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Ascanelli C, Dahir R, Wilson CH. Manipulating Myc for reparative regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1357589. [PMID: 38577503 PMCID: PMC10991803 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1357589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Myc family of proto-oncogenes is a key node for the signal transduction of external pro-proliferative signals to the cellular processes required for development, tissue homoeostasis maintenance, and regeneration across evolution. The tight regulation of Myc synthesis and activity is essential for restricting its oncogenic potential. In this review, we highlight the central role that Myc plays in regeneration across the animal kingdom (from Cnidaria to echinoderms to Chordata) and how Myc could be employed to unlock the regenerative potential of non-regenerative tissues in humans for therapeutic purposes. Mastering the fine balance of harnessing the ability of Myc to promote transcription without triggering oncogenesis may open the door to many exciting opportunities for therapeutic development across a wide array of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine H. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Sarker DB, Xue Y, Mahmud F, Jocelyn JA, Sang QXA. Interconversion of Cancer Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2024; 13:125. [PMID: 38247819 PMCID: PMC10814385 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells, especially cancer stem cells (CSCs), share many molecular features with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that enable the derivation of induced pluripotent cancer cells by reprogramming malignant cells. Conversely, normal iPSCs can be converted into cancer stem-like cells with the help of tumor microenvironment components and genetic manipulation. These CSC models can be utilized in oncogenic initiation and progression studies, understanding drug resistance, and developing novel therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the role of pluripotency factors in the stemness, tumorigenicity, and therapeutic resistance of cancer cells. Different methods to obtain iPSC-derived CSC models are described with an emphasis on exposure-based approaches. Culture in cancer cell-conditioned media or cocultures with cancer cells can convert normal iPSCs into cancer stem-like cells, aiding the examination of processes of oncogenesis. We further explored the potential of reprogramming cancer cells into cancer-iPSCs for mechanistic studies and cancer dependencies. The contributions of genetic, epigenetic, and tumor microenvironment factors can be evaluated using these models. Overall, integrating iPSC technology into cancer stem cell research holds significant promise for advancing our knowledge of cancer biology and accelerating the development of innovative and tailored therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishty B. Sarker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA; (D.B.S.); (Y.X.); (F.M.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA; (D.B.S.); (Y.X.); (F.M.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Faiza Mahmud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA; (D.B.S.); (Y.X.); (F.M.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Jonathan A. Jocelyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA; (D.B.S.); (Y.X.); (F.M.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA; (D.B.S.); (Y.X.); (F.M.); (J.A.J.)
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
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Nogueira IPM, Costa GMJ, Lacerda SMDSN. Avian iPSC Derivation to Recover Threatened Wild Species: A Comprehensive Review in Light of Well-Established Protocols. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:220. [PMID: 38254390 PMCID: PMC10812705 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were first generated by Yamanaka in 2006, revolutionizing research by overcoming limitations imposed by the use of embryonic stem cells. In terms of the conservation of endangered species, iPSC technology presents itself as a viable alternative for the manipulation of target genetics without compromising specimens. Although iPSCs have been successfully generated for various species, their application in nonmammalian species, particularly avian species, requires further in-depth investigation to cover the diversity of wild species at risk and their different protocol requirements. This study aims to provide an overview of the workflow for iPSC induction, comparing well-established protocols in humans and mice with the limited information available for avian species. Here, we discuss the somatic cell sources to be reprogrammed, genetic factors, delivery methods, enhancers, a brief history of achievements in avian iPSC derivation, the main approaches for iPSC characterization, and the future perspectives and challenges for the field. By examining the current protocols and state-of-the-art techniques employed in iPSC generation, we seek to contribute to the development of efficient and species-specific iPSC methodologies for at-risk avian species. The advancement of iPSC technology holds great promise for achieving in vitro germline competency and, consequently, addressing reproductive challenges in endangered species, providing valuable tools for basic research, bird genetic preservation and rescue, and the establishment of cryobanks for future conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samyra Maria dos Santos Nassif Lacerda
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (I.P.M.N.); (G.M.J.C.)
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Lye J, Delaney DS, Leith FK, Sardesai VS, McLenachan S, Chen FK, Atlas MD, Wong EYM. Recent Therapeutic Progress and Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Hearing Loss. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3347. [PMID: 38137568 PMCID: PMC10741758 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 1.5 billion people worldwide suffer from various forms of hearing loss, with an additional 1.1 billion people at risk from various insults such as increased consumption of recreational noise-emitting devices and ageing. The most common type of hearing impairment is sensorineural hearing loss caused by the degeneration or malfunction of cochlear hair cells or spiral ganglion nerves in the inner ear. There is currently no cure for hearing loss. However, emerging frontier technologies such as gene, drug or cell-based therapies offer hope for an effective cure. In this review, we discuss the current therapeutic progress for the treatment of hearing loss. We describe and evaluate the major therapeutic approaches being applied to hearing loss and summarize the key trials and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Lye
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.L.); (D.S.D.); (F.K.L.); (V.S.S.); (M.D.A.)
- Centre for Ear Sciences, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Derek S. Delaney
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.L.); (D.S.D.); (F.K.L.); (V.S.S.); (M.D.A.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Fiona K. Leith
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.L.); (D.S.D.); (F.K.L.); (V.S.S.); (M.D.A.)
- Centre for Ear Sciences, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Varda S. Sardesai
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.L.); (D.S.D.); (F.K.L.); (V.S.S.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Samuel McLenachan
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.M.); (F.K.C.)
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Fred K. Chen
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.M.); (F.K.C.)
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Vitroretinal Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Marcus D. Atlas
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.L.); (D.S.D.); (F.K.L.); (V.S.S.); (M.D.A.)
- Centre for Ear Sciences, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Elaine Y. M. Wong
- Hearing Therapeutics, Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.L.); (D.S.D.); (F.K.L.); (V.S.S.); (M.D.A.)
- Centre for Ear Sciences, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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Shang C, Lai J, Haque M, Chen W, Wang P, Lai R. Nuclear NPM-ALK Protects Myc from Proteasomal Degradation and Contributes to Its High Expression in Cancer Stem-Like Cells in ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14337. [PMID: 37762644 PMCID: PMC10531997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ALCL), a small subset of cancer stem-like (or RR) cells characterized by high Myc expression have been identified. We hypothesize that NPM-ALK contributes to their high Myc expression. While transfection of NPM-ALK into HEK293 cells effectively increased Myc by inhibiting its proteosomal degradation (PD-Myc), this effect was dramatically attenuated when the full-length NPM1 (FL-NPM1) was downregulated using shRNA, highlighting the importance of the NPM-ALK:FL-ALK heterodimers in this context. Consistent with this concept, immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the heterodimers are abundant only in RR cells, in which the half-life of Myc is substantially longer than the bulk cells. Fbw7γ, a key player in PD-Myc, is sequestered by the heterodimers in RR cells, and this finding correlates with a Myc phosphorylation pattern indicative of ineffective PD-Myc. Using confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence staining, we found that the fusion signal between ALK and FL-NPM1, characteristic of the heterodimers, correlates with the Myc level in ALK+ALCL cells from cell lines and patient samples. To conclude, our findings have revealed a novel oncogenic function of NPM-ALK in the nucleus. Specifically, the NPM-ALK:FL-NPM1 heterodimers increase cancer stemness by blocking PD-Myc and promoting Myc accumulation in the cancer stem-like cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuquan Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
| | - Justine Lai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (J.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Moinul Haque
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Will Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (J.L.); (P.W.)
