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Clark KM, Nekoba DT, Viernes KL, Zhou J, Ray TR. Fabrication of high-resolution, flexible, laser-induced graphene sensors via stencil masking. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 264:116649. [PMID: 39137522 PMCID: PMC11368413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The advent of wearable sensing platforms capable of continuously monitoring physiological parameters indicative of health status have resulted in a paradigm shift for clinical medicine. The accessibility and adaptability of such portable, unobtrusive devices enables proactive, personalized care based on real-time physiological insights. While wearable sensing platforms exhibit powerful capabilities for continuously monitoring physiological parameters, device fabrication often requires specialized facilities and technical expertise, restricting deployment opportunities and innovation potential. The recent emergence of rapid prototyping approaches to sensor fabrication, such as laser-induced graphene (LIG), provides a pathway for circumventing these barriers through low-cost, scalable fabrication. However, inherent limitations in laser processing restrict the spatial resolution of LIG-based flexible electronic devices to the minimum laser spot size. For a CO2 laser-a commonly reported laser for device production-this corresponds to a feature size of ∼120 μm. Here, we demonstrate a facile, low-cost stencil-masking technique to reduce the minimum resolvable feature size of a LIG-based device from 120 ± 20 μm to 45 ± 3 μm when fabricated by CO2 laser. Characterization of device performance reveals this stencil-masked LIG (s-LIG) method yields a concomitant improvement in electrical properties, which we hypothesize is the result of changes in macrostructure of the patterned LIG. We showcase the performance of this fabrication method via production of common sensors including temperature and multi-electrode electrochemical sensors. We fabricate fine-line microarray electrodes not typically achievable via native CO2 laser processing, demonstrating the potential of the expanded design capabilities. Comparing microarray sensors made with and without the stencil to traditional macro LIG electrodes reveals the s-LIG sensors have significantly reduced capacitance for similar electroactive surface areas. Beyond improving sensor performance, the increased resolution enabled by this metal stencil technique expands capabilities for scalable fabrication of high-performance wearable sensors in low-resource settings without reliance on traditional fabrication pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee M Clark
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Deylen T Nekoba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Kian Laʻi Viernes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Tyler R Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John. A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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2
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Mayner E, Ronceray N, Lihter M, Chen TH, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Radenovic A. Monitoring Electrochemical Dynamics through Single-Molecule Imaging of hBN Surface Emitters in Organic Solvents. ACS NANO 2024; 18:27401-27410. [PMID: 39321411 PMCID: PMC11468151 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c07189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical techniques conventionally lack spatial resolution and average local information over an entire electrode. While advancements in spatial resolution have been made through scanning probe methods, monitoring dynamics over large areas is still challenging, and it would be beneficial to be able to decouple the probe from the electrode itself. In this work, we leverage single molecule microscopy to spatiotemporally monitor analyte surface concentrations over a wide area using unmodified hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in organic solvents. Through a sensing scheme based on redox-active species interactions with fluorescent emitters at the surface of hBN, we observe a region of a linear decrease in the number of emitters against increasingly positive potentials applied to a nearby electrode. We find consistent trends in electrode reaction kinetics vs overpotentials between potentiostat-reported currents and optically read emitter dynamics, showing Tafel slopes greater than 290 mV·decade-1. Finally, we draw on the capabilities of spectral single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) to monitor the fluorescent species' identity, enabling multiplexed readout. Overall, we show dynamic measurements of analyte concentration gradients on a micrometer-length scale with nanometer-scale depth and precision. Considering the many scalable options for engineering fluorescent emitters with two-dimensional (2D) materials, our method holds promise for optically detecting a range of interacting species with exceptional localization precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Mayner
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Ronceray
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Martina Lihter
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute
of Physics, Bijenicka
46, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Tzu-Heng Chen
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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3
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Tian S, Ma C, Zhu Y, Xu Q, Wu J, Qiu Y, Liang T, Ren G, Huang Z, Sun X, Kong L, Wei X, Yu Z, Wang P, Wan H. A light-addressable potentiometric sensor-based extracellular calcium dynamic monitoring and imaging platform for cellular calcium channel drug evaluation. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 267:116814. [PMID: 39362138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Disruption and dysregulation of cellular calcium channel function can lead to diseases such as ischemic stroke, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Corresponding calcium channel drugs typically require preliminary efficacy evaluations using in vitro models such as cells and simulated tissues before clinical testing. However, traditional detection and evaluation methods often encounter challenges in long-term continuous monitoring and lack calcium specificity. In this study, a dynamic monitoring system based on ion-sensitive membranes for light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) was developed to meet the demand for monitoring changes in extracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration in live cells. The effects of Ca2+ channel agonists and blockers on 2D and 3D HL-1 cells were investigated, with changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration reflecting cellular calcium metabolism, facilitating drug evaluation. Additionally, calcium imaging technology with optical addressing capability complemented the LAPS system's ability to perceive 3D cell morphology, enhancing its drug evaluation capabilities. This work provides a novel, label-free, specific, and stable technique for monitoring cellular calcium metabolism. It achieves both continuous monitoring at single points and custom sensing area calcium imaging, holding significant implications for drug screening and disease treatment related to human calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Tian
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chiyu Ma
- Xi'an Institute of Applied Optics, Xi'an, 710065, China.
