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Assandri MH, Malamud M, Trejo FM, Serradell MDLA. S-layer proteins as immune players: tales from pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 4:100187. [PMID: 37064268 PMCID: PMC10102220 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, as in other microorganisms, surface compounds interact with different pattern recognition receptors expressed by host cells, which usually triggers a variety of cellular responses that result in immunomodulation. The S-layer is a two-dimensional macromolecular crystalline structure formed by (glyco)-protein subunits that covers the surface of many species of Bacteria and almost all Archaea. In Bacteria, the presence of S-layer has been described in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. As surface components, special attention deserves the role that S-layer proteins (SLPs) play in the interaction of bacterial cells with humoral and cellular components of the immune system. In this sense, some differences can be predicted between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. In the first group, the S-layer constitutes an important virulence factor, which in turn makes it a potential therapeutic target. For the other group, the growing interest to understand the mechanisms of action of commensal microbiota and probiotic strains has prompted the studies of the role of the S-layer in the interaction between the host immune cells and bacteria bearing this surface structure. In this review, we aim to summarize the main latest reports and the perspectives of bacterial SLPs as immune players, focusing on those from pathogenic and commensal/probiotic most studied species.
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Tang J, Zhang G, Li F, Zeng R, Song J, Abbas G, Cui M, Zhang W, Zhang XE, Wang DB. Two-Dimensional Protein Nanoarray as a Carrier of Sensing Elements for Gold-Based Immunosensing Systems. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9355-9362. [PMID: 35729689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous and high-density immobilization of proteins on gold-based sensing surface without the loss of protein activity is of great significance for high-performance immunosensing but remains challenging. To realize more sensitive immunosensing, an improved method for protein immobilization on the gold surface is urgently required. Here, we propose a biological and mild approach by combining a genetically encoded SpyTag-SpyCatcher interaction system with a redesigned S-layer of bacteria. This method allows proteins of interest to be covalently linked with the S-layer in a biological manner and arranged orderly in a two-dimensional nanoarray on the gold surface. The activity of African swine fever virus proteins was significantly preserved after immobilization. In addition, our S-layer-based immobilization method exhibited an eightfold increase in detection sensitivity compared with the conventional chemical cross-linking for protein immobilization during serological tests. Together, our S-layer-based immobilization method provides an innovative approach for building a quality gold-based biosensing interface and should greatly contribute to the high-sensitivity sensing for a deeper understanding of pathogen infection and host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Tang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Rongyu Zeng
- TECON Pharmaceutical (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jin Song
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities of Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dian-Bing Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Abstract
Bacterial surface layers (S-layers) have been observed as the outermost cell envelope component in a wide range of bacteria and most archaea. S-layers are monomolecular lattices composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species and have either oblique, square or hexagonal lattice symmetry with unit cell dimensions ranging from 3 to 30 nm. They are generally 5 to 10 nm thick (up to 70 nm in archaea) and represent highly porous protein lattices (30–70% porosity) with pores of uniform size and morphology in the range of 2 to 8 nm. Since S-layers can be considered as one of the simplest protein lattices found in nature and the constituent units are probably the most abundantly expressed proteins on earth, it seems justified to briefly review the different S-layer lattice types, the need for lattice imperfections and the discussion of S-layers from the perspective of an isoporous protein network in the ultrafiltration region. Finally, basic research on S-layers laid the foundation for applications in biotechnology, synthetic biology, and biomimetics.
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Zhao L, Kristi N, Ye Z. Atomic force microscopy in food preservation research: New insights to overcome spoilage issues. Food Res Int 2020; 140:110043. [PMID: 33648269 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A higher level of food safety is required due to the fast-growing human population along with the increased awareness of healthy lifestyles. Currently, a large percentage of food is spoiled during storage and processing due to enzymes and microbial activity, causing huge economic losses to both producers and consumers. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), as a powerful scanning probe microscopy, has been successfully and widely used in food preservation research. This technique allows a non-invasive examination of food products, providing high-resolution images of surface structure and individual polymers as well as the physical properties and adhesion of single molecules. In this paper, detailed applications of AFM in food preservation are reviewed. AFM has been used to provide comprehensive information in food preservation by evaluating the spoilage with its related structure modification. By utilizing AFM imaging and force measurement function, the main mechanisms involved in the loss of food quality and preservation technologies development can be further elucidated. It is also capable of exploring the activities of enzymes and microbes in influencing the quality of food products during storage. AFM provides comprehensive solutions to overcome spoilage issues with its versatile functions and high-throughput outcomes. Further research and development of this novel technique in order to solve integrated problems in food preservation are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Natalia Kristi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.
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Li F, Wang D, Zhou J, Men D, Zhan XE. Design and biosynthesis of functional protein nanostructures. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1142-1158. [PMID: 32253589 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are one of the major classes of biomolecules that execute biological functions for maintenance of life. Various kinds of nanostructures self-assembled from proteins have been created in nature over millions of years of evolution, including protein nanowires, layers and nanocages. These protein nanostructures can be reconstructed and equipped with desired new functions. Learning from and manipulating the self-assembly of protein nanostructures not only help to deepen our understanding of the nature of life but also offer new routes to fabricate novel nanomaterials for diverse applications. This review summarizes the recent research progress in this field, focusing on the characteristics, functionalization strategies, and applications of protein nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Dianbing Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xian-En Zhan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Sanchez-Rexach E, Iturri J, Fernandez J, Meaurio E, Toca-Herrera JL, Sarasua JR. Novel biodegradable and non-fouling systems for controlled-release based on poly(ε-caprolactone)/Quercetin blends and biomimetic bacterial S-layer coatings. RSC Adv 2019; 9:24154-24163. [PMID: 35527860 PMCID: PMC9069632 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04398e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a strong antioxidant with low bioavailability due to its high crystallinity. A further drawback is that Quercetin has potentially toxic effects at high concentrations. To improve this low water solubility, as well as control the concentration of the flavonoid in the body, Quercetin is incorporated into a polymeric matrix to form an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) stable enough to resist the recrystallization of the drug. For this purpose, miscible poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and Quercetin (Q) blends are prepared, provided that they have complementary interacting groups. For compositions in which the flavonoid remains in an amorphous state thanks to the interactions with polymer chains, various PCL/Q drug release platforms are fabricated: micrometric films by solvent casting, nanometric films by spin coating, and nanofibers by electrospinning. Then, the potential use of bacterial S-layer proteins as release-preventive membranes is tested on PCL–Quercetin blends, due to their ability to construct a biomimetic coating including nanometric pores. For all the platforms, the SbpA coating can maintain a stable release under the toxicity level of Quercetin. Accordingly, a PCL/Q system with an S-layer coating allows the design of versatile bioavailable Quercetin eluting devices that prevent toxicity and biofouling issues. S-Layer coating on PCL–Quercetin miscible blends acts as a release controller from films and scaffolds, as well as antifouling agent.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sanchez-Rexach
- Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Bilbao 48013
- Spain
| | - Jagoba Iturri
- Institute for Biophysics
- Department of Nanobiotechnology
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)
- Vienna 1190
- Austria
| | - Jorge Fernandez
- Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Bilbao 48013
- Spain
| | - Emilio Meaurio
- Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Bilbao 48013
- Spain
| | - Jose-Luis Toca-Herrera
- Institute for Biophysics
- Department of Nanobiotechnology
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)
- Vienna 1190
- Austria
| | - Jose-Ramon Sarasua
- Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Bilbao 48013
- Spain
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Guo Y, Li X, Yang Y, Wu Z, Zeng X, Nadari F, Pan D. Molecular cloning, expression and adhesion analysis of silent slpB of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. AMB Express 2018; 8:103. [PMID: 29936673 PMCID: PMC6015585 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The slpB gene of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, which differs from the slpA gene and is silent under normal conditions, was successfully amplified and ligated to the corresponding available sites on a recombinant pET-28a vector. Then the pET-28a-slpB vector was transformed into Escherichia coli DH (DE3) and the fusion His-slpB protein was expressed by induction with 1 mM IPTG for 14 h at 37 °C. The resulting His-slpB protein (SB) had a relative molecular weight of 48 kDa. It was purified using a Ni-NTA column and was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot contrastive analysis. The slpA protein (SA) from L. acidophilus NCFM was extracted and purified. It had a relative molecular weight of 46 kDa. Circular dichroism measurements suggested that the two S-layer proteins had a high β-sheet content and a low α-helix structure content. In an adhesion experiment, SA displayed higher adhesive capability towards Caco-2 cells than did SB. The results suggest that these two S-layer proteins could have biotechnological applications.
