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Frost OG, Ramkilawan P, Rebbaa A, Stolzing A. A systematic review of lifespan studies in rodents using stem cell transplantations. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 97:102295. [PMID: 38588866 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Organismal aging involves the progressive decline in organ function and increased susceptibility to age-associated diseases. Regardless of its origin, cellular aging is consequently reflected at the level of organ and associated systems dysfunction. Aging of stem cell populations within the body and their decreased ability to self-renew, differentiate, and regenerate damaged tissues, is a key contributor to organismal decline. Based on this, supplementing young stem cells may delay tissue aging, improve frailty and extend health and lifespan. This review investigates studies in rodents using stem cell transplantation from either mice or human donors. The aim is to consolidate available information on the efficacy of stem cell therapies in rodent models and provide insights to guide further research efforts. Out of the 21 studies included in this review, the methodology varied significantly including the lifespan measurement. To enable comparison the median lifespan was calculated using WebPlotDigitizer 4.6 if not provided by the literature. A total of 18 out of 21 studies evidenced significant lifespan extension post stem cell transplant, with 7 studies demonstrating benefits in reduced frailty and other aging complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver G Frost
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | | | | | - Alexandra Stolzing
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
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Wang X, Chen M, Hu L, Tan C, Li X, Xue P, Jiang Y, Bao P, Yu T, Li F, Xiao Y, Ran Q, Li Z, Chen L. Humanized mouse models for inherited thrombocytopenia studies. Platelets 2023; 34:2267676. [PMID: 37849076 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2267676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Inherited thrombocytopenia (IT) is a group of hereditary disorders characterized by a reduced platelet count as the main clinical manifestation, and often with abnormal platelet function, which can subsequently lead to impaired hemostasis. In the past decades, humanized mouse models (HMMs), that are mice engrafted with human cells or genes, have been widely used in different research areas including immunology, oncology, and virology. With advances of the development of immunodeficient mice, the engraftment, and reconstitution of functional human platelets in HMM permit studies of occurrence and development of platelet disorders including IT and treatment strategies. This article mainly reviews the development of humanized mice models, the construction methods, research status, and problems of using humanized mice for the in vivo study of human thrombopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lanyue Hu
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengning Tan
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peipei Xue
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangzhou Jiang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peipei Bao
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Teng Yu
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengjie Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanni Xiao
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Ran
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Basic Research Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wang W, Li Y, Lin K, Wang X, Tu Y, Zhuo Z. Progress in building clinically relevant patient-derived tumor xenograft models for cancer research. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:381-398. [PMID: 37679891 PMCID: PMC10614132 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models, a method involving the surgical extraction of tumor tissues from cancer patients and subsequent transplantation into immunodeficient mice, have emerged as a pivotal approach in translational research, particularly in advancing precision medicine. As the first stage of PDX development, the patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models implant tumor tissue in mice in the corresponding anatomical locations of the patient. The PDOX models have several advantages, including high fidelity to the original tumor, heightened drug sensitivity, and an elevated rate of successful transplantation. However, the PDOX models present significant challenges, requiring advanced surgical techniques and resource-intensive imaging technologies, which limit its application. And then, the humanized mouse models, as well as the zebrafish models, were developed. Humanized mouse models contain a human immune environment resembling the tumor and immune system interplay. The humanized mouse models are a hot topic in PDX model research. Regarding zebrafish patient-derived tumor xenografts (zPDX) and patient-derived organoids (PDO) as promising models for studying cancer and drug discovery, zPDX models are used to transplant tumors into zebrafish as novel personalized medical animal models with the advantage of reducing patient waiting time. PDO models provide a cost-effective approach for drug testing that replicates the in vivo environment and preserves important tumor-related information for patients. The present review highlights the functional characteristics of each new phase of PDX and provides insights into the challenges and prospective developments in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Wang
- Department of Clinical MedicineShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yongshu Li
- College of Life SciencesHubei Normal UniversityHuangshiChina
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology InnovationNational Institute of MetrologyShenzhenChina
| | - Kaida Lin
- Department of Clinical MedicineShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- Department of PharmacyShenzhen Longhua District Central HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Yanyang Tu
- Research Center, Huizhou Central People's HospitalGuangdong Medical UniversityHuizhou CityChina
| | - Zhenjian Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
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Lang Y, Lyu Y, Tan Y, Hu Z. Progress in construction of mouse models to investigate the pathogenesis and immune therapy of human hematological malignancy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195194. [PMID: 37646021 PMCID: PMC10461088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancy is a disease arisen by complicate reasons that seriously endangers human health. The research on its pathogenesis and therapies depends on the usage of animal models. Conventional animal model cannot faithfully mirror some characteristics of human features due to the evolutionary divergence, whereas the mouse models hosting human hematological malignancy are more and more applied in basic as well as translational investigations in recent years. According to the construction methods, they can be divided into different types (e.g. cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft model (PDX) model) that have diverse characteristics and application values. In addition, a variety of strategies have been developed to improve human hematological malignant cell engraftment and differentiation in vivo. Moreover, the humanized mouse model with both functional human immune system and autologous human hematological malignancy provides a unique tool for the evaluation of the efficacy of novel immunotherapeutic drugs/approaches. Herein, we first review the evolution of the mouse model of human hematological malignancy; Then, we analyze the characteristics of different types of models and summarize the ways to improve the models; Finally, the way and value of humanized mouse model of human immune system in the immunotherapy of human hematological malignancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yehui Tan
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Imai T, Yoshida H, Machida Y, Kuramochi M, Ichikawa H, Kubo T, Takahashi M, Kato T. Alteration in molecular properties during establishment and passaging of endometrial carcinoma patient-derived xenografts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8511. [PMID: 37231035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor models are known to maintain the genomic and phenotypic profiles, including the histopathological structures, of the parental tumors. On the other hand, unique enrichment of single-nucleotide variants or copy number aberrations has been reported in several types of tumors. However, an understanding of endometrial carcinoma PDXs is limited. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the presence or absence of the molecular properties of endometrial carcinomas in PDXs passaged up to eight times. Established PDXs of endometrioid carcinomas maintained their histopathological characteristics, but those of carcinosarcomas predominantly consisted of sarcomatous components when compared to the parental tumors. Alterations in the proportion of cells with positive/negative immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor, PTEN, PAX8, and PAX2 were observed, whereas the proportions of cells with AE1/AE3, TP53, ARID1A, PMS2, and MSH6 staining were unchanged. Variants of cancer-associated genes were compared between PDXs and parental tumors. Mutations in POLE and a frameshift deletion in BRCA1 were observed in the parental tumor tissue in each of the six cases, and additional genomic alterations, which were not apparently related to histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations, were found in the PDXs of these cases. The genomic and phenotypic alterations observed between endometrial carcinoma PDXs and parental tumors were partly associated with endometrial cancer-specific characteristics related to cellular differentiation and gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Imai
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukino Machida
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kuramochi
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Takahashi
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kato
- Department of Gynecology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Ding T, Yu Y, Pan X, Chen H. Establishment of humanized mice and its application progress in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2023; 15:679-697. [PMID: 37096919 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current high prevalence of malignant tumors has attracted considerable attention, and treating advanced malignancies is becoming increasingly difficult. Although immunotherapy is a hopeful alternative, it is effective in only a few people. Thus, development of preclinical animal models is needed. Humanized xenotransplantation mouse models can help with selecting treatment protocols, evaluating curative effects and assessing prognosis. This review discusses the establishment of humanized mouse models and their application prospects in cancer immunotherapy to identify tailored therapies for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Pan
- Department of Vision Rehabilitation, Gansu Province Hospital Rehabilitation Center, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
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Chuprin J, Buettner H, Seedhom MO, Greiner DL, Keck JG, Ishikawa F, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology research. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:192-206. [PMID: 36635480 PMCID: PMC10593256 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment paradigm for many malignancies and is transforming the drug development landscape. Although immunotherapeutic agents have demonstrated clinical efficacy, they are associated with variable clinical responses, and substantial gaps remain in our understanding of their mechanisms of action and specific biomarkers of response. Currently, the number of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate interactions between the human immune system and tumours and enable evaluation of human-specific immunotherapies in vivo is limited. Humanized mice, a term that refers to immunodeficient mice co-engrafted with human tumours and immune components, provide several advantages for immuno-oncology research. In this Review, we discuss the benefits and challenges of the currently available humanized mice, including specific interactions between engrafted human tumours and immune components, the development and survival of human innate immune populations in these mice, and approaches to study mice engrafted with matched patient tumours and immune cells. We highlight the latest advances in the generation of humanized mouse models, with the aim of providing a guide for their application to immuno-oncology studies with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Chuprin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Buettner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mina O Seedhom
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Recent Developments in NSG and NRG Humanized Mouse Models for Their Use in Viral and Immune Research. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020478. [PMID: 36851692 PMCID: PMC9962986 DOI: 10.3390/v15020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models have been widely used in virology, immunology, and oncology in the last decade. With advances in the generation of knockout mouse strains, it is now possible to generate animals in which human immune cells or human tissue can be engrafted. These models have been used for the study of human infectious diseases, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of humanized mice to model human-specific viral infections. A human immune system in these models is crucial to understand the pathogenesis observed in human patients, which allows for better treatment design and vaccine development. Recent advances in our knowledge about viral pathogenicity and immune response using NSG and NRG mice are reviewed in this paper.