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
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Sandoval AGW, Maden M, Bates LE, Silva JC. Tumor suppressors inhibit reprogramming of African spiny mouse ( Acomys) fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:215. [PMID: 36060301 PMCID: PMC9437536 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18034.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The African spiny mouse ( Acomys) is an emerging mammalian model for scar-free regeneration, and further study of Acomys could advance the field of regenerative medicine. Isolation of pluripotent stem cells from Acomys would allow for development of transgenic or chimeric animals and in vitro study of regeneration; however, the reproductive biology of Acomys is not well characterized, complicating efforts to derive embryonic stem cells. Thus, we sought to generate Acomys induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming somatic cells back to pluripotency. Methods: To generate Acomys iPSCs, we attempted to adapt established protocols developed in Mus. We utilized a PiggyBac transposon system to genetically modify Acomys fibroblasts to overexpress the Yamanaka reprogramming factors as well as mOrange fluorescent protein under the control of a doxycycline-inducible TetON operon system. Results: Reprogramming factor overexpression caused Acomys fibroblasts to undergo apoptosis or senescence. When SV40 Large T antigen (SV40 LT) was added to the reprogramming cocktail, Acomys cells were able to dedifferentiate into pre-iPSCs. Although use of 2iL culture conditions induced formation of colonies resembling Mus PSCs, these Acomys iPS-like cells lacked pluripotency marker expression and failed to form embryoid bodies. An EOS-GiP system was unsuccessful in selecting for bona fide Acomys iPSCs; however, inclusion of Nanog in the reprogramming cocktail along with 5-azacytidine in the culture medium allowed for generation of Acomys iPSC-like cells with increased expression of several naïve pluripotency markers. Conclusions: There are significant roadblocks to reprogramming Acomys cells, necessitating future studies to determine Acomys-specific reprogramming factor and/or culture condition requirements. The requirement for SV40 LT during Acomys dedifferentiation may suggest that tumor suppressor pathways play an important role in Acomys regeneration and that Acomys may possess unreported cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gabriel W. Sandoval
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Department of Biology & UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malcolm Maden
- Department of Biology & UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lawrence E. Bates
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Jose C.R. Silva
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou 510005, Guangdong Province, China
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Ghazimoradi MH, Khalafizadeh A, Babashah S. A critical review on induced totipotent stem cells: Types and methods. Stem Cell Res 2022; 63:102857. [PMID: 35872523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Totipotent stem cells are cells with the capacity to form an entire embryo. Many attempts have been made to convert other types of cells to totipotent stem cells which we called induced totipotent stem cells. Various aspects of these cells such as transcriptional and epigenetics networks are unique. By taking advantage of these aspects, efficient methods have been provided to induce totipotent stem cells. Although this advancement is significant, many aspects of induction such as the underlying mechanism remain to be elucidated. On the other hand, embryonic stem cells usually are the source of induction which raise important questions regarding if these methods are induction or promotion of 2C intrinsic totipotent cells in ESC culture. Here, we review the latest mouse progress in underling mechanism of induction of totipotent stem cells. In addition, we follow up on the progress of Blastoids derived from totipotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Ghazimoradi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khalafizadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Zeng Q, Cheng J, Wu H, Liang W, Cui Y. The dynamic cellular and molecular features during the development of radiation proctitis revealed by transcriptomic profiling in mice. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:431. [PMID: 35681125 PMCID: PMC9178886 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation proctitis (RP) is the most common complication of radiotherapy for pelvic tumor. Currently there is a lack of effective clinical treatment and its underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to dynamically reveal the mechanism of RP progression from the perspective of RNomics using a mouse model, so as to help develop reasonable therapeutic strategies for RP. RESULTS Mice were delivered a single dose of 25 Gy rectal irradiation, and the rectal tissues were removed at 4 h, 1 day, 3 days, 2 weeks and 8 weeks post-irradiation (PI) for both histopathological assessment and RNA-seq analysis. According to the histopathological characteristics, we divided the development process of our RP animal model into three stages: acute (4 h, 1 day and 3 days PI), subacute (2 weeks PI) and chronic (8 weeks PI), which could recapitulate the features of different stages of human RP. Bioinformatics analysis of the RNA-seq data showed that in the acute injury period after radiation, the altered genes were mainly enriched in DNA damage response, p53 signaling pathway and metabolic changes; while in the subacute and chronic stages of tissue reconstruction, genes involved in the biological processes of vessel development, extracellular matrix organization, inflammatory and immune responses were dysregulated. We further identified the hub genes in the most significant biological process at each time point using protein-protein interaction analysis and verified the differential expression of these genes by quantitative real-time-PCR analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the molecular events sequentially occurred during the course of RP development and might provide molecular basis for designing drugs targeting different stages of RP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Jingyang Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Haiyong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yanmei Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
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Tabibzadeh S. Resolving Geroplasticity to the Balance of Rejuvenins and Geriatrins. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1664-1714. [DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Choudhury S, Surendran N, Das A. Recent advances in the induced pluripotent stem cell-based skin regeneration. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:697-710. [PMID: 33970525 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin regeneration has been a challenging clinical problem especially in cases of chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa-related skin blisters. Prolonged non-healing wounds often lead to bacterial infections increasing the severity of wounds. Current treatment strategies for chronic wounds include debridement of wounds along with antibiotics, growth factors, and stem cell transplantation therapies. However, the compromised nature of autologous stem cells in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes limits the efficacy of the therapy. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has immensely influenced the field of regenerative therapy. Enormous efforts have been made to develop integration-free iPSCs suitable for clinical therapies. This review focuses on recent advances in the methods and reprogramming factors for generating iPSCs along with the existing challenges such as genetic alterations, tumorigenicity, immune rejection, and regulatory hurdles for the clinical application of iPSCs. Furthermore, this review also highlights the benefits of using iPSCs for the generation of skin cells and skin disease modeling over the existing clinical therapies for skin regeneration in chronic wounds and skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subholakshmi Choudhury
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nidhi Surendran
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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11
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MYC in Brain Development and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207742. [PMID: 33092025 PMCID: PMC7588885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC family of transcriptional regulators play significant roles in animal development, including the renewal and maintenance of stem cells. Not surprisingly, given MYC's capacity to promote programs of proliferative cell growth, MYC is frequently upregulated in cancer. Although members of the MYC family are upregulated in nervous system tumours, the mechanisms of how elevated MYC promotes stem cell-driven brain cancers is unknown. If we are to determine how increased MYC might contribute to brain cancer progression, we will require a more complete understanding of MYC's roles during normal brain development. Here, we evaluate evidence for MYC family functions in neural stem cell fate and brain development, with a view to better understand mechanisms of MYC-driven neural malignancies.
