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Han S, Li S, Fu X, Han S, Chen H, Zhang L, Wang J, Sun G. Research Progress of Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Polymer Porous Materials. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 39046083 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Flexible piezoresistive sensors are in high demand in areas such as wearable devices, electronic skin, and human-machine interfaces due to their advantageous features, including low power consumption, excellent bending stability, broad testing pressure range, and simple manufacturing technology. With the advancement of intelligent technology, higher requirements for the sensitivity, accuracy, response time, measurement range, and weather resistance of piezoresistive sensors are emerging. Due to the designability of polymer porous materials and conductive phases, and with more multivariate combinations, it is possible to achieve higher sensitivity and lower detection limits, which are more promising than traditional flexible sensor materials. Based on this, this work reviews recent advancements in research on flexible pressure sensors utilizing polymer porous materials. Furthermore, this review examines sensor performance optimization and development from the perspectives of three-dimensional porous flexible substrate regulation, sensing material selection and composite technology, and substrate and sensing material structure design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- China Academy of Machinery Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection Company, Ltd., Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fu
- Wuhan Second Ship Design & Research Institute, Wuhan 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Han
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohui Sun
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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Wang S, Pu J, Xu S, Tian Y, Shu Q, Zou R, Zhang T. Flexible and Multifunctional Composites with Highly Strain Sensing and Impact Resistance Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1544. [PMID: 38891490 PMCID: PMC11174733 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of smart protective clothing will help detect injuries from contact sports, traffic collisions, and other accidents. The combination of ecoflex, spacer fabric, and graphene-based aerogel provides a multifunctional composite. It shows a strain sensitivity of 17.71 at the strain range of 40~55%, a pressure sensitivity of 0.125 kPa-1 at the pressure range of 0~15 kPa, and a temperature sensitivity of -0.648 °C-1. After 50 impact tests, its protection coefficient only dropped from 60% to 55%. Additionally, it shows thermal insulation properties. The compression and impact process results of finite element numerical simulation analysis are in good agreement with the experimental results. The ecoflex/aerogel/spacer fabric sensor exhibits a simple structure, large pressure strain, high sensitivity, flexibility, and ease of fabrication, making it a candidate for smart protective clothing resistant to impact loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.W.); (J.P.)
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng St., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jianyu Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Shuquan Xu
- Southwest Technology and Engineering Research Institute, Chongqing 400039, China; (Y.T.); (Q.S.)
| | - Yuanhao Tian
- Southwest Technology and Engineering Research Institute, Chongqing 400039, China; (Y.T.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qian Shu
- Southwest Technology and Engineering Research Institute, Chongqing 400039, China; (Y.T.); (Q.S.)
| | - Rui Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China;
| | - Tonghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.W.); (J.P.)
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Zhuo S, Zhang A, Tessier A, Williams C, Kabiri Ameri S. Solvent-Free and Cost-Efficient Fabrication of a High-Performance Nanocomposite Sensor for Recording of Electrophysiological Signals. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:188. [PMID: 38667181 PMCID: PMC11048393 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based nanocomposites have found applications in making sensors for various types of physiological sensing. However, the sensors' fabrication process is usually complex, multistep, and requires longtime mixing and hazardous solvents that can be harmful to the environment. Here, we report a flexible dry silver (Ag)/CNT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite-based sensor made by a solvent-free, low-temperature, time-effective, and simple approach for electrophysiological recording. By mechanical compression and thermal treatment of Ag/CNT, a connected conductive network of the fillers was formed, after which the PDMS was added as a polymer matrix. The CNTs make a continuous network for electrons transport, endowing the nanocomposite with high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and durability. This process is solvent-free and does not require a high temperature or complex mixing procedure. The sensor shows high flexibility and good conductivity. High-quality electroencephalography (EEG) and electrooculography (EOG) were performed using fabricated dry sensors. Our results show that the Ag/CNT/PDMS sensor has comparable skin-sensor interface impedance with commercial Ag/AgCl-coated dry electrodes, better performance for noninvasive electrophysiological signal recording, and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) even after 8 months of storage. The SNR of electrophysiological signal recording was measured to be 26.83 dB for our developed sensors versus 25.23 dB for commercial Ag/AgCl-coated dry electrodes. Our process of compress-heating the functional fillers provides a universal approach to fabricate various types of nanocomposites with different nanofillers and desired electrical and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Zhuo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Anan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alexandre Tessier
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chris Williams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Shideh Kabiri Ameri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Fan L, Liu Y, Yang X, Sun H. A Novel Resistive Sensor Network Utilizing an SAP-Enhanced Ionic Layer and CNT Doping for Multipoint Pressure Measurement. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1535-1545. [PMID: 38222553 PMCID: PMC10785618 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Amidst the rapid advancements in flexible electronics, flexible pressure sensors have achieved widespread applications in fields such as wearable devices and motion monitoring. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to design a sensor with high sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and a simplified manufacturing process. This paper introduces a piezoresistive sensor built upon a composite conductive filler. The sensor incorporates a super absorbent polymer (SAP) to absorb a phosphoric acid solution and doped carbon nanotubes as the composite conductive filler. In contrast to conventional rigid conductive fillers, the elastic polymer SAP enhances the sensor's stability significantly by exhibiting superior compatibility with the polydimethylsiloxane matrix, all the while reducing its Young's modulus. This work aims to theoretically elucidate the underlying principles that enable the sensor to achieve high sensitivity. It focuses on the induction of charge carriers due to pressure, which leads to the formation of a conductive pathway and subsequent changes in resistance, thus facilitating precise pressure detection. The paper also discusses the effects of piezoresistive layers with varying thicknesses and conductive fillers on the sensor's output performance. The results highlight the sensor's high sensitivity (0.094 kPa-1), rapid response time (105 ms), and exceptional cyclic load/unload stability (>5000 cycles). Furthermore, this paper establishes a versatile sensing network by integrating a portable inductance, capacitance, and resistance instrument with a programmable logic controller module. Compared to individual sensors, this system enables multipoint measurements, offering high spatial resolution and real-time monitoring capabilities, significantly expanding its overall practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leijin Fan
- School of Aerospace
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuantao Liu
- School of Aerospace
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Science and Technology
on Reliability Physics and Application of Electronic Component Laboratory, The Fifth Electronics Research Institute of the Ministry
of Industry and Information Technology, Guangzhou 511370, China
| | - Hu Sun
- School of Aerospace
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Kim J, So B, Heo Y, So H, Jo JK. Penile Erection Morphometry: The Need for a Novel Approach. World J Mens Health 2024; 42:42.e2. [PMID: 38164024 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.230179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
For many males, sexual function holds significant value in determining their quality of life. Despite the importance of male erectile function, no quantitative method to measure it accurately is currently available. Standardized assessment methods such as RigiScan™, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), and the stamp test are used to evaluate sexual function, but those methods cannot repetitively and quantitatively measure erectile function. Only direct measurement can quantitatively assess the shape of an erect penis. This paper presents the essential requirements for developing an ideal measurement method for penile erection. It also introduces current approaches for diagnosing male sexual function and reviews ongoing research to quantitatively measure erectile function. The paper further summarizes and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each method with respect to the essential requirements. Finally, the paper discusses the future direction toward the development of Penile Erection Morphometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwon Kim
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeongchan So
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongki Heo
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hongyun So
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jung Ki Jo
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