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Bio-recycling of metals: Recycling of technical products using biological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1048-1062. [PMID: 29555455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demand of different essential metals as a consequence of the development of new technologies, especially in the so called "low carbon technologies" require the development of innovative technologies that enable an economic and environmentally friendly metal recovery from primary and secondary resources. There is serious concern that the demand of some critical elements might exceed the present supply within a few years, thus necessitating the development of novel strategies and technologies to meet the requirements of industry and society. Besides an improvement of exploitation and processing of ores, the more urgent issue of recycling of strategic metals has to be enforced. However, current recycling rates are very low due to the increasing complexity of products and the low content of certain critical elements, thus hindering an economic metal recovery. On the other hand, increasing environmental consciousness as well as limitations of classical methods require innovative recycling methodologies in order to enable a circular economy. Modern biotechnologies can contribute to solve some of the problems related to metal recycling. These approaches use natural properties of organisms, bio-compounds, and biomolecules to interact with minerals, materials, metals, or metal ions such as surface attachment, mineral dissolution, transformation, and metal complexation. Further, modern genetic approaches, e.g. realized by synthetic biology, enable the smart design of new chemicals. The article presents some recent developments in the fields of bioleaching, biosorption, bioreduction, and bioflotation, and their use for metal recovery from different waste materials. Currently only few of these developments are commercialized. Major limitations are high costs in comparison to conventional methods and low element selectivity. The article discusses future trends to overcome these barriers. Especially interdisciplinary approaches, the combination of different technologies, the inclusion of modern genetic methods, as well as the consideration of existing, yet unexplored natural resources will push innovations in these fields.
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Iturri J, Moreno-Cencerrado A, Toca-Herrera JL. Polyelectrolyte brushes as supportive substrate for bacterial S-layer recrystallization: Polymer charge and chain extension factors. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Iturri J, Moreno-Cencerrado A, Toca-Herrera JL. Cation-chelation and pH induced controlled switching of the non-fouling properties of bacterial crystalline films. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:270-277. [PMID: 28704713 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the controlled loss of the anti-fouling activity of the S-layer protein SbpA from Lysinibacillus sphaericus (CCM2177). This protein forms crystal-like films with square lattice (p4) via self-assembly on almost any type of surfaces. Such engineered bioinspired nanometric membranes are known by their excellent preventive performance under biological conditions. However, their exposure to certain treatments can lead to gradual degradation of the S-protein layer. In this work, two distinctive approaches are studied for understanding either specific or non-specific degradation of the film, by treatment with a chelating agent (EDTA), which interacts with inner Ca2+ ions, or Citrate buffer (with pH<pI), respectively. Subsequently, the degraded protein films have been tested upon binding of polyelectrolytes of different charge and endothelial HUVEC cells, and their performance compared to that of intact S-layers. The SbpA protein layer degradation process as well as its impact on the loss of anti-fouling properties have been characterized, in terms of mass and structural changes, by means of real time quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring, atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments, and fluorescence microscopy. The results show that overall structure degradation (citrate buffer) has a higher impact on the loss of antifouling properties than selective removal of divalent cations. Thus, crystal structure integrity is a necessary condition for bacterial antifouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoba Iturri
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeise l Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeise l Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - José L Toca-Herrera
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeise l Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Iturri J, Vianna AC, Moreno-Cencerrado A, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Impact of surface wettability on S-layer recrystallization: a real-time characterization by QCM-D. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:91-98. [PMID: 28144568 PMCID: PMC5238667 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has been employed to study the assembly and recrystallization kinetics of isolated SbpA bacterial surface proteins onto silicon dioxide substrates of different surface wettability. Surface modification by UV/ozone oxidation or by vapor deposition of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyltrichlorosilane yielded hydrophilic or hydrophobic samples, respectively. Time evolution of frequency and dissipation factors, either individually or combined as the so-called Df plots, showed a much faster formation of crystalline coatings for hydrophobic samples, characterized by a phase-transition peak at around the 70% of the total mass adsorbed. This behavior has been proven to mimic, both in terms of kinetics and film assembly steps, the recrystallization taking place on an underlying secondary cell-wall polymer (SCWP) as found in bacteria. Complementary atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments corroborate these findings and reveal the impact on the final structure achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoba Iturri
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana C Vianna
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP), Department of Chemistry, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B Sleytr
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - José Luis Toca-Herrera
- Institute for Biophysics, Dept. of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Moreno-Cencerrado A, Iturri J, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Influencing bacterial S-layer protein recrystallization on polymer brushes through surface charge and accessible volume: A combined AFM and QCMD analysis. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Suhr M, Raff J, Pollmann K. Au-Interaction of Slp1 Polymers and Monolayer from Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 - QCM-D, ICP-MS and AFM as Tools for Biomolecule-metal Studies. J Vis Exp 2016:e53572. [PMID: 26863150 PMCID: PMC4781654 DOI: 10.3791/53572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this publication the gold sorption behavior of surface layer (S-layer) proteins (Slp1) of Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 is described. These biomolecules arrange in paracrystalline two-dimensional arrays on surfaces, bind metals, and are thus interesting for several biotechnical applications, such as biosorptive materials for the removal or recovery of different elements from the environment and industrial processes. The deposition of Au(0) nanoparticles on S-layers, either by S-layer directed synthesis or adsorption of nanoparticles, opens new possibilities for diverse sensory applications. Although numerous studies have described the biosorptive properties of S-layers, a deeper understanding of protein-protein and protein-metal interaction still remains challenging. In the following study, inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the detection of metal sorption by suspended S-layers. This was correlated to measurements of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), which allows the online detection of proteinaceous monolayer formation and metal deposition, and thus, a more detailed understanding on metal binding. The ICP-MS results indicated that the binding of Au(III) to the suspended S-layer polymers is pH dependent. The maximum binding of Au(III) was obtained at pH 4.0. The QCM-D investigations enabled the detection of Au(III) sorption as well as the deposition of Au(0)-NPs in real-time during the in situ experiments. Further, this method allowed studying the influence of metal binding on the protein lattice stability of Slp1. Structural properties and protein layer stability could be visualized directly after QCM-D experiment using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In conclusion, the combination of these different methods provides a deeper understanding of metal binding by bacterial S-layer proteins in suspension or as monolayers on either bacterial cells or recrystallized surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Suhr
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf;
| | - Johannes Raff
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute for Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
| | - Katrin Pollmann
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
