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Singh B, Gupta H. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for hybrid water electrolysis: structure-property-performance correlation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38994743 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid water electrolysis (HWE) is a promising pathway for the simultaneous production of high-value chemicals and clean H2 fuel. Unlike conventional electrochemical water splitting, which relies on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), HWE involves the anodic oxidation reaction (AOR). The AORs facilitate the conversion of organic or inorganic compounds at the anode into valuable chemicals, while the cathode carries out the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to produce H2. Recent literature has witnessed a surge in papers investigating various AORs with organic and inorganic substrates using a series of transition metal-based catalysts. Over the past two decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention for their exceptional performance in electrochemical water splitting. These catalysts possess distinct attributes such as highly porous architectures, customizable morphologies, open facets, high electrochemical surface areas, improved electron transport, and accessible catalytic sites. While MOFs have demonstrated efficiency in electrochemical water splitting, their application in hybrid water electrolysis has only recently been explored. In recent years, a series of articles have been published; yet there is no comprehensive article summarizing MOFs for hybrid water electrolysis. This article aims to fill this gap by delving into the recent progress in MOFs specifically tailored for hybrid water electrolysis. In this article, we systematically discuss the structure-property-performance relationships of various MOFs utilized in hybrid water electrolysis, supported by pioneering examples. We explore how the structure, morphology, and electronic properties of MOFs impact their performance in hybrid water electrolysis, with particular emphasis on value-added chemical generation, H2 production, potential improvement, conversion efficiency, selectivity, faradaic efficiency, and their potential for industrial-scale applications. Furthermore, we address future advancements and challenges in this field, providing insights into the prospects and challenges associated with the continued development and deployment of MOFs for hybrid water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baghendra Singh
- Southern Laboratories - 208A, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Harshit Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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2
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Jiang S, Yu Y, He H, Wang Z, Zheng R, Sun H, Liu Y, Wang D. General Synthesis of Composition-Tunable High-Entropy Amorphous Oxides Toward High Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310786. [PMID: 38317521 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
High-entropy materials have attracted much attention in the electrocatalysis field due to their unique structure, high chemical activity, and compositional tunability. However, the harsh and complex synthetic methods limit the application of such materials. Herein, a universal non-equilibrium liquid-phase synthesis strategy is reported to prepare high-entropy amorphous oxide nanoparticles (HEAO-NPs), and the composition of HEAO-NPs can be precisely controlled from tri- to ten-component. The non-equilibrium synthesis environment provided by an excessively strong reducing agent overcomes the difference in the reduction potentials of various metal ions, resulting in the formation of HEAO-NPs with a nearly equimolar ratio. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of HEAO-NPs is further improved by adjusting the composition and optimizing the electronic structure. The Fe16Co32Ni32Mn10Cu10BOy exhibits a smaller overpotential (only 259 mV at 10 mA cm-2) and higher stability in OER compared with commercial RuO2. The amorphous high-entropy structure with an optimized concentration of iron makes the binding energy of CoNi shift to a higher direction, promotes the generation of high-valence active intermediates, and accelerates the OER kinetic process. The HEAO-NPs have promising application potential in the field of catalysis, biology, and energy storage, and this work provides a general synthesis method for composition-controllable high-entropy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunda Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Yihang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Huan He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Runguo Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Yanguo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
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Jiang R, Zhang J, Gao J, Xie Y, Wu L, Wang Y, Xu Z, Wu ZS, Yuan S, Xu G. Redox Promoted Rapid and Deep Reconstruction of Defect-Rich Nickel Precatalysts for Efficient Water Oxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401384. [PMID: 38940385 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the reconstruction mechanism to rationally design cost-effective electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still challenging. Herein, a defect-rich NiMoO4 precatalyst is used to explore its OER activity and reconstruction mechanism. In situ generated oxygen vacancies, distorted lattices, and edge dislocations expedite the deep reconstruction of NiMoO4 to form polycrystalline Ni (oxy)hydroxides for alkaline oxygen evolution. It only needs ≈230 and ≈285 mV to reach 10 and 100 mA cm-2, respectively. The reconstruction boosted by the redox of Ni is confirmed experimentally by sectionalized cyclic voltammetry activations at different specified potential ranges combined with ex situ characterization techniques. Subsequently, the reconstruction route is presented based on the acid-base electronic theory. Accordingly, the dominant contribution of the adsorbate evolution mechanism to reconstruction during oxygen evolution is revealed. This work develops a novel route to synthesize defect-rich materials and provides new tactics to investigate the reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Jiajian Gao
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yingpeng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Liyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhong-Shuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shisheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Guangwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