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12
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Wang N, Li MY, Liu Y, Yu J, Ren J, Zheng Z, Wang S, Yang S, Yang SL, Liu LP, Hu BG, Chong CC, Merchant JL, Lai PB, Chen GG. ZBP-89 negatively regulates self-renewal of liver cancer stem cells via suppression of Notch1 signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2019; 472:70-80. [PMID: 31874246 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) initiate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and contribute to its recurrence and treatment resistance. Studies have suggested ZBP-89 as a candidate tumor suppressor in HCC. We explored the role of ZBP-89 in the regulation of LCSCs. This study was performed in liver tissue samples from 104 HCC patients, 2 cell lines and mouse tumor models. We demonstrated that ZBP-89 was weakly expressed in LCSCs. Patients with high expression of LCSC markers displayed reduced survivals and higher recurrence rates after curative surgical operation. The expression of ZBP-89 was predictive for decreased recurrence. LCSC markers were negatively correlated with ZBP-89 in HCC tissues and in enriched liver tumor spheres. The exogenous expression of ZBP-89 attenuated the tumor-sphere formation and secondary colony formation capabilities of LCSCs in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, the negative effect of ZBP-89 on cancer stemness was Notch1-dependent. Localized with Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1) in the nucleus, ZBP-89 repressed the Notch1 signaling pathway by competitive binding to NICD1 with MAML1. Collectively, ZBP-89 negatively regulates HCC stemness via inhibiting the Notch1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuozhou Wang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianqing Yu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shucai Yang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingshan District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng-Li Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Guang Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Charing Cn Chong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, PO Box 245028, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5028, USA
| | - Paul Bs Lai
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - George Gong Chen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Zhang R, Nakao T, Luo J, Xue Y, Cornuet P, Oertel M, Kosar K, Singh S, Nejak-Bowen K. Activation of WNT/Beta-Catenin Signaling and Regulation of the Farnesoid X Receptor/Beta-Catenin Complex After Murine Bile Duct Ligation. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1642-1655. [PMID: 31832572 PMCID: PMC6887668 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that loss of β‐catenin prevents the development of cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis after bile duct ligation (BDL) due to loss of the inhibitory farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/β‐catenin complex, which results in decreased hepatic bile acids (BAs) through activation of FXR. To further understand the role of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in regulating BA metabolism and cholestasis, we performed BDL on mice in which hepatocyte Wnt signaling is deficient but β‐catenin is intact (low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein [LRP]5/6 knockout [DKO]) as well as mice that have enhanced hepatocyte β‐catenin expression (serine 45 mutated to aspartic acid [S45D] transgenic [TG] mice). Despite decreased biliary injury after BDL, hepatic injury, fibrosis, and inflammation were comparable in DKO and wild‐type (WT) mice. Notably, the FXR/β‐catenin complex was maintained in DKO livers after BDL, coincident with significantly elevated hepatic BA levels. Similarly, TG mice did not display accelerated injury or increased mortality despite overexpression of β‐catenin. There was no augmentation of FXR/β‐catenin association in TG livers; this resulted in equivalent hepatic BAs in WT and TG mice after BDL. Finally, we analyzed the effect of BDL on β‐catenin activity and identified an increase in periportal cytoplasmic stabilization and association with T‐cell factor 4 that correlated with increased expression of distinct downstream target genes. Conclusion: Localization of β‐catenin and expression of Wnt‐regulated genes were altered in liver after BDL; however, neither elimination of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling nor overexpression of β‐catenin in hepatocytes significantly impacted the phenotype or progression of BA‐driven cholestatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
| | - Toshimasa Nakao
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Surgery University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
| | - Yuhua Xue
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
| | - Pamela Cornuet
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
| | - Karis Kosar
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
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14
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Zhou R, Comizzoli P, Keefer CL. Endogenous pluripotent factor expression after reprogramming cat fetal fibroblasts using inducible transcription factors. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1671-1681. [PMID: 31429169 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete transgene-silencing remains a challenge in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in felids-a critical family in biomedical and biodiversity conservation science. In this study doxycycline-inducible transgenes (NANOG, POU5F1, SOX2, KLF4, and cMYC) were used to reprogram cat fetal fibroblasts with the objective of obtaining iPSC with fully silenced transgenes. Colony formation was slower (14 vs. 8 days) and at lower efficiency than mouse embryonic fibroblasts (0.002% vs. 0.02% of seeded cells). Alkaline-phosphatase positive colonies were grown on feeder cells plus LIF and GSK3, MEK, and ROCK inhibitors. Cells could be passaged singly and transgene expression was silenced at passage 3 (P3) after doxycycline removal at P2. NANOG, POU5F1, and SOX2 were expressed at P3, P6, and P10, although at lower immunostaining intensities than in cat inner cell masses (ICM). Transcripts related to pluripotency (NANOG, POU5F1, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, and REX1) and differentiation (FGF5, TBXT, GATA6, SOX17, FOXF1, PAX6, and SOX1) were assessed by a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in iPSC and embryoid bodies. The immunostaining patterns, relatively low levels of NANOG and REX1 in comparison to ICM along with the expression of TBXT (mesoderm) suggested that cells were a mix of reprogrammed pluripotent and differentiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhou
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI), National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI), National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
| | - Carol L Keefer
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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15
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Spyrou J, Gardner DK, Harvey AJ. Metabolism Is a Key Regulator of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7360121. [PMID: 31191682 PMCID: PMC6525803 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7360121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming to pluripotency involves drastic restructuring of both metabolism and the epigenome. However, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) retain transcriptional memory, epigenetic memory, and metabolic memory from their somatic cells of origin and acquire aberrant characteristics distinct from either other pluripotent cells or parental cells, reflecting incomplete reprogramming. As a critical link between the microenvironment and regulation of the epigenome, nutrient availability likely plays a significant role in the retention of somatic cell memory by iPSC. Significantly, relative nutrient availability impacts iPSC reprogramming efficiency, epigenetic regulation and cell fate, and differentially alters their ability to respond to physiological stimuli. The significance of metabolites during the reprogramming process is central to further elucidating how iPSC retain somatic cell characteristics and optimising culture conditions to generate iPSC with physiological phenotypes to ensure their reliable use in basic research and clinical applications. This review serves to integrate studies on iPSC reprogramming, memory retention and metabolism, and identifies areas in which current knowledge is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Spyrou
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David K. Gardner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Harvey
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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16
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Daekee K, Mi-Jung H, Minjun J, Hee-Jin A, Kwang-Won S, Kyung-Sun K. Generation of Genetically Stable Human Direct-Conversion-Derived Neural Stem Cells Using Quantity Control of Proto-oncogene Expression. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 14:388-397. [PMID: 30731320 PMCID: PMC6365637 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
As the human lifespan has increased due to developments in medical technology, the number of patients with neurological diseases has rapidly increased. Therefore, studies on effective treatments for neurological diseases are becoming increasingly important. To perform these studies, it is essential to obtain a large number of patient-derived neural cells. The purpose of the present study was to establish a technology that allows the high-efficiency generation of genetically stable, direct-conversion-derived neural stem cells (dcNSCs) through the expression of a new combination of reprogramming factors, including a proto-oncogene. Specifically, human c-MYC proto-oncogene and the human SOX2 gene were overexpressed in a precisely controlled manner in various human somatic cells. As a result, the direct conversion into multipotent dcNSCs occurred only when the cells were treated with an MOI of 1 of hc-MYC proto-oncogene and hSOX2 retrovirus. When MOIs of 5 or 10 were utilized, distinct results were obtained. In addition, the pluripotency was bypassed during this process. Notably, as the MOI used to treat the cells increased, expression of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which is typically a reprogramming hurdle, increased proportionately. Interestingly, p53 was genetically stable in dcNSCs generated through direct conversion into a low p53 expression state. In the present study, generation of genetically stable dcNSCs using direct conversion was optimized by precisely controlling the overexpression of a proto-oncogene. This method could be utilized in future studies, such as in vitro drug screening using generated dcNSCs. In addition, this method could be effectively utilized in studies on direct conversion into other types of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon Daekee
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Han Mi-Jung
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ji Minjun
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ahn Hee-Jin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seo Kwang-Won
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kang Kyung-Sun
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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17
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Kim MJ, Xia B, Suh HN, Lee SH, Jun S, Lien EM, Zhang J, Chen K, Park JI. PAF-Myc-Controlled Cell Stemness Is Required for Intestinal Regeneration and Tumorigenesis. Dev Cell 2018. [PMID: 29533773 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of how self-renewing cells are controlled in regenerating tissues and cancer remain ambiguous. PCNA-associated factor (PAF) modulates DNA repair via PCNA. Also, PAF hyperactivates Wnt/β-catenin signaling independently of PCNA interaction. We found that PAF is expressed in intestinal stem and progenitor cells (ISCs and IPCs) and markedly upregulated during intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis. Whereas PAF is dispensable for intestinal homeostasis, upon radiation injury, genetic ablation of PAF impairs intestinal regeneration along with the severe loss of ISCs and Myc expression. Mechanistically, PAF conditionally occupies and transactivates the c-Myc promoter, which induces the expansion of ISCs/IPCs during intestinal regeneration. In mouse models, PAF knockout inhibits Apc inactivation-driven intestinal tumorigenesis with reduced tumor cell stemness and suppressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity, supported by transcriptome profiling. Collectively, our results unveil that the PAF-Myc signaling axis is indispensable for intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis by positively regulating self-renewing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Jong Kim
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bo Xia
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Han Na Suh
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sohee Jun
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Esther M Lien
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jae-Il Park
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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18
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High Myc expression and transcription activity underlies intra-tumoral heterogeneity in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28101-28115. [PMID: 28427212 PMCID: PMC5438634 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified a novel intra-tumoral dichotomy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) based on the differential responsiveness to a reporter containing the Sox2 regulatory region-2 (SRR2), with reporter responsive (RR) cells being more stem-like than reporter unresponsive (RU) cells. Using bioinformatics, we profiled the protein-DNA binding motifs of SRR2 and identified Myc as one of the potential transcription factors driving SRR2 activity. In support of its role, Myc was found to be highly expressed in RR cells as compared to RU cells. Enforced expression of MYC in RU cells resulted in a significant increase in SRR2 activity, Myc-DNA binding, proportion of cellsexpressing CD44+/CD24-, chemoresistance and mammosphere formation. Knockdown of Myc using siRNA in RR cells led to the opposite effects. We also found evidence that the relatively high ERK activation in RR cells contributes to their high expression of Myc and stem-like features. Using confocal microscopy and patient samples, we found a co-localization between Myc and CD44 in the same cell population. Lastly, a high proportion of Myc-positive cells in tumors significantly correlated with a short patient survival. In conclusion, inhibition of the MAPK/ERK/Myc axis may be an effective approach in eliminating stem-like cells in TNBC.
