 95 and 97 % at neutral and slightly acidic pH, respectively. Regarding in vitro antiherpetic activity, the optimized NPR showed a selectivity index for HSV-1 of ≈16 and for HSV-2 of 13.

Fabrication and Characterization of Apple-Pectin-PVA-Based Nanofibers for Improved Viability of Probiotics

In the current study, apple-pectin-based novel nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and apple pectin (PEC) solution were mixed to obtain an optimized ratio for the preparation of electrospun nanofibers. The obtained nanofibers were characterized for their physiochemical, mechanical and thermal properties. The nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, an assay of the in vitro viability of free and encapsulated probiotics was carried out under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The results of TGA revealed that the PVA/PEC nanofibers had good thermal stability. The probiotics encapsulated by electrospinning showed a high survival rate as compared to free cells under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Furthermore, encapsulated probiotics and free cells showed a 3 log (cfu/mL) and 10 log (cfu/mL) reduction, respectively, from 30 to 120 min of simulated digestion. These findings indicate that the PVA/PEC-based nanofibers have good barrier properties and could potentially be used for the improved viability of probiotics under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in the development of functional foods.

Fabrication and Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Eugenol Incorporated Chitosan-Silver Nanocomposites: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies

The expanding global cancer burden necessitates a comprehensive strategy to promote possible therapeutic interventions. Nanomedicine is a cutting-edge approach for treating cancer with minimal adverse effects. In the present study, chitosan-silver nanoparticles (ChAgNPs) containing Eugenol (EGN) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The physical, pharmacological, and molecular docking studies were used to characterize these nanoparticles. EGN had been effectively entrapped into hybrid NPs (84 ± 7%). The EGN-ChAgNPs had a diameter of 128 ± 14 nm, a PDI of 0.472 ± 0.118, and a zeta potential of 30.58 ± 6.92 mV. Anticancer activity was measured in vitro using an SRB assay, and the findings revealed that EGN-ChAgNPs demonstrated stronger anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 14.87 ± 5.34 µg/ml) than pure EGN (30.72 ± 4.91 µg/ml). To support initial cytotoxicity findings, advanced procedures such as cell cycle analysis and genotoxicity were performed. Tumor weight reduction and survival rate were determined using different groups of mice. Both survival rates and tumor weight reduction were higher in the EGN-ChAgNPs (12.5 mg/kg) treated group than in the pure EGN treated group. Based on protein-ligand interactions, it might be proposed that eugenol had a favorable interaction with Aurora Kinase A. It was observed that C9 had the highest HYDE score of any sample, measuring at -6.8 kJ/mol. These results, in conjunction with physical and pharmacological evaluations, implies that EGN-ChAgNPs may be a suitable drug delivery method for treating breast cancer in a safe and efficient way.

Amino-Termination of Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles

Silicon carbide nanoparticles (SiC NPs) are promising inorganic molecular-sized fluorescent biomarkers. It is imperative to develop methods to functionalize SiC NPs for certain biological applications. One possible route is to form amino groups on the surface, which can be readily used to attach target biomolecules. Here, we report direct amino-termination of aqueous SiC NPs. We demonstrate the applicability of the amino-terminated SiC NPs by attaching bovine serum albumin as a model for functionalization. We monitor the optical properties of the SiC NPs in this process and find that the fluorescence intensity is very sensitive to surface termination. Our finding may have implications for a few nanometers sized SiC NPs containing paramagnetic color centers with optically read electron spins.

Mesoporous Silica Modified with Polydopamine and Zinc Ions as a Potential Carrier in the Controlled Release of Mercaptopurine

Mercaptopurine is one of the drugs used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A problem with mercaptopurine therapy is its low bioavailability. This problem can be solved by preparing the carrier that releases the drug in lower doses but over a longer period of time. In this work, polydopamine-modified mesoporous silica with adsorbed zinc ions was used as a drug carrier. SEM images confirm the synthesis of spherical carrier particles. The particle size is close to 200 nm, allowing for its use in intravenous delivery. The zeta potential values for the drug carrier indicate that it is not prone to agglomeration. The effectiveness of drug sorption is indicated by a decrease in the zeta potential and new bands in the FT-IR spectra. The drug was released from the carrier for 15 h, so all of the drug can be released during circulation in the bloodstream. The release of the drug from the carrier was sustained, and no 'burst release' was observed. The material also released small amounts of zinc, which are important in the treatment of the disease because these ions can prevent some of the adverse effects of chemotherapy. The results obtained are promising and have great application potential.