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Zhou Y, Gao J, Ju M, Chen Y, Yuan H, Li S, Li J, Guo D, Hong M, Yang S. Combustion Growth of NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide for Efficient and Durable Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28526-28536. [PMID: 38775170 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) with abundant heterostructures represents a state-of-the-art electrocatalyst for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, NiFe LDH/Fe2O3 nanosheet arrays have been fabricated by facile combustion of corrosion-engineered NiFe foam (NFF). The in situ grown, self-supported electrocatalyst exhibited a low overpotential of 248 mV for the OER at 50 mA cm-2, a small Tafel slope of 31 mV dec-1, and excellent durability over 100 h under the industrial benchmarking 500 mA cm-2 current density. A balanced Ni and Fe composition under optimal corrosion and combustion contributed to the desirable electrochemical properties. Comprehensive ex-situ analyses and operando characterizations including Fourier-transformed alternating current voltammetry (FTACV) and in situ Raman demonstrate the beneficial role of modulated interfacial electron transfer, dynamic atomic structural transformation to NiOOH, and the high-valence active metal sites. This study provides a low-cost and easy-to-expand way to synthesize efficient and durable electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jinqiang Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Ju
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanpeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haifeng Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Simeng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Dongxuan Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Mei Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shihe Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Madadkhani S, Nandy S, Chae KH, Aleshkevych P, Najafpour MM. Advances in Understanding Tungsten Disulfide Dynamics during the Hydrogen-Evolution Reaction: An Initial Step in Elucidating the Mechanism. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:5112-5119. [PMID: 38709179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Tungsten disulfide (WS2), a promising electrocatalyst made from readily available materials, demonstrates significant effectiveness in the hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER). The study conducts a thorough investigation using various analytical methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and in situ Raman spectroscopy. These techniques have uncovered changes in the WS2 particle structure during HER. Through employing EPR, XAS, and in situ Raman spectroscopy, the research reveals structural and chemical transformations. This includes the formation of novel W species and signs of W-O bond formation. Moreover, significant changes in the morphology of the particles were observed. These findings offer enhanced insights into the mechanisms of WS2 under HER conditions, highlighting its catalytic performance and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Madadkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Subhajit Nandy
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Pavlo Aleshkevych
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-668, Poland
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9516, Iran
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Liu H, Wang Y, Tan P, Dos Santos EC, Holmes SM, Li H, Pan J, D'Agostino C. A Doping-Induced SrCo 0.4Fe 0.6O 3/CoFe 2O 4 Nanocomposite for Efficient Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Media. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308948. [PMID: 38109148 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite and spinel oxides are promising alternatives to noble metal-based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a novel perovskite/spinel nanocomposite comprised of SrCo0.4Fe0.6O3 and CoFe2O4 (SCF/CF) is prepared through a simple one-step method that incorporates iron doping into a SrCoO3- δ matrix, circumventing complex fabrication processes typical of these materials. At a Fe dopant content of 60%, the CoFe2O4 spinel phase is directly precipitated from the parent SrCo0.4Fe0.6O3 perovskite phase and the number of active B-site metals (Co/Fe) in the parent SCF can be maximized. This nanocomposite exhibits a remarkable OER activity in alkaline media with a small overpotentional of 294 mV at 10 mA cm-2. According to surface states analysis, the parent SCF perovskite remains in its pristine form under alkaline OER conditions, serving as a stable substrate, while the second spinel CF is covered by 5/8 monolayer (ML) O*, exhibiting considerable affinity toward the oxygen species involved in the OER. Analysis based on advanced OER microkinetic volcano model indicates that a 5/8 ML O* covered-CF is the origin for the remarkable activity of this nanocomposite. The results reported here significantly advance knowledge in OER and can boost application, scale-up and commercialisation of electrocatalytic technologies toward clean energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Egon C Dos Santos
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Stuart M Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hao Li
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jun Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Terracini, 28, Bologna, 40131, Italy
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El-Refaei SM, Rauret DL, Manjón AG, Spanos I, Zeradjanin A, Dieckhöfer S, Arbiol J, Schuhmann W, Masa J. Ni-Xides (B, S, and P) for Alkaline OER: Shedding Light on Reconstruction Processes and Interplay with Incidental Fe Impurities as Synergistic Activity Drivers. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2024; 7:1369-1381. [PMID: 38425378 PMCID: PMC10900598 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ni-Xides (X = B, P, or S) exhibit intriguing properties that have endeared them for electrocatalytic water splitting. However, the role of B, P, and S, among others, in tailoring the catalytic performance of the Ni-Xides remains vaguely understood, especially if they are studied in unpurified KOH (Un-KOH) because of the renowned impact of incidental Fe impurities. Therefore, decoupling the effect induced by Fe impurities from inherent material reconstruction processes necessitates investigation of the materials in purified KOH solutions (P-KOH). Herein, studies of the OER on Ni2B, Ni2P, and Ni3S2 in P-KOH and Un-KOH coupled with in situ Raman spectroscopy, ex situ post-electrocatalysis, and online dissolution studies by ICP-OES are used to unveil the distinctive role of Ni-Xide reconstruction and the role of Fe impurities and their interplay on the electrocatalytic behavior of the three Ni-Xide precatalysts during the OER. There was essentially no difference in the OER activity and the electrochemical Ni2+/Ni3+ redox activation fingerprints of the three precatalysts via cyclic voltammetry in P-KOH, whereas their OER activity was considerably higher in Un-KOH with marked differences in the intrinsic activity and evolution of the Ni2+/Ni3+ fingerprint redox peaks. Thus, in the absence of Fe in the electrolyte (P-KOH), neither the nature of the guest element (B, P, and S) nor the underlying reconstruction processes are decisive activity drivers. This underscores the crucial role played by incidental Fe impurities on the OER activity of Ni-Xide precatalysts, which until now has been overlooked. In situ Raman spectroscopy revealed that the nickel hydroxide derived from Ni2B exhibits higher disorder than in the case of Ni2P and Ni3S2, both exhibiting a similar degree of disorder. The guest elements thus influence the degree of disorder of the formed nickel oxyhydroxides, which through their synergistic interaction with incidental Fe impurities concertedly realize high OER performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mahmoud El-Refaei
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - David Llorens Rauret
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Alba G. Manjón
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Ioannis Spanos