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Guo X, Sun Y, Sun X, Li J, Wu J, Shi Y, Pan L. Doping Engineering of Conductive Polymers and Their Application in Physical Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300246. [PMID: 37534567 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical sensors have emerged as a promising technology for real-time healthcare monitoring, which tracks various physical signals from the human body. Accurate acquisition of these physical signals from biological tissue requires excellent electrical conductivity and long-term durability of the sensors under complex mechanical deformation. Conductive polymers, combining the advantages of conventional polymers and organic conductors, are considered ideal conductive materials for healthcare physical sensors due to their intrinsic conductive network, tunable mechanical properties, and easy processing. Doping engineering has been proposed as an effective approach to enhance the sensitivity, lower the detection limit, and widen the operational range of sensors based on conductive polymers. This approach enables the introduction of dopants into conductive polymers to adjust and control the microstructure and energy levels of conductive polymers, thereby optimizing their mechanical and conductivity properties. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of doping engineering methods to improve the physical properties of conductive polymers and highlights their applications in the field of healthcare physical sensors, including temperature sensors, strain sensors, stress sensors, and electrophysiological sensing. Additionally, the challenges and opportunities associated with conductive polymer-based physical sensors in healthcare monitoring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yuqiong Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiean Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Xia H, Wang L, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhu L, Cai H, Ma Y, Yang Z, Zhang D. MXene/PPy@PDMS sponge-based flexible pressure sensor for human posture recognition with the assistance of a convolutional neural network in deep learning. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:155. [PMID: 38116450 PMCID: PMC10728160 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The combination of flexible sensors and deep learning has attracted much attention as an efficient method for the recognition of human postures. In this paper, an in situ polymerized MXene/polypyrrole (PPy) composite is dip-coated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge to fabricate an MXene/PPy@PDMS (MPP) piezoresistive sensor. The sponge sensor achieves ultrahigh sensitivity (6.8925 kPa-1) at 0-15 kPa, a short response/recovery time (100/110 ms), excellent stability (5000 cycles) and wash resistance. The synergistic effect of PPy and MXene improves the performance of the composite materials and facilitates the transfer of electrons, making the MPP sponge at least five times more sensitive than sponges based on each of the individual single materials. The large-area conductive network allows the MPP sensor to maintain excellent electrical performance over a large-scale pressure range. The MPP sensor can detect a variety of human body activity signals, such as radial artery pulse and different joint movements. The detection and analysis of human motion data, which is assisted by convolutional neural network (CNN) deep learning algorithms, enable the recognition and judgment of 16 types of human postures. The MXene/PPy flexible pressure sensor based on a PDMS sponge has broad application prospects in human motion detection, intelligent sensing and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Zihu Wang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Haolin Cai
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Yanhua Ma
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Zhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
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8
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Tay RY, Song Y, Yao DR, Gao W. Direct-Ink-Writing 3D-Printed Bioelectronics. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2023; 71:135-151. [PMID: 38222250 PMCID: PMC10786343 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of wearable and implantable bioelectronics has garnered significant momentum in recent years, driven by the ever-increasing demand for personalized health monitoring, remote patient management, and real-time physiological data collection. The elevated sophistication and advancement of these devices have thus led to the use of many new and unconventional materials which cannot be fulfilled through traditional manufacturing techniques. Three-dimension (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is an emerging technology that opens new opportunities to fabricate next-generation bioelectronic devices. Some significant advantages include its capacity for material versatility and design freedom, rapid prototyping, and manufacturing efficiency with enhanced capabilities. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in 3D printing of bioelectronics, particularly direct ink writing (DIW), encompassing the methodologies, materials, and applications that have emerged in this rapidly evolving field. This review showcases the broad range of bioelectronic devices fabricated through 3D printing including wearable biophysical sensors, biochemical sensors, electrophysiological sensors, energy devices, multimodal systems, implantable devices, and soft robots. This review will also discuss the advantages, existing challenges, and outlook of applying DIW 3D printing for the development of bioelectronic devices toward healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Yingjie Tay
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu Song
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Dickson R. Yao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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Nguyen QT, Vu DL, Le CD, Ahn KK. Recent Progress in Self-Powered Sensors Based on Liquid-Solid Triboelectric Nanogenerators. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5888. [PMID: 37447740 DOI: 10.3390/s23135888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing need for sensors that can operate autonomously without requiring an external power source. This is especially important in applications where conventional power sources, such as batteries, are impractical or difficult to replace. Self-powered sensors have emerged as a promising solution to this challenge, offering a range of benefits such as low cost, high stability, and environmental friendliness. One of the most promising self-powered sensor technologies is the L-S TENG, which stands for liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerator. This technology works by harnessing the mechanical energy generated by external stimuli such as pressure, touch, or vibration, and converting it into electrical energy that can be used to power sensors and other electronic devices. Therefore, self-powered sensors based on L-S TENGs-which provide numerous benefits such as rapid responses, portability, cost-effectiveness, and miniaturization-are critical for increasing living standards and optimizing industrial processes. In this review paper, the working principle with three basic modes is first briefly introduced. After that, the parameters that affect L-S TENGs are reviewed based on the properties of the liquid and solid phases. With different working principles, L-S TENGs have been used to design many structures that function as self-powered sensors for pressure/force change, liquid flow motion, concentration, and chemical detection or biochemical sensing. Moreover, the continuous output signal of a TENG plays an important role in the functioning of real-time sensors that is vital for the growth of the Internet of Things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tan Nguyen
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy Linh Vu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Chau Duy Le
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi MInh City, Linh Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Kyoung Kwan Ahn
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
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Xiao F, Jin S, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Huang Y. Wearable Pressure Sensor Using Porous Natural Polymer Hydrogel Elastomers with High Sensitivity over a Wide Sensing Range. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2736. [PMID: 37376381 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable pressure sensors capable of quantifying full-range human dynamic motionare are pivotal in wearable electronics and human activity monitoring. Since wearable pressure sensors directly or indirectly contact skin, selecting flexible soft and skin-friendly materials is important. Wearable pressure sensors with natural polymer-based hydrogels are extensively explored to enable safe contact with skin. Despite recent advances, most natural polymer-based hydrogel sensors suffer from low sensitivity at high-pressure ranges. Here, by using commercially available rosin particles as sacrificial templates, a cost-effective wide-range porous locust bean gum-based hydrogel pressure sensor is constructed. Due to the three-dimensional macroporous structure of the hydrogel, the constructed sensor exhibits high sensitivities (12.7, 5.0, and 3.2 kPa-1 under 0.1-20, 20-50, and 50-100 kPa) under a wide range of pressure. The sensor also offers a fast response time (263 ms) and good durability over 500 loading/unloading cycles. In addition, the sensor is successfully applied for monitoring human dynamic motion. This work provides a low-cost and easy fabrication strategy for fabricating high-performance natural polymer-based hydrogel piezoresistive sensors with a wide response range and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xiao
- School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shunyu Jin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wan Zhang
- School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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11