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19
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Shivapathasundram G, Wickremesekera AC, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Tumour stem cells in meningioma: A review. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 47:66-71. [PMID: 29113852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Meningioma is a common intracranial and intraspinal neoplasm accounting for 25-30% of all primary neurological tumours. It is associated with high rates of recurrence especially in higher-grade tumours and lesions located at the skull base. Cancer stem cells are increasingly recognised as the origin of cancer and are attributed to loco-regional recurrence, metastasis and treatment resistance. This review presents the accumulating evidence of the presence of tumour stem cells within meningioma and the stem cell markers being used to characterise this putative primitive population within this common tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshwaran Shivapathasundram
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Agadha C Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand; Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Tinte Itinteang
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand
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20
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Kuadkitkan A, Wikan N, Smith DR. Induced pluripotent stem cells: A new addition to the virologists armamentarium. J Virol Methods 2017; 235:191-195. [PMID: 27544025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A significant amount of our understanding of the molecular events occurring during viral replication has originated from studies utilizing cell lines. These cell lines are normally obtained by the culture of samples from spontaneously occurring tumors or are derived by genetic manipulation of primary cells. The genetic events inducing immortalization and/or transformation to allow continual passage in culture can have profound effects resulting in a marked loss of cell type fidelity. The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the field of developmental biology and is ushering in an era of personalized medicine for a wide range of inherited genetic diseases. Previously, development of iPSCs required dedicated facilities as well as highly detailed technical knowledge. The pace of development in this field however has been so rapid, that iPSCs are moving into an era of "off the shelf" use, whereby the use and manipulation of these cells is well within the ability of the majority of laboratories with standard tissue culture facilities. The introduction of iPSCs to studies in the field of virology is still in its infancy, and so far has been largely confined to viruses that are difficult to propagate in other experimental systems, but it is likely that this technology will become a standard methodology in the virologists armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atichat Kuadkitkan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitwara Wikan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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21
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Ho JJ, Cattoglio C, McSwiggen DT, Tjian R, Fong YW. Regulation of DNA demethylation by the XPC DNA repair complex in somatic and pluripotent stem cells. Genes Dev 2017; 31:830-844. [PMID: 28512237 PMCID: PMC5435894 DOI: 10.1101/gad.295741.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Ho et al. research the mechanism by which TDG-dependent DNA demethylation occurs in a rapid and site-specific manner. Their findings demonstrate two distinct but complementary mechanisms by which XPC influences gene regulation by coordinating efficient TDG-mediated DNA demethylation along with active transcription during somatic cell reprogramming. Faithful resetting of the epigenetic memory of a somatic cell to a pluripotent state during cellular reprogramming requires DNA methylation to silence somatic gene expression and dynamic DNA demethylation to activate pluripotency gene transcription. The removal of methylated cytosines requires the base excision repair enzyme TDG, but the mechanism by which TDG-dependent DNA demethylation occurs in a rapid and site-specific manner remains unclear. Here we show that the XPC DNA repair complex is a potent accelerator of global and locus-specific DNA demethylation in somatic and pluripotent stem cells. XPC cooperates with TDG genome-wide to stimulate the turnover of essential intermediates by overcoming slow TDG–abasic product dissociation during active DNA demethylation. We further establish that DNA demethylation induced by XPC expression in somatic cells overcomes an early epigenetic barrier in cellular reprogramming and facilitates the generation of more robust induced pluripotent stem cells, characterized by enhanced pluripotency-associated gene expression and self-renewal capacity. Taken together with our previous studies establishing the XPC complex as a transcriptional coactivator, our findings underscore two distinct but complementary mechanisms by which XPC influences gene regulation by coordinating efficient TDG-mediated DNA demethylation along with active transcription during somatic cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn J Ho
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Claudia Cattoglio
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David T McSwiggen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert Tjian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yick W Fong
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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22
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Skamagki M, Correia C, Yeung P, Baslan T, Beck S, Zhang C, Ross CA, Dang L, Liu Z, Giunta S, Chang TP, Wang J, Ananthanarayanan A, Bohndorf M, Bosbach B, Adjaye J, Funabiki H, Kim J, Lowe S, Collins JJ, Lu CW, Li H, Zhao R, Kim K. ZSCAN10 expression corrects the genomic instability of iPSCs from aged donors. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1037-1048. [PMID: 28846095 PMCID: PMC5843481 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are used to produce transplantable tissues, may particularly benefit older patients, who are more likely to suffer from degenerative diseases. However, iPSCs generated from aged donors (A-iPSCs) exhibit higher genomic instability, defects in apoptosis and a blunted DNA damage response compared with iPSCs generated from younger donors. We demonstrated that A-iPSCs exhibit excessive glutathione-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity, which blocks the DNA damage response and apoptosis and permits survival of cells with genomic instability. We found that the pluripotency factor ZSCAN10 is poorly expressed in A-iPSCs and addition of ZSCAN10 to the four Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC) during A-iPSC reprogramming normalizes ROS-glutathione homeostasis and the DNA damage response, and recovers genomic stability. Correcting the genomic instability of A-iPSCs will ultimately enhance our ability to produce histocompatible functional tissues from older patients' own cells that are safe for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Skamagki
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Cristina Correia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55904, USA
| | - Percy Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Timour Baslan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Samuel Beck
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55904, USA
| | - Christian A. Ross
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55904, USA
| | - Lam Dang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Zhong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Simona Giunta
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Tzu-Pei Chang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Joye Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Aparna Ananthanarayanan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Martina Bohndorf
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bosbach
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Scott Lowe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - James J. Collins
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Chi-Wei Lu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55904, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Kitai Kim
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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23
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Fagnocchi L, Zippo A. Multiple Roles of MYC in Integrating Regulatory Networks of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:7. [PMID: 28217689 PMCID: PMC5289991 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are defined by their self-renewal potential, which permits their unlimited propagation, and their pluripotency, being able to generate cell of the three embryonic lineages. These properties render PSCs a valuable tool for both basic and medical research. To induce and stabilize the pluripotent state, complex circuitries involving signaling pathways, transcription regulators and epigenetic mechanisms converge on a core transcriptional regulatory network of PSCs, thus determining their cell identity. Among the transcription factors, MYC represents a central hub, which modulates and integrates multiple mechanisms involved both in the maintenance of pluripotency and in cell reprogramming. Indeed, it instructs the PSC-specific cell cycle, metabolism and epigenetic landscape, contributes to limit exit from pluripotency and modulates signaling cascades affecting the PSC identity. Moreover, MYC extends its regulation on pluripotency by controlling PSC-specific non-coding RNAs. In this report, we review the MYC-controlled networks, which support the pluripotent state and discuss how their perturbation could affect cell identity. We further discuss recent finding demonstrating a central role of MYC in triggering epigenetic memory in PSCs, which depends on the establishment of a WNT-centered self-reinforcing circuit. Finally, we comment on the therapeutic implications of the role of MYC in affecting PSCs. Indeed, PSCs are used for both disease and cancer modeling and to derive cells for regenerative medicine. For these reasons, unraveling the MYC-mediated mechanism in those cells is fundamental to exploit their full potential and to identify therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fagnocchi
- Department of Epigenetics, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM)Milan, Italy; Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
| | - Alessio Zippo
- Department of Epigenetics, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM)Milan, Italy; Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
