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Toll-like Receptor 4, Osteoblasts and Leukemogenesis; the Lesson from Acute Myeloid Leukemia. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030735. [PMID: 35163998 PMCID: PMC8838156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern-recognizing receptor that can bind exogenous and endogenous ligands. It is expressed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, several bone marrow stromal cells, and nonleukemic cells involved in inflammation. TLR4 can bind a wide range of endogenous ligands that are present in the bone marrow microenvironment. Furthermore, the TLR4-expressing nonleukemic bone marrow cells include various mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells, differentiated myeloid cells, and inflammatory/immunocompetent cells. Osteoblasts are important stem cell supporting cells localized to the stem cell niches, and they support the proliferation and survival of primary AML cells. These supporting effects are mediated by the bidirectional crosstalk between AML cells and supportive osteoblasts through the local cytokine network. Finally, TLR4 is also important for the defense against complicating infections in neutropenic patients, and it seems to be involved in the regulation of inflammatory and immunological reactions in patients treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Thus, TLR4 has direct effects on primary AML cells, and it has indirect effects on the leukemic cells through modulation of their supporting neighboring bone marrow stromal cells (i.e., modulation of stem cell niches, regulation of angiogenesis). Furthermore, in allotransplant recipients TLR4 can modulate inflammatory and potentially antileukemic immune reactivity. The use of TLR4 targeting as an antileukemic treatment will therefore depend both on the biology of the AML cells, the biological context of the AML cells, aging effects reflected both in the AML and the stromal cells and the additional antileukemic treatment combined with HSP90 inhibition.
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Dalisson B, Charbonnier B, Aoude A, Gilardino M, Harvey E, Makhoul N, Barralet J. Skeletal regeneration for segmental bone loss: Vascularised grafts, analogues and surrogates. Acta Biomater 2021; 136:37-55. [PMID: 34626818 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Massive segmental bone defects (SBD) are mostly treated by removing the fibula and transplanting it complete with blood supply. While revolutionary 50 years ago, this remains the standard treatment. This review considers different strategies to repair SBD and emerging potential replacements for this highly invasive procedure. Prior to the technical breakthrough of microsurgery, researchers in the 1960s and 1970s had begun to make considerable progress in developing non autologous routes to repairing SBD. While the breaktthrough of vascularised bone transplantation solved the immediate problem of a lack of reliable repair strategies, much of their prior work is still relevant today. We challenge the assumption that mimicry is necessary or likely to be successful and instead point to the utility of quite crude (from a materials technology perspective), approaches. Together there are quite compelling indications that the body can regenerate entire bone segments with few or no exogenous factors. This is important, as there is a limit to how expensive a bone repair can be and still be widely available to all patients since cost restraints within healthcare systems are not likely to diminish in the near future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review is significant because it is a multidisciplinary view of several surgeons and scientists as to what is driving improvement in segmental bone defect repair, why many approaches to date have not succeeded and why some quite basic approaches can be as effective as they are. While there are many reviews of the literature of grafting and bone repair the relative lack of substantial improvement and slow rate of progress in clinical translation is often overlooked and we seek to challenge the reader to consider the issue more broadly.
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Lindner C, PrÖhl A, Abels M, LÖffler T, Batinic M, Jung O, Barbeck M. Specialized Histological and Histomorphometrical Analytical Methods for Biocompatibility Testing of Biomaterials for Maxillofacial Surgery in (Pre-) Clinical Studies. In Vivo 2020; 34:3137-3152. [PMID: 33144417 PMCID: PMC7811667 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both preclinical in vivo experiments and clinical trials are indispensable for analysis of tissue reactions in evaluating the compatibility of biomaterials or medical devices, i.e. the cell types interacting with the material, integration or degradation behavior, implant bed vascularization and immunological response. In particular, both the histological workup (including the processes such as embedding, cutting, histochemical and immunohistochemical staining methods), as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis are crucial steps enabling the final evaluation of biocompatibility. We present a short overview of the most important steps of the different workup and analytical methods used in preclinical and clinical biopsies for both novice and experienced researchers in the field of biomaterial science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ole Jung
- Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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4
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Use of in vitro bone models to screen for altered bone metabolism, osteopathies, and fracture healing: challenges of complex models. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3937-3958. [PMID: 32910238 PMCID: PMC7655582 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approx. every third hospitalized patient in Europe suffers from musculoskeletal injuries or diseases. Up to 20% of these patients need costly surgical revisions after delayed or impaired fracture healing. Reasons for this are the severity of the trauma, individual factors, e.g, the patients’ age, individual lifestyle, chronic diseases, medication, and, over 70 diseases that negatively affect the bone quality. To investigate the various disease constellations and/or develop new treatment strategies, many in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models can be applied. Analyzing these various models more closely, it is obvious that many of them have limits and/or restrictions. Undoubtedly, in vivo models most completely represent the biological situation. Besides possible species-specific differences, ethical concerns may question the use of in vivo models especially for large screening approaches. Challenging whether ex vivo or in vitro bone models can be used as an adequate replacement for such screenings, we here summarize the advantages and challenges of frequently used ex vivo and in vitro bone models to study disturbed bone metabolism and fracture healing. Using own examples, we discuss the common challenge of cell-specific normalization of data obtained from more complex in vitro models as one example of the analytical limits which lower the full potential of these complex model systems.
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Al-Maawi S, Rutkowski JL, Sader R, Kirkpatrick CJ, Ghanaati S. The Biomaterial-Induced Cellular Reaction Allows a Novel Classification System Regardless of the Biomaterials Origin. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2020; 46:190-207. [PMID: 32068853 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several different biomaterials are being introduced for clinical applications. However, no current material-specific systematic studies define parameters for evaluating these materials. The aim of this retrospective animal study is to classify biomaterials according to the in vivo induced cellular reaction and outline the clinical consequence of the biomaterial-specific cellular reaction for the regeneration process. A retrospective histologic analysis was performed for 13 polymeric biomaterials and 19 bone substitute materials (BSMs) (of various compositions and origins) that were previously implanted in a standardized subcutaneous model. Semiquantitative analyses were performed at days 3, 15, and 30 after implantation according to a standardized score for the induction of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) and vascularization rate. The induced cellular reaction in response to different polymeric materials allowed their classification according to the MNGC score in the following groups: class I induced no MNGCs at any time point, class II induced and maintained a constant number of MNGCs over 30 days, and class III induced MNGCs and provided an increasing number over 30 days. All BSMs induced MNGCs to varying extents. Therefore, the resultant BSM classifications are as follows: class I induced MNGCs with a decreasing number, class II induced and maintained constant MNGCs over 30 days, and class III induced MNGCs with increasing number over 30 days. These observations were mostly related to the biomaterial physicochemical properties and were independent of the biomaterial origin. Consequently, the induction of MNGCs and their increase over 30 days resulted in disintegration of the biomaterial. By contrast, the absence of MNGCs resulted in an integration of the biomaterial within the host tissue. This novel classification provides clinicians a tool to assess the capacity and suitability of biomaterials in the intended clinical indication for bone and soft tissue implantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Maawi
- FORM-Lab, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James L Rutkowski
- Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Robert Sader
- FORM-Lab, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C James Kirkpatrick
- FORM-Lab, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- FORM-Lab, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Tanneberger AM, Al-Maawi S, Herrera-Vizcaíno C, Orlowska A, Kubesch A, Sader R, Kirkpatrick CJ, Ghanaati S. Multinucleated giant cells within the in vivo implantation bed of a collagen-based biomaterial determine its degradation pattern. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:859-873. [PMID: 32514904 PMCID: PMC7878236 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the present study was to characterize the cellular reaction to a xenogeneic resorbable collagen membrane of porcine origin using a subcutaneous implantation model in Wistar rats over 30 days. Materials and methods Ex vivo, liquid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a leukocyte and platelet-rich cell suspension, was used to evaluate the blood cell membrane interaction. The material was implanted subcutaneously in rats. Sham-operated rats without biomaterial displayed physiological wound healing (control group). Histological, immunohistological, and histomorphometric analyses were focused on the inflammatory pattern, vascularization rate, and degradation pattern. Results The membrane induced a large number of mononuclear cells over the observation period, including lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. After 15 days, multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) were observed on the biomaterial surface. Their number increased significantly, and they proceeded to the center of the biomaterial on day 30. These cells highly expressed CD-68, calcitonin receptor, and MMP-9, but not TRAP or integrin-ß3. Thus, the membrane lost its integrity and underwent disintegration as a consequence of the induction of MNGCs. The significant increase in MNGC number correlated with a high rate of vascularization, which was significantly higher than the control group. Physiological wound healing in the control group did not induce any MNGCs at any time point. Ex vivo blood cells from liquid-PRF did not penetrate the membrane. Conclusion The present study suggests a potential role for MNGCs in biomaterial degradation and questions whether it is beneficial to accept them in clinically approved biomaterials or focus on biomaterials that induce only mononuclear cells. Thus, further studies are necessary to identify the function of biomaterial-induced MNGCs. Clinical relevance Understanding the cellular reaction to biomaterials is essential to assess their suitability for specific clinical indications and outline the potential benefit of specific group of biomaterials in the respective clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Tanneberger