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Song Z, Zhou S, Qin Y, Xia X, Sun Y, Han G, Shu T, Hu L, Zhang Q. Flexible and Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Health Conditions. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:630. [PMID: 37366995 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential applications in the field of health and medicine. Wearable biosensors serve as an ideal platform for real-time and continuous health monitoring, which exhibit unique properties such as self-powered, lightweight, low cost, high flexibility, detection convenience, and great conformability. This review introduces the recent research progress in wearable biosensors. First of all, the biological fluids often detected by wearable biosensors are proposed. Then, the existing micro-nanofabrication technologies and basic characteristics of wearable biosensors are summarized. Then, their application manners and information processing are also highlighted in the paper. Massive cutting-edge research examples are introduced such as wearable physiological pressure sensors, wearable sweat sensors, and wearable self-powered biosensors. As a significant content, the detection mechanism of these sensors was detailed with examples to help readers understand this area. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are proposed to push this research area forward and expand practical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanxia Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiangjiao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, International Health Science Innovation Center, Research Center for Biosensor and Nanotheranostic, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tong Shu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, International Health Science Innovation Center, Research Center for Biosensor and Nanotheranostic, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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Abshirini M, Marashizadeh P, Saha MC, Altan MC, Liu Y. Three-Dimensional Printed Highly Porous and Flexible Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites with Dual-Scale Porosity and Piezoresistive Sensing Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36912907 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Highly flexible, deformable, and ultralightweight structures are required for advanced sensing applications, such as wearable electronics and soft robotics. This study demonstrates the three-dimensional (3D) printing of highly flexible, ultralightweight, and conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPNCs) with dual-scale porosity and piezoresistive sensing functions. Macroscale pores are established by designing structural printing patterns with adjustable infill densities, while the microscale pores are developed by phase separation of the deposited polymer ink solution. A conductive polydimethylsiloxane solution is prepared by mixing polymer/carbon nanotubes with non-solvent and solvent phases. Silica nanoparticles are utilized to modify the rheological properties of the ink, making direct ink writing (DIW) feasible. 3D geometries with various structural infill densities and polymer concentrations are deposited using DIW. The solvent is evaporated during a stepping heat treatment, leading to non-solvent droplet nucleation and growth. The microscale cellular network is developed by removing the droplets and curing the polymer. Up to 83% tunable porosity is achieved by independently controlling the macro- and microscale porosity. The effect of macroscale/microscale porosity and printing nozzle sizes on the mechanical and piezoresistive behavior of the CPNC structures is explored. The electrical and mechanical tests demonstrate a durable, extremely deformable, and sensitive piezoresistive response without sacrificing mechanical performance. The flexibility and sensitivity of the CPNC structure are enhanced up to 900 and 67% with the development of dual-scale porosity. The application of the developed porous CPNCs as piezoresistive sensors for detecting human motion is also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abshirini
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Parisa Marashizadeh
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Mrinal C Saha
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - M Cengiz Altan
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Yingtao Liu
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Zhang J, Shen S, Lin R, Huang J, Pu C, Chen P, Duan Q, You X, Xu C, Yan B, Gao X, Shen Z, Cai L, Qiu X, Hou H. Highly Stretchable and Biocompatible Wrinkled Nanoclay-Composite Hydrogel With Enhanced Sensing Capability for Precise Detection of Myocardial Infarction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209497. [PMID: 36527726 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging to balance high biocompability with good mechanical-electrical sensing performance, especially when triggering inflammatory stress response after in vivo implantation. Herein, a bioinspired wrinkle-reinforced adaptive nanoclay-interlocked soft strain-sensor based on a highly stretchable and elastic ionic-conductive hydrogel is reported. This novel nanoclay-composite hydrogel exhibits excellent tensile properties and high sensing capacity with steady and reliable sensing performance due to the structural-mechanical-electrical integrity of the nanoclay crosslinked and nano-reinforced interpenetrating network. The incorporation of amphiphilic ions provides the hydrogel with significant protein resistance, reducing its non-specific adsorption to proteins upon implantation, improving its biosafety as an implanted device, and maintaining the authenticity of the sensing results. Based on the revealed sensing enhanced mechanism based on hierarchical ordered structures as a proof-of-concept application, this hydrogel sensor is demonstrated to be able to accurately localize the region where myocardial infarction occurs and may become a novel strategy for real-time monitoring of pathological changes in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Si Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Rurong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jianxing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Chunyi Pu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Pinger Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Qixiang Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xintong You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Liu Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhong Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Honghao Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
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Zhang S, Sun X, Guo X, Zhang J, Li H, Chen L, Wu J, Shi Y, Pan L. A Wide-Range-Response Piezoresistive-Capacitive Dual-Sensing Breathable Sensor with Spherical-Shell Network of MWCNTs for Motion Detection and Language Assistance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13050843. [PMID: 36903721 PMCID: PMC10005261 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is still a challenge for flexible electronic materials to realize integrated strain sensors with a large linear working range, high sensitivity, good response durability, good skin affinity and good air permeability. In this paper, we present a simple and scalable porous piezoresistive/capacitive dual-mode sensor with a porous structure in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) embedded on its internal surface to form a three-dimensional spherical-shell-structured conductive network. Thanks to the unique spherical-shell conductive network of MWCNTs and the uniform elastic deformation of the cross-linked PDMS porous structure under compression, our sensor offers a dual piezoresistive/capacitive strain-sensing capability, a wide pressure response range (1-520 kPa), a very large linear response region (95%), excellent response stability and durability (98% of initial performance after 1000 compression cycles). Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were coated on the surface of refined sugar particles by continuous agitation. Ultrasonic PDMS solidified with crystals was attached to the multi-walled carbon nanotubes. After the crystals were dissolved, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes were attached to the porous surface of the PDMS, forming a three-dimensional spherical-shell-structure network. The porosity of the porous PDMS was 53.9%. The large linear induction range was mainly related to the good conductive network of the MWCNTs in the porous structure of the crosslinked PDMS and the elasticity of the material, which ensured the uniform deformation of the porous structure under compression. The porous conductive polymer flexible sensor prepared by us can be assembled into a wearable sensor with good human motion detection ability. For example, human movement can be detected by responding to stress in the joints of the fingers, elbows, knees, plantar, etc., during movement. Finally, our sensors can also be used for simple gesture and sign language recognition, as well as speech recognition by monitoring facial muscle activity. This can play a role in improving communication and the transfer of information between people, especially in facilitating the lives of people with disabilities.
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Huang P, Xiong Y, Ge Y, Wen Y, Zeng X, Zhang J, Wang P, Wang Z, Chen S. Magnetic Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles decorated phosphorus-doped biochar-attapulgite/bismuth film electrode for smartphone-operated wireless portable sensing of ultra-trace multiple heavy metal ions. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:94. [PMID: 36806986 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Pollution caused by both forestry wastes and heavy metals has increasingly drawn attention owing to environmental safety concerns. After essential oil is extracted from Cinnamomum camphoras (L.), the branches are used as forestry wastes to prepare a phosphorus-doped biochar-attapulgite/bismuth film electrode decorated with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MBA-BiFE). The smartphone-operated wireless portable sensor is employed for the simultaneous ultratrace voltammetric detection of multiple heavy metal ions (Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+). Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ exhibit excellent electrochemical responses in linear ranges of 0.1 nM-5 μM, 0.01 nM-7 μM, and 0.1 nM-3 μM with limits of detection equal to 0.036, 0.003, and 0.011 nM, respectively. The recoveries of MBA-BiFE for Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ are 93.6-109.9%, 86.0-107.5%, and 94.8-104.6%, respectively, and the RSD values for repeated measurements of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ are 4.2%, 2.8%, and 3.3%, respectively. A machine learning model based on an artificial neural network algorithm is constructed to enable a smart determination of ultratrace hazardous multiple metal ions. The portable sensor based on the screen-printed integrated three-electrode sensor modified using MBA-BiFE demonstrates advantages and practicability in outdoor detection, compared with conventional sensors based on MBA-BiFE. This study provides a smartphone-operated wireless portable sensing technique for high-potential applications in environmetallomics or agrometallomics using forestry waste-derived biochar as substrate for electrode preparation. HIGHLIGHTS: • Fe3O4 decorated phosphorus-doped biochar-attapulgite/bismuth film electrode. • A smartphone-operated sensor for analysis of multiple heavy metal ions. • An Artificial neural network model for smart analysis of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongde Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Deng Y, Li T, Tu Q, Wang J. Highly stretchable and self-adhesive ionically cross-linked double-network conductive hydrogel sensor for electronic skin. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Massaglia G, Quaglio M. 3D Composite PDMS/MWCNTs Aerogel as High-Performing Anodes in Microbial Fuel Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4335. [PMID: 36500961 PMCID: PMC9736451 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Porous 3D composite materials are interesting anode electrodes for single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs) since they exploit a surface layer that is able to achieve the correct biocompatibility for the proliferation of electroactive bacteria and have an inner charge transfer element that favors electron transfer and improves the electrochemical activity of microorganisms. The crucial step is to fine-tune the continuous porosity inside the anode electrode, thus enhancing the bacterial growth, adhesion, and proliferation, and the substrate's transport and waste products removal, avoiding pore clogging. To this purpose, a novel approach to synthetize a 3D composite aerogel is proposed in the present work. A 3D composite aerogel, based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a conductive filler, was obtained by pouring this mixture over the commercial sugar, used as removable template to induce and tune the hierarchical continuous porosity into final nanostructures. In this scenario, the granularity of the sugar directly affects the porosities distribution inside the 3D composite aerogel, as confirmed by the morphological characterizations implemented. We demonstrated the capability to realize a high-performance bioelectrode, which showed a 3D porous structure characterized by a high surface area typical of aerogel materials, the required biocompatibility for bacterial proliferations, and an improved electron pathway inside it. Indeed, SCMFCs with 3D composite aerogel achieved current densities of (691.7 ± 9.5) mA m-2, three orders of magnitude higher than commercial carbon paper, (287.8 ± 16.1) mA m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Massaglia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies@ POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - Marzia Quaglio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies@ POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 10100 Torino, Italy
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18
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Kim DY, Nam KW, Kang BH, Park SH. Soft Multifunctional Porous Sponge Sensor for Pressure and Strain Using Liquid Metal/Polydimethylsiloxane with Silver-Nanowire-Coated Composite. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1998. [PMID: 36422427 PMCID: PMC9698561 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Compression and tension sensors with a porous structure have attracted attention recently. Porous sponge sensors have the advantage of a wide deformation range owing to their structural characteristics. In this study, a porous sponge structure was prepared by absorbing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into the matrix of porous commercial sugar cubes. A conductive network was formed by coating the outside of the sponge skeleton with silver nanowires (AgNWs), which have a high aspect ratio. In addition, a liquid metal (LM), which does not directly form an electrical network but changes from zero-dimensional to one-dimensional under an external force was introduced into this porous sponge structure. The effects of the LM on the sensor sensitivity to pressure and strain were analyzed by comparing the electrical resistance changes of PDMS/AgNW and LM/PDMS/AgNW sponge sensors under tension and pressure. This study shows that the use of a porous structure and an LM may be useful for future wearable sensor design.
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Kim S, Park S, Choi J, Hwang W, Kim S, Choi IS, Yi H, Kwak R. An epifluidic electronic patch with spiking sweat clearance for event-driven perspiration monitoring. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6705. [PMID: 36344563 PMCID: PMC9640696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons generate spike patterns upon receiving external stimuli and encode key information to the spike patterns, enabling energy-efficient external information processing. Herein, we report an epifluidic electronic patch with spiking sweat clearance using a sensor containing a vertical sweat-collecting channel for event-driven, energy-efficient, long-term wireless monitoring of epidermal perspiration dynamics. Our sweat sensor contains nanomesh electrodes on its inner wall of the channel and unique sweat-clearing structures. During perspiration, repeated filling and abrupt emptying of the vertical sweat-collecting channel generate electrical spike patterns with the sweat rate and ionic conductivity proportional to the spike frequency and amplitude over a wide dynamic range and long time (> 8 h). With such 'spiking' sweat clearance and corresponding electronic spike patterns, the epifluidic wireless patch successfully decodes epidermal perspiration dynamics in an event-driven manner at different skin locations during exercise, consuming less than 0.6% of the energy required for continuous data transmission. Our patch could integrate various on-skin sensors and emerging edge computing technologies for energy-efficient, intelligent digital healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Kim
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Park
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Choi
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseop Hwang
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Kim
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Suk Choi
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Yi
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea ,grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Materials Science and Engineering, YU-KIST Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Rhokyun Kwak
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea ,grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
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20
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Turco A, Monteduro AG, Montagna F, Primiceri E, Frigione M, Maruccio G. The effect of synthetic conditions on piezoresistive properties of ultrasensitive carbon nanotube/PDMS 3D composites. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Wang XM, Zhu B, Huang Y, Shen L, Chai Y, Han J, Yu J, Wang Z, Chen X. High-performance self-powered integrated system of pressure sensor and supercapacitor based on Cu@Cu2O/graphitic carbon layered porous structure. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 632:140-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Turco A, Monteduro AG, Montagna F, Primiceri E, Frigione M, Maruccio G. Does Size Matter? The Case of Piezoresistive Properties of Carbon Nanotubes/Elastomer Nanocomposite Synthesized through Mechanochemistry. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3741. [PMID: 36364523 PMCID: PMC9658284 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in piezoresistive sensors has favored the development of numerous approaches and materials for their fabrication. Within this framework, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are often employed. However, CNTs are a heterogeneous material with different morphological characteristics in terms of length and diameter, and, so far, experimental studies have not usually considered the effect of these parameters on the final sensor performances. Here, we observe how, by simply changing the CNTs length in a solvent-free mechanochemistry fabrication method, different porous 3D elastomeric nanocomposites with different electrical and mechanical properties can be obtained. In particular, the use of longer carbon nanotubes allows the synthesis of porous nanocomposites with better mechanical stability and conductivity, and with a nine-times-lower limit of detection (namely 0.2 Pa) when used as a piezoresistive sensor. Moreover, the material prepared with longer carbon nanotubes evidenced a faster recovery of its shape and electrical properties during press/release cycles, thus allowing faster response at different pressures. These results provide evidence as to how CNTs length can be a key aspect in obtaining piezoresistive sensors with better properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Turco
- CNR Nanotec Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Anna Grazia Monteduro
- CNR Nanotec Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Montagna
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Mariaenrica Frigione
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- CNR Nanotec Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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23
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Dou L, Zeng Z, Cheng D, Li S, Ke W, Cai G. Weft-Knitted Spacer Fabric for Highly Stretchable-Compressible Strain Sensor, Supercapacitor, and Joule Heater. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12203684. [PMID: 36296874 PMCID: PMC9608609 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of wearable electronic devices has greatly stimulated the research interest of textile-based strain sensors, which can effectively combine functionality with wearability. In this work, the fabrication of highly stretchable and compressible strain sensors from weft-knitted spacer fabric was reported. Carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole were deposited on the surface of fabric via an in situ polymerization approach to reduce the electrical resistance. The as-fabricated WSP-CNT-PPy strain sensor exhibits high electrical conductivity and stable strain-sensing performance under different stretching deformations. The WSP-CNT-PPy strain sensor can be stretched up to 450% and compressed to 60% with a pressure of less than 50 KPa, which can be attributed to the unique loop and interval filament structures. The distinguishing response efficiency of WSP-CNT-PPy can effectively detect faint and strenuous body movements. In addition, the electrochemical behavior of WSP-CNT-PPy was also characterized to study the comprehensive properties. The electro-heating performance was also evaluated for feasible Joule heater applications. This work demonstrates the practicability of WSP-CNT-PPy strain sensor fabric for real-time monitoring in promising wearable garments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Ke
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (W.K.); (G.C.)