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Zeradjanin
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical
Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical
Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Justus Masa
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Zhang T, Zhang S, Li L, Hu Y, Liu X, Lee JY. Self-Decoupled Oxygen Electrocatalysis for Ultrastable Rechargeable Zn-Air Batteries with Mild-Acidic Electrolyte. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17476-17488. [PMID: 37606308 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have been considered promising as next-generation sustainable energy storage devices; however, their large-scale deployment is hampered by the unsatisfactory cyclic lifespan. Employing neutral and mild-acidic electrolytes is effective in extending the cyclability, but the rapid performance degradation of the bifunctional catalysts owing to different microenvironmental requirements of the alternative oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still a serious limitation of their cyclic life. Herein, we propose a "self-decoupling" strategy to significantly improve the stability of the bifunctional catalysts by constructing a smart interface in the bifunctional air electrode. This smart interface, containing a resistance-switchable sulfonic acid doped polyaniline nanoarray interlayer, is nonconductive at high potential but conductive at low potential, which enables spontaneous electrochemical decoupling of the bifunctional catalyst for the ORR and OER, respectively, and thus protects it from degradation. The resulting self-decoupled mild-acidic ZAB delivers stable cyclic performances in terms of a negligible energy efficiency loss of 0.015% cycle-1 and 3 times longer cycle life (∼1400 h) compared with the conventional mild-acidic ZAB using a normal bifunctional air electrode and the same low-cost ZnCo phosphide/nitrogen-doped carbon bifunctional catalyst. This work provides an effective strategy for tolerating alternative oxidation-reduction reactions and emphasizes the importance of smart nanostructure design for more sustainable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianran Zhang
- College of Material Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou City, Shandong Province 256606, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
| | - LanLan Li
- Key Lab for Micro- and Nano-Scale Boron Nitride Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300131, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Liu
- College of Material Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jim Yang Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Tang W, Mai J, Liu L, Yu N, Fu L, Chen Y, Liu Y, Wu Y, van Ree T. Recent advances of bifunctional catalysts for zinc air batteries with stability considerations: from selecting materials to reconstruction. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4368-4401. [PMID: 37638171 PMCID: PMC10448312 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00074e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
With the growing depletion of traditional fossil energy resources and ongoing enhanced awareness of environmental protection, research on electrochemical energy storage techniques like zinc-air batteries is receiving close attention. A significant amount of work on bifunctional catalysts is devoted to improving OER and ORR reaction performance to pave the way for the commercialization of new batteries. Although most traditional energy storage systems perform very well, their durability in practical applications is receiving less attention, with issues such as carbon corrosion, reconstruction during the OER process, and degradation, which can seriously impact long-term use. To be able to design bifunctional materials in a bottom-up approach, a summary of different kinds of carbon materials and transition metal-based materials will be of assistance in selecting a suitable and highly active catalyst from the extensive existing non-precious materials database. Also, the modulation of current carbon materials, aimed at increasing defects and vacancies in carbon and electron distribution in metal-N-C is introduced to attain improved ORR performance of porous materials with fast mass and air transfer. Finally, the reconstruction of catalysts is introduced. The review concludes with comprehensive recommendations for obtaining high-performance and highly-durable catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jiarong Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Nengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Lijun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yankai Liu
- Hunan Bolt Power New Energy Co., Ltd Dianjiangjun Industrial Park, Louxing District Loudi 417000 Hunan China
| | - Yuping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- Hunan Bolt Power New Energy Co., Ltd Dianjiangjun Industrial Park, Louxing District Loudi 417000 Hunan China
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Teunis van Ree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Venda Thohoyandou 0950 South Africa
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10
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Adak M, Basak HK, Chakraborty B. Ease of Electrochemical Arsenate Dissolution from FeAsO 4 Microparticles during Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:223-232. [PMID: 37545654 PMCID: PMC10401858 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-based ABO4-type materials have now been paid significant attention due to their excellent electrochemical activity. However, a detailed study to understand the active species and its electro-evolution pathway is not traditionally performed. Herein, FeAsO4, a bimetallic ABO4-type oxide, has been prepared solvothermally. In-depth microscopic and spectroscopic studies showed that the as-synthesized cocoon-like FeAsO4 microparticles consist of several small individual nanocrystals with a mixture of monoclinic and triclinic phases. While depositing FeAsO4 on three-dimensional nickel foam (NF), it can show oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in a moderate operating potential. During the electrochemical activation of the FeAsO4/NF anode through cyclic voltammetric (CV) cycles prior to the OER study, an exponential increment in the current density (j) was observed. An ex situ Raman study with the electrode along with field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging showed that the pronounced OER activity with increasing number of CV cycles is associated with a rigorous morphological and chemical change, which is followed by [AsO4]3- leaching from FeAsO4. A chronoamperometric study and subsequent spectro- and microscopic analyses of the isolated sample from the electrode show an amorphous γ-FeO(OH) formation at the constant potential condition. The in situ formation of FeO(OH)ED (ED indicates electrochemically derived) shows better activity compared to pristine FeAsO4 and independently prepared FeO(OH). Tafel, impedance spectroscopic study, and determination of electrochemical surface area have inferred that the in situ formed FeO(OH)ED shows better electro-kinetics and possesses higher surface active sites compared to its parent FeAsO4. In this study, the electrochemical activity of FeAsO4 has been correlated with its structural integrity and unravels its electro-activation pathway by characterizing the active species for OER.