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Lab, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Al-Maawi
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Lab, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carlos Herrera-Vizcaíno
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Lab, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Orlowska
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Lab, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alica Kubesch
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Lab, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Sader
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Lab, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C J Kirkpatrick
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Lab, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Lab, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Sawyer SW, Zhang K, Horton JA, Soman P. Perfusion-based co-culture model system for bone tissue engineering. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2020; 7:91-105. [PMID: 33163623 PMCID: PMC7643915 DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report on a perfusion-based co-culture system that could be used for bone tissue engineering applications. The model system is created using a combination of Primary Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells encapsulated within a Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA)-collagen hydrogel blend contained within 3D printed, perfusable constructs. The constructs contain dual channels, within a custom-built bioreactor, that were perfused with osteogenic media for up to two weeks in order to induce mineral deposition. Mineral deposition in constructs containing only HUVECs, only Saos-2 cells, or a combination thereof was quantified by microCT to determine if the combination of endothelial cells and bone-like cells increased mineral deposition. Histological and fluorescent staining was used to verify mineral deposition and cellular function both along and between the perfused channels. While there was not a quantifiable difference in the amount of mineral deposited in Saos-2 only versus Saos-2 plus HUVEC samples, the location of the deposited mineral differed dramatically between the groups and indicated that the addition of HUVECs within the GelMA matrix allowed Saos-2 cells, in diffusion limited regions of the construct, to deposit bone mineral. This work serves as a model on how to create perfusable bone tissue engineering constructs using a combination of 3D printing and cellular co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W. Sawyer
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kairui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jason A. Horton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Pranav Soman
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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8
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Ghanaati S, Al-Maawi S, Herrera-Vizcaino C, Alves GG, Calasans-Maia MD, Sader R, Kirkpatrick CJ, Choukroun J, Bonig H, Mourão CFDAB. A Proof of the Low Speed Centrifugation Concept in Rodents: New Perspectives for In Vivo Research. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 24:659-670. [PMID: 30358494 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This study evaluated for the first time the composition and bioactivity of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) produced from small animal blood by reducing the initial blood volume needed for the preparation of PRF from 10 to 3 mL. The results showed that different preparation protocols of PRF produced using 3 mL of animal blood exhibit the same composition, properties, and bioactivity as PRF prepared using 10 mL human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Ghanaati
- 1 FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Al-Maawi
- 1 FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Carlos Herrera-Vizcaino
- 1 FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Gutemberg Gomes Alves
- 2 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University , Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Robert Sader
- 1 FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - C James Kirkpatrick
- 1 FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | | | - Halvard Bonig
- 5 Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University , and German Red Cross Blood Service BaWüHe, Institute Frankfurt, Germany
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Sarker MD, Naghieh S, Sharma NK, Ning L, Chen X. Bioprinting of Vascularized Tissue Scaffolds: Influence of Biopolymer, Cells, Growth Factors, and Gene Delivery. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2019; 2019:9156921. [PMID: 31065331 PMCID: PMC6466897 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9156921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, tissue regeneration with scaffolds has achieved significant progress that would eventually be able to solve the worldwide crisis of tissue and organ regeneration. While the recent advancement in additive manufacturing technique has facilitated the biofabrication of scaffolds mimicking the host tissue, thick tissue regeneration remains challenging to date due to the growing complexity of interconnected, stable, and functional vascular network within the scaffold. Since the biological performance of scaffolds affects the blood vessel regeneration process, perfect selection and manipulation of biological factors (i.e., biopolymers, cells, growth factors, and gene delivery) are required to grow capillary and macro blood vessels. Therefore, in this study, a brief review has been presented regarding the recent progress in vasculature formation using single, dual, or multiple biological factors. Besides, a number of ways have been presented to incorporate these factors into scaffolds. The merits and shortcomings associated with the application of each factor have been highlighted, and future research direction has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Sarker
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Saman Naghieh
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - N. K. Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Liqun Ning
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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10
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Wang K, Lin RZ, Melero-Martin JM. Bioengineering human vascular networks: trends and directions in endothelial and perivascular cell sources. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:421-439. [PMID: 30315324 PMCID: PMC6349493 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering holds great promise in regenerative medicine. However, the field of tissue engineering faces a myriad of difficulties. A major challenge is the necessity to integrate vascular networks into bioengineered constructs to enable physiological functions including adequate oxygenation, nutrient delivery, and removal of waste products. The last two decades have seen remarkable progress in our collective effort to bioengineer human-specific vascular networks. Studies have included both in vitro and in vivo investigations, and multiple methodologies have found varying degrees of success. What most approaches to bioengineer human vascular networks have in common, however, is the synergistic use of both (1) endothelial cells (ECs)-the cells used to line the lumen of the vascular structures and (2) perivascular cells-usually used to support EC function and provide perivascular stability to the networks. Here, we have highlighted trends in the use of various cellular sources over the last two decades of vascular network bioengineering research. To this end, we comprehensively reviewed all life science and biomedical publications available at the MEDLINE database up to 2018. Emphasis was put on selective studies that definitively used human ECs and were specifically related to bioengineering vascular networks. To facilitate this analysis, all papers were stratified by publication year and then analyzed according to their use of EC and perivascular cell types. This study provides an illustrating discussion on how each alternative source of cells has come to be used in the field. Our intention was to reveal trends and to provide new insights into the trajectory of vascular network bioengineering with regard to cellular sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ruei-Zeng Lin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Juan M Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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11
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Sweeney M, Foldes G. It Takes Two: Endothelial-Perivascular Cell Cross-Talk in Vascular Development and Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:154. [PMID: 30425990 PMCID: PMC6218412 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels is a crucial step in the development of any new tissue both during embryogenesis and in vitro models as without sufficient perfusion the tissue will be unable to grow beyond the size where nutrition and oxygenation can be managed by diffusion alone. Endothelial cells are the primary building block of blood vessels and are capable of forming tube like structures independently however they are unable to independently form functional vasculature which is capable of conducting blood flow. This requires support from other structures including supporting perivascular cells and the extracellular matrix. The crosstalk between endothelial cells and perivascular cells is vital in regulating vasculogenesis and angiogenesis and the consequences when this is disrupted can be seen in a variety of congenital and acquired disease states. This review details the mechanisms of vasculogenesis in vivo during embryogenesis and compares this to currently employed in vitro techniques. It also highlights clinical consequences of defects in the endothelial cell-pericyte cross-talk and highlights therapies which are being developed to target this pathway. Improving the understanding of the intricacies of endothelial-pericyte signaling will inform pathophysiology of multiple vascular diseases and allow the development of effective in vitro models to guide drug development and assist with approaches in tissue engineering to develop functional vasculature for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sweeney