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Fu Y, Zhao S, Wan Z, Tian Y, Wang S. Investigation into a Lightweight Polymeric Porous Sponge with High Magnetic Field and Strain Sensitivity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2762. [PMID: 36014627 PMCID: PMC9415109 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible sensors have gained significant attention due to their potential applications in soft robotics and biomimetic intelligent devices. However, the successful production of favorable flexible sensors integrated with high flexibility, sensitivity and excellent environment adaptability toward multiple external stimuli is still an enormous challenge. Herein, a lightweight polymeric porous sponge capable of detecting an external magnetic field and strain excitations is proposed by assembling a sodium alginate/chitosan (SA/CHI) porous sponge with micron carbonyl iron and nanoscale Fe3O4 magnetic particles (MPs). Based on the double network structure, the SA/CHI sponge possesses preferable mechanical strength and hydrophilicity, demonstrating its high flexibility and deformability. More importantly, the electrical response of the SA/CHI sponge sensors can display remarkable variation under external magnetic and mechanical stimuli due to their superior magnetic characteristics and electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, their sensing properties can maintain relatively stable recoverability and repeatability towards the periodic excitations and releases. Additionally, a potential mechanism is provided to investigate their stimuli-sensitive behavior. It is highly dependent on the microstructure variations in MPs and conductive multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) networks. Due to its exceptional magnetic controllability and appropriate electrical sensitivity, the proposed sensor shows high potential in wearable multi-sensing electronics and intelligent transport devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shijie Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenshuai Wan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ye Tian
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuangkun Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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25
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Li J, Li N, Zheng Y, Lou D, Jiang Y, Jiang J, Xu Q, Yang J, Sun Y, Pan C, Wang J, Peng Z, Zheng Z, Liu W. Interfacially Locked Metal Aerogel Inside Porous Polymer Composite for Sensitive and Durable Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201912. [PMID: 35748166 PMCID: PMC9376829 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors play significant roles in wearable devices, electronic skins, and human-machine interface (HMI). However, it remains challenging to develop flexible piezoresistive sensors with outstanding comprehensive performances, especially with excellent long-term durability. Herein, a facile "interfacial locking strategy" has been developed to fabricate metal aerogel-based pressure sensors with excellent sensitivity and prominent stability. The strategy broke the bottleneck of the intrinsically poor mechanical properties of metal aerogels by grafting them on highly elastic melamine sponge with the help of a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer as the interface-reinforcing media. The hierarchically porous conductive structure of the ensemble offered the as-prepared flexible piezoresistive sensor with a sensitivity as high as 12 kPa-1 , a response time as fast as 85 ms, and a prominent durability over 23 000 compression cycles. The excellent comprehensive performance enables the successful application of the flexible piezoresistive sensor as two-dimensional (2D) array device as well as three-dimensional (3D) force-detecting device for real-time monitoring of HMI activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Lou
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Jiang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and MaterialsApplied Mechanics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Qunhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Yujing Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Chuxuan Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Jianlan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of chemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
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A calibratable sensory neuron based on epitaxial VO 2 for spike-based neuromorphic multisensory system. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3973. [PMID: 35803938 PMCID: PMC9270461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromorphic perception systems inspired by biology have tremendous potential in efficiently processing multi-sensory signals from the physical world, but a highly efficient hardware element capable of sensing and encoding multiple physical signals is still lacking. Here, we report a spike-based neuromorphic perception system consisting of calibratable artificial sensory neurons based on epitaxial VO2, where the high crystalline quality of VO2 leads to significantly improved cycle-to-cycle uniformity. A calibration resistor is introduced to optimize device-to-device consistency, and to adapt the VO2 neuron to different sensors with varied resistance level, a scaling resistor is further incorporated, demonstrating cross-sensory neuromorphic perception component that can encode illuminance, temperature, pressure and curvature signals into spikes. These components are utilized to monitor the curvatures of fingers, thereby achieving hand gesture classification. This study addresses the fundamental cycle-to-cycle and device-to-device variation issues of sensory neurons, therefore promoting the construction of neuromorphic perception systems for e-skin and neurorobotics.
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27
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Yin Y, Guo C, Li H, Yang H, Xiong F, Chen D. The Progress of Research into Flexible Sensors in the Field of Smart Wearables. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22145089. [PMID: 35890768 PMCID: PMC9319532 DOI: 10.3390/s22145089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In modern society, technology associated with smart sensors made from flexible materials is rapidly evolving. As a core component in the field of wearable smart devices (or 'smart wearables'), flexible sensors have the advantages of excellent flexibility, ductility, free folding properties, and more. When choosing materials for the development of sensors, reduced weight, elasticity, and wearer's convenience are considered as advantages, and are suitable for electronic skin, monitoring of health-related issues, biomedicine, human-computer interactions, and other fields of biotechnology. The idea behind wearable sensory devices is to enable their easy integration into everyday life. This review discusses the concepts of sensory mechanism, detected object, and contact form of flexible sensors, and expounds the preparation materials and their applicability. This is with the purpose of providing a reference for the further development of flexible sensors suitable for wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Yin
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Cheng Guo
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Hong Li
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Hongying Yang
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
- Henan Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Fan Xiong
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Dongyi Chen
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
- College of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 611731, China
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28
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Recent Trends in Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors: A Review of Smart Energy Storage Device Assembly and Performance. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10060223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In order to upgrade existing electronic technology, we need simultaneously to advance power supply devices to match emerging requirements. Owing to the rapidly growing wearable and portable electronics markets, the demand to develop flexible energy storage devices is among the top priorities for humankind. Flexible supercapacitors (FSCs) have attracted tremendous attention, owing to their unrivaled electrochemical performances, long cyclability and mechanical flexibility. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), long recognized for their mechanical toughness, with an elastic strain limit of up to 20%, are regarded as potential candidates for FSC electrodes. Along with excellent mechanical properties, high electrical conductivity, and large surface area, their assemblage adaptability from one-dimensional fibers to two-dimensional films to three-dimensional sponges makes CNTs attractive. In this review, we have summarized various assemblies of CNT structures, and their involvement in various device configurations of FSCs. Furthermore, to present a clear scenario of recent developments, we discuss the electrochemical performance of fabricated flexible devices of different CNT structures and their composites, including additional properties such as compressibility and stretchability. Additionally, the drawbacks and benefits of the study and further potential scopes are distinctly emphasized for future researchers.