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qihui Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, 710071, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Guangqing Ren
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhuoru Huang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xianyou Sun
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liubing Kong
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xinwei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhengyin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hao Wan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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4
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Zambry NS, Awang MS, Hamzah HH, Mohamad AN, Khalid MF, Khim BK, Bustami Y, Jamaluddin NF, Ibrahim F, Aziah I, Abd Manaf A. A portable label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor for rapid detection of Salmonella Typhi. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:5254-5262. [PMID: 39011785 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00888j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
A highly accurate, rapid, portable, and robust platform for detecting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is crucial for early-stage diagnosis of typhoid to avert and control the outbreaks of this pathogen, which threaten global public health. This study presents a proof-of-concept for our developed label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor system for S. Typhi detection, which employs a printed circuit board gold electrode (PCBGE), integrated with a portable potentiostat reader. Initially, the functionalized DNA biosensor and target detection were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods using a benchtop potentiostat. Interestingly, the newly developed DNA biosensor can identify target single-stranded DNA concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 20 μM, achieving a detection limit of 7.6 nM within a brief 5 minute timeframe. Under optimal detection conditions, the DNA biosensor exhibits remarkable selectivity, capable of distinguishing a single mismatch base pair from the target single-stranded DNA sequence. We then evaluated the feasibility of the developed DNA biosensor system as a diagnostic tool by detecting S. Typhi in 50 clinical samples using a portable potentiostat reader based on the DPV technique. Remarkably, the developed biosensor can distinctly distinguish between positive and negative samples, indicating that the miniaturised DNA biosensor system is practical for detecting S. Typhi in real biological samples. The developed DNA biosensor device in this work proves to be a promising point-of-care (POC) device for Salmonella detection due to its swift detection time, uncomplicated design, and streamlined workflow detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Syafirah Zambry
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Syafiq Awang
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Level 1, Block C, No. 10 Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hairul Hisham Hamzah
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, Tees Valley, TS1 3BX, UK
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Najib Mohamad
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Beh Khi Khim
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Level 1, Block C, No. 10 Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Yazmin Bustami
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Fauzani Jamaluddin
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Level 1, Block C, No. 10 Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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5
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Biermann M, Leppin C, Langhoff A, Ziemer T, Rembe C, Johannsmann D. An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) based on microelectrode arrays allows to distinguish between adsorption and electrodeposition. Analyst 2024; 149:2138-2146. [PMID: 38436402 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Using a precise electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), it was shown that electrogravimetry can be carried out with microelectrode arrays (MEAs). MEAs were prepared on the resonator surface by coating it with a thin polymer layer containing holes, where the holes constitute the microelectrodes. The preparation procedures, their benefits, and their limitations are discussed. Microelectrode-based electrogravimetry is challenging because the reduced active area reduces the QCM signal. It is still feasible. This work is limited to linear voltage ramps (as opposed to steps). The processes chosen for demonstration were the electrodeposition/stripping of copper and the redox cycling of methyl viologen dichloride (MVC). The current trace often showed microelectrodic behavior, depending on the sweep rate. For the case of copper deposition, the mass transfer rate was proportional to the electric current. For the case of MVC, the electric current showed a plateau at the ends of the current-voltage diagram, but the mass transfer rate did not change. The difference can be explained by adsorption and desorption going into saturation at the two ends of the voltage range. Based on whether or not a microelectrodic gravimetric signal is seen, it can be stated whether the mass transfer is closely linked to the current. Further advantages of the microelectrode-based EQCM are an improved access to fast processes, reduced effects of double layer recharging, and the possibility to work at a low electrolyte support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Biermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, D 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Christian Leppin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, D 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, D 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Thorben Ziemer
- Institute of Electrical Information Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 28, D 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Christian Rembe
- Institute of Electrical Information Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 28, D 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, D 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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6
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Kumari M, Gupta V, Kumar N, Arun RK. Microfluidics-Based Nanobiosensors for Healthcare Monitoring. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:378-401. [PMID: 37166577 PMCID: PMC10173227 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient healthcare management demands prompt decision-making based on fast diagnostics tools, astute data analysis, and informatics analysis. The rapid detection of analytes at the point of care is ensured using microfluidics in synergy with nanotechnology and biotechnology. The nanobiosensors use nanotechnology for testing, rapid disease diagnosis, monitoring, and management. In essence, nanobiosensors detect biomolecules through bioreceptors by modulating the physicochemical signals generating an optical and electrical signal as an outcome of the binding of a biomolecule with the help of a transducer. The nanobiosensors are sensitive and selective and play a significant role in the early identification of diseases. This article reviews the detection method used with the microfluidics platform for nanobiosensors and illustrates the benefits of combining microfluidics and nanobiosensing techniques by various examples. The fundamental aspects, and their application are discussed to illustrate the advancement in the development of microfluidics-based nanobiosensors and the current trends of these nano-sized sensors for point-of-care diagnosis of various diseases and their function in healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kumari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, NH-44, Jagti, PO Nagrota, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Verruchi Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Kakryal, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir, 182320, India
| | - Natish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, NH-44, Jagti, PO Nagrota, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Arun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, NH-44, Jagti, PO Nagrota, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India.
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7
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Aquino de Queiroz JL, Medeiros LG, Augusto da Silva K, Fontes Galvão FM, Oliveira do Nascimento JH, Martínez-Huitle CA, Castro PS. Development of recycled and miniaturized electroanalytical sensor: Probing isoniazid determination in environmental water matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140030. [PMID: 37669719 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface water pollution has become relevant because growing population and intense industrial activities. Thus, to protect the environment from contamination, recently the electroanalytical sensors that require small sample volume and easy preparation have shown a prominent performance for pharmaceuticals monitoring. For this purpose, a miniaturized electrochemical platform was developed based on recycling obsolete computer integrated circuits (microchips), fitting with the ideals of green chemistry and circular economy. The gold microelectrodes array (Au-μEA) was easily exposed by polishing the device surface and then characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. To enhance the analytical performance for isoniazid detection, the Au-μEA was modified with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO). The developed sensor presented a linear range between 5 and 100 μmol L-1 and a limit of detection of 1.38 μmol L-1 demonstrating a reliable performance. Looking to its environmental application, the ERGO/Au-μEA sensor was used for isoniazid quantification in lagoon, river, tap water and synthetic effluent spiked samples with recovery values between 92.5 and 108.4%. Thus, this research field opens up new possibilities in global water-related issues contributing with innovative sustainable solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Leandro Aquino de Queiroz
- Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59.072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande Do Norte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Gomes Medeiros
- Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59.072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Kayky Augusto da Silva
- Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59.072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Pollyana Souza Castro
- Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59.072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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8
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Juska VB, Maxwell G, Estrela P, Pemble ME, O'Riordan A. Silicon microfabrication technologies for biology integrated advance devices and interfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115503. [PMID: 37481868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization is the trend to manufacture ever smaller devices and this process requires knowledge, experience, understanding of materials, manufacturing techniques and scaling laws. The fabrication techniques used in semiconductor industry deliver an exceptionally high yield of devices and provide a well-established platform. Today, these miniaturized devices are manufactured with high reproducibility, design flexibility, scalability and multiplexed features to be used in several applications including micro-, nano-fluidics, implantable chips, diagnostics/biosensors and neural probes. We here provide a review on the microfabricated devices used for biology driven science. We will describe the ubiquity of the use of micro-nanofabrication techniques in biology and biotechnology through the fabrication of high-aspect-ratio devices for cell sensing applications, intracellular devices, probes developed for neuroscience-neurotechnology and biosensing of the certain biomarkers. Recently, the research on micro and nanodevices for biology has been progressing rapidly. While the understanding of the unknown biological fields -such as human brain- has been requiring more research with advanced materials and devices, the development protocols of desired devices has been advancing in parallel, which finally meets with some of the requirements of biological sciences. This is a very exciting field and we aim to highlight the impact of micro-nanotechnologies that can shed light on complex biological questions and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuslat B Juska
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP, Ireland.