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Ballesteros C, Wong K, Abrahim MA, Li C, Authier S. Model Characterization: Total Body Irradiation or Busulfan for Conditioning in Human Cell Therapy Toxicology and Tumorigenicity Studies using NOD/SCID/IL2Rγnull (NSG) Mice. Int J Toxicol 2022; 42:219-231. [PMID: 36565254 DOI: 10.1177/10915818221148130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The NOD/SCID/IL2Rγnull (NSG) mouse is a relevant model for toxicology and tumorigenicity studies evaluating human cell therapies. Data was compiled from toxicology study control NSG mice exposed to gamma irradiation (0 or 200 cGy) or busulfan. Retrospective data evaluation included mortality, clinical observations, body weights, hematology, and external and internal macroscopic observations. There was no mortality in any of the 129 toxicology control (irradiated and non-irradiated) mice up to the 20-week observation period. Mortalities occurred between Days 1 and 25 among animals given busulfan ≥25 mg/kg/day at 1 or 2 doses via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. There were 4/10, 6/10 and 4/10 deaths at 25, 30 and 35 mg/kg/day busulfan, respectively. Busulfan-treated mice presented with dose-dependent clinical signs including signs of anemia in some individuals. Hematology, including white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil (NEUT) counts, from irradiated mice at Weeks 12 and 20 revealed comparable values to non-irradiated animals. In contrast, irradiated mice treated with a positive control (HL-60) were euthanized prior to Week 12. There were no irradiation-related differences in macroscopic observations with lymphoid atrophy identified comparably in irradiated and non-irradiated groups. These results suggest that irradiation was suitable for conditioning to enable cell engraftment in NSG mice in the context of regulatory toxicology and tumorigenicity studies. Busulfan administered at 20 mg/kg/day for 2 days, i.p. was also well-tolerated, and it could be considered for toxicology studies of genetically modified human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Wong
- Charles River Laboratories, Laval, QC, Canada
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10
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Chen J, Liao S, Xiao Z, Pan Q, Wang X, Shen K, Wang S, Yang L, Guo F, Liu HF, Pan Q. The development and improvement of immunodeficient mice and humanized immune system mouse models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007579. [PMID: 36341323 PMCID: PMC9626807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models play an indispensable role in the study of human diseases. However, animal models of different diseases do not fully mimic the complex internal environment of humans. Immunodeficient mice are deficient in certain genes and do not express these or show reduced expression in some of their cells, facilitating the establishment of humanized mice and simulation of the human environment in vivo. Here, we summarize the developments in immunodeficient mice, from the initial nude mice lacking T lymphocytes to NOD/SCID rgnull mice lacking T, B, and NK cell populations. We describe existing humanized immune system mouse models based on immunodeficient mice in which human cells or tissues have been transplanted to establish a human immune system, including humanized-peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Hu-PBMCs), humanized hematopoietic stem cells (Hu-HSCs), and humanized bone marrow, liver, thymus (Hu-BLT) mouse models. The different methods for their development involve varying levels of complexity and humanization. Humanized mice are widely used in the study of various diseases to provide a transitional stage for clinical research. However, several challenges persist, including improving the efficiency of reconstructing the human B cell immune response, extending lifespan, improving the survival rate of mice to extend the observation period, and improving the development of standardized commercialized models and as well as their use. Overall, there are many opportunities and challenges in the development of humanized immune system mouse models which can provide novel strategies for understanding the mechanisms and treatments of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingjun Pan
- *Correspondence: Hua-feng Liu, ; Qingjun Pan,
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Shang P, Yu L, Cao S, Guo C, Zhang W. An improved cell line-derived xenograft humanized mouse model for evaluation of PD-1/PD-L1 blocker BMS202-induced immune responses in colorectal cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1497-1506. [PMID: 36269133 PMCID: PMC9827804 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of an in vivo mouse model mimicking human tumor-immune environments provides a promising platform for immunotherapy assessment, drug discovery and clinical decision guidance. To this end, we construct humanized NCG mice by transplanting human hCD34 + hematopoietic progenitors into non-obese diabetic (NOD) Cg- Prkdc scidIL2rg tm1Wjl /Sz (null; NCG) mice and monitoring the development of human hematopoietic and immune systems (Hu-NCG). The cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) Hu-NCG mouse models are set up to assess the outcome of immunotherapy mediated by the small molecule BMS202. As a PD-1/PD-L1 blocker, BMS202 shows satisfactory antitumour efficacy in the HCT116 and SW480 xenograft Hu-NCG mouse models. Mechanistically, BMS202 exerts antitumour efficacy by improving the tumor microenvironment and enhancing the infiltration of hCD8 + T cells and the release of hIFNγ in tumor tissue. Thus, tumor-bearing Hu-NCG mice are a suitable and important in vivo model for preclinical study, particularly in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhao Shang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Liting Yu
- Department of PharmacyBinzhou Medical UniversityYantai264003China
| | - Shucheng Cao
- School of EngineeringChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Changying Guo
- School of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China,Correspondence address. Tel: +86-15737957481; (W.Z.) / Tel: +86-18252099426; (C.G.) @cpu.edu.cn
| | - Wanheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacythe First Affiliated Hospitaland College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang471003China,Correspondence address. Tel: +86-15737957481; (W.Z.) / Tel: +86-18252099426; (C.G.) @cpu.edu.cn
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12
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Sper RB, Proctor J, Lascina O, Guo L, Polkoff K, Kaeser T, Simpson S, Borst L, Gleason K, Zhang X, Collins B, Murphy Y, Platt JL, Piedrahita JA. Allogeneic and xenogeneic lymphoid reconstitution in a RAG2 -/- IL2RG y/- severe combined immunodeficient pig: A preclinical model for intrauterine hematopoietic transplantation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:965316. [PMID: 36311661 PMCID: PMC9614384 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.965316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency are commonly used as hosts of human cells. Size, longevity, and physiology, however, limit the extent to which immunodeficient mice can model human systems. To address these limitations, we generated RAG2−/−IL2RGy/− immunodeficient pigs and demonstrate successful engraftment of SLA mismatched allogeneic D42 fetal liver cells, tagged with pH2B-eGFP, and human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells after in utero cell transplantation. Following intrauterine injection at day 42–45 of gestation, fetuses were allowed to gestate to term and analyzed postnatally for the presence of pig (allogeneic) and human (xenogeneic) B cells, T-cells and NK cells in peripheral blood and other lymphoid tissues. Engraftment of allogeneic hematopoietic cells was detected based on co-expression of pH2B-eGFP and various markers of differentiation. Analysis of spleen revealed robust generation and engraftment of pH2B-eGFP mature B cells (and IgH recombination) and mature T-cells (and TCR-β recombination), T helper (CD3+CD4+) and T cytotoxic (CD3+CD8+) cells. The thymus revealed engraftment of pH2B-eGFP double negative precursors (CD4−CD8−) as well as double positive (CD4+, CD8+) precursors and single positive T-cells. After intrauterine administration of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, analysis of peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues revealed the presence of human T-cells (CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+) but no detectable B cells or NK cells. The frequency of human CD45+ cells in the circulation decreased rapidly and were undetectable within 2 weeks of age. The frequency of human CD45+ cells in the spleen also decreased rapidly, becoming undetectable at 3 weeks. In contrast, human CD45+CD3+T-cells comprised >70% of cells in the pig thymus at birth and persisted at the same frequency at 3 weeks. Most human CD3+ cells in the pig's thymus expressed CD4 or CD8, but few cells were double positive (CD4+ CD8+). In addition, human CD3+ cells in the pig thymus contained human T-cell excision circles (TREC), suggesting de novo development. Our data shows that the pig thymus provides a microenvironment conducive to engraftment, survival and development of human T-cells and provide evidence that the developing T-cell compartment can be populated to a significant extent by human cells in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan B. Sper
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jessica Proctor
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Odessa Lascina
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ling Guo
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kathryn Polkoff
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Tobias Kaeser
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Sean Simpson
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Luke Borst
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Katherine Gleason
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Xia Zhang
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Bruce Collins
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Yanet Murphy
