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Meng H, Huan Y, Zhang K, Yi X, Meng X, Kang E, Wu S, Deng W, Wang Y. Quiescent Adult Neural Stem Cells: Developmental Origin and Regulatory Mechanisms. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:1353-1363. [PMID: 38656419 PMCID: PMC11365920 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian nervous system, although small in number and restricted to the sub-ventricular zone of the lateral ventricles, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and the olfactory epithelium, is a gift of evolution for the adaptive brain function which requires persistent plastic changes of these regions. It is known that most adult NSCs are latent, showing long cell cycles. In the past decade, the concept of quiescent NSCs (qNSCs) has been widely accepted by researchers in the field, and great progress has been made in the biology of qNSCs. Although the spontaneous neuronal regeneration derived from adult NSCs is not significant, understanding how the behaviors of qNSCs are regulated sheds light on stimulating endogenous NSC-based neuronal regeneration. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress of the developmental origin and regulatory mechanisms that maintain qNSCs under normal conditions, and that mobilize qNSCs under pathological conditions, hoping to give some insights for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Meng
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu Huan
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xuyang Yi
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xinyu Meng
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- School of Life Science and Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Enming Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Wenbing Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510631, China.
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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2
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Hu K, Jin S, Yue K, Wang H, Cai C, Liu Q, Guo J, Liang Q, Tian Y, Gao Z. A Reversible Neural Stem Cell Quiescence and Activation Culture System for Metabolic Study. Cell Transplant 2024; 33:9636897241259723. [PMID: 38877676 PMCID: PMC11179495 DOI: 10.1177/09636897241259723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cells in vivo can transit between quiescence and activation, two metabolically distinct states. It is increasingly appreciated that cell metabolism assumes profound roles in stem cell maintenance and tissue homeostasis. However, the lack of suitable models greatly hinders our understanding of the metabolic control of stem cell quiescence and activation. In the present study, we have utilized classical signaling pathways and developed a cell culture system to model reversible NSC quiescence and activation. Unlike activated ones, quiescent NSCs manifested distinct morphology characteristics, cell proliferation, and cell cycle properties but retained the same cell proliferation and differentiation potentials once reactivated. Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that extensive metabolic differences existed between quiescent and activated NSCs. Subsequent experimentations confirmed that NSC quiescence and activation transition was accompanied by a dramatic yet coordinated and dynamic shift in RNA metabolism, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial and autophagy activity. The present work not only showcases the broad utilities of this powerful in vitro NSC quiescence and activation culture system but also provides timely insights for the field and warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Hu
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- China-Japan Friendship Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengkai Jin
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Yue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- China-Japan Friendship Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhui Cai
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianrong Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiujuan Liang
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Life Science and Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Translational Research on Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- China-Japan Friendship Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengliang Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- China-Japan Friendship Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Gao Y, Syed M, Zhao X. Mechanisms underlying the effect of voluntary running on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2023; 33:373-390. [PMID: 36892196 PMCID: PMC10566571 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important for preserving learning and memory-related cognitive functions. Physical exercise, especially voluntary running, is one of the strongest stimuli to promote neurogenesis and has beneficial effects on cognitive functions. Voluntary running promotes exit of neural stem cells (NSCs) from the quiescent stage, proliferation of NSCs and progenitors, survival of newborn cells, morphological development of immature neuron, and integration of new neurons into the hippocampal circuitry. However, the detailed mechanisms driving these changes remain unclear. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge with respect to molecular mechanisms underlying voluntary running-induced neurogenesis, highlighting recent genome-wide gene expression analyses. In addition, we will discuss new approaches and future directions for dissecting the complex cellular mechanisms driving change in adult-born new neurons in response to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Moosa Syed
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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4
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Yazdani N, Willits RK. Mimicking the neural stem cell niche: An engineer’s view of cell: material interactions. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1086099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells have attracted attention in recent years to treat neurodegeneration. There are two neurogenic regions in the brain where neural stem cells reside, one of which is called the subventricular zone (SVZ). The SVZ niche is a complicated microenvironment providing cues to regulate self-renewal and differentiation while maintaining the neural stem cell’s pool. Many scientists have spent years understanding the cellular and structural characteristics of the SVZ niche, both in homeostasis and pathological conditions. On the other hand, engineers focus primarily on designing platforms using the knowledge they acquire to understand the effect of individual factors on neural stem cell fate decisions. This review provides a general overview of what we know about the components of the SVZ niche, including the residing cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), growth factors, their interactions, and SVZ niche changes during aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, an overview will be given on the biomaterials used to mimic neurogenic niche microenvironments and the design considerations applied to add bioactivity while meeting the structural requirements. Finally, it will discuss the potential gaps in mimicking the microenvironment.
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5
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Borda M, Aquino JB, Mazzone GL. Cell-based experimental strategies for myelin repair in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:86-111. [PMID: 36164729 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), diagnosed at a mean age of 32 years. CNS glia are crucial players in the onset of MS, primarily involving astrocytes and microglia that can cause/allow massive oligodendroglial cells death, without immune cell infiltration. Current therapeutic approaches are aimed at modulating inflammatory reactions during relapsing episodes, but lack the ability to induce very significant repair mechanisms. In this review article, different experimental approaches based mainly on the application of different cell types as therapeutic strategies applied for the induction of myelin repair and/or the amelioration of the disease are discussed. Regarding this issue, different cell sources were applied in various experimental models of MS, with different results, both in significant improvements in remyelination and the reduction of neuroinflammation and glial activation, or in neuroprotection. All cell types tested have advantages and disadvantages, which makes it difficult to choose a better option for therapeutic application in MS. New strategies combining cell-based treatment with other applications would result in further improvements and would be good candidates for MS cell therapy and myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Borda
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Derqui, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge B Aquino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Derqui, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
| | - Graciela L Mazzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Derqui, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
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6
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IRES-mediated Wnt2 translation in apoptotic neurons triggers astrocyte dedifferentiation. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:42. [PMID: 36056026 PMCID: PMC9440034 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis usually bears some properties of neural progenitors. How injury triggers astrocyte dedifferentiation remains largely unclear. Here, we report that ischemia induces rapid up-regulation of Wnt2 protein in apoptotic neurons and activation of canonical Wnt signaling in reactive astrocytes in mice, primates and human. Local delivery of Wnt2 shRNA abolished the dedifferentiation of astrocytes while over-expressing Wnt2 promoted progenitor marker expression and neurogenesis. Both the activation of Wnt signaling and dedifferentiation of astrocytes was compromised in ischemic caspase-3−/− cortex. Over-expressing stabilized β-catenin not only facilitated neurogenesis but also promoted functional recovery in ischemic caspase-3−/− mice. Further analysis showed that apoptotic neurons up-regulated Wnt2 protein via internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation. Knocking down death associated protein 5 (DAP5), a key protein in IRES-mediated protein translation, significantly diminished Wnt activation and astrocyte dedifferentiation. Our data demonstrated an apoptosis-initiated Wnt-activating mechanism which triggers astrocytic dedifferentiation and facilitates neuronal regeneration.