Simultaneously enhancement in the assimilation of microalgal nitrogen and the accumulation of carbohydrate by Debaryomyces hansenii

Microalgae-based techniques are considered an alternative to traditional activated sludge processes for removing nitrogen from wastewater. Bacteria consortia have been broadly conducted as one of the most important partners. However, fungal effects on the removal of nutrients and changes in physiological properties of microalgae, and their impact mechanisms remain unclear. The current work demonstrates that, adding fungi increased the nitrogen assimilation of microalgae and the generation of carbohydrates compared to pure microalgal cultivation. The NH₄⁺-N removal efficiency was 95.0% within 48 h using the microalgae-fungi system. At 48 h, total sugars (glucose, xylose, and arabinose) accounted for 24.2 ± 4.2% per dry weight in the microalgae-fungi group. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that, among various processes, phosphorylation and carbohydrate metabolic processes were more prominent. Gene encoding the key enzymes of glycolysis, pyruvate kinase, and phosphofructokinase were significantly up-regulated. Overall, for the first time, this study provides new insights into the art of microalgae-fungi consortia for producing value-added metabolites.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles against Food-Borne Pathogens

Selenium is an essential micronutrient for all mammals and plays an important role in maintaining human physiological functions. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been shown to demonstrate antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The objective of this study was to explore whether SeNPs have the potential to be used as food preservatives with which to reduce food spoilage. SeNPs were synthesized through ascorbic acid reduction of sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a capping and stabilizing agent. The chemically synthesized SeNPs had a spherical conformation with an average diameter of 22.8 ± 4.7 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed that the nanoparticles were covered with BSA. We further tested the antibacterial activity of these SeNPs against ten common food-borne bacteria. A colony-forming unit assay showed that SeNPs exhibited inhibition on the growth of Listeria Monocytogens (ATCC15313) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 700583) starting at 0.5 µg/mL, but higher concentrations were required to slow down the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC12600), Vibrio alginolyticus (ATCC 33787), and Salmonella enterica (ATCC19585). No inhibition was observed on the growth of the other five test bacteria in our study. Our data suggested that the chemically synthesized SeNPs were able to inhibit the growth of some food-borne bacteria. The size and shape of SeNPs, method of synthesis, and combination of SeNPs with other food preservatives should be considered when SeNPs are to be used for the prevention of bacteria-mediated food spoilage.

Oil-Based Double Emulsion Microcarriers for Enhanced Stability and Bioaccessibility of Betalains and Phenolic Compounds from Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Green Extracts

Opuntia cactus fruit (prickly pear flesh and agricultural residues such as peels and stalks) is an important source of bioactive compounds, including betalains and phenolic compounds. In this work, two double emulsion W₁/O/W₂ formulations (A and B) were designed to encapsulate green extracts rich in betalains and phenolic compounds obtained from Opuntia stricta var. dillenii (OPD) fruits with the aim of improving their stability and protecting them during the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process. In addition, the characterization of the double emulsions was studied by microscopy and the evaluation of their physical and physico-chemical parameters. Formulation A, based on Tween 20, showed smaller droplets (1.75 µm) and a higher physical stability than Formulation B, which was achieved with sodium caseinate (29.03 µm). Regarding the encapsulation efficiency of the individual bioactives, betalains showed the highest values (73.7 ± 6.7 to 96.9 ± 3.3%), followed by flavonoids (68.2 ± 5.9 to 95.9 ± 7.7%) and piscidic acid (71 ± 1.3 to 70.2 ± 5.7%) depending on the formulation and the bioactive compound. In vitro digestive stability and bioaccessibility of the individual bioactives increased when extracts were encapsulated for both formulations (67.1 to 253.1%) in comparison with the non-encapsulated ones (30.1 to 64.3%), except for neobetanin. Both formulations could be considered as appropriate microcarrier systems for green OPD extracts, especially formulation A. Further studies need to be conducted about the incorporation of these formulations to develop healthier foods.