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11
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Beglau THY, Rademacher L, Oestreich R, Janiak C. Synthesis of Ketjenblack Decorated Pillared Ni(Fe) Metal-Organic Frameworks as Precursor Electrocatalysts for Enhancing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Molecules 2023; 28:4464. [PMID: 37298940 PMCID: PMC10254712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been investigated with regard to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their structure diversity, high specific surface area, adjustable pore size, and abundant active sites. However, the poor conductivity of most MOFs restricts this application. Herein, through a facile one-step solvothermal method, the Ni-based pillared metal-organic framework [Ni2(BDC)2DABCO] (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), its bimetallic nickel-iron form [Ni(Fe)(BDC)2DABCO], and their modified Ketjenblack (mKB) composites were synthesized and tested toward OER in an alkaline medium (KOH 1 mol L-1). A synergistic effect of the bimetallic nickel-iron MOF and the conductive mKB additive enhanced the catalytic activity of the MOF/mKB composites. All MOF/mKB composite samples (7, 14, 22, and 34 wt.% mKB) indicated much higher OER performances than the MOFs and mKB alone. The Ni-MOF/mKB14 composite (14 wt.% of mKB) demonstrated an overpotential of 294 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 32 mV dec-1, which is comparable with commercial RuO2, commonly used as a benchmark material for OER. The catalytic performance of Ni(Fe)MOF/mKB14 (0.57 wt.% Fe) was further improved to an overpotential of 279 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. The low Tafel slope of 25 mV dec-1 as well as a low reaction resistance due to the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement confirmed the excellent OER performance of the Ni(Fe)MOF/mKB14 composite. For practical applications, the Ni(Fe)MOF/mKB14 electrocatalyst was impregnated into commercial nickel foam (NF), where overpotentials of 247 and 291 mV at current densities of 10 and 50 mA cm-2, respectively, were realized. The activity was maintained for 30 h at the applied current density of 50 mA cm-2. More importantly, this work adds to the fundamental understanding of the in situ transformation of Ni(Fe)DMOF into OER-active α/β-Ni(OH)2, β/γ-NiOOH, and FeOOH with residual porosity inherited from the MOF structure, as seen by powder X-ray diffractometry and N2 sorption analysis. Benefitting from the porosity structure of the MOF precursor, the nickel-iron catalysts outperformed the solely Ni-based catalysts due to their synergistic effects and exhibited superior catalytic activity and long-term stability in OER. In addition, by introducing mKB as a conductive carbon additive in the MOF structure, a homogeneous conductive network was constructed to improve the electronic conductivity of the MOF/mKB composites. The electrocatalytic system consisting of earth-abundant Ni and Fe metals only is attractive for the development of efficient, practical, and economical energy conversion materials for efficient OER activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (T.H.Y.B.); (L.R.); (R.O.)
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12
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Jia Z, Lyu X, Zhao M, Dang J, Zhu L, Guo X, Wang X, Bai Z, Yang L. In Situ Reconstructed Mo-doped Amorphous FeOOH Boosts the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201305. [PMID: 36696069 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Developing a fast and highly active oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst to change energy kinetics technology is essential for making clean energy. Herein, we prepare three-dimensional (3D) hollow Mo-doped amorphous FeOOH (Mo-FeOOH) based on the precatalyst MoS2 /FeC2 O4 via in situ reconstruction strategy. Mo-FeOOH exhibits promising OER performance. Specifically, it has an overpotential of 285 mV and a durability of 15 h at 10 mA cm-2 . Characterizations indicate that Mo was included inside the FeOOH lattice, and it not only modifies the electronic energy levels of FeOOH but also effectively raises the inherent activity of FeOOH for OER. Additionally, in situ Raman analysis indicates that FeC2 O4 gradually transforms into the FeOOH active site throughout the OER process. This study provides ideas for designing in situ reconstruction strategies to prepare heteroatom doping catalysts for high electrochemical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Jia
- Henan Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Lyu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Mingsheng Zhao
- Henan Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Dang
- Henan Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Linge Zhu
- Henan Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- Henan Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Henan Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- Henan Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Henan Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
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13
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Wang Q, Cheng Y, Tao HB, Liu Y, Ma X, Li DS, Yang HB, Liu B. Long-Term Stability Challenges and Opportunities in Acidic Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216645. [PMID: 36546885 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) has been regarded as a promising technology for renewable hydrogen production. However, acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with long-term stability impose a grand challenge in its large-scale industrialization. In this review, critical factors that may lead to catalyst's instability in couple with potential solutions are comprehensively discussed, including mechanical peeling, substrate corrosion, active-site over-oxidation/dissolution, reconstruction, oxide crystal structure collapse through the lattice oxygen-participated reaction pathway, etc. Last but not least, personal prospects are provided in terms of rigorous stability evaluation criteria, in situ/operando characterizations, economic feasibility and practical electrolyzer consideration, highlighting the ternary relationship of structure evolution, industrial-relevant activity and stability to serve as a roadmap towards the ultimate application of PEMWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilun Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yaqi Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Hua Bing Tao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xuehu Ma
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Clean Utilisation of Chemical Resources, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Hong Bin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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14
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Jiang Y, Yu Z, Zhou X, Cheng X, Huang H, Liu F, Yang Y, He S, Pan H, Yang H, Yao Y, Rui X, Yu Y. Single-Atom Vanadium Catalyst Boosting Reaction Kinetics of Polysulfides in Na-S Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208873. [PMID: 36366906 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The practical application of the room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries is hindered by the insulated sulfur, the severe shuttle effect of sodium polysulfides, and insufficient polysulfide conversion. Herein, on the basis of first principles calculations, single-atom vanadium anchored on a 3D nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon matrix (denoted as 3D-PNCV) is designed and fabricated to enhance sulfur reactivity, and adsorption and catalytic conversion performance of sodium polysulfide. The 3D-PNCV host with abundant and active V sites, hierarchical porous structure, high electrical conductivity, and strong chemical adsorption/conversion ability of V-N bonding can immobilize the polysulfides and promote reversibly catalytic conversion of polysulfides toward Na2 S. Therefore, as-fabricated RT Na-S batteries can achieve a high reversible capacity (445 mAh g-1 over 800 cycles at 5 A g-1 ) and excellent rate capability (224 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1 ). The electrocatalysis mechanism of sodium polysulfides is further experimentally and theoretically revealed, which provides a new strategy to develop the highly stable RT Na-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zuxi Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - XueFeng Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiaolong Cheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huijuan Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Fanfan Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yaxiong Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Shengnan He
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Hongge Pan