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Liu T, Zhu W, Zhang X, He C, Liu X, Xin Q, Chen K, Wang H. Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5079153. [PMID: 35978649 PMCID: PMC9377911 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5079153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating central nervous system disease caused by accidental events, resulting in loss of sensory and motor function. Considering the multiple effects of primary and secondary injuries after spinal cord injury, including oxidative stress, tissue apoptosis, inflammatory response, and neuronal autophagy, it is crucial to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, local microenvironment changes, and neural tissue functional recovery for preparing novel treatment strategies. Treatment based on cell transplantation has become the forefront of spinal cord injury therapy. The transplanted cells provide physical and nutritional support for the damaged tissue. At the same time, the implantation of biomaterials with specific biological functions at the site of the SCI has also been proved to improve the local inhibitory microenvironment and promote axonal regeneration, etc. The combined transplantation of cells and functional biomaterials for SCI treatment can result in greater neuroprotective and regenerative effects by regulating cell differentiation, enhancing cell survival, and providing physical and directional support for axon regeneration and neural circuit remodeling. This article reviews the pathophysiology of the spinal cord, changes in the microenvironment after injury, and the mechanisms and strategies for spinal cord regeneration and repair. The article will focus on summarizing and discussing the latest intervention models based on cell and functional biomaterial transplantation and the latest progress in combinational therapies in SCI repair. Finally, we propose the future prospects and challenges of current treatment regimens for SCI repair, to provide references for scientists and clinicians to seek better SCI repair strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenhao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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8
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Pontiggia L, Ahuja AK, Yosef HK, Rütsche D, Reichmann E, Moehrlen U, Biedermann T. Human Basal and Suprabasal Keratinocytes Are Both Able to Generate and Maintain Dermo-Epidermal Skin Substitutes in Long-Term In Vivo Experiments. Cells 2022; 11:2156. [PMID: 35883599 PMCID: PMC9319791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal layer of human interfollicular epidermis has been described to harbour both quiescent keratinocyte stem cells and a transit amplifying cell population that maintains the suprabasal epidermal layers. We performed immunofluorescence analyses and revealed that the main proliferative keratinocyte pool in vivo resides suprabasally. We isolated from the human epidermis two distinct cell populations, the basal and the suprabasal keratinocytes, according to the expression of integrin β4 (iβ4). We compared basal iβ4+ or suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes with respect to their proliferation and colony-forming ability and their Raman spectral properties. In addition, we generated dermo-epidermal substitutes using freshly isolated and sorted basal iβ4+ or suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes and transplanted them on immuno-compromised rats. We show that suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes acquire a similar proliferative capacity as basal iβ4+ keratinocytes after two weeks of culture in vitro, with expression of high levels of iβ4 and downregulation of K10 expression. In addition, both basal iβ4+ and suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes acquire authentic self-renewing properties during the in vitro 3D-culture phase and are able to generate and maintain a fully stratified epidermis for 16 weeks in vivo. Therefore, against the leading dogma, we propose that human suprabasal keratinocytes can retro-differentiate into true basal stem cells in a wound situation and/or when in contact with the basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pontiggia
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (A.K.A.); (D.R.); (E.R.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Akshay Kumar Ahuja
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (A.K.A.); (D.R.); (E.R.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominic Rütsche
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (A.K.A.); (D.R.); (E.R.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Reichmann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (A.K.A.); (D.R.); (E.R.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (A.K.A.); (D.R.); (E.R.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Biedermann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (A.K.A.); (D.R.); (E.R.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Dormant state of quiescent neural stem cells links Shank3 mutation to autism development. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2751-2765. [PMID: 35444258 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are common neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interactions and communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. Despite extensive study, the molecular targets that control ASD development remain largely unclear. Here, we report that the dormancy of quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs) is a therapeutic target for controlling the development of ASD phenotypes driven by Shank3 deficiency. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and transposase accessible chromatin profiling (ATAC-seq), we find that abnormal epigenetic features including H3K4me3 accumulation due to up-regulation of Kmt2a levels lead to increased dormancy of qNSCs in the absence of Shank3. This result in decreased active neurogenesis in the Shank3 deficient mouse brain. Remarkably, pharmacological and molecular inhibition of qNSC dormancy restored adult neurogenesis and ameliorated the social deficits observed in Shank3-deficient mice. Moreover, we confirmed restored human qNSC activity rescues abnormal neurogenesis and autism-like phenotypes in SHANK3-targeted human NSCs. Taken together, our results offer a novel strategy to control qNSC activity as a potential therapeutic target for the development of autism.
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10
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Gujar MR, Wang H. A fly's eye view of quiescent neural stem cells. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac001. [PMID: 38596705 PMCID: PMC10913722 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The balance between proliferation and quiescence of stem cells is crucial in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the brain have the ability to be reactivated from a reversible quiescent state to generate new neurons. However, how NSCs transit between quiescence and reactivation remains largely elusive. Drosophila larval brain NSCs, also known as neuroblasts, have emerged as an excellent in vivo model to study molecular mechanisms underlying NSC quiescence and reactivation. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reactivation of quiescent NSCs in Drosophila. We review the most recent advances on epigenetic regulations and microtubule cytoskeleton in Drosophila quiescent NSCs and their cross-talk with signaling pathways that are required in regulating NSC reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahekta R Gujar
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore
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11
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Kocagöz Y, Demirler MC, Eski SE, Güler K, Dokuzluoglu Z, Fuss SH. Disparate progenitor cell populations contribute to maintenance and repair neurogenesis in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:331-358. [PMID: 35266039 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) undergo constant turnover under physiological conditions but also regenerate efficiently following tissue injury. Maintenance and repair neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium (OE) have been attributed to the selective activity of globose (GBCs) and horizontal basal cells (HBCs), respectively. In zebrafish, cells with GBC-like properties are localized to the peripheral margins of the sensory OE and contribute to OSN neurogenesis in the intact OE, while cells that resemble HBCs at the morphological and molecular level are more uniformly distributed. However, the contribution of these cells to the restoration of the injured OE has not been demonstrated. Here, we provide a detailed cellular and molecular analysis of the tissue response to injury and show that a dual progenitor cell system also exists in zebrafish. Zebrafish HBCs respond to the structural damage of the OE and generate a transient population of proliferative neurogenic progenitors that restores OSNs. In contrast, selective ablation of OSNs by axotomy triggers neurogenic GBC proliferation, suggesting that distinct signaling events activate GBC and HBC responses. Molecular analysis of differentially expressed genes in lesioned and regenerating OEs points toward an involvement of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Activation of Wnt signaling appears to be sufficient to stimulate mitotic activity, while inhibition significantly reduces, but does not fully eliminate, HBC responses. Zebrafish HBCs are surprisingly active even under physiological conditions with a strong bias toward the zones of constitutive OSN neurogenesis, suggestive of a direct lineage relationship between progenitor cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Kocagöz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Kuzey Park 319, 34342, Bebek - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Can Demirler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Kuzey Park 319, 34342, Bebek - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Elif Eski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Kuzey Park 319, 34342, Bebek - Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology, Free University of Brussels, Campus Erasme, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kardelen Güler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Kuzey Park 319, 34342, Bebek - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Dokuzluoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Kuzey Park 319, 34342, Bebek - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stefan H Fuss
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Kuzey Park 319, 34342, Bebek - Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Willis CM, Nicaise AM, Krzak G, Ionescu RB, Pappa V, D'Angelo A, Agarwal R, Repollés-de-Dalmau M, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Pluchino S. Soluble factors influencing the neural stem cell niche in brain physiology, inflammation, and aging. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Provasek VE, Mitra J, Malojirao VH, Hegde ML. DNA Double-Strand Breaks as Pathogenic Lesions in Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094653. [PMID: 35563044 PMCID: PMC9099445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The damage and repair of DNA is a continuous process required to maintain genomic integrity. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal type of DNA damage and require timely repair by dedicated machinery. DSB repair is uniquely important to nondividing, post-mitotic cells of the central nervous system (CNS). These long-lived cells must rely on the intact genome for a lifetime while maintaining high metabolic activity. When these mechanisms fail, the loss of certain neuronal populations upset delicate neural networks required for higher cognition and disrupt vital motor functions. Mammalian cells engage with several different strategies to recognize and repair chromosomal DSBs based on the cellular context and cell cycle phase, including homologous recombination (HR)/homology-directed repair (HDR), microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), and the classic non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). In addition to these repair pathways, a growing body of evidence has emphasized the importance of DNA damage response (DDR) signaling, and the involvement of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family proteins in the repair of neuronal DSBs, many of which are linked to age-associated neurological disorders. In this review, we describe contemporary research characterizing the mechanistic roles of these non-canonical proteins in neuronal DSB repair, as well as their contributions to the etiopathogenesis of selected common neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent E. Provasek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.E.P.); (V.H.M.)
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joy Mitra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.E.P.); (V.H.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Vikas H. Malojirao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.E.P.); (V.H.M.)
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.E.P.); (V.H.M.)
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 11021, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.L.H.)
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14
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Regulating Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation to Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050846. [PMID: 35269466 PMCID: PMC8909806 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of individuals worldwide. Currently, there is no cure, and treatment options to promote neural recovery are limited. An innovative approach to improve outcomes following SCI involves the recruitment of endogenous populations of neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs can be isolated from the neuroaxis of the central nervous system (CNS), with brain and spinal cord populations sharing common characteristics (as well as regionally distinct phenotypes). Within the spinal cord, a number of NSC sub-populations have been identified which display unique protein expression profiles and proliferation kinetics. Collectively, the potential for NSCs to impact regenerative medicine strategies hinges on their cardinal properties, including self-renewal and multipotency (the ability to generate de novo neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes). Accordingly, endogenous NSCs could be harnessed to replace lost cells and promote structural repair following SCI. While studies exploring the efficacy of this approach continue to suggest its potential, many questions remain including those related to heterogeneity within the NSC pool, the interaction of NSCs with their environment, and the identification of factors that can enhance their response. We discuss the current state of knowledge regarding populations of endogenous spinal cord NSCs, their niche, and the factors that regulate their behavior. In an attempt to move towards the goal of enhancing neural repair, we highlight approaches that promote NSC activation following injury including the modulation of the microenvironment and parenchymal cells, pharmaceuticals, and applied electrical stimulation.