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Raff J, Matys S, Suhr M, Vogel M, Günther T, Pollmann K. S-Layer-Based Nanocomposites for Industrial Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 940:245-279. [PMID: 27677516 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39196-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This chapter covers the fundamental aspects of bacterial S-layers: what are S-layers, what is known about them, and what are their main features that makes them so interesting for the production of nanostructures. After a detailed introduction of the paracrystalline protein lattices formed by S-layer systems in nature the chapter explores the engineering of S-layer-based materials. How can S-layers be used to produce "industry-ready" nanoscale bio-composite materials, and which kinds of nanomaterials are possible (e.g., nanoparticle synthesis, nanoparticle immobilization, and multifunctional coatings)? What are the advantages and disadvantages of S-layer-based composite materials? Finally, the chapter highlights the potential of these innovative bacterial biomolecules for future technologies in the fields of metal filtration, catalysis, and bio-functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Raff
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sabine Matys
- Department of Processing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Suhr
- Department of Processing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manja Vogel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Günther
- Department of Processing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Pollmann
- Department of Processing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
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Wang XY, Wang DB, Zhang ZP, Bi LJ, Zhang JB, Ding W, Zhang XE. A S-Layer Protein of Bacillus anthracis as a Building Block for Functional Protein Arrays by In Vitro Self-Assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:5826-5832. [PMID: 26422821 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
S-layer proteins create a cell-surface layer architecture in both bacteria and archaea. Because S-layer proteins self-assemble into a native-like S-layer crystalline structure in vitro, they are attractive building blocks in nanotechnology. Here, the potential use of the S-layer protein EA1 from Bacillus anthracis in constructing a functional nanostructure is investigated, and apply this nanostructure in a proof-of-principle study for serological diagnosis of anthrax. EA1 is genetically fused with methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH), to degrade methyl parathion and provide a label for signal amplification. EA1 not only serves as a nanocarrier, but also as a specific antigen to capture anthrax-specific antibodies. As results, purified EA1-MPH forms a single layer of crystalline nanostructure through self-assembly. Our chimeric nanocatalyst greatly improves enzymatic stability of MPH. When applied to the detection of anthrax-specific antibodies in serum samples, the detection of our EA1-MPH nanostructure is nearly 300 times more sensitive than that of the unassembled complex. Together, it is shown that it is possible to build a functional and highly sensitive nanosensor based on S-layer protein. In conclusion, our present study should serve as a model for the development of other multifunctional nanomaterials using S-layer proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ying Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dian-Bing Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Li-Jun Bi
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ji-Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Ucisik MH, Sleytr UB, Schuster B. Emulsomes meet S-layer proteins: an emerging targeted drug delivery system. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2015; 16:392-405. [PMID: 25697368 PMCID: PMC4460288 DOI: 10.2174/138920101604150218112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, the use of emulsomes as a drug delivery system is reviewed and compared with other similar lipidic nanoformulations. In particular, we look at surface modification of emulsomes using S-layer proteins, which are self-assembling proteins that cover the surface of many prokaryotic organisms. It has been shown that covering emulsomes with a crystalline S-layer lattice can protect cells from oxidative stress and membrane damage. In the future, the capability to recrystallize S-layer fusion proteins on lipidic nanoformulations may allow the presentation of binding functions or homing protein domains to achieve highly specific targeted delivery of drug-loaded emulsomes. Besides the discussion on several designs and advantages of composite emulsomes, the success of emulsomes for the delivery of drugs to fight against viral and fungal infections, dermal therapy, cancer, and autoimmunity is summarized. Further research might lead to smart, biocompatible emulsomes, which are able to protect and reduce the side effects caused by the drug, but at the same time are equipped with specific targeting molecules to find the desired site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernhard Schuster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. No.19, 34810 Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Investigation of metal sorption behavior of Slp1 from Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53: a combined study using QCM-D, ICP-MS and AFM. Biometals 2014; 27:1337-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sleytr UB, Schuster B, Egelseer E, Pum D. S-layers: principles and applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:823-64. [PMID: 24483139 PMCID: PMC4232325 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monomolecular arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits forming surface layers (S-layers) are one of the most commonly observed prokaryotic cell envelope components. S-layers are generally the most abundantly expressed proteins, have been observed in species of nearly every taxonomical group of walled bacteria, and represent an almost universal feature of archaeal envelopes. The isoporous lattices completely covering the cell surface provide organisms with various selection advantages including functioning as protective coats, molecular sieves and ion traps, as structures involved in surface recognition and cell adhesion, and as antifouling layers. S-layers are also identified to contribute to virulence when present as a structural component of pathogens. In Archaea, most of which possess S-layers as exclusive wall component, they are involved in determining cell shape and cell division. Studies on structure, chemistry, genetics, assembly, function, and evolutionary relationship of S-layers revealed considerable application potential in (nano)biotechnology, biomimetics, biomedicine, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B. Sleytr
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Synthetic BiologyDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Eva‐Maria Egelseer
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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Schuster B, Sleytr UB. Biomimetic interfaces based on S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and functional biomolecules. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140232. [PMID: 24812051 PMCID: PMC4032536 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing and utilization of biomimetic membrane systems generated by bottom-up processes is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field. Elucidation of the supramolecular construction principle of archaeal cell envelopes composed of S-layer stabilized lipid membranes led to new strategies for generating highly stable functional lipid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scale. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art survey of how S-layer proteins, lipids and polymers may be used as basic building blocks for the assembly of S-layer-supported lipid membranes. These biomimetic membrane systems are distinguished by a nanopatterned fluidity, enhanced stability and longevity and, thus, provide a dedicated reconstitution matrix for membrane-active peptides and transmembrane proteins. Exciting areas in the (lab-on-a-) biochip technology are combining composite S-layer membrane systems involving specific membrane functions with the silicon world. Thus, it might become possible to create artificial noses or tongues, where many receptor proteins have to be exposed and read out simultaneously. Moreover, S-layer-coated liposomes and emulsomes copying virus envelopes constitute promising nanoformulations for the production of novel targeting, delivery, encapsulation and imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Biophysics, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Mateu BP, Kainz B, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Fluorescent sensors based on bacterial fusion proteins. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2014; 2:024002. [PMID: 29148466 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/2/2/024002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence proteins are widely used as markers for biomedical and technological purposes. Therefore, the aim of this project was to create a fluorescent sensor, based in the green and cyan fluorescent protein, using bacterial S-layers proteins as scaffold for the fluorescent tag. We report the cloning, expression and purification of three S-layer fluorescent proteins: SgsE-EGFP, SgsE-ECFP and SgsE-13aa-ECFP, this last containing a 13-amino acid rigid linker. The pH dependence of the fluorescence intensity of the S-layer fusion proteins, monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy, showed that the ECFP tag was more stable than EGFP. Furthermore, the fluorescent fusion proteins were reassembled on silica particles modified with cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. Zeta potential measurements confirmed the particle coatings and indicated their colloidal stability. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that the fluorescence of the fusion proteins was pH dependent and sensitive to the underlying polyelectrolyte coating. This might suggest that the fluorescent tag is not completely exposed to the bulk media as an independent moiety. Finally, it was found out that viscosity enhanced the fluorescence intensity of the three fluorescent S-layer proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batirtze Prats Mateu