- Cardiovascular Division, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabor Foldes
- Cardiovascular Division, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Roux BM, Akar B, Zhou W, Stojkova K, Barrera B, Brankov J, Brey EM. Preformed Vascular Networks Survive and Enhance Vascularization in Critical Sized Cranial Defects. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1603-1615. [PMID: 30019616 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular networks provide nutrients, oxygen, and progenitor cells that are essential for bone function. It has been proposed that a preformed vascular network may enhance the performance of engineered bone. In this study vascular networks were generated from human umbilical vein endothelial cell and mesenchymal stem cell spheroids encapsulated in fibrin scaffolds, and the stability of preformed vascular networks and their effect on bone regeneration were assessed in an in vivo bone model. Under optimized culture conditions, extensive vessel-like networks formed throughout the scaffolds in vitro. After vascular network formation, the vascularized scaffolds were implanted in a critical sized calvarial defect in nude rats. Immunohistochemical staining for CD31 showed that the preformed vascular networks survived and anastomosed with host tissue within 1 week of implantation. The prevascularized scaffolds enhanced overall vascularization after 1 and 4 weeks. Early bone formation around the perimeter of the defect area was visible in X-ray images of samples after 4 weeks. Prevascularized scaffolds may be a promising strategy for engineering vascularized bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Roux
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Research Service, Edward Hines, Jr. V.A. Hospital , Hines, Illinois
| | - Banu Akar
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Research Service, Edward Hines, Jr. V.A. Hospital , Hines, Illinois
| | - Wei Zhou
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katerina Stojkova
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Beatriz Barrera
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jovan Brankov
- 4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eric M Brey
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,5 Research Service, Audie L. Murphy Memorial V.A. Hospital , San Antonio, Texas
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13
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Marrella A, Lee TY, Lee DH, Karuthedom S, Syla D, Chawla A, Khademhosseini A, Jang HL. Engineering vascularized and innervated bone biomaterials for improved skeletal tissue regeneration. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2018; 21:362-376. [PMID: 30100812 PMCID: PMC6082025 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels and nerve fibers are distributed throughout the entirety of skeletal tissue, and play important roles during bone development and fracture healing by supplying oxygen, nutrients, and cells. However, despite the successful development of bone mimetic materials that can replace damaged bone from a structural point of view, most of the available bone biomaterials often do not induce sufficient formation of blood vessels and nerves. In part, this is due to the difficulty of integrating and regulating multiple tissue types within artificial materials, which causes a gap between native skeletal tissue. Therefore, understanding the anatomy and underlying interaction mechanisms of blood vessels and nerve fibers in skeletal tissue is important to develop biomaterials that can recapitulate its complex microenvironment. In this perspective, we highlight the structure and osteogenic functions of the vascular and nervous system in bone, in a coupled manner. In addition, we discuss important design criteria for engineering vascularized, innervated, and neurovascularized bone implant materials, as well as recent advances in the development of such biomaterials. We expect that bone implant materials with neurovascularized networks can more accurately mimic native skeletal tissue and improve the regeneration of bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marrella
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. USA
| | - Tae Yong Lee
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. USA
| | - Sobha Karuthedom
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. USA
| | - Denata Syla
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. USA
| | - Aditya Chawla
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hae Lin Jang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Kubesch A, Barbeck M, Al-Maawi S, Orlowska A, Booms PF, Sader RA, Miron RJ, Kirkpatrick C, Choukroun J, Ghanaati S. A low-speed centrifugation concept leads to cell accumulation and vascularization of solid platelet-rich fibrin: an experimental study in vivo. Platelets 2018; 30:329-340. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1445835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alica Kubesch
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) -Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mike Barbeck
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) -Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Al-Maawi
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) -Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Orlowska
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) -Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick F. Booms
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) -Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert A. Sader
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) -Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard J. Miron
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Charles.J. Kirkpatrick
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) -Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joseph Choukroun
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) -Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Private practice, Pain Therapy Center, Nice, France
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) -Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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15
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Abarrategi A, Mian SA, Passaro D, Rouault-Pierre K, Grey W, Bonnet D. Modeling the human bone marrow niche in mice: From host bone marrow engraftment to bioengineering approaches. J Exp Med 2018; 215:729-743. [PMID: 29453226 PMCID: PMC5839768 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of patient-derived samples in mouse models has been instrumental in depicting the role of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the establishment as well as progression of hematological malignancies. The foundations for this field of research have been based on the development of immunodeficient mouse models, which provide normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells with a supportive microenvironment. Immunosuppressed and genetically modified mice expressing human growth factors were key milestones in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, highlighting the importance of developing humanized microenvironments. The latest major improvement has been the use of human bone marrow (BM) niche-forming cells to generate human-mouse chimeric BM tissues in PDXs, which can shed light on the interactions between human stroma and hematopoietic cells. Here, we summarize the methods used for human hematopoietic cell xenotransplantation and their milestones and review the latest approaches in generating humanized BM tissues in mice to study human normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Abarrategi
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Syed A Mian
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, England, UK
| | - Diana Passaro
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Kevin Rouault-Pierre
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - William Grey
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
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16
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Jackman CP, Ganapathi AM, Asfour H, Qian Y, Allen BW, Li Y, Bursac N. Engineered cardiac tissue patch maintains structural and electrical properties after epicardial implantation. Biomaterials 2018; 159:48-58. [PMID: 29309993 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional cardiac tissue engineering holds promise as a candidate therapy for myocardial infarction and heart failure. Generation of "strong-contracting and fast-conducting" cardiac tissue patches capable of electromechanical coupling with host myocardium could allow efficient improvement of heart function without increased arrhythmogenic risks. Towards that goal, we engineered highly functional 1 cm × 1 cm cardiac tissue patches made of neonatal rat ventricular cells which after 2 weeks of culture exhibited force of contraction of 18.0 ± 1.4 mN, conduction velocity (CV) of 32.3 ± 1.8 cm/s, and sustained chronic activation when paced at rates as high as 8.7 ± 0.8 Hz. Patches transduced with genetically-encoded calcium indicator (GCaMP6) were implanted onto adult rat ventricles and after 4-6 weeks assessed for action potential conduction and electrical integration by two-camera optical mapping of GCaMP6-reported Ca2+ transients in the patch and RH237-reported action potentials in the recipient heart. Of the 13 implanted patches, 11 (85%) engrafted, maintained structural integrity, and conducted action potentials with average CVs and Ca2+ transient durations comparable to those before implantation. Despite preserved graft electrical properties, no anterograde or retrograde conduction could be induced between the patch and host cardiomyocytes, indicating lack of electrical integration. Electrical properties of the underlying myocardium were not changed by the engrafted patch. From immunostaining analyses, implanted patches were highly vascularized and expressed abundant electromechanical junctions, but remained separated from the epicardium by a non-myocyte layer. In summary, our studies demonstrate generation of highly functional cardiac tissue patches that can robustly engraft on the epicardial surface, vascularize, and maintain electrical function, but do not couple with host tissue. The lack of graft-host electrical integration is therefore a critical obstacle to development of efficient tissue engineering therapies for heart repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asvin M Ganapathi
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of General Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Huda Asfour
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ying Qian
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian W Allen
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yanzhen Li
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, USA.