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KCTD2, an adaptor of Cullin3 E3 ubiquitin ligase, suppresses gliomagenesis by destabilizing c-Myc. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:649-659. [PMID: 28060381 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cullin3 E3 ubiquitin ligase ubiquitinates a wide range of substrates through substrate-specific adaptors Bric-a-brac, Tramtrack, and Broad complex (BTB) domain proteins. These E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes are involved in diverse cellular functions. Our recent study demonstrated that decreased Cullin3 expression induces glioma initiation and correlates with poor prognosis of patients with malignant glioma. However, the substrate recognition mechanism associated with tumorigenesis is not completely understood. Through yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified potassium channel tetramerization domain-containing 2 (KCTD2) as a BTB domain protein that binds to Cullin3. The interaction of Cullin3 and KCTD2 was verified using immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. Of interest, KCTD2 expression was markedly decreased in patient-derived glioma stem cells (GSCs) compared with non-stem glioma cells. Depletion of KCTD2 using a KCTD2-specific short-hairpin RNA in U87MG glioma cells and primary Ink4a/Arf-deficient murine astrocytes markedly increased self-renewal activity in addition with an increased expression of stem cell markers, and mouse in vivo intracranial tumor growth. As an underlying mechanism for these KCTD2-mediated phenotypic changes, we demonstrated that KCTD2 interacts with c-Myc, which is a key stem cell factor, and causes c-Myc protein degradation by ubiquitination. As a result, KCTD2 depletion acquires GSC features and affects aerobic glycolysis via expression changes in glycolysis-associated genes through c-Myc protein regulation. Of clinical significance was our finding that patients having a profile of KCTD2 mRNA-low and c-Myc gene signature-high, but not KCTD2 mRNA-low and c-Myc mRNA-high, are strongly associated with poor prognosis. This study describes a novel regulatory mode of c-Myc protein in malignant gliomas and provides a potential framework for glioma therapy by targeting c-Myc function.
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Wu C, Zhang HF, Gupta N, Alshareef A, Wang Q, Huang YH, Lewis JT, Douglas DN, Kneteman NM, Lai R. A positive feedback loop involving the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC/Sox2 axis defines a highly tumorigenic cell subpopulation in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:120. [PMID: 27821172 PMCID: PMC5100098 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously described the existence of two phenotypically distinct cell subsets in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK + ALCL) based on their differential responsiveness to a Sox2 reporter (SRR2), with reporter-responsive (RR) cells being more tumorigenic and chemoresistant than reporter-unresponsive (RU) cells. However, the regulator(s) of RU/RR dichotomy are not identified. In this study, we aim to delineate the key regulator(s) of RU/RR dichotomy. METHODS JASPER motif match analysis was used to identify the putative factors binding to SRR2 sequence. SRR2 probe pull-down assay and quantitate real-time PCR were performed to analyze the regulation of Sox2 transcriptional activity by MYC. Methylcellulose colony formation assay, chemoresistance to doxorubicin and mouse xenograft study were performed to investigate the biological functions of MYC. PCR array and western blotting were executed to study related signaling pathways that regulate MYC expression. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assay were initiated to evaluate the expression of MYC and its correlation with its regulator by chi-square test analysis in human primary tumor cells. RESULTS We identified MYC as a potential regulator of RU/RR dichotomy. In support of its role, MYC was highly expressed in RR cells compared to RU cells, and inhibition of MYC substantially decreased the Sox2/SRR2 binding, Sox2 transcriptional activity, chemoresistance, and methylcellulose colony formation. In contrast, enforced expression of MYC in RU cells conferred the RR phenotype. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway, a positive regulator of MYC, was highly active in RR but not RU cells. While inhibition of this pathway in RR cells substantially decreased MYC expression and SRR2 reporter activity, experimental activation of this pathway led to the opposite effects in RU cells. Collectively, our results support a model in which a positive feedback loop involving Wnt/β-catenin/MYC and Sox2 contributes to the RR phenotype. In a mouse xenograft model, RU cells stably transfected with MYC showed upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC/Sox2 axis and increased tumorigenecity. Correlating with these findings, there was a significant correlation between the expression of active β-catenin and MYC in ALK + ALCL primary tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS A positive feedback loop involving the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC/Sox2 axis defines a highly tumorigenic cell subset in ALK + ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsheng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 5142J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 5142J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 5142J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Abdulraheem Alshareef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 5142J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 5142J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Yung-Hsing Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 5142J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Jamie T. Lewis
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Donna N. Douglas
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | | | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 5142J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2 Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
- DynaLIFEDX Medical Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
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Gupta S, Weston A, Bearrs J, Thode T, Neiss A, Soldi R, Sharma S. Reversible lysine-specific demethylase 1 antagonist HCI-2509 inhibits growth and decreases c-MYC in castration- and docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 19:349-357. [PMID: 27349498 PMCID: PMC5133270 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1 or KDM1A) overexpression correlates with poor survival and castration resistance in prostate cancer. LSD1 is a coregulator of ligand-independent androgen receptor signaling promoting c-MYC expression. We examined the antitumor efficacy of LSD1 inhibition with HCI-2509 in advanced stages of prostate cancer. Methods: Cell survival, colony formation, histone methylation, c-MYC level, c-MYC expression, cell cycle changes and in vivo efficacy were studied in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells upon treatment with HCI-2509. In vitro combination studies, using HCI-2509 and docetaxel, were performed to assess the synergy. Cell survival, colony formation, histone methylation and c-myc levels were studied in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells treated with HCI-2509. Results: HCI-2509 is cytotoxic and inhibits colony formation in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. HCI-2509 treatment causes a dose-dependent increase in H3K9me2 (histone H3lysine 9) levels, a decrease in c-MYC protein, inhibition of c-MYC expression and accumulation in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle in these cells. PC3 xenografts in mice have a significant reduction in tumor burden upon treatment with HCI-2509 with no associated myelotoxicity or weight loss. More synergy is noted at sub-IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) doses of docetaxel and HCI-2509 in PC3 cells than in DU145 cells. HCI-2509 has growth-inhibitory efficacy and decreases the c-myc level in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells. Conclusions: LSD1 inhibition with HCI-2509 decreases the c-MYC level in poorly differentiated prostate cancer cell lines and has a therapeutic potential in castration- and docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- GU Medical Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - A Weston
- GU Medical Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J Bearrs
- GU Medical Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - T Thode
- GU Medical Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - A Neiss
- GU Medical Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R Soldi
- Beta Cat Pharmaceuticals, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Sharma
- GU Medical Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Enhanced Generation of Integration-free iPSCs from Human Adult Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with an Optimal Combination of Episomal Vectors. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:873-884. [PMID: 27161365 PMCID: PMC4911493 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the generation of integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells from adult peripheral blood (PB) with an improved episomal vector (EV) system, which uses the spleen focus-forming virus U3 promoter and an extra factor BCL-XL (B). Here we show an ∼100-fold increase in efficiency by optimizing the vector combination. The two most critical factors are: (1) equimolar expression of OCT4 (O) and SOX2 (S), by using a 2A linker; (2) a higher and gradual increase in the MYC (M) to KLF4 (K) ratio during the course of reprogramming, by using two individual vectors to express M and K instead of one. The combination of EV plasmids (OS + M + K + B) is comparable with Sendai virus in reprogramming efficiency but at a fraction of the cost. The generated iPSCs are indistinguishable from those from our previous approach in pluripotency and phenotype. This improvement lays the foundation for broad applications of episomal vectors in PB reprogramming. Expression of MYC and KLF4 with two episomal vectors is critical for PB reprogramming Optimized episomal vector combination shows an ∼100-fold increase in reprogramming This system is comparable with Sendai virus in generating integration-free iPSCs
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28
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Wang JQ, Cao WG. Key Signaling Events for Committing Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells to the Germline Fate. Biol Reprod 2015; 94:24. [PMID: 26674564 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.135095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of germline development carries genetic information and preparatory totipotency across generations. The last decade has witnessed remarkable successes in the generation of germline cells from mouse pluripotent stem cells, especially induced germline cells with the capacity for producing viable offspring, suggesting clinical applications of induced germline cells in humans. However, to date, the culture systems for germline induction with accurate sex-specific meiosis and epigenetic reprogramming have not been well-established. In this study, we primarily focus on the mouse model to discuss key signaling events for germline induction. We review mechanisms of competent regulators on primordial germ cell induction and discuss current achievements and difficulties in inducing sex-specific germline development. Furthermore, we review the developmental identities of mouse embryonic stem cells and epiblast stem cells under certain defined culture conditions as it relates to the differentiation process of becoming germline cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qi Wang
- Transgenic and Stem Cell Core, Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Guang Cao
- Transgenic and Stem Cell Core, Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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The Epigenetic Reprogramming Roadmap in Generation of iPSCs from Somatic Cells. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:661-70. [PMID: 26743984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a comprehensive epigenetic process involving genome-wide modifications of histones and DNA methylation. This process is often incomplete, which subsequently affects iPSC reprogramming, pluripotency, and differentiation capacity. Here, we review the epigenetic changes with a focus on histone modification (methylation and acetylation) and DNA modification (methylation) during iPSC induction. We look at changes in specific epigenetic signatures, aberrations and epigenetic memory during reprogramming and small molecules influencing the epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells. Finally, we discuss how to improve iPSC generation and pluripotency through epigenetic manipulations.
