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Hammad AM, Alhusban AA, Alzaghari LF, Alasmari F, Sari Y. Effect of Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Aspirin Treatment on Neurotransmitters’ Tissue Content in Rats’ Hippocampus and Amygdala. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040515. [PMID: 37110173 PMCID: PMC10145483 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke withdrawal can cause anxiety-like behavior and modulate neurotransmitter-related proteins in the brain. We examined the effects of cigarette smoke with and without aspirin treatment on the concentrations of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, glutamine, and GABA in the amygdala and hippocampus. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four different groups: (1) control group exposed only to standard room air, (2) cigarette smoke exposed group treated with saline vehicle, (3) cigarette smoke exposed group treated with aspirin (30 mg/kg), and (4) control group treated only with aspirin (30 mg/kg). Cigarette smoke exposure was performed for 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 31 days. Behavioral testing was carried out weekly, 24 h after cigarette smoke exposure, during acute withdrawal. At the end of week 4, rats were given either distilled water (1 mL) or aspirin 45 min before cigarette exposure for 11 days. Dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, glutamine, and GABA were extracted from both the amygdala and hippocampus and were separated and quantified using a developed and validated HPLC-MS/MS method. Cigarette smoke withdrawal induced anxiety behaviors, and aspirin treatment reduced this effect. Cigarette smoke exposure increased tissue content of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, glutamine, and GABA, and aspirin treatment reversed this effect. Cigarette smoke caused an increase in tissue content of several neurotransmitters as well as anxiety-like behavior, and these effects were normalized by aspirin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M. Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Ala A. Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Lujain F. Alzaghari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Alhusban AA, Hammad AM, Alzaghari LF, Shallan AI, Shnewer K. Rapid and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of dopamine, GABA, serotonin, glutamine and glutamate in rat brain regions after exposure to tobacco cigarettes. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5513. [PMID: 36129838 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a preventable main cause of fatal diseases. Accurate measurements of the effects it has on neurotransmitters are essential in developing new strategies for smoking cessation. Moreover, measurements of neurotransmitter levels can aid in developing drugs that counteract the effects of smoking. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a fast, simultaneous and sensitive method for measuring the levels of neurotransmitters in rat brain after the exposure of tobacco cigarettes. The selected neurotransmitters include dopamine, GABA, serotonin, glutamine and glutamate. The method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was achieved within 3 min using a Zorbax SB C18 column (3.0 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm particle size). The mobile phase consisted of HPLC-grade water and acetonitrile each containing 0.3% heptafluorobutyric acid and 0.5% formic acid at gradient conditions. The linear range was 0.015-0.07, 825-7,218, 140-520, 63.42-160.75 and 38.25 × 103 to 110.35 × 103 ng/ml for dopamine, GABA, serotonin, glutamine and glutamate, respectively. Inter- and intra-run accuracy were in the range 97.82-103.37% with a precision (CV%) of ≤0.90%. The results revealed that 4 weeks of cigarette exposure significantly increased neurotransmitter levels after exposure to tobacco cigarettes in various brain regions, including the hippocampus and the amygdala. This increase in neurotransmitters levels may in turn activate the nicotine dependence pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala A Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alaa M Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lujain F Alzaghari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Aliaa I Shallan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mesdom P, Colle R, Becquemont L, Chappell K, David DJ, Mendez-David I, Corruble E, Verstuyft C. Tobacco use is associated with low peripheral beta-arrestin 1 levels in major depression: A preliminary report. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 240:109653. [PMID: 36209675 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding mechanisms associated with depressed smokers is a relevant question given that tobacco use disorder with comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) has worse outcomes. The beta-arrestin 1 (ARRB1) pathway is a suggested biomarker for major depressive disorder and is involved in both antidepressant mechanism of action and tobacco addiction. We aimed to assess the association between smoking and peripheral ARRB1 expression in participants who exhibited MDD with current major depressive episode (MDE). BASIC PROCEDURES 61 participants who exhibited MDD with current MDE with a score above 17 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and who were free from antidepressant drug treatment for at least one month before inclusion, were assessed for tobacco use and cigarettes/day. Peripheral ARRB1 expression was assessed by sandwich ELISA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). FINDINGS In participants who exhibited MDD with current MDE, peripheral ARRB1 expression was lower in tobacco users (n = 20, mean (SD) 4.795 (1.04) ng/mg of total protein) compared to non-tobacco users (n = 41, mean (SD) 6.19 (1.56) ng/mg; FDR p-value= 0.0044). Higher daily tobacco consumption was associated with lower peripheral ARRB1 expression (r = -0.314; FDR p-value=0.037). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco consumption should be considered in studies of ARRB1 in participants who exhibit MDD. ARRB1 signaling is a new target of interest with a potential clinical implication for people with MDD and tobacco use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mesdom
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, MOODS team, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Univ Paris Saclay, France
| | - Romain Colle
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, MOODS team, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Univ Paris Saclay, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France
| | - Laurent Becquemont
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, MOODS team, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Univ Paris Saclay, France; Centre de recherche clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France
| | - Kenneth Chappell
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, MOODS team, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Univ Paris Saclay, France
| | - Denis J David
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM, Faculté Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry 92296, France
| | - Indira Mendez-David
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM, Faculté Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry 92296, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, MOODS team, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Univ Paris Saclay, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, MOODS team, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Univ Paris Saclay, France; Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France; Centre de Ressources Biologiques Paris-Saclay, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France.