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Hai Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xianhong Rui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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15
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Wang C, Zhai P, Xia M, Liu W, Gao J, Sun L, Hou J. Identification of the Origin for Reconstructed Active Sites on Oxyhydroxide for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209307. [PMID: 36408935 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of atomic and electronic structures of active sites plays an important role in the rational design of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts toward electrocatalytic hydrogen generation. However, the precise identification of the active sites for surface reconstruction behavior during OER remains elusive for water-alkali electrolysis. Herein, irreversible reconstruction behavior accompanied by copper dynamic evolution for cobalt iron layered double hydroxide (CoFe LDH) precatalyst to form CoFeCuOOH active species with high-valent Co species is reported, identifying the origin of reconstructed active sites through operando UV-Visible (UV-vis), in situ Raman, and X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) spectroscopies. Density functional theory analysis rationalizes this typical electronic structure evolution causing the transfer of intramolecular electrons to form ligand holes, promoting the reconstruction of active sites. Specifically, unambiguous identification of active sites for CoFeCuOOH is explored by in situ 18 O isotope-labeling differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) and supported by theoretical calculation, confirming mechanism switch to oxygen-vacancy-site mechanism (OVSM) pathway on lattice oxygen. This work enables to elucidate the vital role of dynamic active-site generation and the representative contribution of OVSM pathway for efficient OER performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Panlong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Mingyue Xia
- Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Licheng Sun
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Jungang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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16
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Electrodeposition of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles on Stainless Steel for Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Li FM, Huang L, Zaman S, Guo W, Liu H, Guo X, Xia BY. Corrosion Chemistry of Electrocatalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200840. [PMID: 35334145 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysts are the core components of many sustainable energy conversion technologies that are considered the most potential solution to the worldwide energy and environmental crises. The reliability of structure and composition pledges that electrocatalysts can achieve predictable and stable performance. However, during the electrochemical reaction, electrocatalysts are influenced directly by the applied potential, the electrolyte, and the adsorption/desorption of reactive species, triggering structural and compositional corrosion, which directly affects the catalytic behaviors of electrocatalysts (performance degradation or enhancement) and invalidates the established structure-activity relationship. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the corrosion behavior and mechanism of electrocatalysts to formulate targeted corrosion-resistant strategies or use corrosion reconstruction synthesis techniques to guide the preparation of efficient and stable electrocatalysts. Herein, the most recent developments in electrocatalyst corrosion chemistry are outlined, including corrosion mechanisms, mitigation strategies, and corrosion syntheses/reconstructions based on typical materials and important electrocatalytic reactions. Finally, potential opportunities and challenges are also proposed to foresee the possible development in this field. It is believed that this contribution will raise more awareness regarding nanomaterial corrosion chemistry in energy technologies and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Min Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shahid Zaman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongfang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xingpeng Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bao Yu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
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18
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Pastor E, Montañés L, Gutiérrez-Blanco A, Hegner FS, Mesa CA, López N, Giménez S. The role of crystal facets and disorder on photo-electrosynthesis. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15596-15606. [PMID: 36148901 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03609f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemistry has the potential to play a crucial role in the storage of solar energy and the realisation of a circular economy. From a chemical viewpoint, achieving high conversion efficiencies requires subtle control of the catalyst surface and its interaction with the electrolyte. Traditionally, such control has been hard to achieve in the complex multinary oxides used in PEC devices and consequently the mechanisms by which surface exposed facets influence light-driven catalysts are poorly understood. Yet, this understanding is critical to further improve conversion yields and fine-tune reaction selectivities. Here, we review the impact that crystal facets and disorder have on photoelectrochemical reactivity. In particular, we discuss how the crystal orientation influences the energetics of the surface, the existence of defects and the transport of reactive charges, ultimately dictating the PEC activity. Moreover, we evaluate how facet stability dictates the tendency of the solid to undergo reconstructions during catalytic processes and highlight the experimental and computational challenges that must be overcome to characterise the role of the exposed facets and disorder in catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Pastor
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n 12006, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Laura Montañés
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n 12006, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Ana Gutiérrez-Blanco
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n 12006, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Franziska S Hegner
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Physics, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Camilo A Mesa
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n 12006, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Sixto Giménez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n 12006, Castelló, Spain.
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19
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Shin H, Yoo JM, Sung YE, Chung DY. Dynamic Electrochemical Interfaces for Energy Conversion and Storage. JACS AU 2022; 2:2222-2234. [PMID: 36311833 PMCID: PMC9597595 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical energy conversion and storage are central to developing future renewable energy systems. For efficient energy utilization, both the performance and stability of electrochemical systems should be optimized in terms of the electrochemical interface. To achieve this goal, it is imperative to understand how a tailored electrode structure and electrolyte speciation can modify the electrochemical interface structure to improve its properties. However, most approaches describe the electrochemical interface in a static or frozen state. Although a simple static model has long been adopted to describe the electrochemical interface, atomic and molecular level pictures of the interface structure should be represented more dynamically to understand the key interactions. From this perspective, we highlight the importance of understanding the dynamics within an electrochemical interface in the process of designing highly functional and robust energy conversion and storage systems. For this purpose, we explore three unique classes of dynamic electrochemical interfaces: self-healing, active-site-hosted, and redox-mediated interfaces. These three cases of dynamic electrochemical interfaces focusing on active site regeneration collectively suggest that our understanding of electrochemical systems should not be limited to static models but instead expanded toward dynamic ones with close interactions between the electrode surface, dissolved active sites, soluble species, and reactants in the electrolyte. Only when we begin to comprehend the fundamentals of these dynamics through operando analyses can electrochemical conversion and storage systems be advanced to their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejong Shin
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Ji Mun Yoo