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30
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Sebban S, Buganim Y. Nuclear Reprogramming by Defined Factors: Quantity Versus Quality. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:65-75. [PMID: 26437595 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and directly converted cells holds great promise in regenerative medicine. However, after in-depth studies of the murine system, we know that the current methodologies to produce these cells are not ideal and mostly yield cells of poor quality that might hold a risk in therapeutic applications. In this review we address the duality found in the literature regarding the use of 'quality' as a criterion for the clinic. We discuss the elements that influence reprogramming quality, and provide evidence that safety and functionality are directly linked to cell quality. Finally, because most of the available data come from murine systems, we speculate about what aspects can be applied to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Sebban
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yosef Buganim
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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31
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Concise Review: Methods and Cell Types Used to Generate Down Syndrome Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Clin Med 2015; 4:696-714. [PMID: 26239351 PMCID: PMC4470162 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21), is the most common viable chromosomal disorder, with an incidence of 1 in 800 live births. Its phenotypic characteristics include intellectual impairment and several other developmental abnormalities, for the majority of which the pathogenetic mechanisms remain unknown. Several models have been used to investigate the mechanisms by which the extra copy of chromosome 21 leads to the DS phenotype. In the last five years, several laboratories have been successful in reprogramming patient cells carrying the trisomy 21 anomaly into induced pluripotent stem cells, i.e., T21-iPSCs. In this review, we summarize the different T21-iPSCs that have been generated with a particular interest in the technical procedures and the somatic cell types used for the reprogramming.
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Abstract
Rapid progress in the field of adult cells reprogramming back into a stem cell-like fate revealed shared mechanisms of action with tumoural reprogramming. A hallmark of stem cells - self-renewal and differentiation potential - seems to be tightly interlaced with large proliferation capacity and cellular plasticity of cancer cells. In this review, we briefly summarise the core transcription factors critical to maintenance of ES cell signature and overexpressed in many types of cancer, as well as signalling pathways involved in both induced pluripotency and oncogenesis, with particular regard to the role of tumour suppressor p53.
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System-wide analysis of the transcriptional network of human myelomonocytic leukemia cells predicts attractor structure and phorbol-ester-induced differentiation and dedifferentiation transitions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8283. [PMID: 25655563 PMCID: PMC4319166 DOI: 10.1038/srep08283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a system-wide transcriptional network structure that controls cell types in the context of expression pattern transitions that correspond to cell type transitions. Co-expression based analyses uncovered a system-wide, ladder-like transcription factor cluster structure composed of nearly 1,600 transcription factors in a human transcriptional network. Computer simulations based on a transcriptional regulatory model deduced from the system-wide, ladder-like transcription factor cluster structure reproduced expression pattern transitions when human THP-1 myelomonocytic leukaemia cells cease proliferation and differentiate under phorbol myristate acetate stimulation. The behaviour of MYC, a reprogramming Yamanaka factor that was suggested to be essential for induced pluripotent stem cells during dedifferentiation, could be interpreted based on the transcriptional regulation predicted by the system-wide, ladder-like transcription factor cluster structure. This study introduces a novel system-wide structure to transcriptional networks that provides new insights into network topology.
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Expression pattern of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and Hes-1 in preneoplastic and neoplastic human oral squamous epithelium: their correlation with c-Myc, clinicopathological factors and prognosis in Oral cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 31:126. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Matos JL, Bergmann DC. Convergence of stem cell behaviors and genetic regulation between animals and plants: insights from the Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal lineage. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:53. [PMID: 25184043 PMCID: PMC4108953 DOI: 10.12703/p6-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plants and animals are two successful, but vastly different, forms of complex multicellular life. In the 1600 million years since they shared a common unicellular ancestor, representatives of these kingdoms have had ample time to devise unique strategies for building and maintaining themselves, yet they have both developed self-renewing stem cell populations. Using the cellular behaviors and the genetic control of stomatal lineage of Arabidopsis as a focal point, we find current data suggests convergence of stem cell regulation at developmental and molecular levels. Comparative studies between evolutionary distant groups, therefore, have the power to reveal the logic behind stem cell behaviors and benefit both human regenerative medicine and plant biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L. Matos
- Department of Biology371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Biology371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305USA
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36
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Roles for MYC in the establishment and maintenance of pluripotency. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a014381. [PMID: 24296349 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
MYC and MYCN have been directly implicated in the transcriptional regulation of several thousand genes in pluripotent stem cells and possibly contribute to the activity of all transcribed genes. Control of transcription by a pause-release mechanism, recruitment of positive and negative epigenetic regulators, and a general role in transcriptional amplification have all been implicated as part of the broad, overarching mechanism by which MYC controls stem cell biology. As would be anticipated from the regulation of so many genes, MYC is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including cell-cycle control, metabolism, signal transduction, self-renewal, maintenance of pluripotency, and control of cell fate decisions. MYC transcription factors also have clear roles in cell reprogramming and establishment of the pluripotent state. The mechanism by which MYC accomplishes this is now being explored and promises to uncover unexpected facets of general MYC regulation that are likely to be applicable to cancer biology. In this work we review our current understanding of how MYC contributes to the maintenance and establishment of pluripotent cells and how it contributes to early embryonic development.