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Park MB, Kwan Y, Sim B, Lee J. Association between urine cotinine and depressive symptoms in non-smokers: National representative sample in Korea. J Affect Disord 2021; 294:527-532. [PMID: 34330049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is known to have negative effects on mental as well as physical health. However, the association between SHS and mental health problems has not been assessed in non-smokers. To evaluate the association of exposure to tobacco smoke and depressive symptoms, and that of the prevalence of having depressive symptoms and urinary cotinine (UCo) concentrations in non-exposed subjects. METHODS Data was extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Depressive symptoms were determined based on a patient's overall score on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, and SHS exposure was evaluated using self-reported data and UCo concentration. Overall, 13,219 non-smokers, ≥ 19 years were included in the study. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors related to depressive symptoms; independent t-test was conducted to confirm the differences in UCo concentration according to the prevalence of depression. RESULTS Among the non-exposure groups, 2.0% of the males and 5.6% of the females showed depressive symptoms. Lower social-economic status, higher UCo concentration, and SHS exposure increased the prevalence of depressive symptoms. The UCo concentration of females with depressive symptoms was significantly higher than those of females without depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS This study only demonstrated an association between SHS exposure and depression, not the causal effects, because of the cross-sectional study design. CONCLUSION SHS exposure and depressive symptoms are correlated. The association was also confirmed by evaluating the UCo concentration of those who were not exposed to SHS based on self-reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Bae Park
- Department of Gerontology Health and Welfare, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunna Kwan
- Department of psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Boram Sim
- Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA), Wonju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
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Piacentino D, Maraone A, Roselli V, Berardelli I, Biondi M, Kotzalidis GD, Pasquini M. Efficacy of nicotine administration on obsessions and compulsions in OCD: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2020; 19:57. [PMID: 33014119 PMCID: PMC7528475 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-020-00309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary studies have tested nicotine as a novel treatment for OCD patients who respond partially/incompletely or not at all to first and second-line treatment strategies, with the former represented by SSRIs or clomipramine, and the latter by switching to another SSRI, or augmentation with atypical antipsychotics, and/or combination with/switching to cognitive-behavioural therapy. Some studies found nicotine-induced reduction of obsessive thoughts and/or compulsive behaviour in OCD patients. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nicotine administration in OCD patients. METHODS We searched the PubMed, ScienceDirect Scopus, CINHAL, Cochrane, PsycINFO/PsycARTICLES, and EMBASE databases from inception to the present for relevant papers. The 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses' (PRISMA) standards were used. We included all studies focusing on the effects of nicotine administration on OCD patients' obsessions or compulsions. Studies could be open-label, cross-sectional, randomized controlled trials, case series or case reports. RESULTS A total of five studies could be included. Nicotine administration may ameliorate behavioural features and recurrent thoughts of severe, treatment-resistant OCD patients; however, in one study it was not associated with OC symptom improvement or cognitive enhancement across various executive function subdomains. CONCLUSIONS Although encouraging, the initial positive response from the use of nicotine in OCD needs testing in large controlled studies. This, however, raises ethical issues related to nicotine administration, due to its addiction potential, which were not addressed in the limited literature we examined. As an alternative, novel treatments with drugs able to mimic only the positive effects of nicotine could be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Piacentino
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute On Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Annalisa Maraone
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Roselli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Berardelli
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Biondi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D. Kotzalidis
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Pasquini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