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Platt
- Department of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jorge A. Piedrahita
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Jorge A. Piedrahita
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13
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Uslu M, Albayrak E, Kocabaş F. Competitive inhibition of IL-2/IL-2R has a dual effect on HSC ex vivo expansion and IL-2R (CD25) content. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109035. [PMID: 35834953 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor play a pivotal role in the regulation of immune response and possess both immune-regulatory and immune-stimulatory functions. As a cytokine of lymphoid cells, the role of IL-2 has been revealed in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance and proper hematopoiesis. Here, we investigated that small molecule Ro 26-4550 trifluoroacetate (Ro) mediated competitive inhibition of IL-2 and its receptor alpha subunit (IL-2Rα) throughout ex vivo culture. Ro treatment induced murine and human ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Ro treated HSPCs sustained self-renewal ability and low apoptotic activity. As a competitive inhibitor of IL-2/IL-2Rα interaction, Ro small molecule induced human HSPCs to entry into cell cycle. The proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and fibroblasts were also highly increased post treatment. Besides, Ro treatment enhanced IL-2Rα (CD25) expression independent of IL-2 administration in human mPB-derived HSPCs and BM-derived HSPCs. Increased IL-2Rα (CD25) expression in BM-HSPCs was associated with the increase in the CD4+CD25+ T cell population. Xenotransplantation of immunodeficient mice with ex vivo expanded human CD34+ cells after Ro treatment revealed an efficient multi-lineage reconstitution in the recipient. These findings shed light on the role of IL-2/IL-2Rα interaction in HSC expansion, in vivo and in vitro HSC self-renewal ability and repopulation capacity as well as a possible mean for the induction of CD25 expressing cells in hematopoietic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Uslu
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye; Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, USA
| | - Esra Albayrak
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye; Center of Stem Cell Research and Application, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Fatih Kocabaş
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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14
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Mirhadi S, Tam S, Li Q, Moghal N, Pham NA, Tong J, Golbourn BJ, Krieger JR, Taylor P, Li M, Weiss J, Martins-Filho SN, Raghavan V, Mamatjan Y, Khan AA, Cabanero M, Sakashita S, Huo K, Agnihotri S, Ishizawa K, Waddell TK, Zadeh G, Yasufuku K, Liu G, Shepherd FA, Moran MF, Tsao MS. Integrative analysis of non-small cell lung cancer patient-derived xenografts identifies distinct proteotypes associated with patient outcomes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1811. [PMID: 35383171 PMCID: PMC8983714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Only a fraction of NSCLC harbor actionable driver mutations and there is an urgent need for patient-derived model systems that will enable the development of new targeted therapies. NSCLC and other cancers display profound proteome remodeling compared to normal tissue that is not predicted by DNA or RNA analyses. Here, we generate 137 NSCLC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) that recapitulate the histology and molecular features of primary NSCLC. Proteome analysis of the PDX models reveals 3 adenocarcinoma and 2 squamous cell carcinoma proteotypes that are associated with different patient outcomes, protein-phosphotyrosine profiles, signatures of activated pathways and candidate targets, and in adenocarcinoma, stromal immune features. These findings portend proteome-based NSCLC classification and treatment and support the PDX resource as a viable model for the development of new targeted therapies. With non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, the development of targeted therapies remains crucial. Here, the generation and multi-omics characterization of 137 NSCLC patient-derived xenografts provides a resource for potential classifications and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shideh Mirhadi
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shirley Tam
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Quan Li
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nadeem Moghal
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nhu-An Pham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiefei Tong
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian J Golbourn
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Paul Taylor
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming Li
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Weiss
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastiao N Martins-Filho
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vibha Raghavan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yasin Mamatjan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aafaque A Khan
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Cabanero
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kugeng Huo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kota Ishizawa
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kazuhiro Yasufuku
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frances A Shepherd
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael F Moran
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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15
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Zbinden A, Canté-Barrett K, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJT. Stem Cell-Based Disease Models for Inborn Errors of Immunity. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010108. [PMID: 35011669 PMCID: PMC8750661 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic capacity of human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) to reconstitute myeloid and lymphoid lineages combined with their self-renewal capacity hold enormous promises for gene therapy as a viable treatment option for a number of immune-mediated diseases, most prominently for inborn errors of immunity (IEI). The current development of such therapies relies on disease models, both in vitro and in vivo, which allow the study of human pathophysiology in great detail. Here, we discuss the current challenges with regards to developmental origin, heterogeneity and the subsequent implications for disease modeling. We review models based on induced pluripotent stem cell technology and those relaying on use of adult hHSCs. We critically review the advantages and limitations of current models for IEI both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that existing and future stem cell-based models are necessary tools for developing next generation therapies for IEI.
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16
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Na D, Moon HG. Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Breast Cancer Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1187:283-301. [PMID: 33983584 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9620-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model can be used as a platform to study the individual patient's sensitivity to targeted agents as well as its ability to guide our understanding in various aspects of tumor biology including the tumor's clonal evolution and interaction with microenvironment. In this chapter, we review the history of PDX models in various tumor types. Additionally, we highlight the key studies that suggested potential value of PDX models in cancer treatment. Specifically, we will briefly introduce several studies on the issue of PDX models for precision medicine. In latter part of this chapter, we focus on the studies that used PDX models to investigate the molecular biology of breast cancer that underlies the process of drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Also, we will address our own experience in developing PDX models using breast cancer tissues from Korean breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deukchae Na
- Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Gon Moon
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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17
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A human SIRPA knock-in xenograft mouse model to study human hematopoietic and cancer stem cells. Blood 2020; 135:1661-1672. [PMID: 32206775 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In human-to-mouse xenogeneic transplantation, polymorphisms of signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPA) that decide their binding affinity for human CD47 are critical for engraftment efficiency of human cells. In this study, we generated a new C57BL/6.Rag2nullIl2rgnull (BRG) mouse line with Sirpahuman/human (BRGShuman) mice, in which mouse Sirpa was replaced by human SIRPA encompassing all 8 exons. Macrophages from C57BL/6 mice harboring Sirpahuman/human had a significantly stronger affinity for human CD47 than those harboring SirpaNOD/NOD and did not show detectable phagocytosis against human hematopoietic stem cells. In turn, Sirpahuman/human macrophages had a moderate affinity for mouse CD47, and BRGShuman mice did not exhibit the blood cytopenia that was seen in Sirpa-/- mice. In human to mouse xenograft experiments, BRGShuman mice showed significantly greater engraftment and maintenance of human hematopoiesis with a high level of myeloid reconstitution, as well as improved reconstitution in peripheral tissues, compared with BRG mice harboring SirpaNOD/NOD (BRGSNOD). BRGShuman mice also showed significantly enhanced engraftment and growth of acute myeloid leukemia and subcutaneously transplanted human colon cancer cells compared with BRGSNOD mice. BRGShuman mice should be a useful basic line for establishing a more authentic xenotransplantation model to study normal and malignant human stem cells.