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Lejardi A, López AE, Sarasua JR, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Making novel bio-interfaces through bacterial protein recrystallization on biocompatible polylactide derivative films. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:121903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4811778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rothbauer M, Küpcü S, Sticker D, Sleytr UB, Ertl P. Exploitation of S-layer anisotropy: pH-dependent nanolayer orientation for cellular micropatterning. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8020-8030. [PMID: 24004386 DOI: 10.1021/nn403198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a tunable, facile, and reliable cell patterning method using a self-assembled crystalline protein monolayer that, depending on its orientation, can exhibit either cell adhesive (cytophilic) or cell repulsive (cytophobic) surface properties. Our technique exploits, for the first time, the inherent biological anisotropy of the bacterial cell wall protein SbpA capable of interacting with its cytophilic inner side with components of the cell wall, while its outer cytophobic side interacts with the environment. By simply altering the recrystallization protocol from a basic to an acidic condition, the SbpA-protein layer orientation and function can be switched from preventing unspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion to effectively promote cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation. As a result, the same protein solution can be used to form cell adhesive and repulsive regions over large areas on a single substrate using a simple pH-dependent self-assembly procedure. The reliable establishment of cytophobic and cytophilic SbpA layers allows the generation of well-defined surface patterns that exhibit uniform height (9-10 nm), p4 lattice symmetry with center-to-center spacing of the morphological units of 12 nm, as well as similar surface potential and charge distributions under cell culture conditions. The pH-dependent "orientation switch" of the SbpA protein nanolayer was integrated with micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) technology to demonstrate its application for cell patterning using a variety of cell lines including epithelial, fibroblast and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, ‡Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, †BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), University of Natural Resources and Life Science , Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria
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Picher MM, Küpcü S, Huang CJ, Dostalek J, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Ertl P. Nanobiotechnology advanced antifouling surfaces for the continuous electrochemical monitoring of glucose in whole blood using a lab-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1780-1789. [PMID: 23478879 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41308j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the current work we have developed a lab-on-a-chip containing embedded amperometric sensors in four microreactors that can be addressed individually and that are coated with crystalline surface protein monolayers to provide a continuous, stable, reliable and accurate detection of blood glucose. It is envisioned that the microfluidic device will be used in a feedback loop mechanism to assess natural variations in blood glucose levels during hemodialysis to allow the individual adjustment of glucose. Reliable and accurate detection of blood glucose is accomplished by simultaneously performing (a) blood glucose measurements, (b) autocalibration routines, (c) mediator-interferences detection, and (d) background subtractions. The electrochemical detection of blood glucose variations in the absence of electrode fouling events is performed by integrating crystalline surface layer proteins (S-layer) that function as an efficient antifouling coating, a highly-oriented immobilization matrix for biomolecules and an effective molecular sieve with pore sizes of 4 to 5 nm. We demonstrate that the S-layer protein SbpA (from Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177) readily forms monomolecular lattice structures at the various microchip surfaces (e.g. glass, PDMS, platinum and gold) within 60 min, eliminating unspecific adsorption events in the presence of human serum albumin, human plasma and freshly-drawn blood samples. The highly isoporous SbpA-coating allows undisturbed diffusion of the mediator between the electrode surface, thus enabling bioelectrochemical measurements of glucose concentrations between 500 μM to 50 mM (calibration slope δI/δc of 8.7 nA mM(-1)). Final proof-of-concept implementing the four microfluidic microreactor design is demonstrated using freshly drawn blood. Accurate and drift-free assessment of blood glucose concentrations (6. 4 mM) is accomplished over 130 min at 37 °C using immobilized enzyme glucose oxidase by calculating the difference between autocalibration (10 mM glc) and background measurements. The novel combination of biologically-derived nanostructured surfaces with microchip technology constitutes a powerful new tool for multiplexed analysis of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Picher
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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Schuster D, Küpcü S, Belton DJ, Perry CC, Stöger-Pollach M, Sleytr UB, Pum D. Construction of silica-enhanced S-layer protein cages. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5689-97. [PMID: 23168223 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The work presented here shows for the first time that it is possible to silicify S-layer coated liposomes and to obtain stable functionalized hollow nano-containers. For this purpose, the S-layer protein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus PV72/p2 was recombinantly expressed and used for coating positively charged liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and hexadecylamine in a molar ratio of 10:5:4. Subsequently, plain (uncoated) liposomes and S-layer coated liposomes were silicified. Determination of the charge of the constructs during silicification allowed the deposition process to be followed. After the particles had been silicified, lipids were dissolved by treatment with Triton X-100 with the release of previously entrapped fluorescent dyes being determined by fluorimetry. Both, ζ-potential and release experiments showed differences between silicified plain liposomes and silicified S-layer coated liposomes. The results of the individual preparation steps were examined by embedding the respective assemblies in resin, ultrathin sectioning and inspection by bright-field transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Energy filtered TEM confirmed the successful construction of S-layer based silica cages. It is anticipated that this approach will provide a key to enabling technology for the fabrication of nanoporous protein cages for applications ranging from nano medicine to materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schuster
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Scheicher SR, Kainz B, Köstler S, Reitinger N, Steiner N, Ditlbacher H, Leitner A, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Ribitsch V. 2D crystalline protein layers as immobilization matrices for the development of DNA microarrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 40:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pum D, Toca-Herrera JL, Sleytr UB. S-layer protein self-assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2484-501. [PMID: 23354479 PMCID: PMC3587997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline S(urface)-layers are the most commonly observed cell surface structures in prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and archaea). S-layers are highly porous protein meshworks with unit cell sizes in the range of 3 to 30 nm, and thicknesses of ~10 nm. One of the key features of S-layer proteins is their intrinsic capability to form self-assembled mono- or double layers in solution, and at interfaces. Basic research on S-layer proteins laid foundation to make use of the unique self-assembly properties of native and, in particular, genetically functionalized S-layer protein lattices, in a broad range of applications in the life and non-life sciences. This contribution briefly summarizes the knowledge about structure, genetics, chemistry, morphogenesis, and function of S-layer proteins and pays particular attention to the self-assembly in solution, and at differently functionalized solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Pum