| | - Graeme Maxwell
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP, Ireland
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Centre for Bioengineering & Biomedical Technologies (CBio), University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alan O'Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP, Ireland
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9
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Hwang H, Oh H, Song H. Shaping Copper Oxide Layers on Gold Nanoparticle Ensembles by Controlled Electrodeposition with Single Particle Scatterometry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301241. [PMID: 37086124 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrodeposition of copper on gold nanoelectrode ensembles result in the formation of uniform copper oxide layers on individual nanoparticles. A linear sweep of voltammetric change induces three distinct morphologies dependent upon particle density. Ex situ imaging and in situ scatterometry at a single-particle level identifies multi-step electrochemical growth sequences that deviated from classical nucleation and growth pathways. In addition, the study demonstrated the possibility of synthesizing sophisticated structures based on the symmetry of nanoelectrodes. This result guides the nanoscale morphology control of electrode ensembles with potential application in electrocatalysis and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsik Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Song
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ko DH, Bates D, Karaosmanoglu H, Taredun K, Elton C, Jones L, Hosseini A, Partridge A. 3D microelectrode arrays, pushing the bounds of sensitivity toward a generic platform for point-of-care diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115154. [PMID: 36801599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The increased sensitivity of microelectrode arrays (MEAs) over macroelectrodes for biosensing is well established, and results from reducing the diffusion gradient of the target species to and from the electrode surfaces. The current study describes the fabrication and characterisation of a polymer-based MEA, which exploits the advantages of three dimensionality (3D). Firstly, the unique 3D formfactor promotes release of the gold tips from an inert layer in a controlled fashion, to form a highly reproducible array of microelectrodes in a single step. The 3D topography of the fabricated MEAs significantly enhances the diffusion profile of the target species to the electrode which results in higher sensitivity. Furthermore, the "sharpness" of the 3D structure induces differential current distribution that is focused at the apices of the individual electrodes, reducing the active area, and thereby overcoming the requirement for the electrodes to be sub-micron in size before true MEA behaviour can be achieved. The electrochemical characteristics of the 3D MEAs shows ideal micro-electrode behaviour, with a level of sensitivity of three orders of magnitude greater than that of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), as the optical based gold standard. The application of the 3D MEAs uses the combination of enzyme-label and substrate approach employed in ELISAs as a generic basis for biosensing and can hence be applied to the plethora of targets that utilise the ELISA approach. As an example, the 3D MEAs are applied to the detection of RNA and demonstrate a level of detection down to single digit picomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Hsu Ko
- Catalyst Tec Limited, 16 Beatrice Tinsley Crescent, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - David Bates
- Digital Sensing Ltd, 16 Beatrice Tinsley Crescent, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Hande Karaosmanoglu
- Digital Sensing Ltd, 16 Beatrice Tinsley Crescent, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Karl Taredun
- Digital Sensing Ltd, 16 Beatrice Tinsley Crescent, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Clare Elton
- Digital Sensing Ltd, 16 Beatrice Tinsley Crescent, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Jones
- Digital Sensing Ltd, 16 Beatrice Tinsley Crescent, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Ali Hosseini
- Catalyst Tec Limited, 16 Beatrice Tinsley Crescent, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Ashton Partridge
- Digital Sensing Ltd, 16 Beatrice Tinsley Crescent, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand; Catalyst Tec Limited, 16 Beatrice Tinsley Crescent, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand; Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
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11
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Kang MJ, Cho YW, Kim TH. Progress in Nano-Biosensors for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Stem Cell Differentiation. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050501. [PMID: 37232862 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive, non-destructive, and label-free sensing techniques are required to monitor real-time stem cell differentiation. However, conventional analysis methods, such as immunocytochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot, involve invasive processes and are complicated and time-consuming. Unlike traditional cellular sensing methods, electrochemical and optical sensing techniques allow non-invasive qualitative identification of cellular phenotypes and quantitative analysis of stem cell differentiation. In addition, various nano- and micromaterials with cell-friendly properties can greatly improve the performance of existing sensors. This review focuses on nano- and micromaterials that have been reported to improve sensing capabilities, including sensitivity and selectivity, of biosensors towards target analytes associated with specific stem cell differentiation. The information presented aims to motivate further research into nano-and micromaterials with advantageous properties for developing or improving existing nano-biosensors to achieve the practical evaluation of stem cell differentiation and efficient stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Woo Cho
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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12
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Gamba L, Johnson ZT, Atterberg J, Diaz-Arauzo S, Downing JR, Claussen JC, Hersam MC, Secor EB. Systematic Design of a Graphene Ink Formulation for Aerosol Jet Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3325-3335. [PMID: 36608034 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol jet printing is a noncontact, digital, additive manufacturing technique compatible with a wide variety of functional materials. Although promising, development of new materials and devices using this technique remains hindered by limited rational ink formulation, with most recent studies focused on device demonstration rather than foundational process science. In the present work, a systematic approach to formulating a polymer-stabilized graphene ink is reported, which considers the effect of solvent composition on dispersion, rheology, wetting, drying, and phase separation characteristics that drive process outcomes. It was found that a four-component solvent mixture composed of isobutyl acetate, diglyme, dihydrolevoglucosenone, and glycerol supported efficient ink atomization and controlled in-line drying to reduce overspray and wetting instabilities while maintaining high resolution and electrical conductivity, thus overcoming a trade-off in deposition rate and resolution common to aerosol jet printing. Biochemical sensors were printed for amperometric detection of the pesticide parathion, exhibiting a detection limit of 732 nM and a sensitivity of 34 nA μM-1, demonstrating the viability of this graphene ink for fabricating functional electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Gamba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Zachary T Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Jackie Atterberg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Santiago Diaz-Arauzo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia R Downing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan C Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ethan B Secor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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13
