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Wang L, Yu X, Gao J, Ma D, He T, Hu S. Effect of Subsoiling on the Nutritional Quality of Grains of Maize Hybrids of Different Eras. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1900. [PMID: 39065427 PMCID: PMC11280032 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
To achieve high maize (Zea mays L.) yields and quality grain, it is necessary to develop stress-resistant cultivars and related cultivation practices, aiming to maximize efficiency. Thus, our objectives were (i) to investigate the impact of tillage practices and maize hybrids (which have improved over time) on yield and its components, and (ii) to characterize the response pattern of maize hybrid grain nutrient quality components to subsoiling. To achieve this, we conducted field trials with five maize hybrids from different eras under two tillage practices: rotary tillage and subsoiling. We compared grain yield, nutritional quality, and other indicators across different tillage conditions from the 1970s to the 2010s. The main results of this study are as follows: under rotary tillage conditions, the 2010s hybrid (DH618) significantly increased yields (9.37-55.89%) compared to hybrids from the 1970s-2000s. After subsoiling, the physiologically mature grains of all hybrids exhibited minimal changes in crude protein and fat content, while there was a significant reduction in the total soluble sugar content of the grains. After subsoiling, there was a substantial 8.14 to 12.79 percent increase in total starch accumulation in the grain for all hybrids during the period of 47-75 days post-anthesis. Furthermore, during the period of 47-75 days after anthesis, the consumption of grain crude protein significantly contributed to the accumulation of total starch in the grains. Ultimately, subsoiling significantly increased the yield of each hybrid and enhanced the total grain starch content at physiological maturity of all hybrids, with the 2010s hybrid (DH618) performing exceptionally well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (L.W.); (D.M.); (T.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Julin Gao
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (L.W.); (D.M.); (T.H.); (S.H.)
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Zhang B, Bai Y, Li X, Wang Y, Dong J, Jin Z. Enhancing the anti-thixotropic properties of waxy maize starch modified by different α-amylases and its underlying molecular mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131234. [PMID: 38554902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The large thixotropy of the starch-thickened foods is often unfavorable in many applications. This study examined the contribution of the proportion of amylopectin chain length to time-dependence of starch gels. The α-amylase (AM) from Bacillus stearothermophilus and maltogenic α-amylase (MA) from Bacillus subtilis were used to trim amylopectin in different reaction patterns. HPLC, HPAEC and IBC data suggested AM attacked B-chains (DP 12-36), causing an increment in number of the chains with DP 6-12, whereas MA primarily trimmed the short B-chains (DP 12-18) and partial A-chains (DP 9-12) to generate short chains with DP 6-9. Interestingly, the recovery of AM-gels was faster than MA-gels at the same degree of hydrolysis when subjected to shear according to the linear correlation analysis. When releasing the same mass of sugar, shortening of the long internal chains played an important role in reducing time dependence of starch gel rather than the external side chains. Possible models were proposed to illustrate the differences in the mechanism of rapid-recovery caused by different side-chain distributions. The outcome provided a new perspective to regulate the thixotropy behavior of starch through enzyme strategies in the granular state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingjing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Lin YH, Zhou YN, Liang XG, Jin YK, Xiao ZD, Zhang YJ, Huang C, Hong B, Chen ZY, Zhou SL, Shen S. Exogenous methylglyoxal alleviates drought-induced 'plant diabetes' and leaf senescence in maize. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1982-1996. [PMID: 38124377 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced leaf senescence is associated with high sugar levels, which bears some resemblance to the syndrome of diabetes in humans; however, the underlying mechanisms of such 'plant diabetes' on carbon imbalance and the corresponding detoxification strategy are not well understood. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of exogenous methylglyoxal (MG) on 'plant diabetes' in maize plants under drought stress applied via foliar spraying during the grain-filling stage. Exogenous MG delayed leaf senescence and promoted photoassimilation, thereby reducing the yield loss induced by drought by 14%. Transcriptome and metabolite analyses revealed that drought increased sugar accumulation in leaves through inhibition of sugar transporters that facilitate phloem loading. This led to disequilibrium of glycolysis and overaccumulation of endogenous MG. Application of exogenous MG up-regulated glycolytic flux and the glyoxalase system that catabolyses endogenous MG and glycation end-products, ultimately alleviating 'plant diabetes'. In addition, the expression of genes facilitating anabolism and catabolism of trehalose-6-phosphate was promoted and suppressed by drought, respectively, and exogenous MG reversed this effect, implying that trehalose-6-phosphate signaling in the mediation of 'plant diabetes'. Furthermore, exogenous MG activated the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, promoting the production of lignin and phenolic compounds, which are associated with drought tolerance. Overall, our findings indicate that exogenous MG activates defense-related pathways to alleviate the toxicity derived from 'plant diabetes', thereby helping to maintain leaf function and yield production under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Lin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya-Ning Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Gui Liang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu-Ka Jin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zu-Dong Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Hong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shun-Li Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Innovation Center of Agricultural Technology for Lowland Plain of Hebei, Wuqiao 061802, China
| | - Si Shen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Innovation Center of Agricultural Technology for Lowland Plain of Hebei, Wuqiao 061802, China
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Yang H, Cai X, Lu D. Effects of Waterlogging at Flowering Stage on the Grain Yield and Starch Quality of Waxy Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:108. [PMID: 38202416 PMCID: PMC10780669 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Waterlogging is a common abiotic stress in global maize production. Maize flowering stage (from tasseling to silking) is more fragile to environmental stresses, and this stage frequently overlapped the plum rain season in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river in China and affect the yield and quality of spring-sown maize severely. In the present study, the soil moisture content under control and waterlogging conditions at the flowering stage was controlled by a negative-pressure water supply and controlling pot device in a pot trial in 2014-2015. The grain yield, starch content, and starch structural and functional properties under two soil moisture levels were compared using Suyunuo5 (SYN5) and Yunuo7 (YN7) as materials, which are the control hybrids of National waxy maize hybrid regional trials in Southern China. The results observed that the grain yield was reduced by 29.1% for SYN5 with waterlogging due to the decreased grain weight and numbers, which was significantly higher than that of YN7 (14.7%), indicated that YN7 was more tolerant to waterlogging. The grain starch content in YN7 was decreased by 9.4% when plants suffered waterlogging at the flowering stage, whereas the content in SYN5 was only decreased in 2014 and unaffected in 2015. The size of starch granules and proportion of small-molecule amylopectin with waterlogging at the flowering stage increased in SYN5 and decreased in YN7 in both years. The type of starch crystalline structure was not changed by waterlogging, whereas the relative crystallinity was reduced in SYN5 and increased in YN7. The pasting viscosities were decreased, and the pasting temperature was unaffected by waterlogging in general. The gelatinization enthalpy was unaffected by waterlogging in both hybrids in both years, whereas the retrogradation enthalpy and percentage in both hybrids were reduced by waterlogging in 2014 and unaffected in 2015. Between the two hybrids, YN7 has high pasting viscosities and low retrogradation percentage than SYN5, indicated its advantages on produce starch for more viscous and less retrograde food. In conclusion, waterlogging at the flowering stage reduced the grain yield, restricted starch accumulation, and deteriorated the pasting viscosity of waxy maize. Results provide information for utilization of waxy maize grain in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Guo K, Liang W, Wang S, Guo D, Liu F, Persson S, Herburger K, Petersen BL, Liu X, Blennow A, Zhong Y. Strategies for starch customization: Agricultural modification. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121336. [PMID: 37739487 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Raw starch is commonly modified to enhance its functionality for industrial applications. There is increasing demand for 'green' modified starches from both end-consumers and producers. It is well known that environmental conditions are key factors that determine plant growth and yield. An increasing number of studies suggest growth conditions can expand affect starch structure and functionality. In this review, we summarized how water, heat, high nitrogen, salinity, shading, CO2 stress affect starch biosynthesis and physicochemical properties. We define these treatments as a fifth type of starch modification method - agricultural modification - in addition to chemical, physical, enzymatic and genetic methods. In general, water stress decreases peak viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy of starch, and high temperature stress increases starch gelatinization enthalpy and temperature. High nitrogen increases total starch content and regulates starch viscosity. Salinity stress mainly regulates starch and amylose content, both of which are genotype-dependent. Shading stress and CO2 stress can both increase starch granule size, but these have different effects on amylose content and amylopectin structure. Compared with other modification methods, agricultural modification has the advantage of operating at a large scale and a low cost and can help meet the ever-rising market of clean-label foods and ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Guo
- Lab of Food Soft Matter Structure and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Wenxin Liang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Shujun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety and School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Bent L Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xingxun Liu
- Lab of Food Soft Matter Structure and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Yuyue Zhong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muhlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Wu W, Zhong Y, Liu Y, Xu R, Zhang X, Liu N, Guo D. A new insight into the biosynthesis, structure, and functionality of waxy maize starch under drought stress. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023. [PMID: 37005332 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought stress (DS) is the main abiotic stress that maize suffers during its whole growth period, and maize is also sensitive to DS. It had been demonstrated that DS could improve the quality of normal maize starch. However, waxy maize, which has special properties, has not been explored in depth, which limits the breeding and cultivation of waxy maize varieties and the application of waxy maize starch. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of DS on the biosynthesis, structure, and functionality of waxy maize starch. RESULTS The results showed that DS decreased the expression level of SSIIb, SSIIIa, GBSSIIa, SBEI, SBEIIb, ISAII, and PUL, but increased the expression level of SSI and SBEIIa. DS did not change the average chain length of amylopectin, while increased the relative content of fa chains (RCfa ) and decreased the RCfb1 and RCfb3 . Furthermore, DS decreased the amylose content, amorphous lamellar distance da , semi-crystalline repeat distance, and average particle size, whereas it increased the relative crystallinity, crystalline distance dc , the content of rapidly digested starch in the uncooked system and resistant starch content in both the uncooked and cooked system. CONCLUSIONS For waxy maize, DS could raise the relative expression level of SSI and SBEIIa, thus increasing RCfa . The larger number of RCfa could create steric hindrance, which can lead to producing more resistant starch in waxy maize starch. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuyue Zhong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yilin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Renyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Huo Z, Wang L, Yang H. Effects of the duration of post-silking drought on the starch physicochemical properties of waxy maize. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1569-1577. [PMID: 36205226 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is a major abiotic stress that affects the physicochemical properties of cereal starch. However, quantitative information on the effects of drought duration on the starch quality of waxy maize, a special maize-type starch composed of nearly pure amylopectin, has been lacking. The effects of post-silking drought duration 1-10 (DS10), 1-20 (DS20), and 1-30 (DS30) days after pollination on the physicochemical properties of starch were assessed from 2019 to 2020 using two waxy maize hybrids as materials. RESULTS With extending drought duration, the starch granule size and average amylopectin chain length of Jingkenuo2000 (JKN2000) gradually increased, with those of Suyunuo5 (SYN5) being the highest for DS20, followed by DS30. All drought durations decreased the degree of branching of both hybrids, with the lowest value obtained for DS30 and DS20 in JKN2000 and SYN5, respectively. Relative crystallinity increased for DS30 in both hybrids but its responses for DS10 and DS20 differed. Pasting viscosities and gelatinization enthalpy were decreased and retrogradation percentage was increased by drought stress. The lowest pasting viscosities were observed for DS30, and the highest retrogradation percentage was found for DS10 in general. CONCLUSION Post-silking drought led to the pasting and retrogradation properties deteriorating, with decreased pasting viscosities and increased retrogradation percentage. The decrease in viscosity was caused by enlarged granules. Meanwhile, the increased proportion of amylopectin chains with a degree of polymerization of 25-36 resulted in lower viscosity and higher retrogradation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Huo