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15
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Teplyashina EA, Komleva YK, Lychkovskaya EV, Deikhina AS, Salmina AB. Regulation of neurogenesis and cerebral angiogenesis by cell protein proteolysis products. RUDN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.22363/2313-0245-2021-25-2-114-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development is a unique process characterized by mechanisms defined as neuroplasticity (synaptogenesis, synapse elimination, neurogenesis, and cerebral angiogenesis). Numerous neurodevelopmental disorders brain damage, and aging are manifested by neurological deficits that are caused by aberrant neuroplasticity. The presence of stem and progenitor cells in neurogenic niches of the brain is responsible for the formation of new neurons capable of integrating into preexisting synaptic assemblies. The determining factors for the cells within the neurogenic niche are the activity of the vascular scaffold and the availability of active regulatory molecules that establish the optimal microenvironment. It has been found that regulated intramembrane proteolysis plays an important role in the control of neurogenesis in brain neurogenic niches. Molecules generated by the activity of specific proteases can stimulate or suppress the activity of neural stem and progenitor cells, their proliferation and differentiation, migration and integration of newly formed neurons into synaptic networks. Local neoangiogenesis supports the processes of neurogenesis in neurogenic niches, which is guaranteed by the multivalent action of peptides formed from transmembrane proteins. Identification of new molecules regulating the neuroplasticity (neurogenesis and angiogenesis). i. e. enzymes, substrates, and products of intramembrane proteolysis, will ensure the development of protocols for detecting the neuroplasticity markers and targets for efficient pharmacological modulation.
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16
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Advanced approaches to regenerate spinal cord injury: The development of cell and tissue engineering therapy and combinational treatments. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112529. [PMID: 34906773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system (CNS) devastate event that is commonly caused by traumatic or non-traumatic events. The reinnervation of spinal cord axons is hampered through a myriad of devices counting on the damaged myelin, inflammation, glial scar, and defective inhibitory molecules. Unfortunately, an effective treatment to completely repair SCI and improve functional recovery has not been found. In this regard, strategies such as using cells, biomaterials, biomolecules, and drugs have been reported to be effective for SCI recovery. Furthermore, recent advances in combinatorial treatments, which address various aspects of SCI pathophysiology, provide optimistic outcomes for spinal cord regeneration. According to the global importance of SCI, the goal of this article review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SCI, with an emphasis on the latest modes of intervention and current advanced approaches for the treatment of SCI, in conjunction with an assessment of combinatorial approaches in preclinical and clinical trials. So, this article can give scientists and clinicians' clues to help them better understand how to construct preclinical and clinical studies that could lead to a breakthrough in spinal cord regeneration.
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17
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Recent Developments in Surface Topography-Modulated Neurogenesis. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Grisé KN, Coles BLK, Bautista NX, van der Kooy D. Activation of adult mammalian retinal stem cells in vivo via antagonism of BMP and sFRP2. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:560. [PMID: 34717744 PMCID: PMC8557620 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The adult mammalian retina does not have the capacity to regenerate cells lost due to damage or disease. Therefore, retinal injuries and blinding diseases result in irreversible vision loss. However, retinal stem cells (RSCs), which participate in retinogenesis during development, persist in a quiescent state in the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the adult mammalian eye. Moreover, RSCs retain the ability to generate all retinal cell types when cultured in vitro, including photoreceptors. Therefore, it may be possible to activate endogenous RSCs to induce retinal neurogenesis in vivo and restore vision in the adult mammalian eye. Methods To investigate if endogenous RSCs can be activated, we performed combinatorial intravitreal injections of antagonists to BMP and sFRP2 proteins (two proposed mediators of RSC quiescence in vivo), with or without growth factors FGF and Insulin. We also investigated the effects of chemically-induced N-methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU) retinal degeneration on RSC activation, both alone and in combination withthe injected factors. Further, we employed inducible Msx1-CreERT2 genetic lineage labeling of the CE followed by stimulation paradigms to determine if activated endogenous RSCs could migrate into the retina and differentiate into retinal neurons. Results We found that in vivo antagonism of BMP and sFRP2 proteins induced CE cells in the RSC niche to proliferate and expanded the RSC population. BMP and sFRP2 antagonism also enhanced CE cell proliferation in response to exogenous growth factor stimulation and MNU-induced retinal degeneration. Furthermore, Msx1-CreERT2 genetic lineage tracing revealed that CE cells migrated into the retina following stimulation and/or injury, where they expressed markers of mature photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells. Conclusions Together, these results indicate that endogenous adult mammalian RSCs may have latent regenerative potential that can be activated by modulating the RSC niche and hold promise as a means for endogenous retinal cell therapy to repair the retina and improve vision. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02630-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Grisé
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre Rm 1110, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
| | - Brenda L K Coles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre Rm 1110, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Nelson X Bautista
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre Rm 1110, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre Rm 1110, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
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19
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Abraham JA, Blaschke S, Tarazi S, Dreissen G, Vay SU, Schroeter M, Fink GR, Merkel R, Rueger MA, Hoffmann B. NSCs Under Strain-Unraveling the Mechanoprotective Role of Differentiating Astrocytes in a Cyclically Stretched Coculture With Differentiating Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:706585. [PMID: 34630042 PMCID: PMC8497758 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.706585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural stem cell (NSC) niche is a highly vascularized microenvironment that supplies stem cells with relevant biological and chemical cues. However, the NSCs’ proximity to the vasculature also means that the NSCs are subjected to permanent tissue deformation effected by the vessels’ heartbeat-induced pulsatile movements. Cultivating NSCs under common culture conditions neglects the—yet unknown—influence of this cyclic mechanical strain on neural stem cells. Under the hypothesis that pulsatile strain should affect essential NSC functions, a cyclic uniaxial strain was applied under biomimetic conditions using an in-house developed stretching system based on cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer. While lineage commitment remained unaffected by cyclic deformation, strain affected NSC quiescence and cytoskeletal organization. Unexpectedly, cyclically stretched stem cells aligned in stretch direction, a phenomenon unknown for other types of cells in the mammalian organism. The same effect was observed for young astrocytes differentiating from NSCs. In contrast, young neurons differentiating from NSCs did not show mechanoresponsiveness. The exceptional orientation of NSCs and young astrocytes in the stretch direction was blocked upon RhoA activation and went along with a lack of stress fibers. Compared to postnatal astrocytes and mature neurons, NSCs and their young progeny displayed characteristic and distinct mechanoresponsiveness. Data suggest a protective role of young astrocytes in mixed cultures of differentiating neurons and astrocytes by mitigating the mechanical stress of pulsatile strain on developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jella-Andrea Abraham
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Samar Tarazi
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Georg Dreissen
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Sabine U Vay
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria A Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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20
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Li Z, Yu S, Hu X, Li Y, You X, Tian D, Cheng L, Zheng M, Jing J. Fibrotic Scar After Spinal Cord Injury: Crosstalk With Other Cells, Cellular Origin, Function, and Mechanism. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:720938. [PMID: 34539350 PMCID: PMC8441597 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.720938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent loss of sensorimotor function. The persistent presence of scar tissue, mainly fibrotic scar and astrocytic scar, is a critical cause of axonal regeneration failure and is widely accepted as a treatment target for SCI. Astrocytic scar has been widely investigated, while fibrotic scar has received less attention. Here, we review recent advances in fibrotic scar formation and its crosstalk with other main cellular components in the injured core after SCI, as well as its cellular origin, function, and mechanism. This study is expected to provide an important basis and novel insights into fibrotic scar as a treatment target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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21