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Kosri E, Ibrahim F, Thiha A, Madou M. Micro and Nano Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA)-Based MEMS/NEMS as Electrochemical Transducers: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234171. [PMID: 36500794 PMCID: PMC9741053 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Micro and nano interdigitated electrode array (µ/n-IDEA) configurations are prominent working electrodes in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors/biosensors, as their design benefits sensor achievement. This paper reviews µ/n-IDEA as working electrodes in four-electrode electrochemical sensors in terms of two-dimensional (2D) planar IDEA and three-dimensional (3D) IDEA configurations using carbon or metal as the starting materials. In this regard, the enhancement of IDEAs-based biosensors focuses on controlling the width and gap measurements between the adjacent fingers and increases the IDEA's height. Several distinctive methods used to expand the surface area of 3D IDEAs, such as a unique 3D IDEA design, integration of mesh, microchannel, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT), and nanoparticles, are demonstrated and discussed. More notably, the conventional four-electrode system, consisting of reference and counter electrodes will be compared to the highly novel two-electrode system that adopts IDEA's shape. Compared to the 2D planar IDEA, the expansion of the surface area in 3D IDEAs demonstrated significant changes in the performance of electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, the challenges faced by current IDEAs-based electrochemical biosensors and their potential solutions for future directions are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyana Kosri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre of Printable Electronics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Aung Thiha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Marc Madou
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
- Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, Ciudad de México 14400, CDMX, Mexico
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14
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Nanoporous gold microelectrode arrays using microchips: A highly sensitive and cost-effective platform for electroanalytical applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Shao Z, Chang Y, Venton BJ. Carbon microelectrodes with customized shapes for neurotransmitter detection: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1223:340165. [PMID: 35998998 PMCID: PMC9867599 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon is a popular electrode material for neurotransmitter detection due to its good electrochemical properties, high biocompatibility, and inert chemistry. Traditional carbon electrodes, such as carbon fibers, have smooth surfaces and fixed shapes. However, newer studies customize the shape and nanostructure the surface to enhance electrochemistry for different applications. In this review, we show how changing the structure of carbon electrodes with methods such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), wet-etching, direct laser writing (DLW), and 3D printing leads to different electrochemical properties. The customized shapes include nanotips, complex 3D structures, porous structures, arrays, and flexible sensors with patterns. Nanostructuring enhances sensitivity and selectivity, depending on the carbon nanomaterial used. Carbon nanoparticle modifications enhance electron transfer kinetics and prevent fouling for neurochemicals that are easily polymerized. Porous electrodes trap analyte momentarily on the scale of an electrochemistry experiment, leading to thin layer electrochemical behavior that enhances secondary peaks from chemical reactions. Similar thin layer cell behavior is observed at cavity carbon nanopipette electrodes. Nanotip electrodes facilitate implantation closer to the synapse with reduced tissue damage. Carbon electrode arrays are used to measure from multiple neurotransmitter release sites simultaneously. Custom-shaped carbon electrodes are enabling new applications in neuroscience, such as distinguishing different catecholamines by secondary peaks, detection of vesicular release in single cells, and multi-region measurements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Shao
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - Yuanyu Chang
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - B Jill Venton
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA.
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16
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Kaewket K, Janphuang P, Laohana P, Tanapongpisit N, Saenrang W, Ngamchuea K. Silver microelectrode arrays for direct analysis of hydrogen peroxide in low ionic strength samples. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Arivazhagan M, Maduraiveeran G. Gold dispersed hierarchical flower-like copper oxide microelectrodes for the sensitive detection of glucose and lactic acid in human serum and urine. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4538-4548. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report self-supported gold dispersed copper oxide microflowers (Au@CuO MFs) on copper microelectrodes (CME) as a sensitive platform for the sensing of glucose and lactic acid in human serum...
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18
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Wang FT, Wang LN, Xu J, Huang KJ, Wu X. Synthesis and modification of carbon dots for advanced biosensing application. Analyst 2021; 146:4418-4435. [PMID: 34195700 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00466b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been an explosion of interest in the use of nanomaterials for biosensing applications, and carbonaceous nanomaterials in particular are at the forefront of this explosion. Carbon dots (CDs), a new type of carbon material, have attracted extensive attention due to their fascinating properties, such as small particle size, tunable optical properties, good conductivity, low cytotoxicity, and good biocompatibility. These properties have enabled them to be highly promising candidates for the fabrication of various high-performance biosensors. In this review, we summarize the top-down and bottom-up synthesis routes of CDs, highlight their modification strategies, and discuss their applications in the fields of photoluminescence biosensors, electrochemiluminescence biosensors, chemiluminescence biosensors, electrochemical biosensors and fluorescence biosensors. In addition, the challenges and future prospects of the application of CDs for biosensors are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ting Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Li-Na Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Ke-Jing Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Xu Wu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
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19
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Lee J, Mullen JW, Hussain G, Silvester DS. Effect of microelectrode array spacing on the growth of platinum electrodeposits and its implications for oxygen sensing in ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Jiang F, Qi L, Song G, Yu HZ. Carbon tape-assisted electrodeposition and characterization of arrayed micro-/nanostructures. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Numan A, Gill AAS, Rafique S, Guduri M, Zhan Y, Maddiboyina B, Li L, Singh S, Nguyen Dang N. Rationally engineered nanosensors: A novel strategy for the detection of heavy metal ions in the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124493. [PMID: 33229259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal ions (HMIs) have been mainly originated from natural and anthropogenic agents. It has become one of biggest societal issues due to their recognised accumulative and toxic effects in the environment as well as biological media. Key measures are required to reduce the risks posed by toxic metal pollutants existing in the environment. The increased research activities of HMIs detection, and use of technologies based on electrochemical detection that combine with engineered nanomaterials, is a key promising and innovative strategy that can potentially confine heavy metal poisoning. Deep understanding of the characteristics of the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials is highly required. It is also important to interpret the parameters at the nano-bio interface level that merely affect cross-interactions between nanomaterials and HMIs. Therefore, the authors outlined the state-of-the-art techniques that used engineeringly developed nanomaterials to detect HMIs in the environment. The possible novel applications of extensive and relatively low-cost HMIs monitoring and detection are discussed on the basis of these strengths. Finally, it is concluded by providing gist on acquaintance with facts in the present-day scenario along with highlighting areas to explore the strategies to overcome the current limitations for practical applications is useful in further generations of nano-world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshid Numan
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, SIST, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Atal A S Gill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban X54000, South Africa
| | - Saqib Rafique
- Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Manisha Guduri
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana 500043, India
| | - Yiqiang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, SIST, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Balaji Maddiboyina
- Department of Pharmacy, Vishwabharathi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522009, India
| | - Lijie Li
- Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Sima Singh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; The Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam.