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An improved method for the derivation of high quality iPSCs in the absence of c-Myc. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:3190-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chappell J, Sun Y, Singh A, Dalton S. MYC/MAX control ERK signaling and pluripotency by regulation of dual-specificity phosphatases 2 and 7. Genes Dev 2013; 27:725-33. [PMID: 23592794 DOI: 10.1101/gad.211300.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling is an absolute requirement for the maintenance of murine pluripotent stem cells (mPSCs) and requires the MYC-binding partner MAX. In this study, we define a mechanism for this by showing that MYC/MAX complexes suppress ERK activity by transcriptionally regulating two members of the dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) family. DUSPs function by binding and then inactivating ERK1,2 by dephosphorylating residues required for catalytic activity. MYC/MAX complexes achieve this by binding the promoters of DUSP2 and DUSP7, leading to their transcriptional activation, resulting in the attenuation of ERK activity. In the absence of MYC, ectopic DUSP2,7 expression severely delays differentiation, while loss of DUSP2,7 ectopically activates ERK, resulting in loss of pluripotency. These findings elucidate a novel regulatory role for MYC in PSC maintenance involving the stimulation of phosphatases that directly inhibit the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Moreover, it provides a mechanism for how leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)/STAT3 signaling reaches across to the MAPK/ERK pathway through MYC and MAX to sustain pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chappell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Abstract
PSCs (pluripotent stem cells) possess two key properties that have made them the focus of global research efforts in regenerative medicine: they have unlimited expansion potential under conditions which favour their preservation as PSCs and they have the ability to generate all somatic cell types upon differentiation (pluripotency). Conditions have been defined in vitro in which pluripotency is maintained, or else differentiation is favoured and is directed towards specific somatic cell types. However, an unanswered question is whether or not the core cell cycle machinery directly regulates the pluripotency and differentiation properties of PSCs. If so, then manipulation of the cell cycle may represent an additional tool by which in vitro maintenance or differentiation of PSCs may be controlled in regenerative medicine. The present review aims to summarize our current understanding of links between the core cell cycle machinery and the maintenance of pluripotency in ESCs (embryonic stem cells) and iPSCs (induced PSCs).
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40
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Kramer AS, Harvey AR, Plant GW, Hodgetts SI. Systematic Review of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology as a Potential Clinical Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:571-617. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation therapies aimed at repairing neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) have utilized and tested a variety of cell candidates, each with its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages. The use and popularity of each cell type is guided by a number of factors including the nature of the experimental model, neuroprotection capacity, the ability to promote plasticity and guided axonal growth, and the cells' myelination capability. The promise of stem cells, with their reported ability to give rise to neuronal lineages to replace lost endogenous cells and myelin, integrate into host tissue, restore functional connectivity, and provide trophic support to enhance and direct intrinsic regenerative ability, has been seen as a most encouraging step forward. The advent of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), which represents the ability to “reprogram” somatic cells into a pluripotent state, hails the arrival of a new cell transplantation candidate for potential clinical application in therapies designed to promote repair and/or regeneration of the CNS. Since the initial development of iPSC technology, these cells have been extensively characterized in vitro and in a number of pathological conditions and were originally reported to be equivalent to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). This review highlights emerging evidence that suggests iPSCs are not necessarily indistinguishable from ESCs and may occupy a different “state” of pluripotency with differences in gene expression, methylation patterns, and genomic aberrations, which may reflect incomplete reprogramming and may therefore impact on the regenerative potential of these donor cells in therapies. It also highlights the limitations of current technologies used to generate these cells. Moreover, we provide a systematic review of the state of play with regard to the use of iPSCs in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions. The importance of balancing the promise of this transplantation candidate in the light of these emerging properties is crucial as the potential application in the clinical setting approaches. The first of three sections in this review discusses (A) the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) and how stem cell therapies can positively alter the pathology in experimental SCI. Part B summarizes (i) the available technologies to deliver transgenes to generate iPSCs and (ii) recent data comparing iPSCs to ESCs in terms of characteristics and molecular composition. Lastly, in (C) we evaluate iPSC-based therapies as a candidate to treat SCI on the basis of their neurite induction capability compared to embryonic stem cells and provide a summary of available in vivo data of iPSCs used in SCI and other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Kramer
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Giles W. Plant
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart I. Hodgetts
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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41
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Xu Y, Wei X, Wang M, Zhang R, Fu Y, Xing M, Hua Q, Xie X. Proliferation rate of somatic cells affects reprogramming efficiency. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9767-9778. [PMID: 23439651 PMCID: PMC3617278 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.403881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells provides not only new approaches for cell replacement therapy, but also new ways for drug screening. However, the undefined mechanism and relatively low efficiency of reprogramming have limited the application of iPS cells. In an attempt to further optimize the reprogramming condition, we unexpectedly observed that removing c-Myc from the Oct-4, Sox-2, Klf-4, and c-Myc (OSKM) combination greatly enhanced the generation of iPS cells. The iPS cells generated without c-Myc attained salient pluripotent characteristics and were capable of producing full-term mice through tetraploid complementation. We observed that forced expression of c-Myc induced the expression of many genes involved in cell cycle control and a hyperproliferation state of the mouse embryonic fibroblasts during the early stage of reprogramming. This enhanced proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts correlated negatively to the overall reprogramming efficiency. By applying small molecule inhibitors of cell proliferation at the early stage of reprogramming, we were able to improve the efficiency of iPS cell generation mediated by OSKM. Our data demonstrated that the proliferation rate of the somatic cell plays critical roles in reprogramming. Slowing down the proliferation of the original cells might be beneficial to the induction of iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyu Xu
- Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092; National Center for Drug Screening, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092; National Center for Drug Screening, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Wang
- National Center for Drug Screening, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092.
| | - Yanbin Fu
- Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092; National Center for Drug Screening, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingzhe Xing
- Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092; National Center for Drug Screening, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiuhong Hua
- Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092
| | - Xin Xie
- Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092; National Center for Drug Screening, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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42
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Araki R, Uda M, Hoki Y, Sunayama M, Nakamura M, Ando S, Sugiura M, Ideno H, Shimada A, Nifuji A, Abe M. Negligible immunogenicity of terminally differentiated cells derived from induced pluripotent or embryonic stem cells. Nature 2013; 494:100-4. [PMID: 23302801 DOI: 10.1038/nature11807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advantages of using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) instead of embryonic stem (ES) cells in regenerative medicine centre around circumventing concerns about the ethics of using ES cells and the likelihood of immune rejection of ES-cell-derived tissues. However, partial reprogramming and genetic instabilities in iPSCs could elicit immune responses in transplant recipients even when iPSC-derived differentiated cells are transplanted. iPSCs are first differentiated into specific types of cells in vitro for subsequent transplantation. Although model transplantation experiments have been conducted using various iPSC-derived differentiated tissues and immune rejections have not been observed, careful investigation of the immunogenicity of iPSC-derived tissue is becoming increasingly critical, especially as this has not been the focus of most studies done so far. A recent study reported immunogenicity of iPSC- but not ES-cell-derived teratomas and implicated several causative genes. Nevertheless, some controversy has arisen regarding these findings. Here we examine the immunogenicity of differentiated skin and bone marrow tissues derived from mouse iPSCs. To ensure optimal comparison of iPSCs and ES cells, we established ten integration-free iPSC and seven ES-cell lines using an inbred mouse strain, C57BL/6. We observed no differences in the rate of success of transplantation when skin and bone marrow cells derived from iPSCs were compared with ES-cell-derived tissues. Moreover, we observed limited or no immune responses, including T-cell infiltration, for tissues derived from either iPSCs or ES cells, and no increase in the expression of the immunogenicity-causing Zg16 and Hormad1 genes in regressing skin and teratoma tissues. Our findings suggest limited immunogenicity of transplanted cells differentiated from iPSCs and ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Araki
- Transcriptome Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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43