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Zhong Z, Balayan A, Tian J, Xiang Y, Hwang HH, Wu X, Deng X, Schimelman J, Sun Y, Ma C, Santos AD, You S, Tang M, Yao E, Shi X, Steinmetz NF, Deng SX, Chen S. Bioprinting of dual ECM scaffolds encapsulating limbal stem/progenitor cells in active and quiescent statuses. Biofabrication 2021; 13:10.1088/1758-5090/ac1992. [PMID: 34330126 PMCID: PMC8716326 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Limbal stem cell deficiency and corneal disorders are among the top global threats for human vision. Emerging therapies that integrate stem cell transplantation with engineered hydrogel scaffolds for biological and mechanical support are becoming a rising trend in the field. However, methods for high-throughput fabrication of hydrogel scaffolds, as well as knowledge of the interaction between limbal stem/progenitor cells (LSCs) and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) are still much needed. Here, we employed digital light processing (DLP)-based bioprinting to fabricate hydrogel scaffolds encapsulating primary LSCs and studied the ECM-dependent LSC phenotypes. The DLP-based bioprinting with gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) or hyaluronic acid glycidyl methacrylate (HAGM) generated microscale hydrogel scaffolds that could support the viability of the encapsulated primary rabbit LSCs (rbLSCs) in culture. Immunocytochemistry and transcriptional analysis showed that the encapsulated rbLSCs remained active in GelMA-based scaffolds while exhibited quiescence in the HAGM-based scaffolds. The primary human LSCs encapsulated within bioprinted scaffolds showed consistent ECM-dependent active/quiescent statuses. Based on these results, we have developed a novel bioprinted dual ECM 'Yin-Yang' model encapsulating LSCs to support both active and quiescent statues. Our findings provide valuable insights towards stem cell therapies and regenerative medicine for corneal reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhong
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alis Balayan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yi Xiang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Henry H. Hwang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaokang Wu
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacob Schimelman
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yazhi Sun
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aurelie D. Santos
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shangting You
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Min Tang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emmie Yao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaoao Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sophie X. Deng
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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22
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Altshuler A, Amitai-Lange A, Tarazi N, Dey S, Strinkovsky L, Hadad-Porat S, Bhattacharya S, Nasser W, Imeri J, Ben-David G, Abboud-Jarrous G, Tiosano B, Berkowitz E, Karin N, Savir Y, Shalom-Feuerstein R. Discrete limbal epithelial stem cell populations mediate corneal homeostasis and wound healing. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1248-1261.e8. [PMID: 33984282 PMCID: PMC8254798 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The accessibility and transparency of the cornea permit robust stem cell labeling and in vivo cell fate mapping. Limbal epithelial stem cells (LSCs) that renew the cornea are traditionally viewed as rare, slow-cycling cells that follow deterministic rules dictating their self-renewal or differentiation. Here, we combined single-cell RNA sequencing and advanced quantitative lineage tracing for in-depth analysis of the murine limbal epithelium. These analysis revealed the co-existence of two LSC populations localized in separate and well-defined sub-compartments, termed the "outer" and "inner" limbus. The primitive population of quiescent outer LSCs participates in wound healing and boundary formation, and these cells are regulated by T cells, which serve as a niche. In contrast, the inner peri-corneal limbus hosts active LSCs that maintain corneal epithelial homeostasis. Quantitative analyses suggest that LSC populations are abundant, following stochastic rules and neutral drift dynamics. Together these results demonstrate that discrete LSC populations mediate corneal homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Altshuler
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aya Amitai-Lange
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam Tarazi
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sunanda Dey
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lior Strinkovsky
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics & Systems Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shira Hadad-Porat
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Swarnabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Waseem Nasser
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jusuf Imeri
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Ben-David
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ghada Abboud-Jarrous
- Department of Immunology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Beatrice Tiosano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Eran Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yonatan Savir
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics & Systems Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Ruby Shalom-Feuerstein
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Costa-Rodrigues C, Couceiro J, Moreno E. Cell competition from development to neurodegeneration. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:269331. [PMID: 34190316 PMCID: PMC8277968 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a process by which suboptimal cells are eliminated to the benefit of cells with higher fitness. It is a surveillance mechanism that senses differences in the fitness status by several modes, such as expression of fitness fingerprints, survival factor uptake rate and resistance to mechanical stress. Fitness fingerprints-mediated cell competition recognizes isoforms of the transmembrane protein Flower, and translates the relative fitness of cells into distinct fates through the Flower code. Impairments in cell competition potentiate the development of diseases like cancer and ageing-related pathologies. In cancer, malignant cells acquire a supercompetitor behaviour, killing the neighbouring cells and overtaking the tissue, thus avoiding elimination. Neurodegenerative disorders affect millions of people and are characterized by cognitive decline and locomotor deficits. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, and one of the largely studied diseases. However, the cellular processes taking place remain unclear. Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging neurodegeneration model due to its versatility as a tool for genetic studies. Research in a Drosophila Alzheimer's disease model detected fitness markers in the suboptimal and hyperactive neurons, thus establishing a link between cell competition and Alzheimer's disease. In this Review, we overview cell competition and the new insights related to neurodegenerative disorders, and discuss how research in the field might contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana Couceiro
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Moreno
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Shrestha S, Morcavallo A, Gorrini C, Chesler L. Biological Role of MYCN in Medulloblastoma: Novel Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges Ahead. Front Oncol 2021; 11:694320. [PMID: 34195095 PMCID: PMC8236857 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.694320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive and dysregulated expression of the transcription factor MYCN has a central role in the pathogenesis of the paediatric brain tumour medulloblastoma, with an increased expression of this oncogene correlating with a worse prognosis. Consequently, the genomic and functional alterations of MYCN represent a major therapeutic target to attenuate tumour growth in medulloblastoma. This review will provide a comprehensive synopsis of the biological role of MYCN and its family components, their interaction with distinct signalling pathways, and the implications of this network in medulloblastoma development. We will then summarise the current toolbox for targeting MYCN and highlight novel therapeutic avenues that have the potential to results in better-tailored clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Shrestha
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Alaide Morcavallo
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Gorrini
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), and The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
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VCAM1 Labels a Subpopulation of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Hippocampus and Contributes to Spatial Memory. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 14:1093-1106. [PMID: 32521248 PMCID: PMC7355157 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Active neural stem cells (aNSCs) and quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs) are two distinct subpopulations found in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). However, to date, no cell surface marker has been established to identify and profile qNSCs in the adult hippocampus. Here, we identified expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) on the cell surface of NSCs, through which we identified a previously unrecognized subpopulation of NSCs in the adult mouse DG. Interestingly, most VCAM1-expressing NSCs were largely quiescent. By injecting virus into Ai14 reporter mice to conduct lineage tracing in the adult DG, we confirmed that VCAM1-expressing cells were multipotent and capable of generating neurons and astrocytes. Furthermore, depletion of Vcam1 during the embryonic or adult stage impaired spatial learning and memory in mice, accompanied by a reduced number of radial glial-like cells and proliferating NSCs in the subgranular zone of Vcam1 knockout mice.