| | - Nam Nguyen Dang
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; The Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam.
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22
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Liu Y, Li X, Chen J, Yuan C. Micro/Nano Electrode Array Sensors: Advances in Fabrication and Emerging Applications in Bioanalysis. Front Chem 2020; 8:573865. [PMID: 33324609 PMCID: PMC7726471 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.573865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid development of micro/nano manufacturing techniques and the greater understanding in electrochemical principles and methods, micro/nano electrode array sensing has received much attention in recent years, especially in bioanalysis. This review aims to explore recent progress in innovative techniques for the construction of micro/nano electrode array sensor and the unique applications of various types of micro/nano electrode array sensors in biochemical analysis. Moreover, the new area of smart sensing benefited from miniaturization of portable micro/nano electrode array sensors as well as wearable intelligent devices are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chonglin Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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23
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Qin X, Li ZQ, Zhou Y, Pan JB, Li J, Wang K, Xu JJ, Xia XH. Fabrication of High-Density and Superuniform Gold Nanoelectrode Arrays for Electrochemical Fluorescence Imaging. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13493-13499. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian-Bin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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24
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Zhu L, Liu X, Yang J, He Y, Li Y. Application of Multiplex Microfluidic Electrochemical Sensors in Monitoring Hematological Tumor Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11981-11986. [PMID: 32786466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid yet accurate detection of disease-related biomarkers is key for point of care testing, where there is an increasing demand for multi-index analysis. Here, we present a versatile device for multianalyte quantification based on the microfluidic technique and electrochemical sensor array. The analytes were shunted through inner-built channels to screen-printed electrodes installed at different positions of the chip. These electrodes were modified with different nanomaterials and sensing agents to afford specific responses to the corresponding indicators. To prove the applicability of the platform for multifunction, we chose leukemia as the model disease and determined four relevant markers: methotrexate (MTX), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), uric acid (UA), and urea. They are indicative as/for the therapeutic drug (MTX), prognosis (LDH), and side effect (UA and urea). The sensing chip exhibited low detection limits of 35 nM, 25 U/L, 450 nM, and 20 μM toward the four analytes, which are much lower than their minimum contents in human serum. Furthermore, practical application of the chip was demonstrated by simultaneous detection of the four analytes in the blood plasma of rabbit. By simply replacing the modification agents, the sensing platform is expected to serve the detection of a wide range of chem/biosubstances in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yongcheng He
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hengsheng Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518102, China
| | - Yingchun Li
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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25
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Gevaerd A, Silva BMD, Oliveira PRD, Marcolino Júnior LH, Bergamini MF. A carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode as a simple tool to direct antioxidant estimation based on caffeic acid oxidation. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3608-3616. [PMID: 32701089 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01050b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the construction and evaluation of carbon fiber ultramicroelectrodes (CF-UMEs) in the voltammetric estimation of the antioxidant capacity of wine and grape samples based on caffeic acid (HCAF) oxidation. For this, lab-made CF-UMEs were constructed using an arrangement of six carbon fibers (7 μm diameters individual) assembled in a glass capillary, and caffeic acid (HCAF) was used as a standard solution. By using the most straightforward 2-electrode cell arrangement (the CF-UME as a working electrode and Ag/AgCl as a reference/auxiliary electrode), voltammetric measurements of a 1.0 mmol L-1 HCAF solution were done in the absence of a supporting electrolyte. A sigmoidal voltammetric profile was observed in CF-UMEs caused by a more effective mass transport by radial diffusion, which leads to a rapid formation of the diffusion layer. Reproducibility studies for different 6-fiber electrodes manually constructed in different batches showed an RSD of less than 5%. For the same electrode surface, a variation of 2.7% was observed. Under optimized conditions, a linear relationship between anodic peak current and HCAF concentration from 3.0 to 500 μmol L-1 with a sensitivity of 12 μA L mol-1 was reached. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 0.41 and 1.26 μmol L-1, respectively. The proposed electrochemical method was applied in the estimation of the antioxidant capacity in three different wine samples as well as in green and red grapes. Concordant and satisfactory results by comparison with a proper method were obtained, which suggests that the proposed sensor can be successfully applied for direct analysis of wine and grape samples by estimation of HCAF content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Gevaerd
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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26
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Parlak O, Richter-Dahlfors A. Bacterial Sensing and Biofilm Monitoring for Infection Diagnostics. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000129. [PMID: 32588553 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent insights into the rapidly emerging field of bacterial sensing and biofilm monitoring for infection diagnostics are discussed as well as recent key developments and emerging technologies in the field. Electrochemical sensing of bacteria and bacterial biofilm via synthetic, natural, and engineered recognition, as well as direct redox-sensing approaches via algorithm-based optical sensing, and tailor-made optotracing technology are discussed. These technologies are highlighted to answer the very critical question: "how can fast and accurate bacterial sensing and biofilm monitoring be achieved? Following on from that: "how can these different sensing concepts be translated for use in infection diagnostics? A central obstacle to this transformation is the absence of direct and fast analysis methods that provide high-throughput results and bio-interfaces that can control and regulate the means of communication between biological and electronic systems. Here, the overall progress made to date in building such translational efforts at the level of an individual bacterial cell to a bacterial community is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Parlak
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Science, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Science, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.,Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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27
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Liu G, Petrosko SH, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN): From Molecular Patterning to Materials Discovery. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6009-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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28
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Ramírez‐Chan DE, Fragoso‐Soriano R, González FJ. Effect of Electrolyte Ions on the Formation, Electroactivity, and Rectification Properties of Films Obtained by Electrografting. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Ramírez‐Chan
- Departamento de QuímicaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 07360 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Rogelio Fragoso‐Soriano
- Departamento de FísicaCentro de investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 07360 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Felipe J. González
- Departamento de QuímicaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 07360 Mexico City Mexico
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High spatial resolution electrochemical biosensing using reflected light microscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15196. [PMID: 31645591 PMCID: PMC6811617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
If the analyte does not only change the electrochemical but also the optical properties of the electrode/solution interface, the spatial resolution of an electrochemical sensor can be substantially enhanced by combining the electrochemical sensor with optical microscopy. In order to demonstrate this, electrochemical biosensors for the detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose were developed by drop casting enzyme and redox polymer mixtures onto planar, optically transparent electrodes. These biosensors generate current signals proportional to the analyte concentration via a reaction sequence which ultimately changes the oxidation state of the redox polymer. Images of the interface of these biosensors were acquired using bright field reflected light microscopy (BFRLM). Analysis showed that the intensity of these images is higher when the redox polymer is oxidized than when it is reduced. It also revealed that the time needed for the redox polymer to change oxidation state can be assayed optically and is dependent on the concentration of the analyte. By combining the biosensor for hydrogen peroxide detection with BFRLM, it was possible to determine hydrogen peroxide in concentrations as low as 12.5 µM with a spatial resolution of 12 µm × 12 µm, without the need for the fabrication of microelectrodes of these dimensions.