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH
Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yung-Eun Sung
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Dong Young Chung
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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20
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Olowoyo JO, Kriek RJ. Recent Progress on Bimetallic-Based Spinels as Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203125. [PMID: 35996806 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic water splitting is a promising and viable technology to produce clean, sustainable, and storable hydrogen as an energy carrier. However, to meet the ever-increasing global energy demand, it is imperative to develop high-performance non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as the OER is considered the bottleneck for electrocatalytic water splitting. Spinels, in particular, are considered promising OER electrocatalysts due to their unique properties, precise structures, and compositions. Herein, the recent progress on the application of bimetallic-based spinels (AFe2 O4 , ACo2 O4 , and AMn2 O4 ; where A = Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn) as electrocatalysts for the OER is presented. The fundamental concepts of the OER are highlighted after which the family of spinels, their general formula, and classifications are introduced. This is followed by an overview of the various classifications of bimetallic-based spinels and their recent developments and applications as OER electrocatalysts, with special emphasis on enhancing strategies that have been formulated to improve the OER performance of these spinels. In conclusion, this review summarizes all studies mentioned therein and provides the challenges and future perspectives for bimetallic-based spinel OER electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Olowoyo
- Electrochemistry for Energy & Environment Group, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation (CRB), Private Bag X6001, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Roelof J Kriek
- Electrochemistry for Energy & Environment Group, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation (CRB), Private Bag X6001, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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21
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Ding S, Barr JA, Shi Q, Zeng Y, Tieu P, Lyu Z, Fang L, Li T, Pan X, Beckman SP, Du D, Lin H, Li JC, Wu G, Lin Y. Engineering Atomic Single Metal-FeN 4Cl Sites with Enhanced Oxygen-Reduction Activity for High-Performance Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15165-15174. [PMID: 36094168 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fe-N-C single-atomic metal site catalysts (SACs) have garnered tremendous interest in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to substitute Pt-based catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Nowadays, efforts have been devoted to modulating the electronic structure of metal single-atomic sites for enhancing the catalytic activities of Fe-N-C SACs, like doping heteroatoms to modulate the electronic structure of the Fe-Nx active center. However, most strategies use uncontrolled long-range interactions with heteroatoms on the Fe-Nx substrate, and thus the effect may not precisely control near-range coordinated interactions. Herein, the chlorine (Cl) is used to adjust the Fe-Nx active center via a near-range coordinated interaction. The synthesized FeN4Cl SAC likely contains the FeN4Cl active sites in the carbon matrix. The additional Fe-Cl coordination improves the instrinsic ORR activity compared with normal FeNx SAC, evidenced by density functional theory calculations, the measured ORR half-wave potential (E1/2, 0.818 V), and excellent membrane electrode assembly performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Ding
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Jordan Alysia Barr
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Qiurong Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Yachao Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Peter Tieu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zhaoyuan Lyu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Lingzhe Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Scott P Beckman
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Hongfei Lin
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Jin-Cheng Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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22
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Xiao H, Li H, Li X, Jiang J. Effect of the Charge State on the Catalytic Activity of a Fullerene-Based Molecular Electrocatalyst: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7392-7397. [PMID: 35925867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The charge state of a catalyst is significant for its catalytic activity. In this work, taking molecular electrocatalysts of fullerene C60 with a doped transition metal (TM-C60, where TM = Fe, Co, or Ni) as an example, we conducted first-principles calculations to study the effect of the charge state on the cathodic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) and anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Our calculated results suggest that the maximal free energy barrier of the NRR with a dissociative mechanism is a nearly linear function of the number of negatively charged electrons (0-3). Nevertheless, the NRR activity with an associative mechanism is insensitive to the charge state effect. The OER activity of TM-C60 with a 0-3 e+ charge state exhibits a volcano-shaped trend, which indicates that it is important to tailor a particular charge state toward effective catalytic activity. This study provides new insight into the effect of the charge state on catalytic activity, which could help us improve our understanding of the catalytic mechanism and tailor a new efficient catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Xiao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Hefei Science Center of CAS, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Huirong Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Hefei Science Center of CAS, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiyu Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Hefei Science Center of CAS, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Hefei Science Center of CAS, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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23
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Wu Y, Zhao Y, Zhai P, Wang C, Gao J, Sun L, Hou J. Triggering Lattice Oxygen Activation of Single-Atomic Mo Sites Anchored on Ni-Fe Oxyhydroxides Nanoarrays for Electrochemical Water Oxidation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202523. [PMID: 35577533 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the reactivity of lattice oxygen is of significance for lowering the energy barriers and accelerating the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, single-atomic Mo sites are anchored on Ni-Fe oxyhydroxide nanoarrays by a facile metal-organic-framework-derived strategy, exhibiting superior performance toward the OER in alkaline media. In situ electrochemical spectroscopy and isotope-labeling experiments reveal the involvement of lattice oxygen during OER cycles. Combining theoretical and experimental investigations of the electronic configuration, it is comprehensively confirmed that the incorporation of single-atomic Mo sites enables higher oxidation state of the metal and strengthened metal-oxygen hybridization, as well as the formation of oxidized ligand holes above the Fermi level. In a word, the considerable acceleration of water oxidation is achieved via enhancing the reactivity of lattice oxygen and triggering the lattice oxygen activation. This work may provide new insights for designing ideal electrocatalysts via tuning the chemical state and activating the anions ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Panlong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Licheng Sun
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Jungang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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24