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
| | - Jose Luis Toca-Herrera
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
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Lederer FL, Günther TJ, Weinert U, Raff J, Pollmann K. Development of functionalised polyelectrolyte capsules using filamentous Escherichia coli cells. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:163. [PMID: 23259586 PMCID: PMC3546914 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli is one of the best studied microorganisms and finds multiple applications especially as tool in the heterologous production of interesting proteins of other organisms. The heterologous expression of special surface (S-) layer proteins caused the formation of extremely long E. coli cells which leave transparent tubes when they divide into single E. coli cells. Such natural structures are of high value as bio-templates for the development of bio-inorganic composites for many applications. In this study we used genetically modified filamentous Escherichia coli cells as template for the design of polyelectrolyte tubes that can be used as carrier for functional molecules or particles. Diversity of structures of biogenic materials has the potential to be used to construct inorganic or polymeric superior hybrid materials that reflect the form of the bio-template. Such bio-inspired materials are of great interest in diverse scientific fields like Biology, Chemistry and Material Science and can find application for the construction of functional materials or the bio-inspired synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles. Results Genetically modified filamentous E. coli cells were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and coated with alternating six layers of the polyanion polyelectrolyte poly(sodium-4styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and polycation polyelectrolyte poly(allylamine-hydrochloride) (PAH). Afterwards we dissolved the E. coli cells with 1.2% sodium hypochlorite, thus obtaining hollow polyelectrolyte tubes of 0.7 μm in diameter and 5–50 μm in length. For functionalisation the polyelectrolyte tubes were coated with S-layer protein polymers followed by metallisation with Pd(0) particles. These assemblies were analysed with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Conclusion The thus constructed new material offers possibilities for diverse applications like novel catalysts or metal nanowires for electrical devices. The novelty of this work is the use of filamentous E. coli templates and the use of S-layer proteins in a new material construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska L Lederer
- Helmholtz-Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01314, Dresden, Germany.
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Yeo SJ, Shin SH, Nam KT, Yoo PJ. Multidimensional Assembly of S-Layer Proteins on Mobility-Controlled Polyelectrolyte Multilayers. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1254-1257. [PMID: 35607150 DOI: 10.1021/mz3004538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers have been vastly utilized as an assembling platform for various biomaterials because of their soft and charged surface characteristics, analogous to biomembrane systems. In particular, polyelectrolyte chains with high self-diffusivity can effectively transfer the surface mobility to the assembling biomolecular species, facilitating the ordered self-assembly. Herein, highly diffusional cationic polyelectrolyte chains of linear polyethylenimine are employed to induce direct binding with negatively charged bacterial surface layer proteins, which eventually lead to large-scale two-dimensional crystals. Notably, at the elevated incubation temperature, a transitory intermediate of one-dimensional chain structure is observed. We reveal that this one-dimensional intermediate is a stable precursor toward two-dimensional crystal arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seong-Ho Shin
- Molecular Foundry
and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Although nanoparticle (NP) assemblies are at the beginning of their development, their unique geometrical shapes and media-responsive optical, electronic, and magnetic properties have attracted significant interest. Nanoscale assembly bridges multiple levels of hierarchy of materials: individual nanoparticles, discrete molecule-like or virus-like nanoscale agglomerates, microscale devices, and macroscale materials. The capacity to self-assemble can greatly facilitate the integration of nanotechnology with other technologies and, in particular, with microscale fabrication. In this Account, we describe developments in the emerging field of dynamic NP assemblies, which are spontaneously form superstructures containing more than two inorganic nanoscale particles that display the ability to change their geometrical, physical, chemical, and other attributes. In many ways, dynamic assemblies can represent a bottleneck in the "bottom-up" fabrication of NP-based devices because they can produce a much greater variety of assemblies, but they also provide a convenient tool for variation of geometries and dimensions of nanoparticle assemblies. Superstructures of NPs (and those held together by similar intrinsic forces)are classified into two groups: Class 1 where media and external fields can alter shape, conformation, and order of stable super structures with a nearly constant number of NPs or Class 2 where the total number of NPs changes, while the organizational motif in the final superstructure remains the same. The future development of successful dynamic assemblies requires understanding the equilibrium in dynamic NP systems. The dynamic nature of Class 1 assemblies is associated with the equilibrium between different conformations of a superstructure and is comparable to the isomerization in classical chemistry. Class 2 assemblies involve the formation or breakage of linkages between the NPs, which is analogous to the classical chemical equilibrium for the formation of a molecule from atoms. Finer classification of NP assemblies in accord with established conventions in the field may include different size dimensionalities: discrete assemblies (artificial molecules) and one-dimensional (spaced chains), two-dimensional (sheets), and three-dimensional (superlattices, twisted structures) assemblies. Notably, these dimensional attributes must be regarded as primarily topological in nature because all of these superstructures can acquire complex three-dimensional shapes. We discuss three primary strategies used to prepare NP superstructures: (1) anisotropy-based assemblies utilizing either intrinsic force field anisotropy around NPs or external anisotropy associated with templates or applied fields, (2) assembly methods utilizing uniform NPs with isotropic interactions, and (3) methods based on mutual recognition of biomolecules, such as DNA and antigen-antibody interactions. We consider optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of dynamic superstructures, focusing primarily on multiparticle effects in NP superstructures as represented by surface plasmon resonance, NP-NP charge transport, and multibody magnetization. Unique properties of NP superstructures are being applied to biosensing, drug delivery, and nanoelectronics. For both Class 1 and Class 2 dynamic assemblies, biosensing is the most dominant and well-developed area of dynamic nanostructures being successfully transitioned into practice. We can foresee the rapid development of dynamic NP assemblies toward applications in harvesting of dissipated energy, photonics, and electronics. The final part of this Account is devoted to the fundamental questions facing dynamic assemblies of NPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu, 14122, People's Republic of China
- Technological Center of Hunan Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau,Changsha, 410001, People's Republic China
| | - Liguang Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu, 14122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu, 14122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu, 14122, People's Republic of China
| | - Nicholas A. Kotov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Habibi N, Pastorino L, Sandoval OH, Ruggiero C. Polyelectrolyte based molecular carriers: The role of self-assembled proteins in permeability properties. J Biomater Appl 2012; 28:262-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328212446358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte capsules are seen as promising nanotechnology based drug delivery systems. In previous works, we have demonstrated the possibility to fabricate bio-activated surface layer containing capsules with improved features in terms of biocompatibility. In this study, we have characterized the permeability properties of such capsules towards low and high molecular weight molecules, including proteins. The results indicated that the presence of the surface layer strongly affects the permeability properties of the capsules in terms of loading capacity which was found to be higher compared to that of plain capsules. These properties make such systems interesting candidates as drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Habibi