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17
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Clegg JR, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA. Vision for Functionally Decorated and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Regenerative Engineering. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 3:166-175. [PMID: 30906848 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-017-0028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of regenerative engineering offers a great challenge and an even greater opportunity for materials scientists and engineers. How can we develop materials that are highly porous to permit cellular infiltration, yet possess sufficient mechanical integrity to mimic native tissues? How can we retain and deliver bioactive molecules to drive cell organization, proliferation, and differentiation in a predictable manner? In the following perspective, we highlight recent studies that have demonstrated the vital importance of each of these questions, as well as many others pertaining to scaffold development. We posit hybrid materials synthesized by molecular decoration and molecular imprinting as intelligent biomaterials for regenerative engineering applications. These materials have potential to present cell adhesion molecules and soluble growth factors with fine-tuned spatial and temporal control, in response to both cell-driven and external triggers. Future studies in this area will address a pertinent clinical need, expand the existing repertoire of medical materials, and improve the field's understanding of how cells and materials respond to one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Clegg
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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18
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Kook YM, Jeong Y, Lee K, Koh WG. Design of biomimetic cellular scaffolds for co-culture system and their application. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417724640. [PMID: 29081966 PMCID: PMC5564857 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417724640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of most natural tissues comprises various types of cells, including fibroblasts, stem cells, and endothelial cells, which communicate with each other directly or indirectly to regulate matrix production and cell functionality. To engineer multicellular interactions in vitro, co-culture systems have achieved tremendous success achieving a more realistic microenvironment of in vivo metabolism than monoculture system in the past several decades. Recently, the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have primarily focused on three-dimensional co-culture systems using cellular scaffolds, because of their physical and biological relevance to the extracellular matrix of actual tissues. This review discusses several materials and methods to create co-culture systems, including hydrogels, electrospun fibers, microfluidic devices, and patterning for biomimetic co-culture system and their applications for specific tissue regeneration. Consequently, we believe that culture systems with appropriate physical and biochemical properties should be developed, and direct or indirect cell-cell interactions in the remodeled tissue must be considered to obtain an optimal tissue-specific microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Min Kook
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong
- Program in Nanoscience and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kangwon Lee
- Program in Nanoscience and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Freeman FE, McNamara LM. Endochondral Priming: A Developmental Engineering Strategy for Bone Tissue Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:128-141. [PMID: 27758156 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have significant potential to treat bone pathologies by exploiting the capacity for bone progenitors to grow and produce tissue constituents under specific biochemical and physical conditions. However, conventional tissue engineering approaches, which combine stem cells with biomaterial scaffolds, are limited as the constructs often degrade, due to a lack of vascularization, and lack the mechanical integrity to fulfill load bearing functions, and as such are not yet widely used for clinical treatment of large bone defects. Recent studies have proposed that in vitro tissue engineering approaches should strive to simulate in vivo bone developmental processes and, thereby, imitate natural factors governing cell differentiation and matrix production, following the paradigm recently defined as "developmental engineering." Although developmental engineering strategies have been recently developed that mimic specific aspects of the endochondral ossification bone formation process, these findings are not widely understood. Moreover, a critical comparison of these approaches to standard biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering has not yet been undertaken. For that reason, this article presents noteworthy experimental findings from researchers focusing on developing an endochondral-based developmental engineering strategy for bone tissue regeneration. These studies have established that in vitro approaches, which mimic certain aspects of the endochondral ossification process, namely the formation of the cartilage template and the vascularization of the cartilage template, can promote mineralization and vascularization to a certain extent both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, this article outlines specific experimental challenges that must be overcome to further exploit the biology of endochondral ossification and provide a tissue engineering construct for clinical treatment of large bone/nonunion defects and obviate the need for bone tissue graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
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20
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Shi Y, Wang F, Tiwari S, Yesilbas M, Steubesand N, Weitkamp JT, Klüter T, Lippross S, Eglin D, Seekamp A, Fuchs S. Role of myeloid early endothelial progenitor cells in bone formation and osteoclast differentiation in tissue construct based on hydroxyapatite poly(ester-urethane) scaffolds. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1922-1932. [PMID: 26945676 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of a vascularized bone construct is a highly challenging task which needs to take into account the impact of different components on the bone regeneration process. Bone repair influencing factors in such constructs range from the material properties and scaffold design, to the interaction of different cell types contributing to bone formation and remodeling or neovascularization, respectively. In this context, early endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood, express the endothelial marker CD31 but also a series of myeloid markers and have been shown to support the formation of vessel-like structures. These cells are also characterized by a highly adaptable phenotype influenced by other cells creating an instructive niche. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of EPC on bone formation or remodeling using a co-culture system of outgrowth endothelial cells, mature endothelial cells isolated from the peripheral blood cell cultures, and mesenchymal stem cells grown on hydroxyapatite poly(ester-urethane) scaffolds. The formation of vessel-like structures in these constructs was shown by CLSM and immunohistochemistry and further evaluated by real time RT-PCR. Osteogenic differentiation in these constructs was investigated by von Kossa, Alizarin Red, and real time PCR. Data indicated that osteogenic differentiation occurred within the constructs after 14 days of culture but without a direct influence by EPC in this process. Finally, although we observed a series of osteoclast related makers in the constructs when EPC were included, no indications for an increased osteoclast-like activity, which might lead to increased bone resorption, were observed. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1922-1932, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fanlu Wang
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sanjay Tiwari
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOINCC), Kiel, Germany
| | - Meran Yesilbas
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nadine Steubesand
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Tobias Weitkamp
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Klüter
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lippross
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - David Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Seekamp
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Fuchs
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Cai DX, Quan Y, He PJ, Tan HB, Xu YQ. Dynamic Perfusion Culture of Human Outgrowth Endothelial Progenitor Cells on Demineralized Bone Matrix In Vitro. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4037-4045. [PMID: 27789903 PMCID: PMC5098931 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the proliferation, differentiation, and tube formation of human outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells (OECs) cultured with porous demineralized bone matrix (DBM) under a dynamic perfusion system in vitro. Material/Methods OECs were isolated, expanded, characterized, eGFP-transfected and seeded on DBM scaffold and cultured under static or dynamic perfusion conditions, and continuously observed under fluorescence microscope. DBM scaffolds were harvested on day six for RT-PCR and western blot assay to analyze the mRNA and protein expression level of CD34, VE-cadherin, and VEGF. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the tube formation of OECs seeded on DBM scaffolds. Results The results showed the cell density of OECs on DBM was higher when exposed to shear stress generated by a dynamic perfusion system. Shear stress also markedly increased the expression level of VE-cadherin and VEGF and decreased the expression of CD34, at both mRNA and protein levels. SEM showed that the shear-stressed OECs formed tube-like structures inside the pores of DBM scaffolds. Conclusions A dynamic perfusion system can be used as an innovative method for the rapid vascularization in tissue engineering, which can accelerate the proliferation and differentiation of OECs and the vascularization of implanted scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Xin Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China (mainland)
| | - Yue Quan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Peng-Ju He
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, China (mainland)
| | - Hong-Bo Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, China (mainland)
| | - Yong-Qing Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, China (mainland)
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22
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Freeman FE, Stevens HY, Owens P, Guldberg RE, McNamara LM. Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Mimicking the Cellular Niche of the Endochondral Template. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:1176-1190. [PMID: 27604384 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro bone regeneration strategies that prime mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with chondrogenic factors, to mimic aspects of the endochondral ossification process, have been shown to promote mineralization and vascularization by MSCs both in vitro and when implanted in vivo. However, these approaches required the use of osteogenic supplements, namely dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and β-glycerophosphate, none of which are endogenous mediators of bone formation in vivo. Rather MSCs, endothelial progenitor cells, and chondrocytes all reside in proximity within the cartilage template and might paracrineally regulate osteogenic differentiation. Thus, this study tests the hypothesis that an in vitro bone regeneration approach that mimics the cellular niche existing during endochondral ossification, through coculture of MSCs, endothelial cells, and chondrocytes, will obviate the need for extraneous osteogenic supplements and provide an alternative strategy to elicit osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and mineral production. The specific objectives of this study were to (1) mimic the cellular niche existing during endochondral ossification and (2) investigate whether osteogenic differentiation could be induced without the use of any external growth factors. To test the hypothesis, we evaluated the mineralization and vessel formation potential of (a) a novel methodology involving both chondrogenic priming and the coculture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and MSCs compared with (b) chondrogenic priming of MSCs alone, (c) addition of HUVECs to chondrogenically primed MSC aggregates, (d-f) the same experimental groups cultured in the presence of osteogenic supplements and (g) a noncoculture group cultured in the presence of osteogenic growth factors alone. Biochemical (DNA, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], calcium, CD31+, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]), histological (alcian blue, alizarin red), and immunohistological (CD31+) analyses were conducted to investigate osteogenic differentiation and vascularization at various time points (1, 2, and 3 weeks). The coculture methodology enhanced both osteogenesis and vasculogenesis compared with osteogenic differentiation alone, whereas osteogenic supplements inhibited the osteogenesis and vascularization (ALP, calcium, and VEGF) induced through coculture alone. Taken together, these results suggest that chondrogenic and vascular priming can obviate the need for osteogenic supplements to induce osteogenesis of human MSCs in vitro, while allowing for the formation of rudimentary vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- 1 Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Hazel Y Stevens