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Kang Y, He Y, Pohl D, Rellinghaus B, Chen D, Schmidt M, Süß V, Mu Q, Li F, Yang Q, Chen H, Ma Y, Auffermann G, Li G, Felser C. Identification of Interface Structure for a Topological CoS 2 Single Crystal in Oxygen Evolution Reaction with High Intrinsic Reactivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19324-19331. [PMID: 35468289 PMCID: PMC9073842 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal chalcogenides such as CoS2 have been reported as competitive catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction. It has been well confirmed that surface modification is inevitable in such a process, with the formation of different re-constructed oxide layers. However, which oxide species should be responsible for the optimized catalytic efficiencies and the detailed interface structure between the modified layer and precatalyst remain controversial. Here, a topological CoS2 single crystal with a well-defined exposed surface is used as a model catalyst, which makes the direct investigation of the interface structure possible. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy of the sample reveals the formation of a 2 nm thickness Co3O4 layer that grows epitaxially on the CoS2 surface. Thick CoO pieces are also observed and are loosely attached to the bulk crystal. The compact Co3O4 interface structure can result in the fast electron transfer from adsorbed O species to the bulk crystal compared with CoO pieces as evidenced by the electrochemical impedance measurements. This leads to the competitive apparent and intrinsic reactivity of the crystal despite the low surface geometric area. These findings are helpful for the understanding of catalytic origins of transition metal chalcogenides and the designing of high-performance catalysts with interface-phase engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yangkun He
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Darius Pohl
- Dresden
Center for Nanoanalysis, cfaed, Technische
Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Rellinghaus
- Dresden
Center for Nanoanalysis, cfaed, Technische
Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dong Chen
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vicky Süß
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Qingge Mu
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fan Li
- Max
Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Qun Yang
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hedong Chen
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yufei Ma
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gudrun Auffermann
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Guowei Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo
Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan
District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Claudia Felser
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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25
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Luo Y, Zhang Z, Chhowalla M, Liu B. Recent Advances in Design of Electrocatalysts for High-Current-Density Water Splitting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108133. [PMID: 34862818 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical water splitting technology for producing "green hydrogen" is important for the global mission of carbon neutrality. Electrocatalysts with decent performance at high current densities play a central role in the industrial implementation of this technology. This field has advanced immensely in recent years, as witnessed by many types of catalysts designed and synthesized toward industriallyrelevant current densities (>200 mA cm-2 ). By discussing recent advances in this field, several key aspects are summarized that affect the catalytic performance for high-current-density electrocatalysis, including dimensionality of catalysts, surface chemistry, electron transport path, morphology, and catalyst-electrolyte interplay. The multiscale design strategy that considers these aspects comprehensively for developing high-current-density electrocatalysts are highlighted. The perspectives on the future directions in this emerging field are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Luo
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Manish Chhowalla
- Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Bilu Liu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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26
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Qiu J. Energy-Saving Hydrogen Production by Seawater Electrolysis Coupling Sulfion Degradation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109321. [PMID: 35150022 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrolysis of costless and infinite seawater is a promising way toward grid-scale hydrogen production without causing freshwater stress. Practical potential of this technology, however, is hindered by low energy efficiency and anode corrosion by the detrimental chlorine chemistry in seawater in addition to unaffordable electricity expense. Herein, energy-saving hydrogen production is reported by chlorine-free seawater splitting coupling sulfion oxidation. It yields hydrogen at a low cell voltage of 0.97 V, cutting the electricity consumption to 2.32 kWh per m3 H2 at 300 mA cm-2 . Compared to alkaline water electrolysis, the energy expense is primarily saved by 60% with 50% lower energy equivalent input. Benefiting from the ultralow cell voltage, the hazardous chlorine chemistry is fully avoided without anode corrosion regardless of Cl- crossover. Meanwhile, it also allows fast degradation of S2- pollutant from the water body to value-added sulfur with 80% efficiency, for further reducing hydrogen cost and protection of the ecosystem. Connecting such a hybrid seawater electrolyzer to a commercial solar cell can harvest the hydrogen from seawater with better sustainability. This work may offer new opportunities for low-cost hydrogen production from the unlimited ocean resources with environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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27
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Li T, Xu Z, Lin S. Formation of carnation-like ZIF-9 nanostructure to achieve superior electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:205402. [PMID: 35086070 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4f82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rational design and controllable synthesis of metal-organic frameworks nanosheets is critical for electrochemical catalysis. Herein, a carnation-like ZIF-9 nanostructure made of nanosheets is grown on nickel foam (ZIF-9/NF) by a simple one-step solvothermal method, the morphology evolution and the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution properties have been investigated by controlling the solvothermal time. The binder-free ZIF-9-d/NF (60 h, solvothermal time is 60 h) electrode delivers efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction activity with low overpotentials of 312 and 337 mV at 50 and 100 mA cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, ZIF-9-d/NF (60 h) exhibits excellent stability without obvious attenuation for at least 30 h at 200 mA cm-2. The excellent performances can be attributed to the combination of the highly exposed active sites in the ZIF-9-d nanosheets, as well as the effective electron conduction and mass transfer. This work provides much possibilities for ZIF-9 nanosheets as binder-free electrode for electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Li
- School of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, People's Republic of China
- School of Science, Changchun University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Changchun, Jilin 130607, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikun Xu
- School of Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangyan Lin
- School of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, People's Republic of China
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28
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Engineering cobalt nitride nanosheet arrays with rich nitrogen defects as a bifunctional robust oxygen electrocatalyst in rechargeable Zn-air batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:2066-2074. [PMID: 34752980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Developing high-activity bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts to overcome the sluggish 4e- kinetics is an urgent challenge for rechargeable metal-air batteries. Here, we prepared a CoN nanosheet catalyst with rich nitrogen defects (CoN-Nd) through solvothermal and low-temperature nitridation. Notably, the study finds for the first time that only Co LDH materials can be mostly converted to CoN-Nd under the same nitriding conditions relative to different Co-based precursors. Experiments indicate that the constructed CoN-Nd catalyst exhibits preeminent electrocatalytic activities for both oxygen evolution reaction (η10 = 243 mV) and oxygen reduction reaction (JL = 5.2 mA cm-2). Moreover, the CoN-Nd-based Zinc-air battery showed a large power density of 120 mW cm-2 and robust stability over 260 cycles, superior to the state-of-art Pt/C + RuO2. The superior performance is attributed to a large number of defects formed by the disordered arrangement of local atoms on the catalyst that facilitate the formation of more active sites, and alternate array-like structures thereof improving electrolyte diffusion and gas emission.