- Department of Communication, Computer and System Sciences, Nanobiotechnology and Medical Informatics Laboratory, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Pastorino
- Department of Communication, Computer and System Sciences, Nanobiotechnology and Medical Informatics Laboratory, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Oscar Herrera Sandoval
- Department of Communication, Computer and System Sciences, Nanobiotechnology and Medical Informatics Laboratory, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Carmelina Ruggiero
- Department of Communication, Computer and System Sciences, Nanobiotechnology and Medical Informatics Laboratory, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Yeo SJ, Kang H, Kim YH, Han S, Yoo PJ. Layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolyte multilayers in three-dimensional inverse opal structured templates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:2107-2115. [PMID: 22439630 DOI: 10.1021/am300072p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel means of layer-by-layer deposition (LbL) of polyelectrolyte multilayers on three-dimensionally porous inverse opal (3D-IO) structures is presented. The 3D-IO structures comprising UV-curable polymer are highly flexible and can be readily demonstrated as free-standing films with double-sided open porosity over a large scale. A conflict between the intrinsically hydrophobic polymeric structures and waterborne characteristics of the LbL deposition process is overcome by employing a mixed solvent system of water and alcohol. The deposition pH of the LbL assembly can strongly affect the charge density and the degree of entanglement of polyelectrolyte chains, resulting in contrastingly different film deposition and growth behaviors. Since this method utilizes a three-dimensionally structured surface as a deposition substrate, 3D-IO films with a thickness of tens of micrometers can be uniformly and completely deposited with polyelectrolyte multilayers using only several tens of bilayer depositions, which can offer a new pathway of fabricating functionalized polymeric films. Finally, the LbL treated 3D-IO films are applied to nanofiltration membranes for removing multivalent metallic cations. Due to the enhanced Donnan exclusion effect as a result of multiple interfaces formed inside the 3D-IO structures and the relatively large volumetric ratio of water-permeable polyelectrolyte complexes, outstanding membrane performance was observed. Specifically, a good rejection rate of metal ions was achieved even under highly diluted feed conditions without sacrificing the high permeation flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ju Yeo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Sekot G, Posch G, Oh YJ, Zayni S, Mayer HF, Pum D, Messner P, Hinterdorfer P, Schäffer C. Analysis of the cell surface layer ultrastructure of the oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:525-39. [PMID: 22273979 PMCID: PMC3354324 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia is decorated with a 2D crystalline surface (S-) layer, with two different S-layer glycoprotein species being present. Prompted by the predicted virulence potential of the S-layer, this study focused on the analysis of the arrangement of the individual S-layer glycoproteins by a combination of microscopic, genetic, and biochemical analyses. The two S-layer genes are transcribed into mRNA and expressed into protein in equal amounts. The S-layer was investigated on intact bacterial cells by transmission electron microscopy, by immune fluorescence microscopy, and by atomic force microscopy. The analyses of wild-type cells revealed a distinct square S-layer lattice with an overall lattice constant of 10.1 ± 0.7 nm. In contrast, a blurred lattice with a lattice constant of 9.0 nm was found on S-layer single-mutant cells. This together with in vitro self-assembly studies using purified (glyco)protein species indicated their increased structural flexibility after self-assembly and/or impaired self-assembly capability. In conjunction with TEM analyses of thin-sectioned cells, this study demonstrates the unusual case that two S-layer glycoproteins are co-assembled into a single S-layer. Additionally, flagella and pilus-like structures were observed on T. forsythia cells, which might impact the pathogenicity of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sekot
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerald Posch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Yoo Jin Oh
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Nanoscopic Methods in Biophysics, Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4070 Linz, Austria
| | - Sonja Zayni
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Harald F. Mayer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Peter Hinterdorfer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Nanoscopic Methods in Biophysics, Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4070 Linz, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien, Austria
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Habibi N, Pastorino L, Soumetz FC, Sbrana F, Raiteri R, Ruggiero C. Nanoengineered polymeric S-layers based capsules with targeting activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:366-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Horejs C, Mitra MK, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Muthukumar M. Monte Carlo study of the molecular mechanisms of surface-layer protein self-assembly. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:125103. [PMID: 21456703 DOI: 10.1063/1.3565457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms guiding the self-assembly of proteins into functional or pathogenic large-scale structures can be only understood by studying the correlation between the structural details of the monomer and the eventual mesoscopic morphologies. Among the myriad structural details of protein monomers and their manifestations in the self-assembled morphologies, we seek to identify the most crucial set of structural features necessary for the spontaneous selection of desired morphologies. Using a combination of the structural information and a Monte Carlo method with a coarse-grained model, we have studied the functional protein self-assembly into S(surface)-layers, which constitute the crystallized outer most cell envelope of a great variety of bacterial cells. We discover that only few and mainly hydrophobic amino acids, located on the surface of the monomer, are responsible for the formation of a highly ordered anisotropic protein lattice. The coarse-grained model presented here reproduces accurately many experimentally observed features including the pore formation, chemical description of the pore structure, location of specific amino acid residues at the protein-protein interfaces, and surface accessibility of specific amino acid residues. In addition to elucidating the molecular mechanisms and explaining experimental findings in the S-layer assembly, the present work offers a tool, which is chemical enough to capture details of primary sequences and coarse-grained enough to explore morphological structures with thousands of protein monomers, to promulgate design rules for spontaneous formation of specific protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Horejs
- Department for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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López AE, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Influence of surface chemistry and protein concentration on the adsorption rate and S-layer crystal formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11905-13. [PMID: 21623450 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp00052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial crystalline surface layers (S-layers) are the outermost envelope of prokaryotic organisms representing the simplest biological membranes developed during evolution. In this context, the bacterial protein SbpA has already shown its intrinsic ability to reassemble on different substrates forming protein crystals of square lattice symmetry. In this work, we present the interaction between the bacterial protein SbpA and five self-assembled monolayers carrying methyl (CH(3)), hydroxyl (OH), carboxylic acid (COOH) and mannose (C(6)H(12)O(6)) as functional groups. Protein adsorption and S-layer formation have been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) while protein adsorption kinetics, mass uptake and the protein layer viscoelastic properties were investigated with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The results indicate that the protein adsorption rate and crystalline domain area depend on surface chemistry and protein concentration. Furthermore, electrostatic interactions tune different protein rate adsorption and S-layer recrystallization pathways. Electrostatic interactions induce faster adsorption rate than hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions. Finally, the shear modulus and the viscosity of the recrystallized S-layer on CH(3)C(6)S, CH(3)C(11)S and COOHC(11)S substrates were calculated from QCM-D measurements. Protein-protein interactions seem to play a main role in the mechanical stability of the formed protein (crystal) bilayer.