- 2 George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter Owens
- 3 Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland , Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- 2 George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- 1 Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
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23
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Riemenschneider SB, Mattia DJ, Wendel JS, Schaefer JA, Ye L, Guzman PA, Tranquillo RT. Inosculation and perfusion of pre-vascularized tissue patches containing aligned human microvessels after myocardial infarction. Biomaterials 2016; 97:51-61. [PMID: 27162074 PMCID: PMC4891978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of tissue engineering is the creation of pre-vascularized tissues that have a high density of organized microvessels that can be rapidly perfused following implantation. This is especially critical for highly metabolic tissues like myocardium, where a thick myocardial engineered tissue would require rapid perfusion within the first several days to survive transplantation. In the present work, tissue patches containing human microvessels that were either randomly oriented or aligned were placed acutely on rat hearts post-infarction and for each case it was determined whether rapid inosculation could occur and perfusion of the patch could be maintained for 6 days in an infarct environment. Patches containing self-assembled microvessels were formed by co-entrapment of human blood outgrowth endothelial cells and human pericytes in fibrin gel. Cell-induced gel contraction was mechanically-constrained resulting in samples with high densities of microvessels that were either randomly oriented (with 420 ± 140 lumens/mm(2)) or uniaxially aligned (with 940 ± 240 lumens/mm(2)) at the time of implantation. These patches were sutured onto the epicardial surface of the hearts of athymic rats following permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery. In both aligned and randomly oriented microvessel patches, inosculation occurred and perfusion of the transplanted human microvessels was maintained, proving the in vivo vascularization potential of these engineered tissues. No difference was found in the number of human microvessels that were perfused in the randomly oriented (111 ± 75 perfused lumens/mm(2)) and aligned (173 ± 97 perfused lumens/mm(2)) patches. Our results demonstrate that tissue patches containing a high density of either aligned or randomly oriented human pre-formed microvessels achieve rapid perfusion in the myocardial infarct environment - a necessary first-step toward the creation of a thick, perfusable heart patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja B Riemenschneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Donald J Mattia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Wendel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeremy A Schaefer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pilar A Guzman
- Integrative Biology and Physiology Phenotyping Core, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert T Tranquillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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24
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Barbeck M, Unger RE, Booms P, Dohle E, Sader RA, Kirkpatrick CJ, Ghanaati S. Monocyte preseeding leads to an increased implant bed vascularization of biphasic calcium phosphate bone substitutes via vessel maturation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2928-2935. [PMID: 27419378 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzes the influence of the addition of monocytes to a biphasic bone substitute with two granule sizes (400-700 μm and 500-1000 μm). The majority of the added monocytes was detectable as mononuclear cells, while also low amounts of (chimeric) multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) were found. No increase in the total number of MNGCs was established, but a significantly increased percent vascularization. Altogether, the results show that the added monocytes become involved in the tissue response to a biomaterial without marked changes in the overall reaction. Monocyte addition enables an increased implant bed vascularization especially via induction of vessel maturation and, thus intervenes positively in the healing reaction to a biomaterial. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2928-2935, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barbeck
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - R E Unger
- Institute of Pathology, Repair-Lab, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - P Booms
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - E Dohle
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R A Sader
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C J Kirkpatrick
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S Ghanaati
- Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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25
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Zou T, Fan J, Fartash A, Liu H, Fan Y. Cell-based strategies for vascular regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1297-314. [PMID: 26864677 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular regeneration is known to play an essential role in the repair of injured tissues mainly through accelerating the repair of vascular injury caused by vascular diseases, as well as the recovery of ischemic tissues. However, the clinical vascular regeneration is still challenging. Cell-based therapy is thought to be a promising strategy for vascular regeneration, since various cells have been identified to exert important influences on the process of vascular regeneration such as the enhanced endothelium formation on the surface of vascular grafts, and the induction of vessel-like network formation in the ischemic tissues. Here are a vast number of diverse cell-based strategies that have been extensively studied in vascular regeneration. These strategies can be further classified into three main categories, including cell transplantation, construction of tissue-engineered grafts, and surface modification of scaffolds. Cells used in these strategies mainly refer to terminally differentiated vascular cells, pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, and unipotent stem cells. The aim of this review is to summarize the reported research advances on the application of various cells for vascular regeneration, yielding insights into future clinical treatment for injured tissue/organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqiang Zou
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabing Fan
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Armita Fartash
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
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26
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Freeman FE, Allen AB, Stevens HY, Guldberg RE, McNamara LM. Effects of in vitro endochondral priming and pre-vascularisation of human MSC cellular aggregates in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:218. [PMID: 26541817 PMCID: PMC4635553 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During endochondral ossification, both the production of a cartilage template and the subsequent vascularisation of that template are essential precursors to bone tissue formation. Recent studies have found the application of both chondrogenic and vascular priming of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhanced the mineralisation potential of MSCs in vitro whilst also allowing for immature vessel formation. However, the in vivo viability, vascularisation and mineralisation potential of MSC aggregates that have been pre-conditioned in vitro by a combination of chondrogenic and vascular priming, has yet to be established. In this study, we test the hypothesis that a tissue regeneration approach that incorporates both chondrogenic priming of MSCs, to first form a cartilage template, and subsequent pre-vascularisation of the cartilage constructs, by co-culture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, will improve vessel infiltration and thus mineral formation once implanted in vivo. Methods Human MSCs were chondrogenically primed for 21 days, after which they were co-cultured with MSCs and HUVECs and cultured in endothelial growth medium for another 21 days. These aggregates were then implanted subcutaneously in nude rats for 4 weeks. We used a combination of bioluminescent imaging, microcomputed tomography, histology (Masson’s trichrome and Alizarin Red) and immunohistochemistry (CD31, CD146, and α-smooth actin) to assess the vascularisation and mineralisation potential of these MSC aggregates in vivo. Results Pre-vascularised cartilaginous aggregates were found to have mature endogenous vessels (indicated by α-smooth muscle actin walls and erythrocytes) after 4 weeks subcutaneous implantation, and also viable human MSCs (detected by bioluminescent imaging) 21 days after subcutaneous implantation. In contrast, aggregates that were not pre-vascularised had no vessels within the aggregate interior and human MSCs did not remain viable beyond 14 days. Interestingly, the pre-vascularised cartilaginous aggregates were also the only group to have mineralised nodules within the cellular aggregates, whereas mineralisation occurred in the alginate surrounding the aggregates for all other groups. Conclusions Taken together these results indicate that a combined chondrogenic priming and pre-vascularisation approach for in vitro culture of MSC aggregates shows enhanced vessel formation and increased mineralisation within the cellular aggregate when implanted subcutaneously in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Ashley B Allen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Hazel Y Stevens
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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Improving vascularization of engineered bone through the generation of pro-angiogenic effects in co-culture systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 94:116-25. [PMID: 25817732 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems with bone tissue engineering is the development of a rapid vascularization after implantation to supply the growing osteoblast cells with the nutrients to grow and survive as well as to remove waste products. It has been demonstrated that capillary-like structures produced in vitro will anastomose rapidly after implantation and become functioning blood vessels. For this reason, in recent years many studies have examined a variety of human osteoblast and endothelial cell co-culture systems in order to distribute osteoblasts on all parts of the bone scaffold and at the same time provide conditions for the endothelial cells to migrate to form a network of capillary-like structures throughout the osteoblast-colonized scaffold. The movement and proliferation of endothelial cells to form capillary-like structures is known as angiogenesis and is dependent on a variety of pro-angiogenic factors. This review summarizes human 2- and 3-D co-culture models to date, the types and origins of cells used in the co-cultures and the proangiogenic factors that have been identified in the co-culture models.