An overview of descriptors to capture protein properties - Tools and perspectives in the context of QSAR modeling

Proteins are important ingredients in food and feed, they are the active components of many pharmaceutical products, and they are necessary, in the form of enzymes, for the success of many technical processes. However, production can be challenging, especially when using heterologous host cells such as bacteria to express and assemble recombinant mammalian proteins. The manufacturability of proteins can be hindered by low solubility, a tendency to aggregate, or inefficient purification. Tools such as in silico protein engineering and models that predict separation criteria can overcome these issues but usually require the complex shape and surface properties of proteins to be represented by a small number of quantitative numeric values known as descriptors, as similarly used to capture the features of small molecules. Here, we review the current status of protein descriptors, especially for application in quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models. First, we describe the complexity of proteins and the properties that descriptors must accommodate. Then we introduce descriptors of shape and surface properties that quantify the global and local features of proteins. Finally, we highlight the current limitations of protein descriptors and propose strategies for the derivation of novel protein descriptors that are more informative.

Nanocomposite of chitosan/gelatin/carbon quantum dots as a biocompatible and efficient nanocarrier for improving the Curcumin delivery restrictions to treat brain cancer

Curcumin (CUR) is among the most appropriate and natural-based anticancer drugs that can be applied effectively treat different classes of cancers. However, CUR suffers from a low half-life and stability in the body, which has restricted the efficacy of its delivery applications. This study is dedicated to introducing the pH-sensitive nanocomposite of chitosan (CS)/gelatin (GE)/carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as an applicable nanocarrier for enhancing CUR half-life and its delivery restrictions. The CS/GE hydrogel was synthesized by the physical crosslinking method, which improves the biocompatibility of this hydrogel. Moreover, the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion approach is involved in fabricating the drug-loaded CS/GE/CQDs@CUR nanocomposite. Afterward, drug encapsulation (EE) and loading efficiencies (LE) have been determined. Furthermore, FTIR and XRD assessments were performed to confirm the CUR incorporation into the prepared nanocarrier and crystalline features of the nanoparticles. Then, by employing Zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, the size distribution and stability of the drug-loaded nanocomposites have been assessed, which indicated monodisperse and stable nanoparticles. Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was utilized that confirmed the homogeneous distribution of the nanoparticles with smooth and quite spherical structures. In vitro drug release pattern was studied and the kinetic analysis was performed using a curve fitting technique to determine the governing release mechanism at both acidic pH and physiological conditions. The obtained outcomes from release data revealed a controlled release behavior with a 22-hour half-life, while the EE% and EL% were acquired at 46.75 % and 87.5 %, respectively. In addition, the MTT assay has been carried out on U-87 MG cell lines to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the nanocomposite. The findings showed that the fabricated nanocomposite of CS/GE/CQDs can be assumed as a biocompatible CUR nanocarrier, while the drug-loaded nanocomposite of CS/GE/CQDs@CUR showed enhanced cytotoxicity compared to the pure CUR. Based on the obtained results, this study suggests the CS/GE/CQDs nanocomposite as a biocompatible and potential nanocarrier for ameliorating CUR delivery restrictions to treat brain cancers.

Critical parameters influencing the continuous performance of upflow microbubble airlift photocatalytic process treating pharmaceutical pollutants

The advances in heterogeneous photocatalysts are still confined to evaluating the functional photocatalytic activity of catalysts in simple batch-mode operation. Nevertheless, the long-term stability, recovery-reusability, and cost-effectiveness of photocatalysts are critical issues in practical applications for pollution control. This study examined the critical parameters to improve the photocatalytic degradation activity of the antibiotic tetracycline and strategized successful continuous performance in a two-stage photocatalytic process adopting sequencing batch-mode microbubble upflow airlift reactor (UALR) followed by the centrifugal separation of CdS nanoparticles (NPs). The most effective strategy for NPs separation was a sequential combination of gravity separation (10 min settling) in the settling phase and subsequent high-speed centrifugation (5 min at 25,000×g) of the settled NPs sediments, providing an economic benefit by reducing the centrifugation capacity. During steady state operation under the optimal conditions, the UALR showed reliable performance, resulting in 97-91% and 85-81% degradation efficiency at 60- and 30-min reaction time per cycle, respectively. A weak basic condition (pH 8) and dissolved oxygen (DO) supplementation increased the photocatalytic activity by 12% (0.0292 min^-1) and 30% (0.0363 min^-1) compared to the control. Trapping studies confirmed the enhanced performance using various reactive oxygen species scavengers, revealing an increase in ^•OH generation (6.5%).