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29
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Yang J, Wang Y, Yang J, Pang Y, Zhu X, Lu Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Chen H, Kou Z, Shen Z, Pan Z, Wang J. Quench-Induced Surface Engineering Boosts Alkaline Freshwater and Seawater Oxygen Evolution Reaction of Porous NiCo 2 O 4 Nanowires. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106187. [PMID: 34862718 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by efficient catalysts is a crucial step for the conversion of renewable energy into hydrogen fuel, in which surface/near-surface engineering has been recognized as an effective strategy for enhancing the intrinsic activities of the OER electrocatalysts. Herein, a facile quenching approach is demonstrated that can simultaneously enable the required surface metal doping and vacancy generation in reconfiguring the desired surface of the NiCo2 O4 catalyst, giving rise to greatly enhanced OER activities in both alkaline freshwater and seawater electrolytes. As a result, the quenched-engineered NiCo2 O4 nanowire electrode achieves a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at a low overpotential of 258 mV in 1 m KOH electrolyte, showing the remarkable catalytic performance towards OER. More impressively, the same electrode also displays extraordinary activity in an alkaline seawater environment and only needs 293 mV to reach 10 mA cm-2 . Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the strong electronic synergies among the metal cations in the quench-derived catalyst, where the metal doping regulates the electronic structure, thereby yielding near-optimal adsorption energies for OER intermediates and giving rise to superior activity. This study provides a new quenching method to obtain high-performance transition metal oxide catalysts for freshwater/seawater electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yajun Pang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Xinqiang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Yinzhuo Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Yitian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Zongkui Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhehong Shen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghui Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - John Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
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30
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Xu Y, Hao X, Zhang X, Wang T, Hu Z, Chen Y, Feng X, Liu W, Hao F, Kong X, He C, Ma S, Xu B. Increasing Oxygen Vacancy of CeO2 Nanocrystals by Ni Doping and reduced Graphene Oxides Decoration towards the Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00209d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen vacancy (VO) engineering is proved to be an effective approach for improving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance of low-cost metal oxides electrocatalysts. Cerium dioxide (CeO2), one of...
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31
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Zhang F, Sherrell PC, Luo W, Chen J, Li W, Yang J, Zhu M. Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Fibers: Controllable Architectures for Electrochemical Energy Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102859. [PMID: 34633752 PMCID: PMC8596128 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic/inorganic hybrid fibers (OIHFs) are intriguing materials, possessing an intrinsic high specific surface area and flexibility coupled to unique anisotropic properties, diverse chemical compositions, and controllable hybrid architectures. During the last decade, advanced OIHFs with exceptional properties for electrochemical energy applications, including possessing interconnected networks, abundant active sites, and short ion diffusion length have emerged. Here, a comprehensive overview of the controllable architectures and electrochemical energy applications of OIHFs is presented. After a brief introduction, the controllable construction of OIHFs is described in detail through precise tailoring of the overall, interior, and interface structures. Additionally, several important electrochemical energy applications including rechargeable batteries (lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and lithium-sulfur batteries), supercapacitors (sandwich-shaped supercapacitors and fiber-shaped supercapacitors), and electrocatalysts (oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and hydrogen evolution reaction) are presented. The current state of the field and challenges are discussed, and a vision of the future directions to exploit OIHFs for electrochemical energy devices is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620P. R. China
| | - Peter C. Sherrell
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials ScienceIntelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)Australian Institute of Innovative Materials (AIIM)University of WollongongWollongongNSW2522Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Department of ChemistryLaboratory of Advanced MaterialsShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsiChEM and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620P. R. China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620P. R. China
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Yu Y, Chen Q, Li J, Rao P, Li R, Du Y, Jia C, Huang W, Luo J, Deng P, Shen Y, Tian X. Progress in the development of heteroatom-doped nickel phosphates for electrocatalytic water splitting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:1091-1102. [PMID: 34571296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen energy is expected to replace fossil fuels as a mainstream energy source in the future. Currently, hydrogen production via water electrolysis yields high hydrogen purity with easy operation and without producing polluting side products. Presently, platinum group metals and their oxides are the most effective catalysts for water splitting; however, their low abundance and high cost hinder large-scale hydrogen production, especially in alkaline and neutral media. Therefore, the development of high-efficiency, durable, and low-cost electrocatalysts is crucial to improving the overpotential and lowering the electrical energy consumption. As a solution, Ni2P has attracted particular attention, owing to its desirable electrical conductivity, high corrosion resistance, and remarkable catalytic activity for overall water splitting, and thus, is a promising substitute for platinum-group catalysts. However, the catalytic performance and durability of raw Ni2P are still inferior to those of noble metal-based catalysts. Heteroatom doping is a universal strategy for enhancing the performance of Ni2P for water electrolysis over a wide pH range, because the electronic structure and crystal structure of the catalyst can be modulated, and the adsorption energy of the reaction intermediates can be adjusted via doping, thus optimizing the reaction performance. In this review, first, the reaction mechanisms of water electrolysis, including the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction and anodic oxygen evolution reaction, are briefly introduced. Then, progress into heteroatom-doped nickel phosphide research in recent years is assessed, and a discussion of each representative work is given. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for developing advanced Ni2P based electrocatalysts are proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qingrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Peng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ruisong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yanlian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunman Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Junming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Peilin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yijun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinlong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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33
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Zheng X, Wang W, Jia G, Li Z, Zou Z. A strategy of asymmetric local structure based on mesoporous MoO 2 toward efficient electrocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7834-7837. [PMID: 34278390 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02235k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a substitutional heteroatom-doping approach is employed to design asymmetric local structures based on highly ordered mesoporous MoO2 nanostructures. Such synergistic strategies on increasing both the number and intrinsic activity of active sites jointly lead to a significant water oxidation performance boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Gan Jia
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zhaosheng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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