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Barbeck M, Najman S, Stojanović S, Mitić Ž, Živković JM, Choukroun J, Kovačević P, Sader R, James Kirkpatrick C, Ghanaati S. Addition of blood to a phycogenic bone substitute leads to increased
in vivo
vascularization. Biomed Mater 2015; 10:055007. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/5/055007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ma B, Dohle E, Li M, Kirkpatrick CJ. TLR4 stimulation by LPS enhances angiogenesis in a co-culture system consisting of primary human osteoblasts and outgrowth endothelial cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015. [PMID: 26205614 DOI: 10.1002/term.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of new approaches leading to fast and successful vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs is one of the most intensively studied subjects in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recently, TLR4 activation and LPS stimulation of endothelial cells have been reported to promote angiogenesis in a variety of settings. In this study, we demonstrate that TLR4 activation by Ultrapure LPS Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (LPS-EB) significantly enhances microvessel formation in a co-culture system consisting of outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) and primary human osteoblasts (pOBs). The precise modes of TLR4 action on the process of angiogenesis have also been investigated in this study. Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy in monocultures of OECs and pOBs, it was found that TLR4 activation through LPS-EB upregulates the expression level of TLR4/MYD88 and enhances both angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Furthermore, ELISA and qRT-PCR have shown that the level of two adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and E-selectin), two cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) and two growth factors (VEGF and PDGF-BB) related to angiogenesis increase significantly after LPS-EB treatment. This increased understanding of the role of TLR4 in angiogenesis could be of value in various settings related to tissue repair and tissue engineering. Moreover, since LPS and TLR4 agonists improve angiogenesis and osteogenesis, TLR4 agonists (endogenous or synthetic) could be used for angiogenesis intervention in vivo and therefore could be tested for their potential clinical applications in promoting angiogenesis in bone tissue engineering. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Eva Dohle
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ming Li
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles James Kirkpatrick
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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30
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Freeman FE, Haugh MG, McNamara LM. An in vitro bone tissue regeneration strategy combining chondrogenic and vascular priming enhances the mineralization potential of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro while also allowing for vessel formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1320-32. [PMID: 25588588 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenic priming (CP) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and coculture of MSCs with human umbilical vein endothelial stem cells (HUVECs) both have been shown to significantly increase the potential for MSCs to undergo osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in vitro and in vivo. Such strategies mimic cartilage template formation or vascularization that occur during endochondral ossification during early fetal development. However, although both chondrogenesis and vascularization are crucial precursors for bone formation by endochondral ossification, no in vitro bone tissue regeneration strategy has sought to incorporate both events simultaneously. The objective of this study is to develop an in vitro bone regeneration strategy that mimics critical aspects of the endochondral ossification process, specifically (1) the formation of a cartilage template and (2) subsequent vascularization of this template. We initially prime the MSCs with chondrogenic growth factors, to ensure the production of a cartilage template, and subsequently implement a coculture strategy involving MSC and HUVECs. Three experimental groups were compared; (1) CP for 21 days with no addition of cells; (2) CP for 21 days followed by coculture of HUVECs (250,000 cells); (3) CP for 21 days followed by coculture of HUVECs and MSCs (250,000 cells) at a ratio of 1:1. Each group was cultured for a further 21 days in osteogenic media after the initial CP period. Biochemical (DNA, Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, Calcium, and Vessel Endothelial Growth Factor) and histological analyses (Alcian blue, alizarin red, CD31(+), and collagen type X) were performed 1, 2, and 3 weeks after the media switch. The results of this study show that CP provides a cartilage-like template that provides a suitable platform for HUVEC and MSC cells to attach, proliferate, and infiltrate for up to 3 weeks. More importantly we show that the use of the coculture methodology, rudimentary vessels are formed within this cartilage template and enhanced the mineralization potential of MSCs. Taken together these results indicate for the first time that the application of both chondrogenic and vascular priming of MSCs enhances the mineralization potential of MSCs in vitro while also allowing the formation of immature vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- 1 Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering , NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
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31
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Stegen S, van Gastel N, Carmeliet G. Bringing new life to damaged bone: the importance of angiogenesis in bone repair and regeneration. Bone 2015; 70:19-27. [PMID: 25263520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone has the unique capacity to heal without the formation of a fibrous scar, likely because several of the cellular and molecular processes governing bone healing recapitulate the events during skeletal development. A critical component in bone healing is the timely appearance of blood vessels in the fracture callus. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is stimulated after fracture by the local production of numerous angiogenic growth factors. The fracture vasculature not only supplies oxygen and nutrients, but also stem cells able to differentiate into osteoblasts and in a later phase also the ions necessary for mineralization. This review provides a concise report of the regulation of angiogenesis by bone cells, its importance during bone healing and its possible therapeutic applications in bone tissue engineering. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Stem Cells and Bone".
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Stegen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick van Gastel
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Barbeck M, Lorenz J, Kubesch A, Böhm N, Booms P, Choukroun J, Sader R, Kirkpatrick CJ, Ghanaati S. Porcine Dermis-Derived Collagen Membranes Induce Implantation Bed Vascularization Via Multinucleated Giant Cells: A Physiological Reaction? J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2014; 41:e238-51. [PMID: 25546240 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-14-00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the tissue reactions to 2 new porcine dermis-derived collagen membranes of different thickness were analyzed. The thicker material (Mucoderm) contained sporadically preexisting vessel skeletons and fatty islands. The thinner membrane (Collprotect) had a bilayered structure (porous and occlusive side) without any preexisting structures. These materials were implanted subcutaneously in mice to analyze the tissue reactions and potential transmembranous vascularization. Histological and histomorphometrical methodologies were performed at 4 time points (3, 10, 15, and 30 days). Both materials permitted stepwise connective tissue ingrowth into their central regions. In the Mucoderm matrix, newly built microvessels were found within the preexisting vessel and fatty island skeletons after 30 days. This vascularization was independent of the inflammation-related vascularization on both material surfaces. The Collprotect membrane underwent material disintegration by connective tissue strands in combination with vessels and multinucleated giant cells. The histomorphometric analyses revealed that the thickness of Mucoderm did not decrease significantly, while an initial significant decrease of membrane thickness in the case of Collprotect was found at day 15. The present results demonstrate that the 2 analyzed collagen membranes underwent a multinucleated giant cell-associated vascularization. Neither of the materials underwent transmembraneous vascularization. The microvessels were found within the preexisting vessel and fatty island skeletons. Additional long-term studies and clinical studies are necessary to determine how the observed foreign body giant cells affect tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Barbeck
- 1 Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonas Lorenz
- 1 Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alica Kubesch
- 1 Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicole Böhm
- 1 Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Booms
- 1 Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Robert Sader
- 1 Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Shahram Ghanaati
- 1 Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Costa-Almeida R, Gomez-Lazaro M, Ramalho C, Granja PL, Soares R, Guerreiro SG. Fibroblast-endothelial partners for vascularization strategies in tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 21:1055-65. [PMID: 25340984 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based approaches have emerged as a promising therapy to achieve successful vascularization in tissue engineering. Since fibroblasts activation and migration is required for physiological events relying on angiogenesis, we hypothesize herein that different fibroblasts exhibit distinct capacity to promote capillary-like structures assembly, by mature and progenitor endothelial cells (ECs). Outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) were isolated from human umbilical cord blood samples and characterized by immunofluorescence and imaging flow cytometry for endothelial markers. Coculture systems were established using either human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) or OECs with fibroblasts, being evaluated at 7, 14, and 21 days of culture. Two types of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were used, namely neonatal human foreskin fibroblasts-1 (HFF-1) and juvenile HDF. OECs expressed EC markers and formed capillary-like structures. HFF-1 exhibited higher expression of transglutaminase-2, while HDF exhibited a higher expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and podoplanin, which were not observed for HFF-1. Formation of capillary-like structures was only observed in cocultures with HDF and not with HFF-1. No significant differences were found between HDF and OECs or HUVECs cocultures. These findings suggest that HDF is a preferential cell source for promoting vascularization, either using mature or progenitor ECs, probably due to their higher expression of α-SMA and podoplanin, and increased synthesis of extracellular matrix. This work opens new research possibilities regarding the use of specific fibroblast populations cocultured with ECs, as efficient partners for vascular development in regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Costa-Almeida