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Alasmari F, Crotty Alexander LE, Hammad AM, Bojanowski CM, Moshensky A, Sari Y. Effects of Chronic Inhalation of Electronic Cigarette Vapor Containing Nicotine on Neurotransmitters in the Frontal Cortex and Striatum of C57BL/6 Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:885. [PMID: 31456684 PMCID: PMC6699083 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic (E)-cigarettes are the latest form of nicotine delivery device and are highly popular in the general population. It is currently unknown whether vaping E-cigarettes (E-CIGs) leads to nicotine addiction. Alterations in the levels of the neurotransmitters in the mesocorticolimbic areas have been reported to mediate the initiation and development of nicotine addiction. Therefore, to determine whether E-CIGs activate the same addiction pathways as conventional cigarettes, we investigated for the effects of daily inhalation of nicotine (24 mg/ml)-containing E-CIG vapor for 6 months on the concentrations of these neurotransmitters in the frontal cortex (FC) and striatum (STR) of male C57BL/6 mice as compared to control group that was exposed to air only. We reported here that 6-month E-CIG vapor containing nicotine inhalation decreased dopamine concentration only in the STR. There were no changes in serotonin concentrations in the FC or STR. Chronic E-CIG exposure also increased glutamate concentration in the STR alone, while glutamine concentrations were increased in both the FC and STR. We found that E-CIG exposure also decreased GABA concentration only in the FC. These data suggest that chronic E-CIG use alters homeostasis of several neurotransmitters in the mesocorticolimbic areas, which may result in the development of nicotine dependence in E-CIG users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alaa M Hammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Christine M Bojanowski
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alex Moshensky
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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Derefinko KJ, Salgado García FI, Sumrok DD. Smoking Cessation for Those Pursuing Recovery from Substance Use Disorders. Med Clin North Am 2018; 102:781-796. [PMID: 29933829 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes the literature regarding the similar biopsychosocial mechanisms of tobacco use and alcohol and substance use disorders, and the evidence for and against the provision of tobacco cessation for those in treatment for alcohol and substance use disorders. The practicality of treatment, focusing on methods, timing, and breadth of intervention strategies, are also presented. Common methodologies that may be used across tobacco use and alcohol and substance use disorder to prevent lapse and relapse are discussed. Physicians can and should adhere to the policy that tobacco use is a common and dangerous comorbid condition that demands concomitant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Derefinko
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 North Pauline Street, Suite 305, Memphis, TN 38163-2181, USA.
| | - Francisco I Salgado García
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 North Pauline Street, Suite 305, Memphis, TN 38163-2181, USA
| | - Daniel D Sumrok
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Addiction Medicine, 6401 Popular Avenue, Suite 500, Memphis, TN 38119, USA
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Beard E, Shahab L, Cummings DM, Michie S, West R. New Pharmacological Agents to Aid Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Harm Reduction: What Has Been Investigated, and What Is in the Pipeline? CNS Drugs 2016; 30:951-83. [PMID: 27421270 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of support is available to help smokers to quit and to aid attempts at harm reduction, including three first-line smoking cessation medications: nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline and bupropion. Despite the efficacy of these, there is a continual need to diversify the range of medications so that the needs of tobacco users are met. This paper compares the first-line smoking cessation medications with (1) two variants of these existing products: new galenic formulations of varenicline and novel nicotine delivery devices; and (2) 24 alternative products: cytisine (novel outside Central and Eastern Europe), nortriptyline, other tricyclic antidepressants, electronic cigarettes, clonidine (an anxiolytic), other anxiolytics (e.g. buspirone), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, supplements (e.g. St John's wort), silver acetate, Nicobrevin, modafinil, venlafaxine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), opioid antagonists, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists, glucose tablets, selective cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonists, nicotine vaccines, drugs that affect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission, drugs that affect N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, dopamine agonists (e.g. levodopa), pioglitazone (Actos; OMS405), noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors and the weight management drug lorcaserin. Six 'ESCUSE' criteria-relative efficacy, relative safety, relative cost, relative use (overall impact of effective medication use), relative scope (ability to serve new groups of patients) and relative ease of use-are used. Many of these products are in the early stages of clinical trials; however, cytisine looks most promising in having established efficacy and safety with low cost. Electronic cigarettes have become very popular, appear to be efficacious and are safer than smoking, but issues of continued dependence and possible harms need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Beard
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BP, UK.
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BP, UK.