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18
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David TIP, Cerqueira OLD, Lana MG, Medrano RFV, Hunger A, Strauss BE. Response of human melanoma cell lines to interferon-beta gene transfer mediated by a modified adenoviral vector. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17893. [PMID: 33087767 PMCID: PMC7578831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since melanomas often retain wild type p53, we developed an adenoviral vector, AdRGD-PG, which provides robust transduction and transgene expression in response to p53. Previously, this vector was used for interferon-β gene transfer in mouse models of melanoma, resulting in control of tumor progression, but limited cell killing. Here, the AdRGD-PG-hIFNβ vector encoding the human interferon-β cDNA (hIFNβ) was used to transduce human melanoma cell lines SK-MEL-05 and SK-MEL-147 (both wild type p53). In vitro, cell death was induced in more than 80% of the cells and correlated with elevated annexinV staining and caspase 3/7 activity. Treatment with hIFNβ promoted cell killing in neighboring, non-transduced cells, thus revealing a bystander effect. In situ gene therapy resulted in complete inhibition of tumor progression for SK-MEL-147 when using nude mice with no evidence of hepatotoxicity. However, the response in Nod-Scid mice was less robust. For SK-MEL-05, tumor inhibition was similar in nude and Nod-Scid mice and was less efficient than seen for SK-MEL-147, indicating both cell type and host specific responses. The AdRGD-PG-hIFNβ vector provides extensive killing of human melanoma cells in vitro and a potent anti-tumor effect in vivo. This study provides a critical advance in the development of our melanoma gene therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taynah I P David
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto Do Câncer Do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8th floor, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Otto L D Cerqueira
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto Do Câncer Do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8th floor, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlous G Lana
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto Do Câncer Do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8th floor, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruan F V Medrano
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto Do Câncer Do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8th floor, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aline Hunger
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto Do Câncer Do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8th floor, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Cristalia, Biotecnologia Unidade 1, Rodoviária SP 147, Itapira, SP, Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto Do Câncer Do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8th floor, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Blümich S, Zdimerova H, Münz C, Kipar A, Pellegrini G. Human CD34 + Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Engrafted NSG Mice: Morphological and Immunophenotypic Features. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:161-180. [PMID: 32901581 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820948822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune cells represent an innovative tool to improve translatability of animal models for the study of human diseases. Immunophenotyping in these mice focuses on engraftment rates and cellular differentiation in blood and secondary lymphoid organs, and is predominantly carried out by FACS (fluorescent activated cell sorting) analysis; information on the morphological aspects of engraftment and the prevalence of histologic lesions is limited. We histologically examined 3- to 6-month-old NSG mice, naïve or engrafted with CD34+ human hemopoietic stem cells (HSC), and employed a quantitative immunohistochemical approach to identify human and murine cell compartments, comparing the results with the FACS data. NSG mice mainly exhibited incidental findings in lungs, kidneys, testes, and adrenal glands. A 6-month-old NSG mouse had a mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma. The lymphoid organs of NSG mice lacked typical lymphoid tissue architecture but frequently exhibited small periarteriolar leukocyte clusters in the spleen. Mice engrafted with human HSC frequently showed nephropathy, ovarian atrophy, cataract, and abnormal retinal development, lesions considered secondary to irradiation. In addition, 20% exhibited multisystemic granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates, dominated by human macrophages and T cells, leading to the observed 7% mortality and morbidity. Immunophenotypic data revealed variable repopulation of lymphoid organs with hCD45+ human cells, which did not always parallel the engraftment levels measured via FACS. The study describes the most common pathological features in young NSG mice after human HSC engraftment. As some of these lesions contribute to morbidity, morphological assessment of the engraftment at tissue level might help improve immunophenotypic evaluations of this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blümich
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hana Zdimerova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Li P, Lu M, Shi J, Hua L, Gong Z, Li Q, Shultz LD, Ren G. Dual roles of neutrophils in metastatic colonization are governed by the host NK cell status. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4387. [PMID: 32873795 PMCID: PMC7463263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of neutrophils in solid tumor metastasis remains largely controversial. In preclinical models of solid tumors, both pro-metastatic and anti-metastatic effects of neutrophils have been reported. In this study, using mouse models of breast cancer, we demonstrate that the metastasis-modulating effects of neutrophils are dictated by the status of host natural killer (NK) cells. In NK cell-deficient mice, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-expanded neutrophils show an inhibitory effect on the metastatic colonization of breast tumor cells in the lung. In contrast, in NK cell-competent mice, neutrophils facilitate metastatic colonization in the same tumor models. In an ex vivo neutrophil-NK cell-tumor cell tri-cell co-culture system, neutrophils are shown to potentially suppress the tumoricidal activity of NK cells, while neutrophils themselves are tumoricidal. Intriguingly, these two modulatory effects by neutrophils are both mediated by reactive oxygen species. Collectively, the absence or presence of NK cells, governs the net tumor-modulatory effects of neutrophils. The role of neutrophils in the regulation of tumour growth and metastasis remains controversial. Here, the authors demonstrate that neutrophils, by exerting inhibitory effects on cytotoxic NK cells, show a net pro-metastatic effect in immune-competent mice, while they are tumoricidal and anti-metastatic in NK cell-deficient hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Ming Lu
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayuan Shi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Li Hua
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Zheng Gong
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Qing Li
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | | | - Guangwen Ren
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
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21
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The Utility of Human Immune System Mice for High-Containment Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010098. [PMID: 32098330 PMCID: PMC7157695 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immune system (HIS) mice are a subset of humanized mice that are generated by xenoengraftment of human immune cells or tissues and/or their progenitors into immunodeficient mice. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) cause severe disease in humans, typically with high case fatality rates. HIS mouse studies have been performed to investigate the pathogenesis and immune responses to VHFs that must be handled in high-containment laboratory facilities. Here, we summarize studies on filoviruses, nairoviruses, phenuiviruses, and hantaviruses, and discuss the knowledge gained from using various HIS mouse models. Furthermore, we discuss the complexities of designing and interpreting studies utilizing HIS mice while highlighting additional questions about VHFs that can still be addressed using HIS mouse models.
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22
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Mierzejewski B, Archacka K, Grabowska I, Florkowska A, Ciemerych MA, Brzoska E. Human and mouse skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cells in health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:93-104. [PMID: 32005567 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The proper functioning of tissues and organs depends on their ability to self-renew and repair. Some of the tissues, like epithelia, renew almost constantly while in the others this process is induced by injury or diseases. The stem or progenitor cells responsible for tissue homeostasis have been identified in many organs. Some of them, such as hematopoietic or intestinal epithelium stem cells, are multipotent and can differentiate into various cell types. Others are unipotent. The skeletal muscle tissue does not self-renew spontaneously, however, it presents unique ability to regenerate in response to the injury or disease. Its repair almost exclusively relies on unipotent satellite cells. However, multiple lines of evidence document that some progenitor cells present in the muscle can be supportive for skeletal muscle regeneration. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the complicated landscape of stem and progenitor cells that exist in skeletal muscle and support its regeneration. We compare the cells from two model organisms, i.e., mouse and human, documenting their similarities and differences and indicating methods to test their ability to undergo myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Mierzejewski
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Florkowska
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Anna Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Brzoska
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Frazão LP, Vieira de Castro J, Neves NM. In Vivo Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of Biomaterial Device. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1250:109-124. [PMID: 32601941 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3262-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials are widely used to produce devices for regenerative medicine. After its implantation, an interaction between the host immune system and the implanted biomaterial occurs, leading to biomaterial-specific cellular and tissue responses. These responses may include inflammatory, wound healing responses, immunological and foreign-body reactions, and even fibrous encapsulation of the implanted biomaterial device. In fact, the cellular and molecular events that regulate the success of the implant and tissue regeneration are played at the interface between the foreign body and the host inflammation, determined by innate and adaptive immune responses. This chapter focuses on host responses that must be taken into consideration in determining the biocompatibility of biomaterial devices when implanted in vivo of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Frazão
- I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho: 3Bs Research Group, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J Vieira de Castro
- I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho: 3Bs Research Group, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Neves
- I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho: 3Bs Research Group, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Alves da Costa T, Lang J, Torres RM, Pelanda R. The development of human immune system mice and their use to study tolerance and autoimmunity. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 2:100021. [PMID: 32743507 PMCID: PMC7388352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases evolve from complex interactions between the immune system and self-antigens and involve several genetic attributes, environmental triggers and diverse cell types. Research using experimental mouse models has contributed key knowledge on the mechanisms that underlie these diseases in humans, but differences between the mouse and human immune systems can and, at times, do undermine the translational significance of these findings. The use of human immune system (HIS) mice enables the utility of mouse models with greater relevance for human diseases. As the name conveys, these mice are reconstituted with mature human immune cells transferred directly from peripheral blood or via transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells that nucleate the generation of a complex human immune system. The function of the human immune system in HIS mice has improved over the years with the stepwise development of better models. HIS mice exhibit key benefits of the murine animal model, such as small size, robust and rapid reproduction and ease of experimental manipulation. Importantly, HIS mice also provide an applicable in vivo setting that permit the investigation of the physiological and pathological functions of the human immune system and its response to novel treatments. With the gaining popularity of HIS mice in the last decade, the potential of this model has been exploited for research in basic science, infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmunity. In this review we focus on the use of HIS mice in autoimmune studies to stimulate further development of these valuable models. Human immune system (HIS) mice bear components of the human immune system. HIS mice engraft with human blood or hematopoietic stem cells, and sometimes thymus. HIS mice are used to investigate development and function of the human immune system. Immunological tolerance and autoimmune responses can be studied in HIS mice. HIS models of autoimmunity vary in complexity and in ability to represent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Alves da Costa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Corresponding author. University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045-2508, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Human immune system (HIS) mice are created by transplanting human immune cells or their progenitor cells into highly immunodeficient recipient mouse hosts, thereby "humanizing" their immune systems. Over past decades, the field of HIS mice has evolved rapidly, as modifications of existing immunodeficient mouse strains have been developed, resulting in increasing levels of human tissue engraftment as humanization is optimized. Current HIS mouse models not only permit elevated levels of human cell engraftment but also demonstrate graft stability. As such, HIS mice are being extensively used to study the human innate and adaptive immune response against microbial infections in vivo. Compared to nonhumanized animal models, which are frequently infected with surrogate or adapted microbes, the HIS mouse models allow the analysis of interactions between human immune cells and bona fide pathogenic microbes, making them a more clinically relevant model. This article reviews the development of HIS mice and covers the different strategies used to humanize mice, as well as discussing the use of HIS mice for studying bacterial infections that cause human disease.