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Cirelli M, Hao J, Bor TC, Duvigneau J, Benson N, Akkerman R, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ. Printing "Smart" Inks of Redox-Responsive Organometallic Polymers on Microelectrode Arrays for Molecular Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37060-37068. [PMID: 31525020 PMCID: PMC6790938 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Printing arrays of responsive spots for multiplexed sensing with electrochemical readout requires new molecules and precise, high-throughput deposition of active compounds on microelectrodes with spatial control. We have designed and developed new redox-responsive polymers, featuring a poly(ferrocenylsilane) (PFS) backbone and side groups with disulfide units, which allow an efficient and stable bonding to Au substrates, using sulfur-gold coupling chemistry in a "grafting-to" approach. The polymer molecules can be employed for area selective molecular sensing following their deposition by high-precision inkjet printing. The new PFS derivatives, which serve as "molecular inks", were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopies and by gel permeation chromatography. The viscosity and surface tension of the inks were assessed by rheology and pendant drop contact angle measurements, respectively. Commercial microelectrode arrays were modified with the new PFS ink by using inkjet printing in the "drop-on-demand" mode. FTIR spectroscopy, AFM, and EDX-SEM confirmed a successful, spatially localized PFS modification of the individual electrodes within the sensing cells of the microelectrode arrays. The potential application of these devices to act as an electrochemical sensor array was demonstrated with a model analyte, ascorbic acid, by using cyclic voltammetry and amperometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cirelli
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jinmeng Hao
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis C. Bor
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Duvigneau
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Benson
- Institute
of Technology for Nanostructures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Bismarckstr. 81, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Remko Akkerman
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, and Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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31
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Brosel-Oliu S, Abramova N, Uria N, Bratov A. Impedimetric transducers based on interdigitated electrode arrays for bacterial detection - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1088:1-19. [PMID: 31623704 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Application of the impedance spectroscopy technique to detection of bacteria has advanced considerably over the last decade. This is reflected by the large amount of publications focused on basic research and applications of impedance biosensors. Employment of modern technologies to significantly reduce dimension of impedimetric devices enable on-chip integration of interdigitated electrode arrays for low-cost and easy-to-use sensors. This review is focused on publications dealing with interdigitated electrodes as a transducer unit and different bacteria detection systems using these devices. The first part of the review deals with the impedance technique principles, paying special attention to the use of interdigitated electrodes, while the main part of this work is focused on applications ranging from bacterial growth monitoring to label-free specific bacteria detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Brosel-Oliu
- Departament de Micro-Nano Sistemes, BIOMEMS Group, Institut Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, 08290, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Natalia Abramova
- Departament de Micro-Nano Sistemes, BIOMEMS Group, Institut Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, 08290, Bellaterra, Spain; Lab. Artificial Sensors Syst., ITMO University, Kronverskiy pr.49, 197101, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Naroa Uria
- Departament de Micro-Nano Sistemes, BIOMEMS Group, Institut Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, 08290, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Andrey Bratov
- Departament de Micro-Nano Sistemes, BIOMEMS Group, Institut Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, 08290, Bellaterra, Spain.