Ion-Doped Calcium Phosphate-Based Coatings with Antibacterial Properties

Ion-substituted calcium phosphate (CP) coatings have been extensively studied as promising materials for biomedical implants due to their ability to enhance biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and bone formation. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art in ion-doped CP-based coatings for orthopaedic and dental implant applications. Specifically, this review evaluates the effects of ion addition on the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of CP coatings. The review also identifies the contribution and additional effects (in a separate or a synergistic way) of different components used together with ion-doped CP for advanced composite coatings. In the final part, the effects of antibacterial coatings on specific bacteria strains are reported. The present review could be of interest to researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals involved in the development and application of CP coatings for orthopaedic and dental implants.

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles for reducing the damage to sperm parameters in diabetic compared to metformin

The present study used physics to synthesize silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of fresh garlic as reducing and as a stabilizing agent silver nitrate solution. This method has proven to be environmentally friendly and safe for the synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles. The acquisition of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by optical detection, that is, by changing the color of the liquid to transparent orange and then blackish brown. Then, the characterization was confirmed using other assays. In this study, it was found that the absorption peak of silver nanoparticles was at a wavelength of 420 nm and the particle size ranged between [50-350] nm. The surface roughness of silver oxide/silver nanoparticles was 9.32 nm with an average square roughness of 21.19 nm, and the energy dispersive spectra showed that the absorption peak was in the region of 3 keV, indicating that the nanoparticles contained crystalline silver. In this study, the stability of the silver nanoparticles was good, as ZP reached (- 19.5). The results confirm that the conductivity increases with the increase in frequency due to the high energy of the photons, which causes the electrons to vibrate in the energy levels and thus increase the energy in the mitochondria and increase the movement of sperm in the Diabetic mice treated with doses of silver nanoparticles. The toxic effect of silver nanoparticles has been evaluated in other studies, in addition to evaluating antioxidants, antifungals, treating cancer cells, regulating cholesterol levels, the effect of these nanoparticles on sex cells in pregnant female mice, heart tension, and many other tests. In this study, the activities and efficacy of silver nanoparticles on sperms were determined in male mice with diabetes caused by STZ, and the treatment period was long (35 days) so that the evaluation period was a complete life cycle of male sex cells and within a long period of time and at an average nano size. This has not been studied in other previous studies. The results indicate that the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using garlic plant led to positive results on sperm treatments by contributing to an increase in the number of sperm with reactivation and a decrease in abnormalities in addition to a decrease in mortality due to diabetes. This is evidence that the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using garlic plant size (50-350 nm) can treat impotence and be used in the future in the treatment of many diseases without side effects.

A novel enzyme-free long-lasting chemiluminescence system based on a luminol functionalized β-cyclodextrin hydrogel for sensitive detection of H2O2 in urine and cells

A novel long-lasting chemiluminescent (CL) hydrogel (β-CD@luminol-Co²⁺) was synthesized by embedding luminol and cobalt ions (Co²⁺) into β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) through non-covalent interactions. Due to its porous structure and viscosity, the synthesized β-CD@luminol-Co²⁺ hydrogel exhibited long-lasting CL properties and can emit light for 12 h under both alkaline and neutral conditions. In addition, the CL intensities of β-CD@luminol-Co²⁺ were linear with the logarithm of the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10^-11-1.0 × 10^-7 M, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.63 × 10^-11 M and 0.85 × 10^-11 M under alkaline and neutral conditions, respectively. On this basis, an enzyme-free CL sensor based on β-CD@luminol-Co²⁺ was fabricated for the sensitive detection of H₂O₂ in human urine samples under alkaline conditions, and showed good accuracy and recovery. Since β-CD@luminol-Co²⁺ showed good CL properties under neutral conditions, it can be applied to detect H₂O₂ in cells. In order to prolong the emission wavelength of β-CD@luminol-Co²⁺ for better cell imaging, β-CD@luminol-FL-Co²⁺ was prepared by adding fluorescein (FL) to β-CD@luminol-Co²⁺. The as-prepared β-CD@luminol-FL-Co²⁺ also displayed long-lasting CL properties and showed a linear relationship with H₂O₂ concentrations. In addition, the maximum emission wavelength of β-CD@luminol-FL-Co²⁺ was 520 nm, which was red-shifted by 95 nm compared with β-CD@luminol-Co²⁺. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay results and confocal microscopy images illustrated that β-CD@luminol-FL-Co²⁺ had low toxicity and can be taken up by A549 cells. Finally, β-CD@luminol-FL-Co²⁺ was successfully applied for CL imaging and detection of intracellular H₂O₂ in A549 cells under neutral conditions. This enzyme-free long-lasting CL system with high sensitivity can also be extended to real-time monitoring of H₂O₂in vivo.