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Quinn LM, Secombe J, Hime GR. Myc in stem cell behaviour: insights from Drosophila. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 786:269-85. [PMID: 23696362 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6621-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Myc family proteins are key regulators of animal growth and development, which have critical roles in modulating stem cell behaviour. Since the identification of the oncogenic potential of c-Myc in the early 1980s the mammalian Myc family, which is comprised of c-Myc, N-Myc, and L-Myc, has been studied extensively. dMyc, the only Drosophila member of the Myc gene family, is orthologous to the mammalian c-Myc oncoprotein. Here we discuss key studies addressing the function of the Myc family in stem cell behaviour in both Drosophila Models and mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie M Quinn
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
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44
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Varghese S, Whipple R, Martin SS, Alexander HR. Multipotent cancer stem cells derived from human malignant peritoneal mesothelioma promote tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52825. [PMID: 23285196 PMCID: PMC3532216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the progression of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPeM), tumor nodules propagate diffusely within the abdomen and tumors are characterized by distinct phenotypic sub-types. Recent studies in solid organ cancers have shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of tumors. However, it is not known whether tumorigenic stem cells exist and whether they promote tumor growth in MPeM. In this study, we developed and characterized a CSC model for MPeM using stably expandable tumorigenic stem cells derived from patient tumors. We found morphologically distinct populations of CSCs that divide asymmetrically or symmetrically in MPeM in vitro cell culture. The MPeM stem cells (MPeMSCs) express stem cell markers c-MYC, NES and VEGFR2 and in the presence of matrix components cells form colony spheres. MPeMSCs are multipotent, differentiate into neuronal, vascular and adipose progeny upon defined induction and the differentiating cells express lineage-specific markers such as TUBB3, an early neuronal marker; vWF, VEGFA, VEGFC and IL-8, endothelial markers; and PPARγ and FABP4, adipose markers. Xenotransplantation experiments using MPeMSCs demonstrated early tumor growth compared with parental cells. Limiting dilution experiments using MPeMSCs and endothelial lineage-induced cells derived from a single MPeMSC resulted in early tumor growth in the latter group indicating that endothelial differentiation of MPeMSCs is important for MPeM tumor initiation. Our observation that the MPeM tumors contain stem cells with tumorigenic potential has important implications for understanding the cells of origin and tumor progression in MPeM and hence targeting CSCs may be a useful strategy to inhibit malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheelu Varghese
- Division of General and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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45
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Sommer CA, Christodoulou C, Gianotti-Sommer A, Shen SS, Sailaja BS, Hezroni H, Spira A, Meshorer E, Kotton DN, Mostoslavsky G. Residual expression of reprogramming factors affects the transcriptional program and epigenetic signatures of induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51711. [PMID: 23272148 PMCID: PMC3522693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of the transcription factors Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and c-Myc via integrating viral vectors has been widely employed to generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from both normal and disease-specific somatic tissues, providing an invaluable resource for medical research and drug development. Residual reprogramming transgene expression from integrated viruses nevertheless alters the biological properties of iPSCs and has been associated with a reduced developmental competence both in vivo and in vitro. We performed transcriptional profiling of mouse iPSC lines before and after excision of a polycistronic lentiviral reprogramming vector to systematically define the overall impact of persistent transgene expression on the molecular features of iPSCs. We demonstrate that residual expression of the Yamanaka factors prevents iPSCs from acquiring the transcriptional program exhibited by embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and that the expression profiles of iPSCs generated with and without c-Myc are indistinguishable. After vector excision, we find 36% of iPSC clones show normal methylation of the Gtl2 region, an imprinted locus that marks ESC-equivalent iPSC lines. Furthermore, we show that the reprogramming factor Klf4 binds to the promoter region of Gtl2. Regardless of Gtl2 methylation status, we find similar endodermal and hepatocyte differentiation potential comparing syngeneic Gtl2ON vs Gtl2OFF iPSC clones. Our findings provide new insights into the reprogramming process and emphasize the importance of generating iPSCs free of any residual transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A. Sommer
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Constantina Christodoulou
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andreia Gianotti-Sommer
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven S. Shen
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Badi Sri Sailaja
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Hezroni
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avrum Spira
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GM); (DNK)
| | - Gustavo Mostoslavsky
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GM); (DNK)
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Yamaguchi T, Hamanaka S, Kamiya A, Okabe M, Kawarai M, Wakiyama Y, Umino A, Hayama T, Sato H, Lee YS, Kato-Itoh M, Masaki H, Kobayashi T, Yamazaki S, Nakauchi H. Development of an all-in-one inducible lentiviral vector for gene specific analysis of reprogramming. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41007. [PMID: 22815895 PMCID: PMC3399796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fair comparison of reprogramming efficiencies and in vitro differentiation capabilities among induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines has been hampered by the cellular and genetic heterogeneity of de novo infected somatic cells. In order to address this problem, we constructed a single cassette all-in-one inducible lentiviral vector (Ai-LV) for the expression of three reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Klf4 and Sox2). To obtain multiple types of somatic cells having the same genetic background, we generated reprogrammable chimeric mice using iPSCs derived from Ai-LV infected somatic cells. Then, hepatic cells, hematopoietic cells and fibroblasts were isolated at different developmental stages from the chimeric mice, and reprogrammed again to generate 2nd iPSCs. The results revealed that somatic cells, especially fetal hepatoblasts were reprogrammed 1200 times more efficiently than adult hepatocytes with maximum reprogramming efficiency reaching 12.5%. However, we found that forced expression of c-Myc compensated for the reduced reprogramming efficiency in aged somatic cells without affecting cell proliferation. All these findings suggest that the Ai-LV system enables us to generate a panel of iPSC clones derived from various tissues with the same genetic background, and thus provides an invaluable tool for iPSC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (HN)
| | - Sanae Hamanaka
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohito Okabe
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Kawarai
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Wakiyama
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Umino
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonari Hayama
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youn-Su Lee
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Kato-Itoh
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (HN)
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47
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Löhle M, Hermann A, Glass H, Kempe A, Schwarz SC, Kim JB, Poulet C, Ravens U, Schwarz J, Schöler HR, Storch A. Differentiation efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cells depends on the number of reprogramming factors. Stem Cells 2012; 30:570-9. [PMID: 22213586 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by retroviral overexpression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc holds great promise for the development of personalized cell replacement therapies. In an attempt to minimize the risk for chromosomal disruption and to simplify reprogramming, several studies demonstrated that a reduced set of reprogramming factors is sufficient to generate iPSC, albeit at lower efficiency. To elucidate the influence of factor reduction on subsequent differentiation, we compared the efficiency of neuronal differentiation in iPSC generated from postnatal murine neural stem cells with either one (Oct4; iPSC(1F-NSC) ), two (Oct4, Klf4; iPSC(2F-NSC) ), or all four factors (iPSC(4F-NSC) ) with those of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and iPSC produced from fibroblasts with all four factors (iPSC(4F-MEF) ). After 2 weeks of coculture with PA6 stromal cells, neuronal differentiation of iPSC(1F-NSC) and iPSC(2F-NSC) was less efficient compared with iPSC(4F-NSC) and ESC, yielding lower proportions of colonies that stained positive for early and late neuronal markers. Electrophysiological analyses after 4 weeks of differentiation identified functional maturity in neurons differentiated from ESC, iPSC(2F-NSC) , iPSC(4F-NSC) , and iPSC(4F-MEF) but not in those from iPSC(1F-NSC) . Similar results were obtained after hematoendothelial differentiation on OP9 bone marrow stromal cells, where factor-reduced iPSC generated lower proportions of colonies with hematoendothelial progenitors than colonies of ESC, iPSC(4F-NSC) , and iPSC(4F-MEF) . We conclude that a reduction of reprogramming factors does not only reduce reprogramming efficiency but may also worsen subsequent differentiation and hinder future application of iPSC in cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Löhle
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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48
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Kim WY, Snider WD. Functions of GSK-3 Signaling in Development of the Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:44. [PMID: 22125510 PMCID: PMC3221276 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is central to multiple intracellular pathways including those activated by Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch, growth factor/RTK, and G protein-coupled receptor signals. All of these signals importantly contribute to neural development. Early attention on GSK-3 signaling in neural development centered on the regulation of neuronal polarity using in vitro paradigms. However, recent creation of appropriate genetic models has demonstrated the importance of GSK-3 to multiple aspects of neural development including neural progenitor self-renewal, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neural differentiation, and synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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