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BP, UK
| | - Damian M Cummings
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Susan Michie
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BP, UK
| | - Robert West
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BP, UK
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Gigante AF, Defazio G, Niccoli Asabella A, Superbo M, Ferrari C, Liuzzi D, Iliceto G, Livrea P, Rubini G. Smoking in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: preliminary striatal DaT-SPECT findings. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 134:265-70. [PMID: 26659996 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether cigarette smoking interferes with dopaminergic transmission in current- and never-smoking patients with Parkinson's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Striatal [123I]FP-CIT single photon emission computed tomography was performed in 67 patients with Parkinson's disease (35 women and 32 men aging 60.8 ± 10.1 years and staging 1.76 ± 0.5 on the Hoehn and Yahr scale). At study time, there were 13 current-smokers and 54 never-smokers. RESULTS Current-smokers showed a significantly lower putamen/occipital [123I]FP-CIT ratio and a non-significant trend to a lower caudate/occipital [123I]FP-CIT ratio uptake. Current-smokers were also characterized by a lower off UPDRS-III motor score. A logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, Hoehn and Yahr staging, and medication indicated a significant lower [123I]FP-CIT uptake not only in the putamen (odds ratio, 0.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.01 to 0.65; P = 0.02) but also in the caudate (odds ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.71; P = 0.015) as well as a lower UPDRS-III motor score (odds ratio, 0.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 0.99; P = 0.04) in current-smokers. CONCLUSIONS The lower [123I]FP-CIT uptake together with the lower UPDRS-III motor score observed in our current-smokers patients with Parkinson's disease (even taking into account variables that are probably expression of dopaminergic neuron decline and treatment) would support an effect of smoking on dopaminergic synaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Gigante
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs; “Aldo Moro” University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - G. Defazio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs; “Aldo Moro” University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | | | - M. Superbo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs; “Aldo Moro” University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - C. Ferrari
- Nuclear Medicine Unit - D.I.M.; “Aldo Moro” University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - D. Liuzzi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs; “Aldo Moro” University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - G. Iliceto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs; “Aldo Moro” University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - P. Livrea
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs; “Aldo Moro” University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - G. Rubini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit - D.I.M.; “Aldo Moro” University of Bari; Bari Italy
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Protracted treatment with MDMA induces heteromeric nicotinic receptor up-regulation in the rat brain: an autoradiography study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 53:1-8. [PMID: 24614096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) can induce a heteromeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR, mainly of α4β2 subtype) up-regulation. In this study we treated male Sprague-Dawley rats twice-daily for 10 days with either saline or MDMA (7 mg/kg) and sacrificed them the day after to perform [(125)I]Epibatidine binding autoradiograms on serial coronal slices. MDMA induced significant increases in nAChR density in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, anterior caudate-putamen, somatosensory, motor, auditory and retrosplenial cortex, laterodorsal thalamus nuclei, amygdala, postsubiculum and pontine nuclei. These increases ranged from 3% (retrosplenial cortex) to 30 and 34% (amygdala and substantia nigra). No increased α4 subunit immunoreactivity was found in up-regulated areas compared with saline-treated rats, suggesting a post-translational mechanism as occurs with nicotine. The heteromeric nAChR up-regulation in certain areas could account, at least in part, for the reinforcing, sensitizing and psychiatric disorders observed after long-term consumption of MDMA.
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Batsikadze G, Paulus W, Grundey J, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA. Effect of the Nicotinic α4β2-receptor Partial Agonist Varenicline on Non-invasive Brain Stimulation-Induced Neuroplasticity in the Human Motor Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:3249-59. [PMID: 24917274 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine alters cognitive functions in animals and humans most likely by modification of brain plasticity. In the human brain, it alters plasticity induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and paired associative stimulation (PAS), probably by interference with calcium-dependent modulation of the glutamatergic system. We aimed to test this hypothesis further by exploring the impact of the α4β2-nicotinic receptor partial agonist varenicline on focal and non-focal plasticity, induced by PAS and tDCS, respectively. We administered low (0.1 mg), medium (0.3 mg), and high (1.0 mg) single doses of varenicline or placebo medication before PAS or tDCS on the left motor cortex of 25 healthy non-smokers. Corticospinal excitability was monitored by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced motor evoked potential amplitudes up to 36 h after plasticity induction. Whereas low-dose varenicline had no impact on stimulation-induced neuroplasticity, medium-dose abolished tDCS-induced facilitatory after-effects, favoring focal excitatory plasticity. High-dose application preserved cathodal tDCS-induced excitability diminution and focal excitatory PAS-induced facilitatory plasticity. These results are comparable to the impact of nicotine receptor activation and might help to further explain the involvement of specific receptor subtypes in the nicotinic impact on neuroplasticity and cognitive functions in healthy subjects and patients with neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Batsikadze
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jessica Grundey
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Min-Fang Kuo
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
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12