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Sublimi Saponetti M, Bobba F, Salerno G, Scarfato A, Corcelli A, Cucolo A. Morphological and structural aspects of the extremely halophilic archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18653. [PMID: 21559517 PMCID: PMC3084702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrathin square cell Haloquadratum walsbyi from the Archaea domain are the most abundant microorganisms in the hypersaline water of coastal salterns and continental salt lakes. In this work, we explore the cell surface of these microorganisms using amplitude-modulation atomic-force microscopy in nearly physiological conditions. We demonstrate the presence of a regular corrugation with a periodicity of 16–20 nm attributed to the surface layer (S-layer) protein lattice, striped domains asymmetrically distributed on the cell faces and peculiar bulges correlated with the presence of intracellular granules. Besides, subsequent images of cell evolution during the drying process indicate the presence of an external capsule that might correspond to the giant protein halomucin, predicted by the genome but never before observed by other microscopy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Sublimi Saponetti
- Department of Physics and Research Centre NanoMateS, University of Salerno and SPIN-CNR, Fisciano, Italy.
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Sleytr UB, Schuster B, Egelseer EM, Pum D, Horejs CM, Tscheliessnig R, Ilk N. Nanobiotechnology with S-layer proteins as building blocks. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 103:277-352. [PMID: 21999999 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415906-8.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the key challenges in nanobiotechnology is the utilization of self- assembly systems, wherein molecules spontaneously associate into reproducible aggregates and supramolecular structures. In this contribution, we describe the basic principles of crystalline bacterial surface layers (S-layers) and their use as patterning elements. The broad application potential of S-layers in nanobiotechnology is based on the specific intrinsic features of the monomolecular arrays composed of identical protein or glycoprotein subunits. Most important, physicochemical properties and functional groups on the protein lattice are arranged in well-defined positions and orientations. Many applications of S-layers depend on the capability of isolated subunits to recrystallize into monomolecular arrays in suspension or on suitable surfaces (e.g., polymers, metals, silicon wafers) or interfaces (e.g., lipid films, liposomes, emulsomes). S-layers also represent a unique structural basis and patterning element for generating more complex supramolecular structures involving all major classes of biological molecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, glycans, nucleic acids, or combinations of these). Thus, S-layers fulfill key requirements as building blocks for the production of new supramolecular materials and nanoscale devices as required in molecular nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, biomimetics, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Habibi N, Caneva Soumetz F, Giulianelli M, Pastorino L, Herrera O, Sbrana F, Raiteri R, Ruggiero C. Self-assembly and recrystallization of bacterial S-layer proteins of Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis on silicone, mica and quartz crystal supports. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2010:3739-42. [PMID: 21096866 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5627499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Oriented architecture of macromolecules plays a critical role in many aspects of Nanobiotechnology such as in the development of biosensors. To this regard, S-layers which constitute the outermost cell envelope component of many prokaryotic organisms, represent unique self assembled systems with the capability to rearrange into monomolecular and oriented arrays. These properties can be exploited to promote their crystallization on surfaces (e.g. silicone) which is pivotal for the subsequent immobilization of macromolecules and development of new biosensors. In this work the crystallization of bacterial S-layers obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus CCM2177 on silicone, mica and quartz crystal surfaces were investigated. The SDS page results of S-layers isolated from the above mentioned bacteria put in evidence that their molecular weight (MW) was around 120 KDa and, as reported in the literature, slightly higher for those extracted by Bacillus thuringiensis. In addition, results showed that S-layers isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis form large crystalline domains on mica after 5 min whereas those extracted from Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 form a compact monolayer on silicone after 2 h. Results in this work put in evidence the possibility to use these substrates for the fabrication of sensitive biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Habibi
- Department of Communication, Computer and System Sciences, Nanobiotechnology and Medical Informatics Laboratory, University of Genova, Italy
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Badelt-Lichtblau H, Kainz B, Völlenkle C, Egelseer EM, Sleytr UB, Pum D, Ilk N. Genetic engineering of the S-layer protein SbpA of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 for the generation of functionalized nanoarrays. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:895-903. [PMID: 19402706 DOI: 10.1021/bc800445r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mesophilic organism Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 produces the surface (S)-layer protein SbpA, which after secretion completely covers the cell surface with a crystalline array exhibiting square lattice symmetry. Because of its excellent in vitro recrystallization properties on solid supports, SbpA represents a suitable candidate for genetically engineering to create a versatile self-assembly system for the development of a molecular construction kit for nanobiotechnological applications. The first goal of this study was to investigate the surface location of 3 different C-terminal amino acid positions within the S-layer lattice formed by SbpA. Therefore, three derivatives of SbpA were constructed, in which 90, 173, or 200 C-terminal amino acids were deleted, and the sequence encoding the short affinity tag Strep-tag II as well as a single cysteine residue were fused to their C-terminal end. Recrystallization studies of the rSbpA/STII/Cys fusion proteins indicated that C-terminal truncation and functionalization of the S-layer protein did not interfere with the self-assembly capability. Fluorescent labeling demonstrated that the orientation of the crystalline rSbpA(31-1178)/STII/Cys lattice on solid supports was the same, like the orientation of wild-type S-layer protein SbpA on the bacterial cell. In soluble and recrystallized rSbpA/STII/Cys fusion proteins, Strep-tag II was used for prescreening of the surface accessibility, whereas the thiol group of the end-standing cysteine residue was exploited for site-directed chemical linkage of differently sized preactivated macromolecules via heterobifunctional cross-linkers. Finally, functionalized two-dimensional S-layer lattices formed by rSbpA(31-1178)/STII/Cys exhibiting highly accessible cysteine residues in a well-defined arrangement on the surface were utilized for the template-assisted patterning of gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Badelt-Lichtblau
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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41
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Teixeira LM, Strickland A, Mark SS, Bergkvist M, Sierra-Sastre Y, Batt CA. Entropically driven self-assembly of Lysinibacillus sphaericus S-layer proteins analyzed under various environmental conditions. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:147-55. [PMID: 19637150 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
S-Layer proteins are an example of bionanostructures that can be exploited in nanofabrication. In addition to their ordered structure, the ability to self-assembly is a key feature that makes them a promising technological tool. Here, in vitro self-assembly kinetics of SpbA was investigated, and found that it occurs at a rate that is dependent on temperature, its concentration, and the concentration of calcium ions and sodium chloride. The activation enthalpy (120.81 kJ . mol(-1)) and entropy (129.34 J . mol(-1) . K(-1)) obtained infers that the incorporation of monomers incurs in a net loss of hydrophobic surface. By understanding how the protein monomers drive the self-assembly at different conditions, the rational optimization of this process was feasible.