In Vitro Hemocompatibility and Genotoxicity Evaluation of Dual-Labeled [99mTc]Tc-FITC-Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Nuclear imaging is a highly sensitive and noninvasive imaging technique that has become essential for medical diagnosis. The use of radiolabeled nanomaterials capable of acting as imaging probes has shown rapid development in recent years as a powerful, highly sensitive, and noninvasive tool. In addition, quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images performed by incorporating radioisotopes into nanoparticles (NPs) might improve the evaluation and the validation of potential clinical treatments. In this work, we present a direct method for [99mTc]Tc-radiolabeling of FITC-tagged silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFN). NPs were characterized by means of dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro studies were carried out, including the evaluation of stability in biological media and the evaluation of hemocompatibility and genotoxicity using the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. The radiolabeling method was reproducible and robust with high radiolabeling efficiency (∼95%) and high stability in biological media. Hydrodynamic properties of the radiolabeled NPs remain stable after dual labeling. The interaction of SFN with blood elicits a mild host response, as expected. Furthermore, CBMN assay did not show genotoxicity induced by [99mTc]Tc-FITC-SFN under the described conditions. In conclusion, a feasible and robust dual-labeling method has been developed whose applicability has been demonstrated in vitro, showing its value for further investigations of silk fibroin NPs biodistribution in vivo.

Solid-state synthesis of UV-plasmonic Cr2N nanoparticles

Materials that exhibit plasmonic response in the UV region can be advantageous for many applications, such as biological photodegradation, photocatalysis, disinfection, and bioimaging. Transition metal nitrides have recently emerged as chemically and thermally stable alternatives to metal-based plasmonic materials. However, most free-standing nitride nanostructures explored so far have plasmonic responses in the visible and near-IR regions. Herein, we report the synthesis of UV-plasmonic Cr₂N nanoparticles using a solid-state nitridation reaction. The nanoparticles had an average diameter of 9 ± 5 nm and a positively charged surface that yields stable colloidal suspension. The particles were composed of a crystalline nitride core and an amorphous oxide/oxynitride shell whose thickness varied between 1 and 7 nm. Calculations performed using the finite element method predicted the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) for these nanoparticles to be in the UV-C region (100-280 nm). While a distinctive LSPR peak could not be observed using absorbance measurements, low-loss electron energy loss spectroscopy showed the presence of surface plasmons between 80 and 250 nm (or ∼5 to 15 eV) and bulk plasmons centered around 50-62 nm (or ∼20 to 25 eV). Plasmonic coupling was also observed between the nanoparticles, resulting in resonances between 250 and 400 nm (or ∼2.5 to 5 eV).

Hydrodynamic and Polyelectrolyte Properties of Actin Filaments: Theory and Experiments