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Huang J, Gujar MR, Deng Q, Y Chia S, Li S, Tan P, Sung W, Wang H. Histone lysine methyltransferase Pr-set7/SETD8 promotes neural stem cell reactivation. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50994. [PMID: 33565211 PMCID: PMC8024890 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of neural stem cells (NSCs) to switch between quiescence and proliferation is crucial for brain development and homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that variants of histone lysine methyltransferases including KMT5A are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the function of KMT5A/Pr-set7/SETD8 in the central nervous system is not well established. Here, we show that Drosophila Pr-Set7 is a novel regulator of NSC reactivation. Loss of function of pr-set7 causes a delay in NSC reactivation and loss of H4K20 monomethylation in the brain. Through NSC-specific in vivo profiling, we demonstrate that Pr-set7 binds to the promoter region of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdk1) and Wnt pathway transcriptional co-activator earthbound1/jerky (ebd1). Further validation indicates that Pr-set7 is required for the expression of cdk1 and ebd1 in the brain. Similar to Pr-set7, Cdk1 and Ebd1 promote NSC reactivation. Finally, overexpression of Cdk1 and Ebd1 significantly suppressed NSC reactivation defects observed in pr-set7-depleted brains. Therefore, Pr-set7 promotes NSC reactivation by regulating Wnt signaling and cell cycle progression. Our findings may contribute to the understanding of mammalian KMT5A/PR-SET7/SETD8 during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Huang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Mahekta R Gujar
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Qiannan Deng
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Sook Y Chia
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
National Neuroscience InstituteSingaporeSingapore
| | - Song Li
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology ProgramDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Cellular and Molecular ResearchNational Cancer CentreSingaporeSingapore
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Wing‐Kin Sung
- Genome Institute of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Computer ScienceNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Department of PhysiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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Osuka S, Zhu D, Zhang Z, Li C, Stackhouse CT, Sampetrean O, Olson JJ, Gillespie GY, Saya H, Willey CD, Van Meir EG. N-cadherin upregulation mediates adaptive radioresistance in glioblastoma. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:136098. [PMID: 33720050 PMCID: PMC7954595 DOI: 10.1172/jci136098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is composed of heterogeneous tumor cell populations, including those with stem cell properties, termed glioma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs are innately less radiation sensitive than the tumor bulk and are believed to drive GBM formation and recurrence after repeated irradiation. However, it is unclear how GSCs adapt to escape the toxicity of repeated irradiation used in clinical practice. To identify important mediators of adaptive radioresistance in GBM, we generated radioresistant human and mouse GSCs by exposing them to repeat cycles of irradiation. Surviving subpopulations acquired strong radioresistance in vivo, which was accompanied by a reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in cell-cell adhesion and N-cadherin expression. Increasing N-cadherin expression rendered parental GSCs radioresistant, reduced their proliferation, and increased their stemness and intercellular adhesive properties. Conversely, radioresistant GSCs lost their acquired phenotypes upon CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of N-cadherin. Mechanistically, elevated N-cadherin expression resulted in the accumulation of β-catenin at the cell surface, which suppressed Wnt/β-catenin proliferative signaling, reduced neural differentiation, and protected against apoptosis through Clusterin secretion. N-cadherin upregulation was induced by radiation-induced IGF1 secretion, and the radiation resistance phenotype could be reverted with picropodophyllin, a clinically applicable blood-brain-barrier permeable IGF1 receptor inhibitor, supporting clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chaoxi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Christian T. Stackhouse
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey J. Olson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher D. Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Barthez M, Song Z, Wang CL, Chen D. Stem Cell Metabolism and Diet. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2020; 6:119-125. [PMID: 33777658 PMCID: PMC7992378 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-020-00180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diet has profound impacts on health and longevity. Evidence is emerging to suggest that diet impinges upon the metabolic pathways in tissue-specific stem cells to influence health and disease. Here, we review the similarities and differences in the metabolism of stem cells from several tissues, and highlight the mitochondrial metabolic checkpoint in stem cell maintenance and aging. We discuss how diet engages the nutrient sensing metabolic pathways and impacts stem cell maintenance. Finally, we explore the therapeutic implications of dietary and metabolic regulation of stem cells. RECENT FINDINGS Stem Cell transition from quiescence to proliferation is associated with a metabolic switch from glycolysis to mitochondrial OXPHOS and the mitochondrial metabolic checkpoint is critically controlled by the nutrient sensors SIRT2, SIRT3, and SIRT7 in hematopoietic stem cells. Intestine stem cell homeostasis during aging and in response to diet is critically dependent on fatty acid metabolism and ketone bodies and is influenced by the niche mediated by the nutrient sensor mTOR. SUMMARY Nutrient sensing metabolic pathways critically regulate stem cell maintenance during aging and in response to diet. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying dietary and metabolic regulation of stem cells provides novel insights for stem cell biology and may be targeted therapeutically to reverse stem cell aging and tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Barthez
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Zehan Song
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Chih Ling Wang
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Danica Chen
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, 119 Morgan Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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29
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Hedgehog Signaling Regulates Neurogenesis in the Larval and Adult Zebrafish Hypothalamus. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0226-20.2020. [PMID: 33106384 PMCID: PMC7769882 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0226-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is now known to play a role in adult hypothalamic function, yet the cell-cell mechanisms regulating this neurogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Hedgehog (Hh)/Gli signaling positively regulates hypothalamic neurogenesis in both larval and adult zebrafish and is necessary and sufficient for normal hypothalamic proliferation rates. Hh-responsive radial glia represent a relatively highly proliferative precursor population that gives rise to dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurons. In situ and transgenic reporter analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity in cell-cell signaling within the hypothalamic niche, with slow cycling Nestin-expressing cells residing among distinct and overlapping populations of Sonic Hh (Shh)-expressing, Hh-responsive, Notch-responsive, and Wnt-responsive radial glia. This work shows for the first time that Hh/Gli signaling is a key component of the complex cell-cell signaling environment that regulates hypothalamic neurogenesis throughout life.
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Nicaise AM, Willis CM, Crocker SJ, Pluchino S. Stem Cells of the Aging Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:247. [PMID: 32848716 PMCID: PMC7426063 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult central nervous system (CNS) contains resident stem cells within specific niches that maintain a self-renewal and proliferative capacity to generate new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout adulthood. Physiological aging is associated with a progressive loss of function and a decline in the self-renewal and regenerative capacities of CNS stem cells. Also, the biggest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases is age, and current in vivo and in vitro models of neurodegenerative diseases rarely consider this. Therefore, combining both aging research and appropriate interrogation of animal disease models towards the understanding of the disease and age-related stem cell failure is imperative to the discovery of new therapies. This review article will highlight the main intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of neural stem cell (NSC) aging and discuss how these factors impact normal homeostatic functions within the adult brain. We will consider established in vivo animal and in vitro human disease model systems, and then discuss the current and future trajectories of novel senotherapeutics that target aging NSCs to ameliorate brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Nicaise
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cory M Willis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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31
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Waking up quiescent neural stem cells: Molecular mechanisms and implications in neurodevelopmental disorders. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008653. [PMID: 32324743 PMCID: PMC7179833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are crucial for development, regeneration, and repair of the nervous system. Most NSCs in mammalian adult brains are quiescent, but in response to extrinsic stimuli, they can exit from quiescence and become reactivated to give rise to new neurons. The delicate balance between NSC quiescence and activation is important for adult neurogenesis and NSC maintenance. However, how NSCs transit between quiescence and activation remains largely elusive. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reactivation of quiescent NSCs. We review recent advances on signaling pathways originated from the NSC niche and their crosstalk in regulating NSC reactivation. We also highlight new intrinsic paradigms that control NSC reactivation in Drosophila and mammalian systems. We also discuss emerging evidence on modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders using NSCs.
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32
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Histone Methylations Define Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Subtypes in the Mouse Subventricular Zone. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:997-1008. [PMID: 31654318 PMCID: PMC7031420 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) persist in the mammalian brain throughout life and can be activated in response to the physiological and pathophysiological stimuli. Epigenetic reprogramming of NPSC represents a novel strategy for enhancing the intrinsic potential of the brain to regenerate after brain injury. Therefore, defining the epigenetic features of NSPCs is important for developing epigenetic therapies for targeted reprogramming of NSPCs to rescue neurologic function after injury. In this study, we aimed at defining different subtypes of NSPCs by individual histone methylations. We found the three histone marks, histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), and histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), to nicely and dynamically portray individual cell types during neurodevelopment. First, we found all three marks co-stained with NSPC marker SOX2 in mouse subventricular zone. Then, CD133, Id1, Mash1, and DCX immunostaining were used to define NSPC subtypes. Type E/B, B/C, and C/A cells showed high levels of H3K27me3, H3K36me3, and H3K4me3, respectively. Our results reveal defined histone methylations of NSPC subtypes supporting that epigenetic regulation is critical for neurogenesis and for maintaining NSPCs.