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42
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Lopez AE, Moreno-Flores S, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Surface dependence of protein nanocrystal formation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:396-403. [PMID: 19943246 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly kinetics and nanocrystal formation of the bacterial surface-layer-protein SbpA are studied with a combination of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Silane coupling agents, aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), are used to vary the protein-surface interaction in order to induce new recrystallization pathways. The results show that the final S-layer crystal lattice parameters (a = b = 14 nm, gamma = 90 degrees ), the layer thickness (15 nm), and the adsorbed mass density (1700 ng cm(-2)) are independent of the surface chemistry. Nevertheless, the adsorption rate is five times faster on APTS and OTS than on SiO(2,) strongly affecting protein nucleation and growth. As a consequence, protein crystalline domains of 0.02 microm(2) for APTS and 0.05 microm(2) for OTS are formed, while for silicon dioxide the protein domains have a typical size of about 32 microm(2). In addition, more-rigid crystalline protein layers are formed on hydrophobic substrates. In situ AFM experiments reveal three different kinetic steps: adsorption, self-assembly, and crystalline-domain reorganization. These steps are corroborated by frequency-dissipation curves. Finally, it is shown that protein adsorption is a diffusion-driven process. Experiments at different protein concentrations demonstrate that protein adsorption saturates at 0.05 mg mL(-1) on silane-coated substrates and at 0.07 mg mL(-1) on hydrophilic silicon dioxide.
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Scheicher SR, Kainz B, Köstler S, Suppan M, Bizzarri A, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Ribitsch V. Optical oxygen sensors based on Pt(II) porphyrin dye immobilized on S-layer protein matrices. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:797-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pum D, Sleytr UB. S-Layer Proteins for Assembling Ordered Nanoparticle Arrays. NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09459-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Liu J, Mao Y, Lan E, Banatao DR, Forse GJ, Lu J, Blom HO, Yeates TO, Dunn B, Chang JP. Generation of Oxide Nanopatterns by Combining Self-Assembly of S-Layer Proteins and Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:16908-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ja803186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiurong Liu
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yuanbing Mao
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Esther Lan
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diosdado Rey Banatao
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G. Jason Forse
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jun Lu
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans-Olof Blom
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Todd O. Yeates
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bruce Dunn
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jane P. Chang
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
In recent years, relatively simple MEMS fabrications have helped accelerate our knowledge of the microbial cell. Current progress and challenges in the application of lab-on-a-chip devices to the viable microbe are reviewed. Furthermore, the degree to which microbiologists are becoming the engineers and are tailoring microbial cells and protocells as potential components for bioMEMS devices is highlighted. We conclude this is a highly productive time for microbiologists and microengineers to unite their shared interest in the micron scale world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Ingham
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709, PA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Dronov R, Kurth DG, Möhwald H, Scheller FW, Friedmann J, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Lisdat F. Self-assembly of S-layer-enveloped cytochrome c polyelectrolyte multilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:8779-8784. [PMID: 18642859 DOI: 10.1021/la8006958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of the electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly of electroactive polyelectrolyte multilayers incorporating the redox protein cytochrome c (cyt c) combined with recrystallization of the bacterial cell wall surface layer from Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 SbpA (S-layer). The polyelectrolyte multilayer assembly was prepared on flat gold electrodes with a nanometer-scale roughness that allowed monitoring of the film formation throughout all the assembly stages by atomic force microscopy measurements in liquid with respect to topography and forces. The deposition of alternating layers of sulfonated polyaniline and cyt c was carried out by adsorption from the corresponding solutions on a cyt c monolayer electrode. The electroactivity of cyt c within the assembly was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. We showed that the surface properties of the electrode terminating layer change after each adsorption step accordingly. We also found that S-layer recrystallization on the top of the multilayer film was feasible while electroactivity of cyt c within a polyelectrolyte matrix was partially maintained. This approach offers a new strategy to design a biocompatible and permselective outer envelope of a polyelectrolyte multilayer, promising sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Dronov
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm/Potsdam, Germany
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Moreno-Flores S, Kasry A, Butt HJ, Vavilala C, Schmittel M, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. From native to non-native two-dimensional protein lattices through underlying hydrophilic/hydrophobic nanoprotrusions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:4707-10. [PMID: 18481830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Delcea M, Krastev R, Gutberlet T, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Thermal stability, mechanical properties and content of bacterial protein layers recrystallized on polyelectrolyte multilayers. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:1414-1421. [PMID: 32907106 DOI: 10.1039/b719408k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the temperature on the surface topology, layer thickness and density of recrystallized bacterial S-layers from Bacillus sphaericus CCM2177 on polyelectrolyte multilayers in contact with liquid water was investigated. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was used to monitor the build-up of the polyelectrolyte multilayer and the adsorption of S-layer protein (1600 ng cm-2). The critical temperature (55 °C) at which the S-layer loses its 2-D structure was obtained from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confirmed by neutron reflectometry (NR) experiments. The process of S-layer denaturation was found to be irreversible. Aggregates of denatured S-proteins resist lower loads than the crystalline nanostructure formed from folded S-proteins. The combination of the QCM-D results with the scattering length density and film thickness (14 nm) obtained from neutron reflectometry studies permitted the estimation of the density of adsorbed S-protein together with the bound water (M = 1.16 g cm-3), the dry protein scattering length density (2.02 × 10-6 Å-2) and the S-protein mass density (1.48 g cm-3). The results confirmed that S-proteins form very loosely packed layers on polyelectrolyte multilayers incorporating a water volume fraction of around 68%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Delcea
- Biosurfaces Unit, CIC BiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Rumen Krastev
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Golm/Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutberlet
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe Bernd Sleytr
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
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Moreno-Flores S, Kasry A, Butt HJ, Vavilala C, Schmittel M, Pum D, Sleytr U, Toca-Herrera J. From Native to Non-Native Two-Dimensional Protein Lattices through Underlying Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Nanoprotrusions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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