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32
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Obien MEJ, Frey U. Large-Scale, High-Resolution Microelectrode Arrays for Interrogation of Neurons and Networks. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 22:83-123. [PMID: 31073933 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11135-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) are increasingly being used for the observation and manipulation of neurons and networks in vitro. Large-scale electrode arrays allow for long-term extracellular recording of the electrical activity from thousands of neurons simultaneously. Beyond population activity, it has also become possible to extract information of single neurons at subcellular level (e.g., the propagation of action potentials along axons). In effect, HD-MEAs have become an electrical imaging platform for label-free extraction of the structure and activation of cells in cultures and tissues. The quality of HD-MEA data depends on the resolution of the electrode array and the signal-to-noise ratio. In this chapter, we begin with an introduction to HD-MEA signals. We provide an overview of the developments on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor or CMOS-based HD-MEA technology. We also discuss the factors affecting the performance of HD-MEAs and the trending application requirements that drive the efforts for future devices. We conclude with an outlook on the potential of HD-MEAs for advancing basic neuroscience and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Engelene J Obien
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
- MaxWell Biosystems, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Urs Frey
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems, Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Liu X, Tong Y, Fang PP. Recent development in amperometric measurements of vesicular exocytosis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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Read TL, Cobb SJ, Macpherson JV. An sp 2 Patterned Boron Doped Diamond Electrode for the Simultaneous Detection of Dissolved Oxygen and pH. ACS Sens 2019; 4:756-763. [PMID: 30793885 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid sp2-sp3 electrochemical sensor comprising patterned regions of nondiamond-carbon (sp2) in a boron doped diamond (sp3) matrix is described for the simultaneous voltammetric detection of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH in buffered aqueous solutions. Using a laser micropatterning process it is possible to write mechanically robust regions of sp2 carbon into a BDD electrode. These regions both promote the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen and facilitate the proton coupled electron transfer of quinone groups, integrated into the surface of the sp2 carbon. In this way, in one voltammetric sweep (time of measurement ∼4 s) it is possible to determine both the DO concentration and solution pH. By varying the sp2 pattern the response can be optimized toward both analytes. Using a closely spaced sp2 microspot array, a linear response toward DO, across the range 0.0 to 8.0 mg L-1 (0.0 to 0.25 mM; sensitivity = -8.77 × 10-8 A L mg-1, R2 = 0.9991) and pH range 4-10 (sensitivity = 59.7 mV pH-1, R2 = 0.9983) is demonstrated. The electrode is also capable of measuring both DO concentration and pH in the more complex buffered environment of blood. Finally, we show how the peak position for ORR is independent of pH, and thus via measurement of the difference in ORR and pH peak position, internal referencing is possible. Such electrodes show great promise for use in applications ranging from biomedical sensing to water analysis.
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35
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Buk V, Pemble ME. A highly sensitive glucose biosensor based on a micro disk array electrode design modified with carbon quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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The Development of CMOS Amperometric Sensing Chip with a Novel 3-Dimensional TiN Nano-Electrode Array. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19050994. [PMID: 30813577 PMCID: PMC6427664 DOI: 10.3390/s19050994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensing chip with an 8 × 8 array of titanium nitride three-dimensional nano-electrodes (TiN 3D-NEA) was designed and fabricated via a standard integrated complementary metal oxide semiconductor process. Each nano-electrode in 3D-NEA exhibited a pole-like structure with a radius of 100 nm and a height of 35 nm. The numeric simulation showed that the nano-electrode with a radius of around 100 nm exhibited a more uniformly distributed electric field and a much higher electric field magnitude compared to that of the microelectrode. Cyclic voltammetry study with Ru(NH3)63+ also revealed that the TiN 3D-NEA exhibited a much higher current density than that obtained from the microelectrode by two orders of magnitude. Further studies showed that the electrocatalytical reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could occur on a TiN 3D-NEA-based sensing chip with a high sensitivity of 667.2 mA⋅mM−1⋅cm−2. The linear detection range for H2O2 was between 0.1 μM and 5 mM with a lowest detection limit of 0.1 μM. These results indicated that the fabricated TiN 3D-NEA exhibited high catalytic activity and sensitivity to H2O2 and could be a promising sensor for H2O2 measurement.
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37
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Graphene Quantum Dots Modified Screen‐printed Electrodes as Electroanalytical Sensing Platform for Diethylstilbestrol. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Vajrala VS, Sekli Belaidi F, Lemercier G, Zigah D, Rigoulet M, Devin A, Sojic N, Temple-Boyer P, Launay J, Arbault S. Microwell array integrating nanoelectrodes for coupled opto-electrochemical monitorings of single mitochondria. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:672-678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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39
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Yang N, Yu S, Macpherson JV, Einaga Y, Zhao H, Zhao G, Swain GM, Jiang X. Conductive diamond: synthesis, properties, and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:157-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes systematically the growth, properties, and electrochemical applications of conductive diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | - Siyu Yu
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | | | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Hongying Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | | | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
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40
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Yang Y, Cuartero M, Gonçales VR, Gooding JJ, Bakker E. Light‐Addressable Ion Sensing for Real‐Time Monitoring of Extracellular Potassium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry University of Geneva Quai E.-Ansermet 30 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | | | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry University of Geneva Quai E.-Ansermet 30 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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41
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Yang Y, Cuartero M, Gonçales VR, Gooding JJ, Bakker E. Light-Addressable Ion Sensing for Real-Time Monitoring of Extracellular Potassium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16801-16805. [PMID: 30397985 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report here on a light addressable potassium (K+ ) sensor where light illumination of a semiconducting silicon electrode substrate results in a localized activation of the faradaic electrochemistry at the illuminated spot. This allows one, by electrochemical control, to oxidize surface bound ferrocene moieties that in turn trigger K+ transfer from the overlaid K+ -selective film to the solution phase. The resulting voltammetric response is shown to be K+ -selective, where peak position is a direct function of K+ activity at the surface of electrode. This concept was used to measure extracellular K+ concentration changes by stimulating living breast cancer cells. The associated decrease of intracellular K+ level was confirmed with a fluorescent K+ indicator. In contrast to light addressable potentiometry, the approach introduced here relies on dynamic electrochemistry and may be performed in tandem with other electrochemical analysis when studying biological events on the electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai E.-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai E.-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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42
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Quan Li P, Piper A, Schmueser I, Mount AR, Corrigan DK. Impedimetric measurement of DNA-DNA hybridisation using microelectrodes with different radii for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Analyst 2018; 142:1946-1952. [PMID: 28492640 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00436b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to their electroanalytical advantages, microelectrodes are a very attractive technology for sensing and monitoring applications. One highly important application is measurement of DNA hybridisation to detect a wide range of clinically important phenomena, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), mutations and drug resistance genes. The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for measurement of DNA hybridisation is well established for large electrodes but as yet remains relatively unexplored for microelectrodes due to difficulties associated with electrode functionalisation and impedimetric response interpretation. To shed light on this, microelectrodes were initially fabricated using photolithography and characterised electrochemically to ensure their responses matched established theory. Electrodes with different radii (50, 25, 15 and 5 μm) were then functionalised with a mixed film of 6-mercapto-1-hexanol and a thiolated single stranded DNA capture probe for a specific gene from the antibiotic resistant bacterium MRSA. The complementary oligonucleotide target from the mecA MRSA gene was hybridised with the surface tethered ssDNA probe. The EIS response was evaluated as a function of electrode radius and it was found that charge-transfer (RCT) was more significantly affected by hybridisation of the mecA gene than the non-linear resistance (RNL) which is associated with the steady state current. The discrimination of mecA hybridisation improved as electrode radius reduced with the RCT component of the response becoming increasingly dominant for smaller radii. It was possible to utilise these findings to produce a real time measurement of oligonucleotide binding where changes in RCT were evident one minute after nanomolar target addition. These data provide a systematic account of the effect of microelectrode radius on the measurement of hybridisation, providing insight into critical aspects of sensor design and implementation for the measurement of clinically important DNA sequences. The findings open up the possibility of developing rapid, sensitive DNA based measurements using microelectrodes.