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26
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Zhao Y, Liu P, Xin Z, Shi C, Bai Y, Sun X, Zhao Y, Wang X, Liu L, Zhao X, Chen Z, Zhang H. Biological Characteristics of Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice Produced by CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Rag2 and IL2rg Mutation. Front Genet 2019; 10:401. [PMID: 31134127 PMCID: PMC6524690 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas)9 is a novel and convenient gene editing system that can be used to construct genetically modified animals. Recombination activating gene 2 (Rag2) is a core component that is involved in the initiation of V(D)J recombination during T- and B-cells maturation. Separately, the interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene (IL2rg) encoded the protein-regulated activity of natural killer (NK) cells and shared common receptors of some cytokines. Rag2 and IL2rg mutations cause immune system disorders associated with T-, B-, and NK cell function and some cytokine activities. In the present study, 2 single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeted on Rag2 and IL2rg genes were microinjected into the zygotes of BALB/c mice with Cas9 messenger RNA (mRNA) to create Rag2/IL2rg-/- double knockout mice, and the biological characteristics of the mutated mice were subsequently analyzed. The results showed that CRISPR/Cas9-induced indel mutation displaced the frameshift of Rag2 and IL2rg genes, resulting in a decrease in the number of T-, B-, and NK cells and the destruction of immune-related tissues like the thymus and spleen. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 85B antigen could not induce cellular and humoral immune response in mice. However, this aberrant immune activity compromised the growth of several tumor heterogenous grafts in the mutated mice, including orthotopic and subcutaneous transplantation tumors. Thus, Rag2/IL2rg-/- knockout mice possessed features of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), which is an ideal model for human xenograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peijuan Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiqian Xin
- Laboratory Animal Center, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinlan Bai
- Department of Microbiology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuxuan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhinan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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27
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Yan H, Bhagwat B, Sanden D, Willingham A, Tan A, Knapton AD, Weaver JL, Howard KE. Evaluation of a TGN1412 analogue using in vitro assays and two immune humanized mouse models. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 372:57-69. [PMID: 30914376 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication typically associated with biological drug products. Pre-clinical testing in vitro and in vivo studies using non-human primates had failed to reliably predict CRS. To determine if bone marrow-thymus-liver (BLT) humanized mice with a fully engrafted human immune system or a CD34-humanized mouse model could predict CRS, we tested an anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb) similar to TGN1412. This TGN1412 analogue (TGN1412A) was initially tested in vitro and found to produce significant dose-dependent increases in cytokine production. For in vivo studies, adalimumab, an anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody known not to cause CRS, served as a negative control. We evaluated immune cell activation and cytokine expression in three independent experiments. In BLT humanized mice, significant increases in levels of human cytokines were identified in animals treated with anti-CD28 mAb. As expected, CD28+ cell detection was strongly reduced in the anti-CD28 treated group. Increased T cell activation was also observed. The control group did not show reductions in CD28+ T-cells and did not experience increased cytokine levels. Responses by CD34-humanized mice showed no significant differences between adalimumab and anti-CD28 treatment at doses used to test BLT-humanized mice. These results suggest that the TGN1412A produces similar results in vitro to the original TGN1412 monoclonal antibody. The BLT immune humanized mice but not the CD34 humanized mice produce both robust and specific cytokine responses and may represent a pre-clinical model to identify CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyi Yan
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alick Tan
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Alan D Knapton
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - James L Weaver
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Kristina E Howard
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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28
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Zhong F, Jiang Y. Endogenous Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration: A Potential Strategy for the Recovery of β Cell Deficiency in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:101. [PMID: 30842756 PMCID: PMC6391341 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous pancreatic β cell regeneration is a potential strategy for β cell expansion or neogenesis to treat diabetes. Regeneration can occur through stimulation of existing β cell replication or conversion of other pancreatic cells into β cells. Recently, various strategies and approaches for stimulation of endogenous β cell regeneration have been evaluated, but they were not suitable for clinical application. In this paper, we comprehensively review these strategies, and further discuss various factors involved in regulation of β cell regeneration under physiological or pathological conditions, such as mediators, transcription factors, signaling pathways, and potential pharmaceutical drugs. Furthermore, we discuss possible reasons for the failure of regenerative medicines in clinical trials, and possible strategies for improving β cell regeneration. As β cell heterogeneity and plasticity determines their function and environmental adaptability, we focus on β cell subtype markers and discuss the importance of research evaluating the characteristics of new β cells. In addition, based on the autoimmunologic features of type 1 diabetes, NOD/Lt-SCID-IL2rg null (NSG) mice grafted with human immune cells and β cells are recommended for use in evaluation of antidiabetic regenerative medicines. This review will further understand current advances in endogenous β cell regeneration, and provide potential new strategies for the treatment of diabetes focused on cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Xia X, Li H, Satheesan S, Zhou J, Rossi JJ. Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30663638 DOI: 10.3791/58255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethical regulations and technical challenges for research in human pathology, immunology, and therapeutic development have placed small animal models in high demand. With a close genetic and behavioral resemblance to humans, small animals such as the mouse are good candidates for human disease models, through which human-like symptoms and responses can be recapitulated. Further, the mouse genetic background can be altered to accommodate diverse demands. The NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (NSG) mouse is one of the most widely used immunocompromised mouse strains; it allows engraftment with human hematopoietic stem cells and/or human tissues and the subsequent development of a functional human immune system. This is a critical milestone in understanding the prognosis and pathophysiology of human-specific diseases such as HIV/AIDS and aiding the search for a cure. Herein, we report a detailed protocol for generating a humanized NSG mouse model (hu-NSG) by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation into a radiation-conditioned neonatal NSG mouse. The hu-NSG mouse model shows multi-lineage development of transplanted human stem cells and susceptibility to HIV-1 viral infection. It also recapitulates key biological characteristics in response to combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope;
| | - Haitang Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - Sangeetha Satheesan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope; Irell and Manela Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - John J Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
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30
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Kim YS, Wielgosz M, Ryu B. The Engraftment of Lentiviral Vector-Transduced Human CD34+ Cells into Humanized Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2005:91-100. [PMID: 31175648 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9524-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Humanized mouse models have been developed to study human hematopoiesis and therapeutic application of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of lentiviral vectors for gene therapy, human CD34+ cells have been transduced with lentiviral vectors and transplanted into the humanized mice. Recipient mice are monitored over time and sacrificed for bone marrow analyses with regard to human cell engraftment, lineage distribution, and vector transduction. This chapter details the procedure for lentiviral transduction and transplantation of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells into humanized mice to study inherited human hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Sang Kim
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Wielgosz
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Byoung Ryu
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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31
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Villano JS, Vleck SE, Felt SA, Myers DD, Lester PA. Safety Considerations When Working with Humanized Animals. ILAR J 2018; 59:150-160. [PMID: 30541024 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research using laboratory animals has been revolutionized by the creation of humanized animal models, which are immunodeficient animals engrafted with human cells, tissues, or organs. These animal models provide the research community a unique and promising opportunity to mimic a wide variety of disease conditions in humans, from infectious disease to cancer. A vast majority of these models are humanized mice like those injected with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells and patient-derived xenografts. With this technology comes the need for the animal research enterprise to understand the inherent and potential risks, such as exposure to bloodborne pathogens, associated with the model development and research applications. Here, we review existing humanized animal models and provide recommendations for their safe use based on regulatory framework and literature. A risk assessment program-from handling the human material to its administration to animals and animal housing-is a necessary initial step in mitigating risks associated with the use of humanized animals in research. Ultimately, establishing institutional policies and guidelines to ensure personnel safety is a legal and ethical responsibility of the research institution as part of the occupational health and safety program and overall animal care and use program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Villano
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Susan E Vleck
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety at Stanford University in Stanford, California
| | - Stephen A Felt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Daniel D Myers
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Patrick A Lester
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor, Michigan
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32