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Cho IJ, Lui PP, Obajdin J, Riccio F, Stroukov W, Willis TL, Spagnoli F, Watt FM. Mechanisms, Hallmarks, and Implications of Stem Cell Quiescence. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1190-1200. [PMID: 31189093 PMCID: PMC6565921 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a dormant but reversible cellular state in which cell-cycle entry and proliferation are prevented. Recent studies both in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that quiescence is actively maintained through synergistic interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Subtypes of adult mammalian stem cells can be maintained in this poised, quiescent state, and subsequently reactivated upon tissue injury to restore homeostasis. However, quiescence can become deregulated in pathological settings. In this review, we discuss the recent advances uncovering intracellular signaling pathways, transcriptional changes, and extracellular cues within the stem cell niche that control induction and exit from quiescence in tissue stem cells. We discuss the implications of quiescence as well as the pharmacological and genetic approaches that are being explored to either induce or prevent quiescence as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inchul J Cho
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Prudence PokWai Lui
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jana Obajdin
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Federica Riccio
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Wladislaw Stroukov
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Thea Louise Willis
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Francesca Spagnoli
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Ly PT, Tan YS, Koe CT, Zhang Y, Xie G, Endow S, Deng WM, Yu F, Wang H. CRL4Mahj E3 ubiquitin ligase promotes neural stem cell reactivation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000276. [PMID: 31170139 PMCID: PMC6553684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of neural stem cells (NSCs) to transit between quiescence and proliferation is crucial for brain development and homeostasis. Drosophila Hippo pathway maintains NSC quiescence, but its regulation during brain development remains unknown. Here, we show that CRL4Mahj, an evolutionarily conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, is essential for NSC reactivation (exit from quiescence). We demonstrate that damaged DNA-binding protein 1 (DDB1) and Cullin4, two core components of Cullin4-RING ligase (CRL4), are intrinsically required for NSC reactivation. We have identified a substrate receptor of CRL4, Mahjong (Mahj), which is necessary and sufficient for NSC reactivation. Moreover, we show that CRL4Mahj forms a protein complex with Warts (Wts/large tumor suppressor [Lats]), a kinase of the Hippo signaling pathway, and Mahj promotes the ubiquitination of Wts. Our genetic analyses further support the conclusion that CRL4Mahj triggers NSC reactivation by inhibition of Wts. Given that Cullin4B mutations cause mental retardation and cerebral malformation, similar regulatory mechanisms may be applied to the human brain. During the transition from quiescence to reactivation of neural stem cells, the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4Mahj promotes their reactivation by inhibiting Wts, a core kinase of Hippo signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thao Ly
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yingjie Zhang
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gengqiang Xie
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sharyn Endow
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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35
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Blaschke S, Vay SU, Pallast N, Rabenstein M, Abraham JA, Linnartz C, Hoffmann M, Hersch N, Merkel R, Hoffmann B, Fink GR, Rueger MA. Substrate elasticity induces quiescence and promotes neurogenesis of primary neural stem cells-A biophysical in vitro model of the physiological cerebral milieu. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:960-972. [PMID: 30815982 DOI: 10.1002/term.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, neural stem cells (NSC) are tightly regulated by external signals and biophysical cues mediated by the local microenvironment or "niche." In particular, the influence of tissue elasticity, known to fundamentally affect the function of various cell types in the body, on NSC remains poorly understood. We, accordingly, aimed to characterize the effects of elastic substrates on critical NSC functions. Primary rat NSC were grown as monolayers on polydimethylsiloxane- (PDMS-) based gels. PDMS-coated cell culture plates, simulating the physiological microenvironment of the living brain, were generated in various degrees of elasticity, ranging from 1 to 50 kPa; additionally, results were compared with regular glass plates as usually used in cell culture work. Survival of NSC on the PDMS-based substrates was unimpaired. The proliferation rate on 1 kPa PDMS decreased by 45% compared with stiffer PMDS substrates of 50 kPa (p < 0.05) whereas expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B/p27Kip1 increased more than two fold (p < 0.01), suggesting NSC quiescence. NSC differentiation was accelerated on softer substrates and favored the generation of neurons (42% neurons on 1 kPa PDMS vs. 25% on 50 kPa PDMS; p < 0.05). Neurons generated on 1 kPa PDMS showed 29% longer neurites compared with those on stiffer PDMS substrates (p < 0.05), suggesting optimized neuronal maturation and an accelerated generation of neuronal networks. Data show that primary NSC are significantly affected by the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. Culturing NSC on a substrate of brain-like elasticity keeps them in their physiological, quiescent state and increases their neurogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
| | - Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Niklas Pallast
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christina Linnartz
- Biomechanics Section, Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-7), Juelich, Germany
| | - Marco Hoffmann
- Biomechanics Section, Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-7), Juelich, Germany
| | - Nils Hersch
- Biomechanics Section, Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-7), Juelich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Biomechanics Section, Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-7), Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Biomechanics Section, Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-7), Juelich, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
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Urbach A, Witte OW. Divide or Commit - Revisiting the Role of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 31069222 PMCID: PMC6491688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus continuously generates new neurons that endow the brain with increased plasticity, helping to cope with changing environmental and cognitive demands. The process leading to the birth of new neurons spans several precursor stages and is the result of a coordinated series of fate decisions, which are tightly controlled by extrinsic signals. Many of these signals act through modulation of cell cycle (CC) components, not only to drive proliferation, but also for linage commitment and differentiation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on key CC components and regulators, with emphasis on G1 phase, and analyze their specific functions in precursor cells of the adult hippocampus. We explore their role for balancing quiescence versus self-renewal, which is essential to maintain a lifelong pool of neural stem cells while producing new neurons “on demand.” Finally, we discuss available evidence and controversies on the impact of CC/G1 length on proliferation versus differentiation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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37
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Multilayer nanoscale functionalization to treat disorders and enhance regeneration of bone tissue. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 19:22-38. [PMID: 31002932 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The coatings application onto medical devices has experienced a continuous growth in the last few years. Medical device coating market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.16% to reach USD 10 million by 2023 due to the increasing geriatric population and the growing demand for continuous innovation. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly represents a versatile method to modify the surface properties, in order to control cell interaction and thus enhance biological functions. Furthermore, LbL is environmentally friendly, able to coat all types of surfaces with the creation of homogenous film and to include and control the release of biomolecules/drugs. This feature review provides a critical overview on recent progresses in functionalizing materials by LbL assembly for bone regeneration and disorder treatment. An overview of emerging and visionary opportunities on LbL technologies and further combination with other existing methods used in biomedical field, is also discussed to evidence the new challenges and potential developments in bone regenerative medicine.
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Yu Z, Xu N, Zhang N, Xiong Y, Wang Z, Liang S, Zhao D, Huang F, Zhang C. Repair of Peripheral Nerve Sensory Impairments via the Transplantation of Bone Marrow Neural Tissue-Committed Stem Cell-Derived Sensory Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:341-353. [PMID: 30684112 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of transplantation of bone marrow neural tissue-committed stem cell-derived sensory neuron-like cells for the repair of peripheral nerve sensory impairments in rats. Bone marrow was isolated and cultured to obtain the neural tissue-committed stem cells (NTCSCs), and the differentiation of these cells into sensory neuron-like cells was induced. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), bone marrow NTCSCs, and bone marrow NTCSC-derived sensory neurons (NTCSC-SNs) were transplanted by microinjection into the L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) in an animal model of sensory defect. On the 2nd, 4th, 8th, and 12th week after the transplantation, the effects of the three types of stem cells on the repair of the sensory functional defect were analyzed via behavioral observation, sensory function evaluation, electrophysiological examination of the sciatic nerve, and morphological observation of the DRGs. The results revealed that the transplanted BMSCs, NTCSCs, and NTCSC-SNs were all able to repair the sensory nerves. In addition, the effect of the NTCSC-SNs was significantly better than that of the other two types of stem cells. The general posture and gait of the animals in the sensory defect model exhibited evident improvement over time. Plantar temperature sensitivity and pain sensitivity gradually recovered, and the sensation latency was reduced, with faster sensory nerve conduction velocity. Transplantation of NTCSC-SNs can improve the repair of peripheral nerve sensory defects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.,Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264100, People's Republic of China
| | - Naili Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlian Xiong
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Liang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuansen Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Huang J, Wang H. Hsp83/Hsp90 Physically Associates with Insulin Receptor to Promote Neural Stem Cell Reactivation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:883-896. [PMID: 30245208 PMCID: PMC6178561 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to exit quiescence and reactivate in response to physiological stimuli. In the Drosophila brain, insulin receptor (InR)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway triggers NSC reactivation. However, intrinsic mechanisms that control the InR/PI3K/Akt pathway during reactivation remain unknown. Here, we have identified heat shock protein 83 (Hsp83/Hsp90), a molecular chaperone, as an intrinsic regulator of NSC reactivation. Hsp83 is both necessary and sufficient for NSC reactivation by promoting the activation of InR pathway in larval brains in the presence of dietary amino acids. Both Hsp83 and its co-chaperone Cdc37 physically associate with InR. Finally, reactivation defects observed in brains depleted of hsp83 were rescued by over-activation of the InR/PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that Hsp83 functions upstream of the InR/PI3K/Akt pathway during NSC reactivation. Given the conservation of Hsp83 and the InR pathway, our finding may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying mammalian NSC reactivation. Hsp83/Hsp90 and its co-chaperone Cdc37 are required for NSC reactivation Hsp83 overexpression results in premature NSC reactivation on fed condition Hsp83 and Cdc37 physically associate with InR Hsp83 and Cdc37 are required for the activation of InR pathway in NSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Huang
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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40
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Collins SJ, Tumpach C, Groveman BR, Drew SC, Haigh CL. Prion protein cleavage fragments regulate adult neural stem cell quiescence through redox modulation of mitochondrial fission and SOD2 expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3231-3249. [PMID: 29574582 PMCID: PMC6063333 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues in the post-developmental brain throughout life. The ability to stimulate the production of new neurones requires both quiescent and actively proliferating pools of neural stem cells (NSCs). Actively proliferating NSCs ensure that neurogenic demand can be met, whilst the quiescent pool makes certain NSC reserves do not become depleted. The processes preserving the NSC quiescent pool are only just beginning to be defined. Herein, we identify a switch between NSC proliferation and quiescence through changing intracellular redox signalling. We show that N-terminal post-translational cleavage products of the prion protein (PrP) induce a quiescent state, halting NSC cellular growth, migration, and neurite outgrowth. Quiescence is initiated by the PrP cleavage products through reducing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. First, inhibition of redox signalling results in increased mitochondrial fission, which rapidly signals quiescence. Thereafter, quiescence is maintained through downstream increases in the expression and activity of superoxide dismutase-2 that reduces mitochondrial superoxide. We further observe that PrP is predominantly cleaved in quiescent NSCs indicating a homeostatic role for this cascade. Our findings provide new insight into the regulation of NSC quiescence, which potentially could influence brain health throughout adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Collins
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, 59840, USA
| | - Simon C Drew
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, 59840, USA.