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43
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Hussain G, O'Mullane AP, Silvester DS. Modification of Microelectrode Arrays with High Surface Area Dendritic Platinum 3D Structures: Enhanced Sensitivity for Oxygen Detection in Ionic Liquids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E735. [PMID: 30227681 PMCID: PMC6163947 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical gas sensors are often used for identifying and quantifying redox-active analyte gases in the atmosphere. However, for amperometric sensors, the current signal is usually dependent on the electroactive surface area, which can become small when using microelectrodes and miniaturized devices. Microarray thin-film electrodes (MATFEs) are commercially available, low-cost devices that give enhanced current densities compared to mm-sized electrodes, but still give low current responses (e.g., less than one nanoamp), when detecting low concentrations of gases. To overcome this, we have modified the surface of the MATFEs by depositing platinum into the recessed holes to create arrays of 3D structures with high surface areas. Dendritic structures have been formed using an additive, lead acetate (Pb(OAc)₂) into the plating solution. One-step and two-step depositions were explored, with a total deposition time of 300 s or 420 s. The modified MATFEs were then studied for their behavior towards oxygen reduction in the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) [N8,2,2,2][NTf₂]. Significantly enhanced currents for oxygen were observed, ranging from 9 to 16 times the current of the unmodified MATFE. The highest sensitivity was obtained using a two-step deposition with a total time of 420 s, and both steps containing Pb(OAc)₂. This work shows that commercially-available microelectrodes can be favorably modified to give significantly enhanced analytical performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hussain
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Australia.
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
| | - Debbie S Silvester
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Australia.
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44
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Waheed A, Mansha M, Ullah N. Nanomaterials-based electrochemical detection of heavy metals in water: Current status, challenges and future direction. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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45
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Cobb SJ, Ayres ZJ, Macpherson JV. Boron Doped Diamond: A Designer Electrode Material for the Twenty-First Century. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:463-484. [PMID: 29579405 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron doped diamond (BDD) is continuing to find numerous electrochemical applications across a diverse range of fields due to its unique properties, such as having a wide solvent window, low capacitance, and reduced resistance to fouling and mechanical robustness. In this review, we showcase the latest developments in the BDD electrochemical field. These are driven by a greater understanding of the relationship between material (surface) properties, required electrochemical performance, and improvements in synthetic growth/fabrication procedures, including material postprocessing. This has resulted in the production of BDD structures with the required function and geometry for the application of interest, making BDD a truly designer material. Current research areas range from in vivo bioelectrochemistry and neuronal/retinal stimulation to improved electroanalysis, advanced oxidation processes, supercapacitors, and the development of hybrid electrochemical-spectroscopic- and temperature-based technology aimed at enhancing electrochemical performance and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
| | - Zoe J Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Julie V Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
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46
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A Microelectrode Array with Reproducible Performance Shows Loss of Consistency Following Functionalization with a Self-Assembled 6-Mercapto-1-hexanol Layer. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18061891. [PMID: 29890722 PMCID: PMC6022024 DOI: 10.3390/s18061891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For analytical applications involving label-free biosensors and multiple measurements, i.e., across an electrode array, it is essential to develop complete sensor systems capable of functionalization and of producing highly consistent responses. To achieve this, a multi-microelectrode device bearing twenty-four equivalent 50 µm diameter Pt disc microelectrodes was designed in an integrated 3-electrode system configuration and then fabricated. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used for initial electrochemical characterization of the individual working electrodes. These confirmed the expected consistency of performance with a high degree of measurement reproducibility for each microelectrode across the array. With the aim of assessing the potential for production of an enhanced multi-electrode sensor for biomedical use, the working electrodes were then functionalized with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH). This is a well-known and commonly employed surface modification process, which involves the same principles of thiol attachment chemistry and self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation commonly employed in the functionalization of electrodes and the formation of biosensors. Following this SAM formation, the reproducibility of the observed electrochemical signal between electrodes was seen to decrease markedly, compromising the ability to achieve consistent analytical measurements from the sensor array following this relatively simple and well-established surface modification. To successfully and consistently functionalize the sensors, it was necessary to dilute the constituent molecules by a factor of ten thousand to support adequate SAM formation on microelectrodes. The use of this multi-electrode device therefore demonstrates in a high throughput manner irreproducibility in the SAM formation process at the higher concentration, even though these electrodes are apparently functionalized simultaneously in the same film formation environment, confirming that the often seen significant electrode-to-electrode variation in label-free SAM biosensing films formed under such conditions is not likely to be due to variation in film deposition conditions, but rather kinetically controlled variation in the SAM layer formation process at these microelectrodes.
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47
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Butylskii DY, Mareev S, Pismenskaya N, Apel PY, Polezhaeva O, Nikonenko V. Phenomenon of two transition times in chronopotentiometry of electrically inhomogeneous ion exchange membranes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Eßmann V, Santana Santos C, Tarnev T, Bertotti M, Schuhmann W. Scanning Bipolar Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6267-6274. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Eßmann
- Analytical Chemistry − Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätßtrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry − Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätßtrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748 05513-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry − Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätßtrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748 05513-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry − Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätßtrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Morales-Martínez D, González FJ. Hydrogen Bonding Effects on the Reversible Reorganization of Organic Films Electrografted on Glassy Carbon Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morales-Martínez
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N.; Mexico City 07360 Mexico
| | - Felipe J. González
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N.; Mexico City 07360 Mexico
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50
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Staying alive! Sensors used for monitoring cell health in bioreactors. Talanta 2018; 176:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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