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica (U38-FCT), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
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Ali Akbari Ghavimi S, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Solati-Hashjin M, Abu Osman NA. Polycaprolactone/starch composite: Fabrication, structure, properties, and applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:2482-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Ali Akbari Ghavimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | | | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Amirkabir University of Technology; 15914 Tehran Iran
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Im GI. Coculture in Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:545-54. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Il Im
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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Webber MJ, Khan OF, Sydlik SA, Tang BC, Langer R. A perspective on the clinical translation of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:641-56. [PMID: 25201605 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds have been broadly applied within tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to regenerate, replace, or augment diseased or damaged tissue. For a scaffold to perform optimally, several design considerations must be addressed, with an eye toward the eventual form, function, and tissue site. The chemical and mechanical properties of the scaffold must be tuned to optimize the interaction with cells and surrounding tissues. For complex tissue engineering, mass transport limitations, vascularization, and host tissue integration are important considerations. As the tissue architecture to be replaced becomes more complex and hierarchical, scaffold design must also match this complexity to recapitulate a functioning tissue. We outline these design constraints and highlight creative and emerging strategies to overcome limitations and modulate scaffold properties for optimal regeneration. We also highlight some of the most advanced strategies that have seen clinical application and discuss the hurdles that must be overcome for clinical use and commercialization of tissue engineering technologies. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future of scaffolds as a functional contributor to advancing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Webber
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 76-661, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Har-el YE, Gerstenhaber JA, Brodsky R, Huneke RB, Lelkes PI. Electrospun soy protein scaffolds as wound dressings: Enhanced reepithelialization in a porcine model of wound healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wndm.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kirkpatrick CJ. Developing Cellular Systems In Vitro to Simulate Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1355-7. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles James Kirkpatrick
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Battiston KG, Cheung JWC, Jain D, Santerre JP. Biomaterials in co-culture systems: towards optimizing tissue integration and cell signaling within scaffolds. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4465-76. [PMID: 24602569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most natural tissues consist of multi-cellular systems made up of two or more cell types. However, some of these tissues may not regenerate themselves following tissue injury or disease without some form of intervention, such as from the use of tissue engineered constructs. Recent studies have increasingly used co-cultures in tissue engineering applications as these systems better model the natural tissues, both physically and biologically. This review aims to identify the challenges of using co-culture systems and to highlight different approaches with respect to the use of biomaterials in the use of such systems. The application of co-culture systems to stimulate a desired biological response and examples of studies within particular tissue engineering disciplines are summarized. A description of different analytical co-culture systems is also discussed and the role of biomaterials in the future of co-culture research are elaborated on. Understanding the complex cell-cell and cell-biomaterial interactions involved in co-culture systems will ultimately lead the field towards biomaterial concepts and designs with specific biochemical, electrical, and mechanical characteristics that are tailored towards the needs of distinct co-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Battiston
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - Jane W C Cheung
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - Devika Jain
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6; Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 464D, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6.
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Tamaki T, Soeda S, Hashimoto H, Saito K, Sakai A, Nakajima N, Masuda M, Fukunishi N, Uchiyama Y, Terachi T, Mochida J. 3D reconstitution of nerve-blood vessel networks using skeletal muscle-derived multipotent stem cell sheet pellets. Regen Med 2014; 8:437-51. [PMID: 23826698 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To cover the large tissue deficits associated with significant loss of function following surgery, a 3D gel-patch-like nerve-vascular reconstitution system was developed using the skeletal muscle-derived multipotent stem cell (Sk-MSC) sheet pellet. MATERIALS & METHODS The Sk-MSC sheet pellet was prepared from GFP transgenic mice by the collagenase extraction and 7 days expansion cell culture, and transplanted into a severe muscle damage model with large disruptions to muscle fibers, blood vessels and peripheral nerves. RESULTS At 4 weeks after transplantation, engrafted cells contributed to nerve-vascular regeneration associated with cellular differentiation into Schwann cells, perineurial/endoneurial cells, vascular endothelial cells and pericytes. However, skeletal myogenic differentiation was scarcely observed. Paracrine effects regarding donor cells/tissues could also be expected, because of the active expression of neurogenic and vasculogenic factor mRNAs in the sheet pellet. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the vigorous skeletal myogenic potential of Sk-MSCs was clearly reduced in the sheet pellet preparation and this method may be a useful adjuvant for nerve-vascular regeneration in various tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tamaki
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Basic Clinical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143-Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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41
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Ma J, Yang F, Both SK, Prins HJ, Helder MN, Pan J, Cui FZ, Jansen JA, van den Beucken JJJP. In vitro and in vivo angiogenic capacity of BM-MSCs/HUVECs and AT-MSCs/HUVECs cocultures. Biofabrication 2014; 6:015005. [PMID: 24429700 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/1/015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the angiogenic capacity of cocultures using either human bone marrow- or human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (BM- or AT-MSCs) with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) both in vitro and in vivo at early time points (i.e. days 3 and 7). In vitro, cells were either monocultured (i.e. BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs or HUVECs) or cocultured (i.e. BM-MSCs/HUVECs and AT-MSCs/HUVECs) on Thermanox® (2-dimensional, 2D) or in collagen gels (3-dimensional, 3D). For the in vivo experiment, cells (cocultures) were embedded in collagen gels and implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. For both in vitro and in vivo experiments, samples were collected on days 3 and 7 and histologically processed for hematoxylin-eosin and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1; CD31) staining. For in vivo samples, quantitative parameters for evaluating angiogenesis included CD31-positive staining percentage, total vessel-like structure (VLS) area percentage, VLS density, and average VLS area (i.e. the size of per VLS). In vitro results showed the formation of VLS in both cocultures, while none of the monocultures showed VLS formation, irrespective of 2D or 3D culture condition. Although VLS formation occurred after in vivo implantation, no significant difference in angiogenic capacity was observed between the two cocultures, either on day 3 or on day 7. Further, VLS density decreased and anastomosis of the new human vessels with the murine host vasculature occurred over time. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that AT-MSCs/HUVECs and BM-MSCs/HUVECs have equal angiogenic capacity both in vitro and in vivo, and that vessels from donor origin can anastomose with the host vasculature within seven days of implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Ma
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Department of VIP service, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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Morin KT, Dries-Devlin JL, Tranquillo RT. Engineered microvessels with strong alignment and high lumen density via cell-induced fibrin gel compaction and interstitial flow. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:553-65. [PMID: 24083839 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of engineered microvessels with clinically relevant characteristics is a critical step toward the creation of engineered myocardium. Alignment is one such characteristic that must be achieved, as it both mimics native capillary beds and provides natural inlet and outlet sides for perfusion. A second characteristic that is currently deficient is cross-sectional lumen density, typically under 100 lumens/mm²; the equivalent value for human myocardium is 2000 lumens/mm². Therefore, this study examined the effects of gel compaction and interstitial flow on microvessel alignment and lumen density. Strong microvessel alignment was achieved via mechanically constrained cell-induced fibrin gel compaction following vasculogenesis, and high lumen density (650 lumens/mm²) was achieved by the subsequent application of low levels of interstitial flow. Low interstitial flow also conferred microvessel barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen T Morin
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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43