- College of Architectural Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology | Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology | Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology | Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology | Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Guo J, Qu L, Wang L, Lu W, Lu D. Effects of post-silking drought stress degree on grain yield and quality of waxy maize. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1530-1540. [PMID: 36194545 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought stress (DS) induced by post-silking have a major impact on the yield and quality of maize. In this study, the effects of different degrees of DS after pollination on grain filling, starch and protein metabolism, and functional properties were investigated using two waxy maize cultivars as materials. The levels of DS that were investigated were 'mild water stress' (WS1), 'moderate water stressed' (WS2), and 'severe waterstressed' (WS3). RESULTS Drought stress decreased grain fresh weight, dry weight, and moisture content in both cultivars during grain filling, and reduced kernel number, kernel weight, and grain yield at maturity. The effect on grain development and yield formation gradually increased with drought aggravation. The water stress (WS) treatment downregulated the enzymatic activities related to starch biosynthesis during grain-filling process, accompanied by a decrease in soluble sugar and starch deposition. The WS treatment increased the enzymatic activities involved in protein synthesis during grain-filling process, thereby increasing the protein content of grains. On average, WS2 and WS3 treatments reduced the pasting viscosities and increased the gelatinization temperatures of grains, with WS3 having the greatest effect. However, the changes of setback viscosity, gelatinization enthalpy, retrogradation enthalpy, and retrogradation percentage under WS treatment were inconsistent in both cultivars. Pearson correlation analysis showed that starch content was negatively correlated with gelatinization temperatures and positively correlated with pasting viscosities in both cultivars. However, grain pasting and gelatinization properties have opposite correlations with protein content and starch content. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that post-silking DS regulated the grain-filling process and starch and protein biosynthesis, which influenced grain yield and quality. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology|Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology|Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology|Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology|Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology|Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
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Yuan C, Wang S, Lu D. Fertilization time of slow-release fertilizer affects the physicochemical properties of starch from spring-sown waxy maize. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1012-1020. [PMID: 34312861 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slow-release fertilizer is widely used in cereal crop production because it is ecofriendly and laborsaving. Effects of different application stages (zero-, three-, and six-leaf stages, denoted as SN0, SN3, and SN6, respectively) of slow-release (N/P2 O5 /K2 O = 225/75/75 kg ha-1 ) fertilizer on physicochemical properties of starch from spring-sown waxy maize were investigated in 2018 and 2019. Application of traditional fertilizer (NCK, compound fertilizer; N/P2 O5 /K2 O = 75/75/75 kg ha-1 ) at sowing time and urea (N = 150 kg ha-1 ) at six-leaf stage was designated as the control. RESULTS In comparison to the NCK, SN0 reduced grain starch content by 4.9%. Meanwhile, SN3 and SN6 did not affect this parameter. Nevertheless, all treatments, particularly SN6, increased average starch granule size. The slow-release fertilizer reduced proportion of chains with degree of polymerization (DP) > 24. Relative to NCK, SN6 increased starch crystallinity in both years, whereas SN0 and SN3 increased it in 2018 but reduced it in 2019. SN0 reduced peak, trough, and final viscosities, whereas SN3 and SN6 produced similar starch viscosities to those produced by NCK. No fertilizer mode affected gelatinization parameters, but SN6 produced a low retrogradation percentage. In comparison to data for 2018, starch produced in 2019 showed a small granule size, and a high proportion of short amylopectin chains. These properties endowed starch with high viscosity and low retrogradation percentage. CONCLUSION In spring-sown waxy maize production, applying slow-release fertilizer at the six-leaf stage produced starch with high viscosity and low retrogradation tendency by enlarging granule size, increasing crystallinity, and reducing the proportion of long chains. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Siyang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Huo Z, Yang H. Application of Exogenous 6‒benzyladenine at the Silking‒stage Improve the Starch Quality of Waxy Maize Suffering from Post‒silking Drought Stress. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Huo
- College of Architectural Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Huan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology College of Agriculture Yangzhou University/ Jiangsu Co‒Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou 225009 China
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Guo J, Qu L, Hu Y, Lu W, Lu D. Proteomics reveals the effects of drought stress on the kernel development and starch formation of waxy maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:434. [PMID: 34556041 PMCID: PMC8461923 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kernel development and starch formation are the primary determinants of maize yield and quality, which are considerably influenced by drought stress. To clarify the response of maize kernel to drought stress, we established well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) conditions at 1-30 days after pollination (dap) on waxy maize (Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh). RESULTS Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress. The morphology of starch granules changed, whereas the grain filling rate was accelerated. A comparative proteomics approach was applied to analyze the proteome change in kernels under two treatments at 10 dap and 25 dap. Under the WS conditions, 487 and 465 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified at 10 dap and 25 dap, respectively. Drought induced the downregulation of proteins involved in the oxidation-reduction process and oxidoreductase, peroxidase, catalase, glutamine synthetase, abscisic acid stress ripening 1, and lipoxygenase, which might be an important reason for the effect of drought stress on kernel development. Notably, several proteins involved in waxy maize endosperm and starch biosynthesis were upregulated at early-kernel stage under WS conditions, which might have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis. Additionally, 17 and 11 common DAPs were sustained in the upregulated and downregulated DAP groups, respectively, at 10 dap and 25 dap. Among these 28 proteins, four maize homologs (i.e., A0A1D6H543, B4FTP0, B6SLJ0, and A0A1D6H5J5) were considered as candidate proteins that affected kernel development and drought stress response by comparing with the rice genome. CONCLUSIONS The proteomic changes caused by drought were highly correlated with kernel development and starch accumulation, which were closely related to the final yield and quality of waxy maize. Our results provided a foundation for the enhanced understanding of kernel development and starch formation in response to drought stress in waxy maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
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12
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Effects of post-silking low temperature on the physicochemical properties of waxy maize starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:160-168. [PMID: 34343585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low temperature (LT) at late growth stages is an important abiotic stress that affects the grain end-use quality of summer maize. In the present work, two experiments were conducted to study the effects of LT on the structural and functional properties of starches using two waxy maize hybrids ('Suyunuo5' and 'Yunuo7'). In field trial, the plants were sown on July 1 (normal sowing date) and August 1 (late sowing date). In pot trial, the plants were sown on July 1, grown at natural environment till silking, and suffered two post-silking temperatures (normal temperature and LT were set as 28/20 and 23/15 °C, respectively). The result showed that the starch was composed of more small granules with oval polytope when sown late (August 1) or subjected to LT post-silking. The LT-stressed starch presented high proportion of short amylopectin chains and low relative crystallinity (RC). LT reduced the pasting viscosity, gelatinization enthalpy, and gelatinization temperatures but increased the retrogradation tendency. In conclusion, the low pasting viscosity and high retrogradation tendency under LT condition were caused by the decreased granule size, amylopectin chain length, and RC.