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Beldick SR, Hong J, Altamentova S, Khazaei M, Hundal A, Zavvarian MM, Rumajogee P, Chio J, Fehlings MG. Severe-combined immunodeficient rats can be used to generate a model of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury to facilitate studies of engrafted human neural stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208105. [PMID: 30485360 PMCID: PMC6261629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) encompasses a group of non-progressive brain disorders that are often acquired through perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Injury leads to a cascade of cell death events, resulting in lifetime motor and cognitive deficits. There are currently no treatments that can repair the resulting brain damage and improve functional outcomes. To date, preclinical research using neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation as a therapy for HI brain injury has shown promise. To translate this treatment to the clinic, it is essential that human-derived NPCs also be tested in animal models, however, a major limitation is the high risk of xenograft rejection. A solution is to transplant the cells into immune-deficient rodents, but there are currently no models of HI brain injury established in such a cohort of animals. Here, we demonstrate that a model of HI brain injury can be generated in immune-deficient Prkdc knockout (KO) rats. Long-term deficits in sensorimotor function were similar between KO and wildtype (WT) rats. Interestingly, some aspects of the injury were more severe in KO rats. Additionally, human induced pluripotent stem cell derived (hiPSC)-NPCs had higher survival at 10 weeks post-transplant in KO rats when compared to their WT counterparts. This work establishes a reliable model of neonatal HI brain injury in Prkdc KO rats that will allow for future transplantation, survival, and long-term evaluation of the safety and efficacy of hiPSC-NPCs for neonatal brain damage. This model will enable critical preclinical translational research using human NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Beldick
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Hong
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Svetlana Altamentova
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anisha Hundal
- Life Sciences Program, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Masoud Zavvarian
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prakasham Rumajogee
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathon Chio
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Cruz-Acuña R, Quirós M, Huang S, Siuda D, Spence JR, Nusrat A, García AJ. PEG-4MAL hydrogels for human organoid generation, culture, and in vivo delivery. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2102-2119. [PMID: 30190557 PMCID: PMC7240347 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived organoids (HOs) facilitates the production of multicellular three-dimensional structures analogous to native human tissues. Most current methods for the generation of HOs rely on Matrigel, a poorly defined basement membrane derivative secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma cells, limiting the potential use of HOs for regenerative medicine applications. Here, we describe a protocol for the synthesis of a fully defined, synthetic hydrogel that supports the generation and culture of HOs. Modular, cell-encapsulating hydrogels are formed from a four-armed poly(ethylene glycol) macromer that has maleimide groups at each terminus (PEG-4MAL) and is conjugated to cysteine-containing adhesive peptides and cross-linked via protease-degradable peptides. The protocol also includes guidelines for the localized in vivo delivery of PEG-4MAL hydrogel-encapsulated HOs to injured mouse colon. The PEG-4MAL hydrogel supports the engraftment of the HOs and accelerates colonic wound repair. This culture and delivery strategy can thus be used to develop HO-based therapies to treat injury and disease. Hydrogel and tissue preparation and subsequent encapsulation can be performed within 2.5-3.5 h. Once HOs have been cultured in synthetic hydrogels for at least 14 d, they can be prepared and delivered to the mouse colon in under 5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cruz-Acuña
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miguel Quirós
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dorothée Siuda
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Andrés J García
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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34
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Studying cancer immunotherapy using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) in humanized mice. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-9. [PMID: 30089794 PMCID: PMC6082857 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a promising way to eliminate tumor cells by using the patient’s own immune system. Selecting the appropriate animal models to develop or validate preclinical immunotherapeutic trials is now an important aspect of many cancer research programs. Here we discuss the advantages and limitations of using genetically engineered immunodeficient mouse models, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and humanized mouse models for developing and testing immunotherapeutic strategies. Improvements to mouse models for cancer immunotherapy could enhance the precision of new drugs. Immunotherapy trials require genetically modified animal models, including ‘humanized’ mice with a functioning human immune system, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice, in which cells from patients’ tumors are implanted into immunodeficient mice. Charles Lee at the Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine in Farmington, USA, Yeun-Jun Chung at the Catholic University of Korea in Seoul, and co-workers reviewed developments in both PDX and humanized-PDX mouse models for immunotherapy trials. PDX models improve the chances of finding novel biomarkers for drug development. However, humanized PDX mouse models will allow researchers to study diverse cancers in tumour and immune environments as close as possible to those of humans.
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35
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Natarajan A, Mayer AT, Reeves RE, Nagamine CM, Gambhir SS. Development of Novel ImmunoPET Tracers to Image Human PD-1 Checkpoint Expression on Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Humanized Mouse Model. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:903-914. [PMID: 28247187 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is well known that cancers exploit immune checkpoints (programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1)) to evade anti-tumor immune responses. Although immune checkpoint (IC) blockade is a promising approach, not all patients respond. Hence, imaging of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is of high specific interest, as they are known to express PD-1 during activation and subsequent exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment and are thought to be potentially predictive of therapeutic responses to IC blockade. PROCEDURES We developed immune-tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) to image hPD-1 status of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) adoptively transferred to NOD-scid IL-2Rγnull (NSG) mice (hNSG) bearing A375 human skin melanoma tumors. The anti-PD-1 human antibody (IgG; keytruda) was labeled with either Zr-89 or Cu-64 radiometals to image PD-1-expressing human TILs in vivo. RESULTS [89Zr] Keytruda (groups = 2; NSG-ctl (control) and hNSG-nblk (non-blocking), n = 3-5, 3.2 ± 0.4 MBq/15-16 μg/200 μl) and [64Cu] Keytruda (groups = 3; NSG-ctl, NSG-blk (blocking), and hNSG-nblk; n = 4, 7.4 ± 0.4 MBq /20-25 μg/200 μl) were administered in mice. PET-CT scans were performed over 1-144 h ([89Zr] Keytruda) and 1-48 h ([64Cu] Keytruda) on mice. hNSG mice exhibited a high tracer uptake in the spleen, lymphoid organs and tumors. At 24 h, human TILs homing into melanoma of hNSG-nblk mice exhibited high signal (mean %ID/g ± SD) of 3.8 ± 0.4 ([89Zr] Keytruda), and 6.4 ± 0.7 ([64Cu] Keytruda), which was 1.5- and 3-fold higher uptake compared to NSG-ctl mice (p = 0.01), respectively. Biodistribution measurements of hNSG-nblk mice performed at 144 h ([89Zr] Keytruda) and 48 h ([64Cu] Keytruda) p.i. revealed tumor to muscle ratios as high as 45- and 12-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our immunoPET study clearly demonstrates specific imaging of human PD-1-expressing TILs within the tumor and lymphoid tissues. This suggests these anti-human-PD-1 tracers could be clinically translatable to monitor cancer treatment response to IC blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arutselvan Natarajan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron T Mayer
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Reeves
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Claude M Nagamine
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E153, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Kooreman NG, de Almeida PE, Stack JP, Nelakanti RV, Diecke S, Shao NY, Swijnenburg RJ, Sanchez-Freire V, Matsa E, Liu C, Connolly AJ, Hamming JF, Quax PHA, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Wu JC. Alloimmune Responses of Humanized Mice to Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapeutics. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1978-1990. [PMID: 28834758 PMCID: PMC5573767 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in using embryonic stem cell (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derivatives for tissue regeneration. However, an increased understanding of human immune responses to stem cell-derived allografts is necessary for maintaining long-term graft persistence. To model this alloimmunity, humanized mice engrafted with human hematopoietic and immune cells could prove to be useful. In this study, an in-depth analysis of graft-infiltrating human lymphocytes and splenocytes revealed that humanized mice incompletely model human immune responses toward allogeneic stem cells and their derivatives. Furthermore, using an “allogenized” mouse model, we show the feasibility of reconstituting immunodeficient mice with a functional mouse immune system and describe a key role of innate immune cells in the rejection of mouse stem cell allografts. Innate immunity is crucial in rejection of minor HA mismatched grafts Stem cell alloimmune responses modeled with an “allogenized mouse” Humanized mice are unable to fully model immune responses to stem cell allografts Splenocytes and graft-infiltrating lymphocytes display an exhausted phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel G Kooreman
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia E de Almeida
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan P Stack
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Raman V Nelakanti
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ning-Yi Shao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Veronica Sanchez-Freire
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Elena Matsa
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chun Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew J Connolly
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jaap F Hamming
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | | | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Differences between immunodeficient mice generated by classical gene targeting and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:241-251. [PMID: 29594927 PMCID: PMC5986857 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0069-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice are widely used for pre-clinical studies to understand various human diseases. Here, we report the generation of four immunodeficient mouse models using CRISPR/Cas9 system without inserting any foreign gene sequences such as NeoR cassettes and their characterization. By eliminating any possible effects of adding a NeoR cassette, our mouse models may allow us to better elucidate the in vivo functions of each gene. Our FVB-Rag2−/−, B6-Rag2−/−, and BALB/c-Prkdc−/− mice showed phenotypes similar to those of the earlier immunodeficient mouse models, including a lack of mature B cells and T cells and an increase in the number of CD45+DX-5+ natural killer cells. However, B6-Il2rg−/− mice had a unique phenotype, with a lack of mature B cells, increased number of T cells, and decreased number of natural killer cells. Additionally, serum immunoglobulin levels in all four immunodeficient mouse models were significantly reduced when compared to those in wild-type mice with the exception of IgM in B6-Il2rg−/− mice. These results indicate that our immunodeficient mouse models are a robust tool for in vivo studies of the immune system and will provide new insights into the variation in phenotypic outcomes resulting from different gene-targeting methodologies.