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Knott V, Bisserbe JC, Shah D, Thompson A, Bowers H, Blais C, Ilivitsky V. The moderating influence of nicotine and smoking on resting-state mood and EEG changes in remitted depressed patients during tryptophan depletion. Biol Psychol 2013; 94:545-55. [PMID: 24056129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Comorbidity between depression and tobacco use may reflect self-medication of serotonergically mediated mood dysregulation, which has been associated with aberrant cortical activation and hemispheric asymmetry in patients with major depressive disorders (MDD). This randomized, double-blind study in 28 remitted MDD patients examined the moderating effects of acute nicotine and smoker vs. nonsmoker status on mood and EEG changes accompanying transient reductions in serotonin induced by acute tryptophan depletion (ATD). In smokers, who exhibited greater posterior high alpha power and increased left frontal low alpha power (signs of deactivation) compared to nonsmokers, ATD increased self-ratings of depressed mood and elevated left frontal and right parietal high alpha power (i.e. further cortical deactivation). Smokers were not affected by nicotine administration. In nonsmokers, ATD did not influence depression ratings, but it reduced vigor ratings and increased frontal and posterior theta power; both of which were blocked by acute nicotine. These findings indicate a role for nicotinic receptors in disordered mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verner Knott
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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13
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Yang Z, Seneviratne C, Wang S, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Wang J, Li MD. Serotonin transporter and receptor genes significantly impact nicotine dependence through genetic interactions in both European American and African American smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 129:217-25. [PMID: 23290502 PMCID: PMC3628090 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacologic studies implicate a significant role of genes encoding the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and the 5-HT3AB subunits HTR3A and HTR3B in nicotine dependence (ND). However, whether they are involved in ND remains largely unknown. METHODS Here, we examined the impact of variations in the three genes on ND in 1366 individuals from 402 African American (AA) and 671 individuals from 200 European American (EA) families. The ND of each smoker was assessed with smoking quantity (SQ), heaviness of smoking index (HSI), and Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND). RESULTS Association analysis revealed marginal association of rs10160548 in HTR3A with SQ and HSI in AA, 5-HTTLPR in SLC6A4 with FTND in EA, and rs11606194 in HTR3B with SQ and FTND in the pooled sample. Haplotype-based association analysis revealed a few major haplotypes in HTR3A that were significantly associated with ND in the AA, EA, and pooled samples. However, none of these associations remained significant after correcting for multiple testing except for a haplotype G-C-C-T-A-T formed by SNPs rs1150226, rs1062613, rs33940208, rs1985242, rs2276302, and rs10160548 in HTR3A for the AA sample. Considering biological functions of the three genes, we examined interactive effects of variants in the three genes, which revealed significant interactions among rs1062613 and rs10160548 in HTR3A, rs1176744 in HTR3B, and 5-HTTLPR and rs1042173 in SLC6A4 in affecting ND in the three samples. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SLC6A4, HTR3A and HTR3B play a significant role in ND through genetic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennie Z. Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Payne
- ACT Center for Tobacco Treatment, Education and Research, Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
| | - Ming D. Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Correspondence: Professor Ming D Li, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA. Tel: +1 434 243 0570; Fax: +1 434 973 7031;
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14
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Camfield DA, Scholey AB, Pipingas A, Silberstein RB, Kure C, Zangara A, Kras M, Stough C. The Neurocognitive Effects of Hypericum perforatum
Special Extract (Ze 117) during Smoking Cessation. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1605-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Camfield
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University; Melbourne Australia
| | - A. B. Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University; Melbourne Australia
| | - A. Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University; Melbourne Australia
| | - R. B. Silberstein
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University; Melbourne Australia
| | - C. Kure
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University; Melbourne Australia
| | - A. Zangara
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University; Melbourne Australia
- Soho Flordis International; Sydney Australia
| | - M. Kras
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University; Melbourne Australia
| | - C. Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University; Melbourne Australia
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15
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Schindler AG, Messinger DI, Smith JS, Shankar H, Gustin RM, Schattauer SS, Lemos JC, Chavkin NW, Hagan CE, Neumaier JF, Chavkin C. Stress produces aversion and potentiates cocaine reward by releasing endogenous dynorphins in the ventral striatum to locally stimulate serotonin reuptake. J Neurosci 2012; 32:17582-96. [PMID: 23223282 PMCID: PMC3523715 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3220-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor (KOR) system by repeated stress exposure or agonist treatment produces place aversion, social avoidance, and reinstatement of extinguished cocaine place preference behaviors by stimulation of p38α MAPK, which subsequently causes the translocation of the serotonin transporter (SERT, SLC6A4) to the synaptic terminals of serotonergic neurons. In the present study we extend those findings by showing that stress-induced potentiation of cocaine conditioned place preference occurred by a similar mechanism. In addition, SERT knock-out mice did not show KOR-mediated aversion, and selective reexpression of SERT by lentiviral injection into the dorsal raphe restored the prodepressive effects of KOR activation. Kinetic analysis of several neurotransporters demonstrated that repeated swim stress exposure selectively increased the V(max) but not K(m) of SERT without affecting dopamine transport or the high-capacity, low-affinity transporters. Although the serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe project throughout the forebrain, a significant stress-induced increase in cell-surface SERT expression was only evident in the ventral striatum, and not in the dorsal striatum, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, or dorsal raphe. Stereotaxic microinjections of the long-lasting KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine demonstrated that local KOR activation in the nucleus accumbens, but not dorsal raphe, mediated this stress-induced increase in ventral striatal surface SERT expression. Together, these results support the hypothesis that stress-induced activation of the dynorphin/KOR system produces a transient increase in serotonin transport locally in the ventral striatum that may underlie some of the adverse consequences of stress exposure, including the potentiation of the rewarding effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G. Schindler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