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41
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Wang M, Yu J, Yang J, Liu A, Yao H, Liu X, Shen Y, Guo B, Wang Y, Wu S. Anxiety Specific Response and Contribution of Active Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells to Chronic Pain Through Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:296. [PMID: 30197587 PMCID: PMC6117500 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain usually results in persistent anxiety, which worsens the life quality of patients and complicates the treatment of pain. Hippocampus is one of the few brain regions in many mammalians species which harbors adult neural stem cells (NSCs), and plays a key role in the development and maintenance of chronic anxiety. Recent studies have suggested a potential involvement of hippocampal neurogenesis in modulating chronic pain. Whether and how hippocampal NSCs are involved in the pain-associated anxiety remains unclear. Here, we report that mice suffering persistent neuropathic pain showed a quick reduction of active NSCs in the ventral dentate gyrus (vDG), which was followed by the decrease of neurogenesis and appearance of anxiety. Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a key pathway in sustaining the active status of NSCs was suppressed in the vDG of mice suffering chronic pain. Depleting β-catenin by inducible Nestin-Cre significantly reduced the number of active NSCs and facilitated anxiety development, while expressing stabilized β-catenin amplified active NSCs and alleviated anxiety, indicating that Wnt activated NSCs is required for anxiety development under chronic pain. Treatment with Fluoxetine, the most widely used anxiolytic in clinic, significantly increased the proliferation of active NSCs and enhanced Wnt signaling. Interestingly, both β-catenin manipulation and Fluoxetine treatment had no significant effects on the pain thresholds. Therefore, our data demonstrated an anxiety-specific response and contribution of activated NSCs to chronic pain through Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which may be targeted for treating chronic pain- or other diseases-associated anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianping Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiping Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aidong Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Yao
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yahui Shen
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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42
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Np95/Uhrf1 regulates tumor suppressor gene expression of neural stem/precursor cells, contributing to neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain. Neurosci Res 2018; 143:31-43. [PMID: 29859850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is a process of generating new neurons from neural stem/precursor cells (NS/PCs) in restricted adult brain regions throughout life. It is now generally known that adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and subventricular zone participates in various higher brain functions, such as learning and memory formation, olfactory discrimination and repair after brain injury. However, the mechanisms underlying adult neurogenesis remain to be fully understood. Here, we show that Nuclear protein 95 KDa (Np95, also known as UHRF1 or ICBP90), which is an essential protein for maintaining DNA methylation during cell division, is involved in multiple processes of adult neurogenesis. Specific ablation of Np95 in adult NS/PCs (aNS/PCs) led to a decrease in their proliferation and an impairment of neuronal differentiation and to suppression of neuronal maturation associated with the impairment of dendritic formation in the hippocampal DG. We also found that deficiency of Np95 in NS/PCs increased the expression of tumor suppressor genes p16 and p53, and confirmed that expression of these genes in NS/PCs recapitulates the phenotype of Np95-deficient NS/PCs. Taken together, our findings suggest that Np95 plays an essential role in proliferation and differentiation of aNS/PCs through the regulation of tumor suppressor gene expression in adult neurogenesis.
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43
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Than-Trong E, Ortica-Gatti S, Mella S, Nepal C, Alunni A, Bally-Cuif L. Neural stem cell quiescence and stemness are molecularly distinct outputs of the Notch3 signalling cascade in the vertebrate adult brain. Development 2018; 145:dev161034. [PMID: 29695612 PMCID: PMC6001379 DOI: 10.1242/dev.161034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult vertebrate brain are found in a quiescent state and can preserve long-lasting progenitor potential (stemness). Whether and how these two properties are linked, and to what extent they can be independently controlled by NSC maintenance pathways, is unresolved. We have previously identified Notch3 signalling as a major quiescence-promoting pathway in adult NSCs of the zebrafish pallium. We now show that Notch3 also controls NSC stemness. Using parallel transcriptomic characterizations of notch3 mutant NSCs and adult NSC physiological states, we demonstrate that a set of potentially direct Notch3 target genes distinguishes quiescence and stemness control. As a proof of principle, we focus on one 'stemness' target, encoding the bHLH transcription factor Hey1, that has not yet been analysed in adult NSCs. We show that abrogation of Hey1 function in adult pallial NSCs in vivo, including quiescent NSCs, leads to their differentiation without affecting their proliferation state. These results demonstrate that quiescence and stemness are molecularly distinct outputs of Notch3 signalling, and identify Hey1 as a major Notch3 effector controlling NSC stemness in the vertebrate adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Than-Trong
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Zebrafish Neurogenetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sara Ortica-Gatti
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Zebrafish Neurogenetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Mella
- CNRS, UMR3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Stem Cells and Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Chirag Nepal
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Alunni
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Zebrafish Neurogenetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Zebrafish Neurogenetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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44
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Transient activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling reporter in fibrotic scar formation after compression spinal cord injury in adult mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:1302-1307. [PMID: 29410176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), a scar may form with a fibrotic core (fibrotic scar) and surrounding reactive astrocytes (glial scar) at the lesion site. The scar tissue is considered a major obstacle preventing regeneration both as a physical barrier and as a source for secretion of inhibitors of axonal regeneration. Understanding the mechanism of scar formation and how to control it may lead to effective SCI therapies. Using a compression-SCI model on adult transgenic mice, we demonstrate that the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling reporter TOPgal (TCF/Lef1-lacZ) positive cells appeared at the lesion site by 5 days, peaked on 7 days, and diminished by 14 days post injury. Using various representative cell lineage markers, we demonstrate that, these transiently TOPgal positive cells are a group of Fibronectin(+);GFAP(-) fibroblast-like cells in the core scar region. Some of them are proliferative. These results indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling may play a key role in fibrotic scar formation after traumatic spinal cord injury.