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Abarrategi A, Mian SA, Passaro D, Rouault-Pierre K, Grey W, Bonnet D. Modeling the human bone marrow niche in mice: From host bone marrow engraftment to bioengineering approaches. J Exp Med 2018; 215:729-743. [PMID: 29453226 PMCID: PMC5839768 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of patient-derived samples in mouse models has been instrumental in depicting the role of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the establishment as well as progression of hematological malignancies. The foundations for this field of research have been based on the development of immunodeficient mouse models, which provide normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells with a supportive microenvironment. Immunosuppressed and genetically modified mice expressing human growth factors were key milestones in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, highlighting the importance of developing humanized microenvironments. The latest major improvement has been the use of human bone marrow (BM) niche-forming cells to generate human-mouse chimeric BM tissues in PDXs, which can shed light on the interactions between human stroma and hematopoietic cells. Here, we summarize the methods used for human hematopoietic cell xenotransplantation and their milestones and review the latest approaches in generating humanized BM tissues in mice to study human normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Abarrategi
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Syed A Mian
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, England, UK
| | - Diana Passaro
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Kevin Rouault-Pierre
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - William Grey
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
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Xu R, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Wogensen L, Axelsen SM, Seliktar D, Chen M. Fibrogenic and angiogenic commitments of human induced pluripotent stem cells derived mesenchymal stem cells in connective tissue growth factor-delivering scaffold in an immune-deficient mice model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2266-2274. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruodan Xu
- Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Lise Wogensen
- Research Laboratory of Biochemical Pathology; The Institute of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Dror Seliktar
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel
| | - Menglin Chen
- Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
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40
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Reinisch A, Hernandez DC, Schallmoser K, Majeti R. Generation and use of a humanized bone-marrow-ossicle niche for hematopoietic xenotransplantation into mice. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:2169-2188. [PMID: 28933777 PMCID: PMC5898606 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is frequently used to study normal and malignant hematopoiesis of human cells. However, conventional mouse xenotransplantation models lack essential human-specific bone-marrow (BM)-microenvironment-derived survival, proliferation, and self-renewal signals for engraftment of normal and malignant blood cells. As a consequence, many human leukemias and other hematologic disorders do not robustly engraft in these conventional models. Here, we describe a complete workflow for the generation of humanized ossicles with an accessible BM microenvironment that faithfully recapitulates normal BM niche morphology and function. The ossicles, therefore, allow for accelerated and superior engraftment of primary patient-derived acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other hematologic malignancies such as myelofibrosis (MF) in mice. The humanized ossicles are formed by in situ differentiation of BM-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Human hematopoietic cells can subsequently be transplanted directly into the ossicle marrow space or by intravenous injection. Using this method, a humanized engraftable BM microenvironment can be formed within 6-10 weeks. Engraftment of human hematopoietic cells can be evaluated by flow cytometry 8-16 weeks after transplantation. This protocol describes a robust and reproducible in vivo methodology for the study of normal and malignant human hematopoiesis in a more physiologic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reinisch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David Cruz Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Katharina Schallmoser
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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41
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Jung J, Seol HS, Chang S. The Generation and Application of Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Cancer Research. Cancer Res Treat 2017; 50:1-10. [PMID: 28903551 PMCID: PMC5784646 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2017.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing an appropriate preclinical model is crucial for translational cancer research. The most common way that has been adopted by far is grafting cancer cell lines, derived from patients. Although this xenograft model is easy to generate, but has several limitations because this cancer model could not represent the unique features of each cancer patient sufficiently. Moreover, accumulating evidences demonstrate cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease so that a tumor is comprised of cancer cells with diverse characteristics. In attempt to avoid these discrepancies between xenograft model and patients' tumor, a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model has been actively generated and applied. The PDX model can be developed by the implantation of cancerous tissue from a patient's tumor into an immune-deficient mouse directly, thereby it preserves both cell-cell interactions and tumor microenvironment. In addition, the PDX model has shown advantages as a preclinical model in drug screening, biomarker development and co-clinical trial. In this review, we will summarize the methodology and applications of PDX in detail, and cover critical issues for the development of this model for preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Seol
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abe T, Matsuoka Y, Nagao Y, Sonoda Y, Hanazono Y. CD34-negative hematopoietic stem cells show distinct expression profiles of homing molecules that limit engraftment in mice and sheep. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:631-637. [PMID: 28687990 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We and others have reported that human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are also present in the CD34-negative (CD34-) fraction of human cord blood (CB). Here, we examined the hematopoietic engraftment potential of 13 or 18 lineage-negative (13Lin- or 18Lin-) CD34+/- cells from human CB in mice and sheep. Both 13Lin- and 18Lin- CD34+ cells efficiently engrafted in mice irrespective of transplantation route, be it by tail-vein injection (TVI) or by intra-bone marrow injection (IBMI). These cells also engrafted in sheep after in utero fetal intra-hepatic injection (IHI). In contrast, neither 13Lin- nor 18Lin- CD34- cells engrafted in either mice or sheep when transplanted by regular routes (i.e., TVI and fetal IHI, respectively), although both 13Lin- and 18Lin- CD34- cells engrafted in mice when transplanted by IBMI and exhibited multilineage reconstitution ability. Thus, the homing ability of CD34- HSCs is significantly more limited than that of CD34+ HSCs. As for 18Lin-, CD34- HSCs are characterized by low expression of the tetraspanin CD9, which promotes homing, and high expression of the peptidase CD26, which inhibits homing. This unique expression pattern homing-related molecules on CD34- HSCs could thus explain in part their reduced ability to home to the BM niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Abe
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuoka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nagao
- University Farm, Department of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sonoda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Hanazono
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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Hosur V, Low BE, Avery C, Shultz LD, Wiles MV. Development of Humanized Mice in the Age of Genome Editing. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3043-3048. [PMID: 28332231 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice are the most commonly used model organisms to study human disease. Many genetic human diseases can be recapitulated by modifying the mouse genome allowing the testing of existing and novel therapeutics, including combinatorial therapeutics, without putting humans at risk. Specifically, the development of "humanized" mice, that is, severely immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human hematopoietic and immune cells and tissues, has revolutionized our ability to study and model human diseases in preclinical in vivo systems. Until recently it has been challenging to develop strains of humanized mice with targeted mutations or that transgenically express human genes with site-specific mutations, and can permit optimal growth of functional human cells and tissues. However, recent advances in targeted nuclease-based genetic engineering have enabled precise modification and development of humanized mouse models at an unprecedented pace. These modifications permit optimal growth of functional human cells and tissues and can be used to replicate human genetically determined diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3043-3048, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cindy Avery
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor 04609, Maine
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Klinghammer K, Walther W, Hoffmann J. Choosing wisely - Preclinical test models in the era of precision medicine. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 55:36-45. [PMID: 28314175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Through the introduction of a steadily growing variety of preclinical test models drug development and biomarker research has advanced. Next to classical used 2D cell line cultures, tissue-slice cultures, 3D organoid cell cultures, genetically engineered mouse models, cell line derived mouse models and patient derived xenografts may be selected for a specific question. All models harbor advantages and disadvantages. This review focuses on the available preclinical test models, novel developments such as humanized mice and discusses for which question a particular model should be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Walther
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Hoffmann