| | - Daniel I. Messinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
| | - Haripriya Shankar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
| | - Richard M. Gustin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
| | - Selena S. Schattauer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
| | - Julia C. Lemos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior and
| | - Nicholas W. Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
| | | | - John F. Neumaier
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior and
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior and
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16
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Danielson K, Truman P, Kivell BM. The effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke on the monoamine transporters. Synapse 2011; 65:866-79. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Bang SJ, Commons KG. Age-dependent effects of initial exposure to nicotine on serotonin neurons. Neuroscience 2011; 179:1-8. [PMID: 21277949 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical vulnerable period during which exposure to nicotine greatly enhances the possibility to develop drug addiction. Growing evidence suggests that serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission may contribute to the initiation and maintenance of addictive behavior. As the dorsal raphe (DR) and median raphe (MnR) nuclei are the primary 5-HT source to the forebrain, the current study tested the hypothesis that there are age-dependent effects of acute nicotine administration on activation of 5-HT neurons within these regions. Both adolescent (Postnatal day 30) and adult (Postnatal day 70) male Sprague-Dawley rats received subcutaneous injection of either saline or nicotine (0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg). Subsequently, the number of 5-HT cells that were double-labeled for Fos and tryptophan hydroxylase was counted in seven subregions within the DR and the entire MnR. The results show that acute nicotine injection induces Fos expression in 5-HT neurons in a region-specific manner. In addition, adolescents show broader regional activations at either a lower (0.2 mg/kg) and a higher (0.8 mg/kg) dose of nicotine, displaying a unique U-shape response curve across doses. In contrast, 5-HT cells with activated Fos expression were restricted to fewer regions in adults, and the patterns of expression were more consistent across doses. The results reveal dose-dependent effects of nicotine during adolescence with apparent sensitization at different ends of the dosage spectrum examined compared to adults. These data indicate that initial exposure to nicotine may have unique effects in adolescence on the ascending 5-HT system, with the potential for consequences on the affective-motivational qualities of the drug and the subsequent propensity for repeated use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Kinney HC. Brainstem mechanisms underlying the sudden infant death syndrome: evidence from human pathologic studies. Dev Psychobiol 2009; 51:223-33. [PMID: 19235901 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The brainstem hypothesis is one of the leading hypotheses concerning the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It states that SIDS, or an important subset of SIDS, is due to abnormal brainstem mechanisms in the control of respiration, chemosensitivity, autonomic regulation, and/or arousal which impairs the infant's response to life-threatening, but often occurring, stressors during sleep (e.g., hypoxia, hypercarbia, asphyxia, hyperthermia) and leads to sudden death in a vulnerable developmental period. In this review, we summarize neuropathologic evidence from SIDS cases that support this hypothesis, beginning with the seminal report of subtle brainstem gliosis three decades ago. We focus upon recent neurochemical studies in our laboratory concerning the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) and its key role in mediating protective responses to homeostatic stressors via medullary circuits. The possible fetal origin of brainstem defects in SIDS is reviewed, including evidence for adverse effects of prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol upon the postnatal development of human brainstem 5-HT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Kinney
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Kinney HC, Richerson GB, Dymecki SM, Darnall RA, Nattie EE. The brainstem and serotonin in the sudden infant death syndrome. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2009; 4:517-50. [PMID: 19400695 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden death of an infant under one year of age that is typically associated with sleep and that remains unexplained after a complete autopsy and death scene investigation. A leading hypothesis about its pathogenesis is that many cases result from defects in brainstem-mediated protective responses to homeostatic stressors occurring during sleep in a critical developmental period. Here we review the evidence for the brainstem hypothesis in SIDS with a focus upon abnormalities related to the neurotransmitter serotonin in the medulla oblongata, as these are the most robust pathologic findings to date. In this context, we synthesize the human autopsy data with genetic, whole-animal, and cellular data concerning the function and development of the medullary serotonergic system. These emerging data suggest an important underlying mechanism in SIDS that may help lead to identification of infants at risk and specific interventions to prevent death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Kinney
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Cellular events in nicotine addiction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:418-31. [PMID: 19560047 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the 25 years since the observation that chronic exposure to nicotine could regulate the number and function of high affinity nicotine binding sites in the brain there has been a major effort to link alterations in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to nicotine-induced behaviors that drive the addiction to tobacco products. Here we review the proposed roles of various nAChR subtypes in the addiction process, with emphasis on how they are regulated by nicotine and the implications for understanding the cellular neurobiology of addiction to this drug.