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29
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Chen Z, Yu J, Zhang X, Zeng H, Li Y, Wu J, Tao K. A button switch inspired duplex hydrogel sensor based on both triboelectric and piezoresistive effects for detecting dynamic and static pressure. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The capability to sense complex pressure variations comprehensively is vital for wearable electronics and flexible human–machine interfaces. In this paper, inspired by button switches, a duplex tactile sensor based on the combination of triboelectric and piezoresistive effects is designed and fabricated. Because of its excellent mechanical strength and electrical stability, a double-networked ionic hydrogel is used as both the conductive electrode and elastic current regulator. In addition, micro-pyramidal patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) acts as both the friction layer and the encapsulation elastomer, thereby boosting the triboelectric output performance significantly. The duplex hydrogel sensor demonstrates comprehensive sensing ability in detecting the whole stimulation process including the dynamic and static pressures. The dynamic stress intensity (10–300 Pa), the action time, and the static variations (increase and decrease) of the pressure can be identified precisely from the dual-channel signals. Combined with a signal processing module, an intelligent visible door lamp is achieved for monitoring the entire “contact–hold–release–separation” state of the external stimulation, which shows great application potential for future smart robot e-skin and flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- AVIC Xi’an Aircraft Industry Group Company Ltd., Xi’an 710089, China
| | - Haozhe Zeng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yunjia Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kai Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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30
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Solazzo M, Hartzell L, O’Farrell C, Monaghan MG. Beyond Chemistry: Tailoring Stiffness and Microarchitecture to Engineer Highly Sensitive Biphasic Elastomeric Piezoresistive Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19265-19277. [PMID: 35452235 PMCID: PMC9073843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanoparticles and conductive polymers are two classes of materials widely used in the production of three-dimensional (3D) piezoresistive sensors. One conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has excellent stability and conductivity yet is limited in its application as a sensor, often existing upon a base, limiting its performance and potential. Despite much progress in the field of materials chemistry and polymer synthesis, one aspect we consider worthy of exploration is the impact that microstructure and stiffness may have on the sensitivity of 3D sensors. In this study, we report a strategy for fabricating biphasic electroactive sponges (EAS) that combine 3D porous PEDOT:PSS scaffolds possessing either an isotropic or anisotropic microarchitecture, infused with insulating elastomeric fillers of varying stiffness. When characterizing the electromechanical behavior of these EAS, a higher stiffness yields a higher strain gauge factor, with values as high as 387 for an isotropic microarchitecture infused with a stiff elastomer. The approach we describe is cost-effective and extremely versatile, by which one can fabricate piezoresistive sensors with adaptable sensitivity ranges and excellent high strain gauge factor with the underlying microarchitecture and insulant stiffness dictating this performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Solazzo
- Department
of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Linette Hartzell
- Department
of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ciara O’Farrell
- Department
of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael G. Monaghan
- Department
of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advance
Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre at Trinity College Dublin and the Royal College of Surgeons
in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- CÚRAM,
Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Newcastle Road, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
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31
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Tan X, Zheng J. A Novel Porous PDMS-AgNWs-PDMS (PAP)-Sponge-Based Capacitive Pressure Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081495. [PMID: 35458245 PMCID: PMC9031670 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of capacitive pressure sensors with low cost, high sensitivity and facile fabrication techniques is desirable for flexible electronics and wearable devices. In this project, a highly sensitive and flexible capacitive pressure sensor was fabricated by sandwiching a porous PAP sponge dielectric layer between two copper electrodes. The porous PAP sponge dielectric layer was fabricated by introducing highly conductive silver nanowires (AgNWs) into the PDMS sponge with 100% sucrose as a template and with a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film coating the surface. The sensitivity of the PAP sponge capacitive pressure sensor was optimized by increasing the load amount of AgNWs. Experimental results demonstrated that when the load amount of AgNWs increased to 150 mg in the PAP sponge, the sensitivity of the sensor was the highest in the low-pressure range of 0–1 kPa, reaching 0.62 kPa−1. At this point, the tensile strength and elongation of sponge were 1.425 MPa and 156.38%, respectively. In addition, the specific surface area of PAP sponge reached 2.0 cm2/g in the range of 0–10 nm pore size, and showed excellent waterproof performance with high elasticity, low hysteresis, light weight, and low density. Furthermore, as an application demonstration, ~110 LED lights were shown to light up when pressed onto the optimized sensor. Hence, this novel porous PAP-sponge-based capacitive pressure sensor has a wide range of potential applications in the field of wearable electronics.
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32
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Fabrication of a highly stretchable and electrically conductive silicone-embedded composite textile through optimization of the thermal curing process. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Tao K, Chen Z, Yu J, Zeng H, Wu J, Wu Z, Jia Q, Li P, Fu Y, Chang H, Yuan W. Ultra-Sensitive, Deformable, and Transparent Triboelectric Tactile Sensor Based on Micro-Pyramid Patterned Ionic Hydrogel for Interactive Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104168. [PMID: 35098703 PMCID: PMC8981453 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in wearable electronics and mechno-sensational human-machine interfaces impose great challenges in developing flexible and deformable tactile sensors with high efficiency, ultra-sensitivity, environment-tolerance, and self-sustainability. Herein, a tactile hydrogel sensor (THS) based on micro-pyramid-patterned double-network (DN) ionic organohydrogels to detect subtle pressure changes by measuring the variations of triboelectric output signal without an external power supply is reported. By the first time of pyramidal-patterned hydrogel fabrication method and laminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) encapsulation process, the self-powered THS shows the advantages of remarkable flexibility, good transparency (≈85%), and excellent sensing performance, including extraordinary sensitivity (45.97 mV Pa-1 ), fast response (≈20 ms), very low limit of detection (50 Pa) as well as good stability (36 000 cycles). Moreover, with the LiBr immersion treatment method, the THS possesses excellent long-term hyper anti-freezing and anti-dehydrating properties, broad environmental tolerance (-20 to 60 °C), and instantaneous peak power density of 20 µW cm-2 , providing reliable contact outputs with different materials and detecting very slight human motions. By integrating the signal acquisition/process circuit, the THS with excellent self-power sensing ability is utilized as a switching button to control electric appliances and robotic hands by simulating human finger gestures, offering its great potentials for wearable and multi-functional electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Haozhe Zeng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and TechnologySchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and TechnologySchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE)Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE)Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and EnvironmentNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 8STUK
| | - Honglong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Weizheng Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
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Liu Y, Sheng Z, Huang J, Liu W, Ding H, Peng J, Zhong B, Sun Y, Ouyang X, Cheng H, Wang X. Moisture-resistant MXene-sodium alginate sponges with sustained superhydrophobicity for monitoring human activities. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2022; 432:134370. [PMID: 35110969 PMCID: PMC8803272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.134370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wearable mechanical sensors are easily influenced by moisture resulting in inaccuracy for monitoring human health and body motions. Though the superhydrophobic barrier has been extensively explored as passive water repel strategy on the sensor surface, the dense superhydrophobic surface not only limits the sensor working under large deformations but also inevitable degradation in high humidity or saturation water vapor environments. This work reports a superhydrophobic MXene-sodium alginate sponge (SMSS) pressure sensor with a low voltage Joule heating effect to provide sustain moisture-insensitive property for both sensing performance and superhydrophobicity by heating-driven water molecules away. Because of the positive temperature coefficient under pressure applied, the Joule heating can provides a stable temperature to the moisture-insensitivity property during the whole dynamic pressure cycled. Therefore, the pressure sensor with a simple spray-coating superhydrophobic coating on the outer layer demonstrates key capabilities even in extreme use scenarios with high humidity or water vapor and also provides stable and reliable bio-signal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchengyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Zhong Sheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Jielong Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Weiyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Hongyan Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Jinfeng Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Bowen Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
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35
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Combining 10 Matrix Pressure Sensor to Read Human Body’s Pressure in Sleeping Position in Relation with Decubitus Patients. JOURNAL OF SENSOR AND ACTUATOR NETWORKS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jsan11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This work uses piezoresistive matrix pressure sensors to map the human body’s pressure profile in a sleeping position. This study aims to detect the area with the highest pressure, to visualize the pressure profile into a heatmap, and to reduce decubitus by alerting the subject to changes in position. This research combines ten matrix pressure sensors to read a larger area. This work uses a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B with 8 GB memory as the data processor, and every sensor sheet uses ATMEGA 2560 as the sensor controller for data acquisition. Sensor calibration is necessary because each output must have the same value for the same weight value; the accuracy between different sensors is around 95%. After the calibration process, the output data must be smoothed to make visual representations more distinguishable. The areas with the highest pressure are the heel, tailbone, back, and head. When the subject’s weight increases, pressure on the tailbone and back increases, but that on the heel and head does not. The results of this research can be used to monitor people’s sleeping positions so that they can reduce the risk of decubitus.