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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Henkels KM, Muppani NR, Gomez-Cambronero J. PLD-Specific Small-Molecule Inhibitors Decrease Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Neutrophils Infiltration in Breast Tumors and Lung and Liver Metastases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166553. [PMID: 27851813 PMCID: PMC5112812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D-2 (PLD2) has a key role in breast cancer formation and metastasis formation with PLD small inhibitors reducing primary tumor growth. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of targeting PLD on the tumor microenvironment. We provide evidence about the beneficial effect of PLD inhibitors [FIPI (dual PLD1/PLD2) or VU0155072-2 (PLD2 inhibitor)] on avoiding infiltration of tumor-helping macrophages and neutrophils. Tumor growth and metastasis within the primary tumors had low (<20% over controls) PLD enzyme activity. Unexpectedly, we found that the inhibitors also affected PLD2 gene expression and protein albeit at a lesser extent. The later could indicate that targeting both the actual PLD enzyme and its activity could be beneficial for potential cancer treatments in vivo. F4/80 and Ly6G staining of macrophages and neutrophils, respectively, and Arg1 staining data were consistent with M2 and N2 polarization. NOS2 staining increased in xenotransplants upon treatment with PLD2 inhibitors suggesting the novel observation that an increased recruitment of M1 macrophages occurred in primary tumors. PLD inhibitor-treated primary tumors had large, fragile, necrotic areas that were Arg1+ for M2 macrophages. The xenotransplants also caused the formation of large F4/80+ and Ly6G+ (>100 μm) clusters in lungs. However, PLD inhibitors, particularly FIPI, were able to diminish leukocyte presence. Ex vivo chemotaxis and PLD activity of peripheral blood neutrophils (PMN) and peritoneal macrophages was also determined. Whereas PMN had impaired functionality, macrophages did not. This significantly increased ("emboldened") macrophage function was due to PLD inhibition. Since tumor-associated leukocytes in primary tumors and metastases were targeted via PLD inhibition, we posit that these inhibitors have a key role in cancer regression, while still affording an appropriate inflammatory response at least from off-site innate immunity macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Henkels
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States of America
| | - Naveen Reddy Muppani
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States of America
| | - Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ibeh BO, Furuta Y, Habu JB, Ogbadu L. Humanized mouse as an appropriate model for accelerated global HIV research and vaccine development: current trend. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:395-407. [PMID: 27604679 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1233980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Humanized mouse models currently have seen improved development and have received wide applications. Its usefulness is observed in cell and tissue transplant involving basic and applied human disease research. In this article, the development of a new generation of humanized mice was discussed as well as their relevant application in HIV disease. Furthermore, current techniques employed to overcome the initial limitations of mouse model were reviewed. Highly immunodeficient mice which support cell and tissue differentiation and do not reject xenografts are indispensable for generating additional appropriate models useful in disease study, this phenomenom deserves emphases, scientific highlight and a definitive research focus. Since the early 2000s, a series of immunodeficient mice appropriate for generating humanized mice has been successively developed by introducing the IL-2Rγnull gene (e.g. NOD/SCID/γcnull and Rag2nullγcnull mice) through various genomic approaches. These mice were generated by genetically introducing human cytokine genes into NOD/SCID/γcnull and Rag2nullγcnull mouse backgrounds. The application of these techniques serves as a quick and appropriate mechanistic model for basic and therapeutic investigations of known and emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartholomew Okechukwu Ibeh
- a Immunovirology and Vaccine Development Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department , National Biotechnology Development Agency , Abuja , Nigeria
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- b RIKEN CDB CLST (Center for Life Science Technologies) , Kobe , Japan
| | - Josiah Bitrus Habu
- c Bioresources Development Center Odi, Bayelsa , National Biotechnology Development Agency , Abuja , Nigeria
| | - Lucy Ogbadu
- d National Biotechnology Development Agency , Abuja , Nigeria
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Yurino A, Takenaka K, Yamauchi T, Nunomura T, Uehara Y, Jinnouchi F, Miyawaki K, Kikushige Y, Kato K, Miyamoto T, Iwasaki H, Kunisaki Y, Akashi K. Enhanced Reconstitution of Human Erythropoiesis and Thrombopoiesis in an Immunodeficient Mouse Model with Kit(Wv) Mutations. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:425-438. [PMID: 27499200 PMCID: PMC5031955 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In human-to-mouse xenograft models, reconstitution of human hematopoiesis is usually B-lymphoid dominant. Here we show that the introduction of homozygous Kit(Wv) mutations into C57BL/6.Rag2(null)Il2rg(null) mice with NOD-Sirpa (BRGS) strongly promoted human multi-lineage reconstitution. After xenotransplantation of human CD34(+)CD38(-) cord blood cells, these newly generated C57BL/6.Rag2(null)Il2rg(null)NOD-Sirpa Kit(Wv/Wv) (BRGSK(Wv/Wv)) mice showed significantly higher levels of human cell chimerism and long-term multi-lineage reconstitution compared with BRGS mice. Strikingly, this mouse displayed a robust reconstitution of human erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis with terminal maturation in the bone marrow. Furthermore, depletion of host macrophages by clodronate administration resulted in the presence of human erythrocytes and platelets in the circulation. Thus, attenuation of mouse KIT signaling greatly enhances the multi-lineage differentiation of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in mouse bone marrow, presumably by outcompeting mouse HSPCs to occupy suitable microenvironments. The BRGSK(Wv/Wv) mouse model is a useful tool to study human multi-lineage hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Yurino
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuto Takenaka
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamauchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuya Nunomura
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Uehara
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Jinnouchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohta Miyawaki
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshikane Kikushige
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Kato
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromi Iwasaki
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuya Kunisaki
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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48
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García-Hevia L, Fernández F, Casafont I, Villegas JC, Fanarraga ML. A fast, reliable and cost-effective method to generate tumor organs for therapy screening
in vivo. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/3/035009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Kozlowska AK, Kaur K, Topchyan P, Jewett A. Adoptive transfer of osteoclast-expanded natural killer cells for immunotherapy targeting cancer stem-like cells in humanized mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:835-45. [PMID: 27034236 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on data obtained from oral, pancreatic and lung cancers, glioblastoma, and melanoma, we have established that natural killer (NK) cells target cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). CSCs displaying low MHC class I, CD54, and PD-L1 are killed by cytotoxic NK cells and are differentiated by split anergized NK cells through both membrane bound and secreted forms of TNF-α and IFN-γ. NK cells select and differentiate both healthy and transformed stem-like cells, resulting in target cell maturation and shaping of their microenvironment. In our recent studies, we have observed that oral, pancreatic, and melanoma CSCs were capable of forming large tumors in humanized bone marrow, liver, thymus (hu-BLT) mice with fully reconstituted human immune system. In addition, major human immune subsets including NK cells, T cells, B cells, and monocytes were present in the spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and tumor microenvironment. Similar to our previously published in vitro data, CSCs differentiated with split anergized NK cells prior to implantation in mice formed smaller tumors. Intravenous injection of functionally potent osteoclast-expanded NK cells inhibited tumor growth through differentiation of CSCs in humanized mice. In this review, we present current approaches, advances, and existing limitations in studying interactions of the immune system with the tumor, in particular NK cells with CSCs, using in vivo preclinical hu-BLT mouse model. In addition, we discuss the use of osteoclast-expanded NK cells in targeting cancer stem-like tumors in humanized mice-a strategy that provides a much-needed platform to develop effective cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kozlowska
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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50
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Kim KC, Choi BS, Kim KC, Park KH, Lee HJ, Cho YK, Kim SI, Kim SS, Oh YK, Kim YB. A Simple Mouse Model for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:194-202. [PMID: 26564392 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models derived from immune-deficient mice have been the primary tool for studies of human infectious viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the current protocol for constructing humanized mice requires elaborate procedures and complicated techniques, limiting the supply of such mice for viral studies. Here, we report a convenient method for constructing a simple HIV-1 mouse model. Without prior irradiation, NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-null (NSG) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 × 10(7) adult human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hu-PBMCs). Four weeks after PBMC inoculation, human CD45(+) cells, and CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells were detected in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, whereas human CD19(+) cells were observed in lymph nodes and spleen. To examine the usefulness of hu-PBMC-inoculated NSG (hu-PBMC-NSG) mice as an HIV-1 infection model, we intravenously injected these mice with dual-tropic HIV-1DH12 and X4-tropic HIV-1NL4-3 strains. HIV-1-infected hu-PBMC-NSG mice showed significantly lower human CD4(+) T cell counts and high HIV viral loads in the peripheral blood compared with noninfected hu-PBMC-NSG mice. Following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and neutralizing antibody treatment, HIV-1 replication was significantly suppressed in HIV-1-infected hu-PBMC-NSG mice without detectable viremia or CD4(+) T cell depletion. Moreover, the numbers of human T cells were maintained in hu-PBMC-NSG mice for at least 10 weeks. Taken together, our results suggest that hu-PBMC-NSG mice may serve as a relevant HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis model that could facilitate in vivo studies of HIV-1 infection and candidate HIV-1 protective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chang Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Park
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Lee
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Il Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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