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21
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Semba J, Wakuta M. Chronic effect of nicotine on serotonin transporter mRNA in the raphe nucleus of rats: reversal by co-administration of bupropion. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 62:435-41. [PMID: 18778441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Epidemiologic studies suggest the existence of a biological link between nicotine withdrawal and depression. To investigate the neuronal mechanisms of the precipitation of depression during smoking cessation, an animal model of nicotine withdrawal was used, and the expression of serotonin transporter (5HTT), abnormality of which is implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, was investigated. The effect of co-administration of bupropion, which has been clinically shown to ameliorate nicotine withdrawal symptoms, was also investigated in this model. METHODS Male Wistar rats were implanted with a minipump s.c., which delivered nicotine at a rate of 6 mg/kg per day for 12 days (days 1-12). Rats given chronic nicotine were killed on day 13, or 2 days after the removal of minipump (withdrawal day 2). In a separate experiment, bupropion (15 or 30 mg/kg per day) was injected into the nicotine infused rats on days 2-12. The expression of mRNA for 5HTT in the dorsal raphe was determined on in situ hybridization. RESULTS Chronic nicotine infusion resulted in the reduction of 5HTT mRNA expression, which lasted through withdrawal day 2. Co-administration of bupropion, however, significantly antagonized this reduction. CONCLUSIONS Chronic nicotine infusion reduces the synthesis of 5HTT protein, which may consequently precipitate depression during nicotine withdrawal, but co-administration of bupropion may ameliorate withdrawal symptoms by counteracting nicotine's effect on 5HTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun'ichi Semba
- Division of Health Sciences, The Open University of Japan, Chiba, Japan.
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22
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Werling LL, Keller A, Frank JG, Nuwayhid SJ. A comparison of the binding profiles of dextromethorphan, memantine, fluoxetine and amitriptyline: Treatment of involuntary emotional expression disorder. Exp Neurol 2007; 207:248-57. [PMID: 17689532 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We compared the binding profiles of medications potentially useful in the treatment of involuntary emotional expression disorder at twenty-six binding sites in rat brain tissue membranes. Sites were chosen based on likelihood of being target sites for the mechanism of action of the agents in treating the disorder or their likelihood in producing side effects experienced by patients treated with psychoactive agents. We used radioligand binding assays employing the most selective labeled ligands available for sites of interest. Concentrations of labeled ligand were used at or below the K(i) value of the ligand for the target site. Compounds were initially screened at 1 muM. For compounds that competed for greater than 20-30% of specific binding at target sites of interest, full concentration curves were constructed. Dextromethorphan, amitriptyline and fluoxetine competed for binding to sigma(1) receptors and to serotonin transporters with high to moderate affinity. Of the target sites tested, these are the most likely to contribute to the therapeutic benefit of the various agents. In addition, all three drugs showed some activity at alpha(2) and 5-HT(1B/D) sites. Of the drugs tested, dextromethorphan bound to the fewest sites unlikely to be target sites. Although the mechanism of action of dextromethorphan or any drug that has been used in the treatment of involuntary emotional expression disorder is currently unknown, our data support that the affinity of the drug for sigma(1) receptors is consistent with its possible action through this receptor type in controlling symptoms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Werling
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Abstract
Serotonin is involved in many of the same processes affected by cannabinoids; therefore, we investigated in vitro and in vivo effects of these drugs on the function of serotonin transporter. The effect of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), endocannabinoid anandamide and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 on platelet serotonin uptake and membrane microviscosity was examined in 19 marijuana smokers and 20 controls. (1) Serotonin uptake was inhibited at higher doses of Delta(9)-THC (IC(50) = 139 micromol/l), anandamide (IC(50) = 201 micromol/l) or WIN 55,212-2 (IC(50) = 17.4 micromol/l); the inhibition was found non-competitive. Delta(9)-THC, anandamide and WIN 55,212-2 produced different effects on the membrane microviscosity. (2) Maximal velocity of platelet serotonin uptake was significantly increased in a group of chronic marijuana smokers suffering impairment of cognitive functions when compared with controls. Opposite effect of marijuana smoking on the serotonin uptake efficiency was observed in males beside females. In summary, this study provides evidence that (1) Activity of serotonin transporter is acutely affected by cannabinoids at relatively high drug concentrations; this effect is indirect and can be partially accounted for the changes in the membrane microviscosity. (2) Increase of maximal velocity of the serotonin uptake could be understood as adaptation change in the serotonergic system induced by chronic cannabis use. A hypothesis was supported that lowered serotonin uptake may reflect a gender-related differences in effects of psychoactive cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Velenovská