Actin filament’s polyelectrolyte and hydrodynamic properties, their interactions with the biological environment, and external force fields play an essential role in their biological activities in eukaryotic cellular processes. In this article, we introduce a unique approach that combines dynamics and electrophoresis light-scattering experiments, an extended semiflexible worm-like chain model, and an asymmetric polymer length distribution theory to characterize the polyelectrolyte and hydrodynamic properties of actin filaments in aqueous electrolyte solutions. A fitting approach was used to optimize the theories and filament models for hydrodynamic conditions. We used the same sample and experimental conditions and considered several g-actin and polymerization buffers to elucidate the impact of their chemical composition, reducing agents, pH values, and ionic strengths on the filament translational diffusion coefficient, electrophoretic mobility, structure factor, asymmetric length distribution, effective filament diameter, electric charge, zeta potential, and semiflexibility. Compared to those values obtained from molecular structure models, our results revealed a lower value of the effective G-actin charge and a more significant value of the effective filament diameter due to the formation of the double layer of the electrolyte surrounding the filaments. Contrary to the data usually reported from electron micrographs, the lower values of our results for the persistence length and average contour filament length agree with the significant difference in the association rates at the filament ends that shift to sub-micro lengths, which is the maximum of the length distribution.

Surface Optimization of Commercial Porous Ti Substrates by EPD of Titanium Nitride

In this work, the infiltration of TiN powders by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) in aqueous media was considered as alternative method to reduce the size craters and the roughness of commercial porous Ti substrates. Ti substrates can be used as suitable supports for the deposition of dense hydrogen separation TiNx-based membranes by physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques. The influence of various EPD deposition parameters on surface morphology and roughness of TiN-infiltrated substrates were investigated in order to optimize their surface properties. The results suggest that a multi-step EPD procedure is an effective technique for reducing substrate surface defects of commercial porous Ti substrates which could then be successfully used as proper supports for the deposition of dense and defect-free TiNx layers, also aligning the thermal mismatch between the active layer and the porous substrate.

Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of chloroaluminium phthalocyanine incorporated in poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy

BACKGROUND

The use of nanotechnology has been widely used in biomedical science, which consists of orthopedic implants, tissue engineering, cancer therapy and drug elution from nanoparticle systems, such as poly-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, which stand out mainly for their biocompatibility, being considered as effective carriers for photosensitizing drugs (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocols.

METHODS

This manuscript describes the synthesis and characterization of PCL nanoparticles for controlled release of the drug chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) as a photosensitizer for application in PDT. The PCL-ClAlPc nanoparticles were developed by the nanoprecipitation process. The structure and morphology of the nanoparticles were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The size of nanomaterials was studied using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. Photophysical and photochemical characterizations were performed. Subsequently, photobiological studies were also used to characterize the system.

RESULTS

The nanoparticles had an average diameter of 384.7 ± 138.6 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.153. SEM analysis revealed that the system formed a spherical shape typical of these delivery systems. Charging efficiency was 82.1% ± 1.2%. The phthalocyanine-loaded PCL nanoparticles maintained their photophysical behavior after encapsulation. Cell viability was determined after the dark toxicity test, and it was possible to observe that there was no evidence of toxicity in the dark, for all concentrations tested. The assay also revealed that adenocarcinoma cells treated with free ClAlPc and in the nanoformulation showed 100% cell death when subjected to PDT protocols. The intracellular location of the photosensitizer indicated a high potential for accumulation in the cytoplasm and nucleus.

CONCLUSIONS

From the photophysical, photochemical and photobiological analyzes obtained, it was possible to observe that the development of PCL nanoparticles encapsulated with ClAlPc, by the nanoprecipitation method was adequate and that the in vivo release study is efficient to reduce the release rate and attenuate the burst of PS loaded on PCL nanoparticles. The results reinforce that the use of this system as drug delivery systems is useful in PDT protocols.

A Review on Coagulation/Flocculation in Dewatering of Coal Slurry

Coal slurry is an essential component of mining operations, accounting for more than half of operating costs. Dewatering technology is simultaneously confronted with obstacles and possibilities, and it may yet be improved as the crucial step for reducing the ultimate processing cost. Coagulation/flocculation is used as a dewatering process that is reasonably cost-effective and user-friendly. This paper reviews application of different coagulants/flocculants and their combinations in dewatering mechanisms. In this context, various polymeric flocculants are discussed in the coal slurry in depth. Many operational parameters that influence the performance of coal slurry flocculation are also presented. Furthermore, a discussion is provided on the mechanism of flocculants’ interaction, the strategy of combining flocculants, and efficient selection methods of flocculants. Finally, coagulation/flocculation remaining challenges and technological improvements for the better development of highly efficient treatment methods were highlighted, focusing on the intricate composition of slurry and its treatment difficulties.