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36
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Cai J, Huang M, Chen X, Wang M. Controllable construction of
cross‐linking
network for regulating on the mechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane and polydimethylsiloxane/carbon nanotubes composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie‐Hua Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Ming‐Lu Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Xu‐Dong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ming Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing China
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37
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Wang H, Guo C, Ren X, Zhang Y, Shi X. Structurally stable Ni(OH)2 composite with super long‐term cycling life for hybrid supercapacitor. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Kim J, Jung H, Kim M, Bae H, Lee Y. Conductive Polymer Composites for Soft Tactile Sensors. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Zhang F, Ma PC, Wang J, Zhang Q, Feng W, Zhu Y, Zheng Q. Anisotropic conductive networks for multidimensional sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2615-2653. [PMID: 34617540 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, flexible physical sensors have attracted great attention due to their wide applications in many emerging areas including health-monitoring, human-machine interfaces, smart robots, and entertainment. However, conventional sensors are typically designed to respond to a specific stimulus or a deformation along only one single axis, while directional tracking and accurate monitoring of complex multi-axis stimuli is more critical in practical applications. Multidimensional sensors with distinguishable signals for simultaneous detection of complex postures and movements in multiple directions are highly demanded for the development of wearable electronics. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to the design and fabrication of multidimensional sensors that are capable of distinguishing stimuli from different directions accurately. Benefiting from their unique decoupling mechanisms, anisotropic architectures have been proved to be promising structures for multidimensional sensing. This review summarizes the present state and advances of the design and preparation strategies for fabricating multidimensional sensors based on anisotropic conducting networks. The fabrication strategies of different anisotropic structures, the working mechanism of various types of multidimensional sensing and their corresponding unique applications are presented and discussed. The potential challenges faced by multidimensional sensors are revealed to provide an insightful outlook for the future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Ma
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
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Niu H, Zhang H, Yue W, Gao S, Kan H, Zhang C, Zhang C, Pang J, Lou Z, Wang L, Li Y, Liu H, Shen G. Micro-Nano Processing of Active Layers in Flexible Tactile Sensors via Template Methods: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100804. [PMID: 34240560 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Template methods are regarded as an important method for micro-nano processing in the active layer of flexible tactile sensors. These template methods use physical/chemical processes to introduce micro-nano structures on the active layer, which improves many properties including sensitivity, response/recovery time, and detection limit. However, since the processing process and applicable conditions of the template method have not yet formed a perfect system, the development and commercialization of flexible tactile sensors based on the template method are still at a relatively slow stage. Despite the above obstacles, advances in microelectronics, materials science, nanoscience, and other disciplines have laid the foundation for various template methods, enabling the continuous development of flexible tactile sensors. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic review of flexible tactile sensors based on the template method is needed to further promote progress in this field. Here, the unique advantages and shortcomings of various template methods are summarized in detail and discuss the research progress and challenges in this field. It is believed that this review will have a significant impact on many fields of flexible electronics, which is beneficial to promote the cross-integration of multiple fields and accelerate the development of flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Niu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Wenjing Yue
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Song Gao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Hao Kan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Chunwei Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Zheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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Nanoarchitectonics of highly sensitive and with large working range 3D piezoresistive microporous foam based on carbon nanotubes and elastomer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:1436-1445. [PMID: 34583046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Nanocarbon/polymeric 3D porous composites have been widely developed as piezoresistive sensors due to their improved performances. Functionalized nanocarbon is usually used to allow its adsorption on the surface of porous polymeric material. However, both the functionalization and the surface localized distribution of the nanomaterial can limit the nanocarbon effect on conductivity and mechanical stability of the material thus affecting piezoresistive performances. EXPERIMENTS A novel nanoarchitectonics strategy to prepare an elastomeric/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 3D porous piezoresistive nanocomposite is developed. The fabrication route does not require complex apparatus and CNTs chemical functionalization. Moreover, foams of any shape and dimensions can be produced with neither complex machinery and procedures nor wastes production. FINDINGS The obtained material is characterized by the presence of well dispersed pristine CNTs on both surface and bulk of the polymeric matrix. The foam exhibited improved piezoresistive properties with excellent compressive stress (>150 kPa), sensitivity at low displacement (29 kPa-1) and limit of detection for both pressure (2 Pa) and extension (130 nm). These excellent features could allow the use of the as prepared nanocomposite in different applications ranging from wearable devices to robotic or infrastructure monitoring with outstanding flexibility.
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42
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Kwon JH, Kim YM, Moon HC. Porous Ion Gel: A Versatile Ionotronic Sensory Platform for High-Performance, Wearable Ionoskins with Electrical and Optical Dual Output. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15132-15141. [PMID: 34427425 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of elastic ionic conductors offers opportunities to fabricate key wearable ionic components such as ionoskins that can perceive mechanical deformation. However, there is still plenty of room to overcome the trade-off between sensitivity and detectable range of previous systems and impart additional functionality. Here, we propose porous ion gels for high-performance, functional ionic sensory platforms. The porous ion gels can be effectively deformed by closing pores even with a small pressure, and a large change in the contact area of the gel and the electrode is induced, leading to a significant difference in electrical double-layer capacitance. The porous ion gels are applied to ionoskins after optimizing mechanical characteristics by adjusting gel parameters. The device indicates a high sensitivity of ∼152.8 kPa-1, a broad sensory pressure range (up to 400 kPa), and excellent durability (>6000 cycles). Successful monitoring of various human motions that induce different magnitudes of pressure is demonstrated with high precision. More interestingly, the functionality of the porous ion gel is extended to include electrochemiluminescence (ECL), resulting in the production of emissive ECL ionoskins. The ECL intensity from the emissive ionoskin is linearly correlated with the applied pressure, which can even be inferred even by the naked eye. The porous ion gel-based functional ionoskins are expected to be key components in future sensory ionotronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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43
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Seok M, Yoon S, Kim M, Cho YH. A porous PDMS pulsewave sensor with haircell structures for water vapor transmission rate and signal-to-noise ratio enhancement. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4843-4850. [PMID: 36134306 PMCID: PMC9418886 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pulsewave sensor with haircell structures that improves both water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The conventional planar PDMS pulsewave sensors have the problems of low WVTR and low SNR for real-time and long-term pulsewave monitoring. In order to improve WVTR, we fabricated a porous PDMS layer with the thickness of 40 μm and high porosity of 45% by crystallizing and dissolving citric acid powders in PDMS. On the porous PDMS layer, we form haircell structures to increase the skin contact area, thus enhancing SNR. The porous PDMS pulsewave sensor with haircell structures achieved an enhanced WVTR of 486.17 g-1 d-1 m-2 and an SNR of 22.89, respectively, 72% and 757% higher than those of the conventional PDMS pulsewave sensors without haircell structures. Furthermore, the enhanced WVTR is 13% higher than the human skin sweat rate of 432 g-1 d-1 m-2. The present pulsewave sensor shows strong potential for applications in real-time and long-term pulsewave monitoring with the lower skin irritation and the enhanced SNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Seok
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Yoon
- Department of R&D, SK Hynix 2091, Gyeongchung-daero, Bubal-eup Icheon-si Gyeonggi-do 17336 Republic of Korea
| | - Mookyum Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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44
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Herren B, Webster V, Davidson E, Saha MC, Altan MC, Liu Y. PDMS Sponges with Embedded Carbon Nanotubes as Piezoresistive Sensors for Human Motion Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071740. [PMID: 34361125 PMCID: PMC8308176 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous piezoresistive sensors offer promising flexible sensing functionality, such as human joint motion detection and gesture identification. Herein, a facile fabrication method is developed using a microwave-based rapid porogen removal technique for the manufacturing of porous nanocomposite sponges consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and well-dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The porogen amounts and CNT loadings are varied to tailor the porosity and electrical properties of the porous sensors. The sponges are characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to compare their microstructures, validate the high-quality CNT dispersion, and confirm the successful nanofiller embedding within the elastomeric matrix. Sponges with a 3 wt% CNT loading demonstrate the highest piezoresistive sensitivity. Experimental characterization shows that the sponges with low porosity have long durability and minimal strain rate dependence. Additionally, the developed sponges with 3 wt% CNTs are employed for the human motion detection using piezoresistive method. One experiment includes fingertip compression measurements on a prosthetic hand. Moreover, the sensors are attached to the chest, elbow, and knee of a user to detect breathing, running, walking, joint bending, and throwing motions.