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45
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Skowronska M, McDonald M, Velichkovska M, Leda AR, Park M, Toborek M. Methamphetamine increases HIV infectivity in neural progenitor cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:296-311. [PMID: 29158267 PMCID: PMC5766929 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine (METH) abuse frequently occur simultaneously and may have synergistic pathological effects. Although HIV-positive/active METH users have been shown to have higher HIV viral loads and experience more severe neurological complications than non-users, the direct impact of METH on HIV infection and its link to the development of neurocognitive alternations are still poorly understood. In the present study, we hypothesized that METH impacts HIV infection of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by a mechanism encompassing NFκB/SP1-mediated HIV LTR activation. Mouse and human NPCs were infected with EcoHIV (modified HIV virus infectious to mice) and HIV, respectively, in the presence or absence of METH (50 or 100 μm). Pretreatment with METH, but not simultaneous exposure, significantly increased HIV production in both mouse and human NPCs. To determine the mechanisms underlying these effects, cells were transfected with different variants of HIV LTR promoters and then exposed to METH. METH treatment induced transcriptional activity of the HIV LTR promotor, an effect that required both NFκB and SP1 signaling. Pretreatment with METH also decreased neuronal differentiation of HIV-infected NPCs in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Importantly, NPC-derived daughter cells appeared to be latently infected with HIV. This study indicates that METH increases HIV infectivity of NPCs, through the NFκB/SP1-dependent activation of the HIV LTR and with the subsequent alterations of NPC neurogenesis. Such events may underlie METH- exacerbated neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Skowronska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136.
| | - Marisa McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Martina Velichkovska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Ana Rachel Leda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Minseon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136; Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-001 Katowice, Poland.
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46
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Chen L, Li J, Zhang YH, Feng K, Wang S, Zhang Y, Huang T, Kong X, Cai YD. Identification of gene expression signatures across different types of neural stem cells with the Monte-Carlo feature selection method. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:3394-3403. [PMID: 29130544 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) are a group of multi-potent, self-renewing progenitor cells that contribute to the generation of new neurons and oligodendrocytes. Three subtypes of NSCs can be isolated based on the stages of the NSC lineage, including quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs), activated neural stem cells (aNSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Although it is widely accepted that these three groups of NSCs play different roles in the development of the nervous system, their molecular signatures are poorly understood. In this study, we applied the Monte-Carlo Feature Selection (MCFS) method to identify the gene expression signatures, which can yield a Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) value of 0.918 with a support vector machine evaluated by ten-fold cross-validation. In addition, some classification rules yielded by the MCFS program for distinguishing above three subtypes were reported. Our results not only demonstrate a high classification capacity and subtype-specific gene expression patterns but also quantitatively reflect the pattern of the gene expression levels across the NSC lineage, providing insight into deciphering the molecular basis of NSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Schoolof Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - JiaRui Li
- Schoolof Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - KaiYan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - ShaoPeng Wang
- Schoolof Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - YunHua Zhang
- Anhui province key lab of Farmland Ecological Conversation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- Schoolof Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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47
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Tian Z, Zhao Q, Biswas S, Deng W. Methods of reactivation and reprogramming of neural stem cells for neural repair. Methods 2017; 133:3-20. [PMID: 28864354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the biology of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) and induced NSCs (iNSCs), as well as NSC-based therapies for diseases in central nervous system (CNS) has started to generate the expectation that these cells may be used for treatments in CNS injuries or disorders. Recent technological progresses in both NSCs themselves and their derivatives have brought us closer to therapeutic applications. Adult neurogenesis presents in particular regions in mammal brain, known as neurogenic niches such as the dental gyrus (DG) in hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), within which adult NSCs usually stay for long periods out of the cell cycle, in G0. The reactivation of quiescent adult NSCs needs orchestrated interactions between the extrinsic stimulis from niches and the intrinsic factors involving transcription factors (TFs), signaling pathway, epigenetics, and metabolism to start an intracellular regulatory program, which promotes the quiescent NSCs exit G0 and reenter cell cycle. Extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms that regulate adult NSCs are interconnected and feedback on one another. Since endogenous neurogenesis only happens in restricted regions and steadily fails with disease advances, interest has evolved to apply the iNSCs converted from somatic cells to treat CNS disorders, as is also promising and preferable. To overcome the limitation of viral-based reprogramming of iNSCs, bioactive small molecules (SM) have been explored to enhance the efficiency of iNSC reprogramming or even replace TFs, making the iNSCs more amenable to clinical application. Despite intense research efforts to translate the studies of adult and induced NSCs from the bench to bedside, vital troubles remain at several steps in these processes. In this review, we examine the present status, advancement, pitfalls, and potential of the two types of NSC technologies, focusing on each aspects of reactivation of quiescent adult NSC and reprogramming of iNSC from somatic cells, as well as on progresses in cell-based regenerative strategies for neural repair and criteria for successful therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojun Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Institute of Guangzhou Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Qiuge Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Institute of Guangzhou Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Sangita Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Wenbin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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48
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Pino A, Fumagalli G, Bifari F, Decimo I. New neurons in adult brain: distribution, molecular mechanisms and therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:4-22. [PMID: 28690140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
"Are new neurons added in the adult mammalian brain?" "Do neural stem cells activate following CNS diseases?" "How can we modulate their activation to promote recovery?" Recent findings in the field provide novel insights for addressing these questions from a new perspective. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about adult neurogenesis and neural stem cell niches in healthy and pathological conditions. We will first overview the milestones that have led to the discovery of the classical ventricular and hippocampal neural stem cell niches. In adult brain, new neurons originate from proliferating neural precursors located in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. However, recent findings suggest that new neuronal cells can be added to the adult brain by direct differentiation (e.g., without cell proliferation) from either quiescent neural precursors or non-neuronal cells undergoing conversion or reprogramming to neuronal fate. Accordingly, in this review we will also address critical aspects of the newly described mechanisms of quiescence and direct conversion as well as the more canonical activation of the neurogenic niches and neuroblast reservoirs in pathological conditions. Finally, we will outline the critical elements involved in neural progenitor proliferation, neuroblast migration and differentiation and discuss their potential as targets for the development of novel therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Pino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy.
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Soares R, Ribeiro FF, Xapelli S, Genebra T, Ribeiro MF, Sebastião AM, Rodrigues CMP, Solá S. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Enhances Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Neural Stem Cell Pool, and Early Neurogenesis in Adult Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3725-3738. [PMID: 28534273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although neurogenesis occurs in restricted regions of the adult mammalian brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) produce very few neurons during ageing or after injury. We have recently discovered that the endogenous bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a strong inhibitor of mitochondrial apoptosis and a neuroprotective in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, also enhances NSC proliferation, self-renewal, and neuronal conversion by improving mitochondrial integrity and function of NSCs. In the present study, we explore the effect of TUDCA on regulation of NSC fate in neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), using rat postnatal neurospheres and adult rats exposed to the bile acid. TUDCA significantly induced NSC proliferation, self-renewal, and neural differentiation in the SVZ, without affecting DG-derived NSCs. More importantly, expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins and mitochondrial antioxidant responses were significantly increased by TUDCA in SVZ-derived NSCs. Finally, intracerebroventricular administration of TUDCA in adult rats markedly enhanced both NSC proliferation and early differentiation in SVZ regions, corroborating in vitro data. Collectively, our results highlight a potential novel role for TUDCA in neurologic disorders associated with SVZ niche deterioration and impaired neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Soares
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa F Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia Genebra
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria F Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Solá
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Fidaleo M, Cavallucci V, Pani G. Nutrients, neurogenesis and brain ageing: From disease mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:63-76. [PMID: 28539263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Appreciation of the physiological relevance of mammalian adult neurogenesis has in recent years rapidly expanded from a phenomenon of homeostatic cell replacement and brain repair to the current view of a complex process involved in high order cognitive functions. In parallel, an array of endogenous or exogenous triggers of neurogenesis has also been identified, among which metabolic and nutritional cues have drawn significant attention. Converging evidence from animal and in vitro studies points to nutrient sensing and energy metabolism as major physiological determinants of neural stem cell fate, and modulators of the whole neurogenic process. While the cellular and molecular circuitries underlying metabolic regulation of neurogenesis are still incompletely understood, the key role of mitochondrial activity and dynamics, and the importance of autophagy have begun to be fully appreciated; moreover, nutrient-sensitive pathways and transducers such as the insulin-IGF cascade, the AMPK/mTOR axis and the transcription regulators CREB and Sirt-1 have been included, beside more established "developmental" signals like Notch and Wnt, in the molecular networks that dictate neural-stem-cell self-renewal, migration and differentiation in response to local and systemic inputs. Many of these nutrient-related cascades are deregulated in the contest of metabolic diseases and in ageing, and may contribute to impaired neurogenesis and thus to cognition defects observed in these conditions. Importantly, accumulating knowledge on the metabolic control of neurogenesis provides a theoretical framework for the trial of new or repurposed drugs capable of interfering with nutrient sensing as enhancers of neurogenesis in the context of neurodegeneration and brain senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fidaleo
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Virve Cavallucci
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Pani
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica School of Medicine, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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