- Department of Psychiatry, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Awtry TL, Frank JG, Werling LL. In vitro regulation of serotonin transporter activity by protein kinase A and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the prefrontal cortex of rats. Synapse 2006; 59:342-9. [PMID: 16463401 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of in vitro exposure to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), agonists, antagonists, and protein kinase A (PKA) modulators on the activity of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in prefrontocortical (PFC) synaptosomes. The plasma membrane SERT is an active transport mechanism specific for serotonin. Receptors and second messengers capable of altering transporter activity would be expected to have profound effects on serotonergic neurotransmission and on functions involving serotonergic input, such as cognition, anxiety, and mood. Our data suggest that activation of nAChRs, quite likely via PKA, increase the activity of the SERT in the PFC and, thereby, can alter 5-HT levels in a region important in the behavioral effects of nicotine and 5-HT. Nicotine at 4 microM increased [(3)H]5-HT uptake by 75%. Because the nAChR antagonists mecamylamine and dihydro-beta-erythrodine (DHbetaE) both decreased [(3)H]5-HT uptake into synaptosomes, it appeared that the SERT might be tonically activated by acetylcholine present within our synaptosomal preparations. Blocking PKA significantly decreased [(3)H]5-HT, while stimulation of PKA activity significantly increased the uptake. A 66% decrease compared with control was produced by 100 microM Rp-cAMP, and a 41% increase in 5-HT uptake over control was observed with 30 microM Sp-cAMPs. Furthermore, the enhancement in uptake produced by 4 microM nicotine was inhibited in a time-dependent fashion by preincubation with 10 microM Rp-cAMP. A better understanding of the influence of the cholinergic system and the receptors involved in the trafficking of SERT would help clarify the important relationship between the cholinergic and serotonergic systems and the role these systems play in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Awtry
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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25
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Bertrand D. The possible contribution of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in depression. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2005. [PMID: 16156379 PMCID: PMC3181734 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2005.7.3/dbertrand] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although tobacco use and smoking were introduced long ago, it was only recently that the nicotine contained in the tobacco leaves was recognized as an addictive substance acting on the central nervous system (CNS). However, even prior to this recognition, several studies have reported an association between smoking and psychiatric disorders. One of the many observations was that smoking cessation is accompanied by a marked increase in the probability of major depression. In parallel with the discovery of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their extensive expression in the CNS, this association sheds new light on the influence of cholinergic transmission in depression. In this article, we examine the various modes of action of nicotine in the CNS and discuss the mechanisms by which this alkaloid can prevent or precipitate mood disorders, and the possibility of discovering new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bertrand
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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26
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Kinney HC. Abnormalities of the brainstem serotonergic system in the sudden infant death syndrome: a review. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2005; 8:507-24. [PMID: 16222475 DOI: 10.1007/s10024-005-0067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Kinney
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Enders Building 1112, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Collins SL, Wade D, Ledon J, Izenwasser S. Neurochemical alterations produced by daily nicotine exposure in periadolescent vs. adult male rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 502:75-85. [PMID: 15464092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chronic treatment with nicotine differentially alters behavior in adolescent rats compared to adult rats. It is not known, however, whether the effects of nicotine on the neurochemical pathways with which it interacts differ in adolescents vs. adults. In the current study, the effects of a 7-day treatment with nicotine on nicotinic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurochemistry were examined in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens in periadolescent vs. adult male rats. Nicotine treatment increased dopamine transporter densities and decreased serotonin transporter densities in periadolescent rats. There was no change in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor densities or dopamine D1 or D2 receptor densities in nicotine-pretreated periadolescent rats. In adult rats pretreated with nicotine, there was an increase in nicotinic acetylcholine densities, but no change in dopamine transporter, dopamine D1 or D2 receptor, or serotonin transporter densities. Overall, these findings show that periadolescent rats have neurochemical adaptations to nicotine different from adult rats. These alterations may explain, at least in part, the differential behavioral effects of chronic nicotine in adult and adolescent male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Collins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Avenue, Suite 704A (D-80), Miami, FL 33136, USA
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