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45
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Kwak JW, Han M, Xie Z, Chung HU, Lee JY, Avila R, Yohay J, Chen X, Liang C, Patel M, Jung I, Kim J, Namkoong M, Kwon K, Guo X, Ogle C, Grande D, Ryu D, Kim DH, Madhvapathy S, Liu C, Yang DS, Park Y, Caldwell R, Banks A, Xu S, Huang Y, Fatone S, Rogers JA. Wireless sensors for continuous, multimodal measurements at the skin interface with lower limb prostheses. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/574/eabc4327. [PMID: 33328330 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc4327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Precise form-fitting of prosthetic sockets is important for the comfort and well-being of persons with limb amputations. Capabilities for continuous monitoring of pressure and temperature at the skin-prosthesis interface can be valuable in the fitting process and in monitoring for the development of dangerous regions of increased pressure and temperature as limb volume changes during daily activities. Conventional pressure transducers and temperature sensors cannot provide comfortable, irritation-free measurements because of their relatively rigid construction and requirements for wired interfaces to external data acquisition hardware. Here, we introduce a millimeter-scale pressure sensor that adopts a soft, three-dimensional design that integrates into a thin, flexible battery-free, wireless platform with a built-in temperature sensor to allow operation in a noninvasive, imperceptible fashion directly at the skin-prosthesis interface. The sensor system mounts on the surface of the skin of the residual limb, in single or multiple locations of interest. A wireless reader module attached to the outside of the prosthetic socket wirelessly provides power to the sensor and wirelessly receives data from it, for continuous long-range transmission to a standard consumer electronic device such as a smartphone or tablet computer. Characterization of both the sensor and the system, together with theoretical analysis of the key responses, illustrates linear, accurate responses and the ability to address the entire range of relevant pressures and to capture skin temperature accurately, both in a continuous mode. Clinical application in two prosthesis users demonstrates the functionality and feasibility of this soft, wireless system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mengdi Han
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | | | | | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jessica Yohay
- Prosthetics-Orthotics Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xuexian Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cunman Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Manish Patel
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Inhwa Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - Jongwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea.,Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Myeong Namkoong
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kyeongha Kwon
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Surabhi Madhvapathy
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Claire Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yoonseok Park
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ryan Caldwell
- Prosthetics-Orthotics Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Scheck & Siress Prosthetics and Orthotics, Schaumburg, IL 60173, USA
| | - Anthony Banks
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shuai Xu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Sibel Inc., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Stefania Fatone
- Prosthetics-Orthotics Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Liu X, Yu L, Zhu Z, Nie Y, Skov AL. Silicone-Ionic Liquid Elastomer Composite with Keratin as Reinforcing Agent Utilized as Pressure Sensor. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000602. [PMID: 33615585 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of a flexible pressure sensor is crucial for the future improvement of the wearable electronic devices designed to detect dynamic human motion. In this study, a novel pressure sensor with remarkably improved force sensing characteristics is obtained through combined usage of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and ionic liquid (IL). Keratin is dispersed homogeneously in the PDMS matrix to serve as a reinforcing filler. High conductivity IL is employed as sensitivity-enhancing constituent in the elastomer, and the effect of the amount of IL on elastomers' pressure-sensing performance is investigated. The elastomer with 70 parts per hundred rubber (phr) IL shows excellent pressure-sensing performance. This novel pressure sensor demonstrates high linear sensitivity (0.037 kPa-1 ) in the large pressure region of 0-10 kPa. Response and recovery times are 8 and 11 ms, respectively, which are much shorter than previously reported. Moreover, the pressure sensor could distinguish different pressures via stable sensing signals in the pressure range of 0 to 50 kPa. The excellent performance of the novel pressure sensor has application potential in various fields, such as health monitoring and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Soeltofts Plads 227, Kgs Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Liyun Yu
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Soeltofts Plads 227, Kgs Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Zicai Zhu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yi Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Anne Ladegaard Skov
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Soeltofts Plads 227, Kgs Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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47
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Wang F, Zhang C, Wan X. Carbon Nanotubes-Coated Conductive Elastomer: Electrical and Near Infrared Light Dual-Stimulated Shape Memory, Self-Healing, and Wearable Sensing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Xuejuan Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
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48
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Designing Sensing Devices Using Porous Composite Materials. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The need for portable and inexpensive analytical devices for various critical issues has led researchers to seek novel materials to construct them. Soft porous materials, such as paper and sponges, are ideal candidates for fabricating such devices due to their light weight and high availability. More importantly, their great compatibility toward modifications and add-ons allows them to be customized to match different objectives. As a result, porous material-based composites have been extensively used to construct sensing devices applied in various fields, such as point-of-care testing, environmental sensing, and human motion detection. In this article, we present fundamental thoughts on how to design a sensing device based on these interesting composite materials and provide correlated examples for reader’s references. First, a rundown of devices made with porous composite materials starting from their fabrication techniques and compatible detection methods is given. Thereafter, illustrations are provided on how device function and property improvements are achieved with a delicate use of composite materials. This includes extending device lifetime by using polymer films to protect the base material, while signal readout can be enhanced by a careful selection of protective cover and the application of advanced photo image analysis techniques. In addition to chemical sensors, mechanical responsive devices based on conductive composite materials are also discussed with a focus on base material selection and platform design. We hope the ideas and discussions presented in this article can help researchers interested in designing sensing devices understand the importance and usefulness of composite materials.
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49
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Shi K, Aviles-Espinosa R, Rendon-Morales E, Woodbine L, Salvage JP, Maniruzzaman M, Nokhodchi A. Magnetic Field Triggerable Macroporous PDMS Sponge Loaded with an Anticancer Drug, 5-Fluorouracil. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:180-195. [PMID: 33455208 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to prepare, optimize, and characterize magnetic-field-sensitive sugar-templated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponges for localized delivery of an anticancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (FLU). For this purpose, different concentrations of carbonyl iron (CI) and magnetite Fe3O4 nanopowders were embedded as magnetosensitive materials in PDMS resins for the fabrication of macroporous sponges via a sugar-template process. The process is environmentally friendly and simple. The fabricated interconnected macroporous magnetic particles loaded PDMS sponges possess flexible skeletons and good recyclability because of their recoverability after compression (deformation) without any breakdown. The prepared magnetic PDMS sponges were evaluated for their morphology (SEM and EDS), porosity (absorbency), elastic modulus, deformation under a magnetic field, thermostability, and in vitro cell studies. All physicochemical and magnetomechanical analysis confirmed that the optimized magnetic-field-sensitive PDMS sponge can provide an efficient method for delivering an on-demand dose of anticancer drug solutions at a specific location and timing with the aid of controlled magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Shi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Rodrigo Aviles-Espinosa
- Robotics and Mechatronics Systems Research Centre, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, U.K
| | - Elizabeth Rendon-Morales
- Robotics and Mechatronics Systems Research Centre, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, U.K
| | - Lisa Woodbine
- Sussex Centre for Genome Damage and Stability, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, U.K
| | - Jonathan P Salvage
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, U.K
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
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50
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Huang S, Li J, Zhang X, Yang X, Wang L, Li X, Lü W. Reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline wrapped carbonized sponge with elasticity for energy storage and pressure sensing. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline wrapped carbonized sponge with elasticity for energy storage and pressure sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials
- Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Jialun Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials
- Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xueyu Zhang
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Monitoring Instrument Equipment Technology
- National Engineering and Technological Research Center of Marine Monitoring Equipment
- Qingdao 266100
| | - Xijia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials
- Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Liying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials
- Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials
- Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Wei Lü
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials
- Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| |
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