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Wang J, Mao Y, Huang T, Lu W, Lu D. Water and heat stresses during grain formation affect the physicochemical properties of waxy maize starch. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1331-1339. [PMID: 32820541 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize is frequently subjected to simultaneous water (drought or waterlogging) and heat (HS) stresses during grain formation in southern China. This work examined the effect of high temperature combined with drought (HD) or waterlogging (HW) during grain formation on the starch physicochemical properties of two waxy maize hybrids, namely Suyunnuo5 (SYN5) and Yunuo7 (YN7). RESULTS Heat stress enlarged the starch granule size, and water stresses aggravated this effect. Heat stress reduced the ratio of small molecular weight fractions for both hybrids, and HD aggravated this reduction only in SYN5. Relative crystallinity in SYN5 was increased by stresses but in YN7 it was unaffected by HD, reduced by HS, and increased by HW. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry results showed that the 1045/1022 cm-1 ratio in SYN5 was not influenced by HW but was increased by other stresses, and that in YN7 it was increased by all stresses, with the highest value induced by HW. Peak viscosity was decreased, whereas gelatinization temperatures and retrogradation percentage were increased by all of these stresses. These effects were exacerbated by combined heat and water stresses. The maximum decomposition rate was severely increased by HW. CONCLUSION Drought or waterlogging at grain formation stage aggravated the detrimental effects of HS on the starch physicochemical properties of waxy maize. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Mao
- Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nantong, China
| | - Tianqi Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou, China
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Dong A, Yang Y, Liu S, Zenda T, Liu X, Wang Y, Li J, Duan H. Comparative proteomics analysis of two maize hybrids revealed drought-stress tolerance mechanisms. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1805015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Dong
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yatong Yang
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Songtao Liu
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Tinashe Zenda
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Huijun Duan
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
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Effects of waterlogging at grain formation stage on starch structure and functionality of waxy maize. Food Chem 2019; 294:187-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Activities of starch synthetic enzymes and contents of endogenous hormones in waxy maize grains subjected to post-silking water deficit. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7059. [PMID: 31065011 PMCID: PMC6505039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainfed maize in Southern China and frequently suffer water deficit at later plant growth periods. A pot trial in 2014–2015 was conducted to study the effects of drought stress (the relative soil moisture contents are 70–80% and 50–60% under control and water deficit conditions, respectively) after pollination on grain filling and starch accumulation, activities of starch synthetic enzymes, and contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), with Suyunuo5 as test material. The grain fresh weight, volume, and dry weight were not affected by drought before 10 days after pollination but were restricted thereafter. The reduction at maturity was reduced by 33.3%, 40.0%, and 32.3% in 2014 and by 21.7%, 24.3%, and 18.3% in 2015. The grain filling rate was suppressed by water deficit, whereas grain moisture and starch content were slightly affected. The starch accumulation was decreased by 33.5% and 20.0% at maturity in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The activities of starch synthetic enzymes (sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme) were downregulated by post-silking drought. The ABA content was increased, whereas IAA content was decreased when plants suffered water deficit during grain filling. In conclusion, post-silking water deficit increased ABA content, decreased IAA content, and weakened the activities of starch synthetic enzymes, which suppressed grain development and ultimately reduced grain weight.
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17
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Comparison of Structural and Functional Properties of Wheat Starch Under Different Soil Drought Conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12312. [PMID: 28951617 PMCID: PMC5615046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought influences cereal crop yield and quality. However, little is known about changes in the structural and functional properties of wheat starch under soil drought conditions. In this study, two wheat cultivars were subjected to well-watered (WW), moderate soil-drought (MD), and severe soil-drought (SD) from 7 tillers in the main stem to maturity. The structural and functional properties of the resultant endosperm starch were investigated. In comparison with WW soil, the MD increased starch accumulation in grains, the proportion of large starch granules, amylose and amylopectin long branch chain contents, and average amylopectin branch chain length, which were accompanied by the increase in activities of granule bound starch synthase and soluble starch synthase. MD treated-starch had a lower gelatinization enthalpy, and swelling power, but a higher gelatinization temperature, retrogradation enthalpy, and retrogradation percentage when compared to WW conditions. The MD also increased starch resistance to acid hydrolysis, amylase hydrolysis, and in vitro digestion. The SD had the opposite effects to the MD in all cases. The results suggest that soil drought more severely affects amylose synthesis than amylopectin synthesis in wheat grains, and moderate soil-drought improves molecular structure and functional properties of the starch.
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Torbica A, Drašković M, Tomić J, Dodig D, Bošković J, Zečević V. Utilization of Mixolab for assessment of durum wheat quality dependent on climatic factors. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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