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Tuin SA, Pourdeyhimi B, Loboa EG. Interconnected, microporous hollow fibers for tissue engineering: Commercially relevant, industry standard scale-up manufacturing. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Tuin
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering; at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University; 4208B EBIII, CB 7115, 911 Oval Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Behnam Pourdeyhimi
- Nonwovens Cooperative Research Center, The Nonwovens Institute, North Carolina State University; 1000 Main Campus Drive Raleigh North Carolina 27695
| | - Elizabeth G. Loboa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering; at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University; 4208B EBIII, CB 7115, 911 Oval Raleigh, NC 27695
- Materials Science Engineering; North Carolina State University; EB1 911 Partners Way Raleigh North Carolina 27695
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Weyand B, Kasper C, Israelowitz M, Gille C, von Schroeder HP, Reimers K, Vogt PM. A differential pressure laminar flow reactor supports osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix formation from adipose mesenchymal stem cells in a macroporous ceramic scaffold. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:145-56. [PMID: 23515420 PMCID: PMC3559213 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.9901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a laminar flow reactor for bone tissue engineering that was developed based on a computational fluid dynamics model. The bioreactor design permits a laminar flow field through its specific internal shape. An integrated bypass system that prevents pressure build-up through bypass openings for pressure release allows for a constant pressure environment during the changing of permeability values that are caused by cellular growth within a porous scaffold. A macroporous ceramic scaffold, composed of zirconium dioxide, was used as a test biomaterial that studies adipose stem cell behavior within a controlled three-dimensional (3D) flow and pressure environment. The topographic structure of the material provided a basis for stem cell proliferation and differentiation toward the osteogenic lineage. Dynamic culture conditions in the bioreactor supported cell viability during long-term culture and induced cell cluster formation and extra-cellular matrix deposition within the porous scaffold, though no complete closure of the pores with new-formed tissue was observed. We postulate that our system is suitable for studying fluid shear stress effects on stem cell proliferation and differentiation toward bone formation in tissue-engineered 3D constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Weyand
- Laboratory of Experimental Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
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45
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Thébaud NB, Siadous R, Bareille R, Remy M, Daculsi R, Amédée J, Bordenave L. Whatever their differentiation status, human progenitor derived - or mature - endothelial cells induce osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 6:e51-60. [PMID: 22740324 DOI: 10.1002/term.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Association of the bone-forming osteoblasts (OBs) and vascular endothelial cells (ECs) into a biomaterial composite provides a live bone graft substitute that can repair the bone defect when implanted. An intimate functional relationship exists between these cell types. This communication is crucial to the coordinated cell behaviour necessary for bone development and remodelling. Previous studies have shown that direct co-culture of primary human osteoprogenitors (HOPs) with primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulates HOPs differentiation and induces tubular-like networks. The present work aims to test the use of human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSCs) co-cultured with human endothelial progenitor cells in order to assess whether progenitor-derived ECs (PDECs) could support osteoblastic differentiation as mature ECs do. Indeed, data generated from the literature by different laboratories considering these co-culture systems appear difficult to compare. Monocultures of HUVECs, HOPs, HBMSCs (in a non-orientated lineage), PDECs (from cord blood) were used as controls and four combinations of co-cultures were undertaken: HBMSCs-PDECs, HBMSCs-HUVECs, HOPs-PDECs, HOPs-HUVECs with ECs (mature or progenitor) for 6 h to 7 days. At the end of the chosen co-culture time, intracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was detected in HOPs and HBMSCs and quantified in cell extracts. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of ALP was performed over time and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured. After 21 days, calcium deposition was observed, comparing mono- and co-cultures. We confirm that ECs induce osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Moreover, HUVECs can be replaced by PDECs, the latter being of great interest in tissue engineering.
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Lin L, Perets A, Har-el YE, Varma D, Li M, Lazarovici P, Woerdeman DL, Lelkes PI. Alimentary ‘green’ proteins as electrospun scaffolds for skin regenerative engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:994-1008. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leko Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Anat Perets
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Yah-el Har-el
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Devika Varma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Mengyan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA USA
| | | | | | - Peter I. Lelkes
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA USA
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47
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Wang Z, He Y, Yu X, Fu W, Wang W, Huang H. Rapid vascularization of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in vivo by endothelial cells in co-culture with smooth muscle cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1109-17. [PMID: 22331376 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge facing the development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), promising living replacements for diseased vascular structures, is enhancing angiogenesis. To promote rapid vascularization, endothelial cells (ECs) were co-cultured with smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in decellularized small intestinal submucosa scaffolds to regenerate angiogenic-TEVGs (A-TEVGs). Observation of the A-TEVGs at 1 month post-implantation revealed that a rich network of neocapillaries lining the blood vessel wall had developed; that the ECs of the neovasculatures had been derived from previously seeded ECs and later invading ECs of the host's vascular bed; that tissue vascularization had not significantly impaired mechanical properties; and that the maximal tensile strength of the A-TEVGs was of the same order of magnitude as that of native porcine femoral arteries. These results indicate that of the co-culturing of ECs with SMCs could enhance vascularization of TEVGs in vivo, possibly increasing graft perfusion and host integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Rao RR, Peterson AW, Ceccarelli J, Putnam AJ, Stegemann JP. Matrix composition regulates three-dimensional network formation by endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells in collagen/fibrin materials. Angiogenesis 2012; 15:253-64. [PMID: 22382584 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Co-cultures of endothelial cells (EC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in three-dimensional (3D) protein hydrogels can be used to recapitulate aspects of vasculogenesis in vitro. MSC provide paracrine signals that stimulate EC to form vessel-like structures, which mature as the MSC transition to the role of mural cells. In this study, vessel-like network formation was studied using 3D collagen/fibrin (COL/FIB) matrices seeded with embedded EC and MSC and cultured for 7 days. The EC:MSC ratio was varied from 5:1, 3:2, 1:1, 2:3 and 1:5. The matrix composition was varied at COL/FIB compositions of 100/0 (pure COL), 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 and 0/100 (pure FIB). Vasculogenesis was markedly decreased in the highest EC:MSC ratio, relative to the other cell ratios. Network formation increased with increasing fibrin content in composite materials, although the 40/60 COL/FIB and pure fibrin materials exhibited the same degree of vasculogenesis. EC and MSC were co-localized in vessel-like structures after 7 days and total cell number increased by approximately 70%. Mechanical property measurements showed an inverse correlation between matrix stiffness and network formation. The effect of matrix stiffness was further investigated using gels made with varying total protein content and by crosslinking the matrix using the dialdehyde glyoxal. This systematic series of studies demonstrates that matrix composition regulates vasculogenesis in 3D protein hydrogels, and further suggests that this effect may be caused by matrix mechanical properties. These findings have relevance to the study of neovessel formation and the development of strategies to promote vascularization in transplanted tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar R Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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49
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Tian L, George SC. Biomaterials to prevascularize engineered tissues. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:685-98. [PMID: 21892744 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering promises to restore tissue and organ function following injury or failure by creating functional and transplantable artificial tissues. The development of artificial tissues with dimensions that exceed the diffusion limit (1-2 mm) will require nutrients and oxygen to be delivered via perfusion (or convection) rather than diffusion alone. One strategy of perfusion is to prevascularize tissues; that is, a network of blood vessels is created within the tissue construct prior to implantation, which has the potential to significantly shorten the time of functional vascular perfusion from the host. The prevascularized network of vessels requires an extracellular matrix or scaffold for 3D support, which can be either natural or synthetic. This review surveys the commonly used biomaterials for prevascularizing 3D tissue engineering constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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50
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Ghanaati S, Unger RE, Webber MJ, Barbeck M, Orth C, Kirkpatrick JA, Booms P, Motta A, Migliaresi C, Sader RA, Kirkpatrick CJ. Scaffold vascularization in vivo driven by primary human osteoblasts in concert with host inflammatory cells. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8150-60. [PMID: 21821280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Successful cell-based tissue engineering requires a rapid and thorough vascularization in order to ensure long-term implant survival and tissue integration. The vascularization of a scaffold is a complex process, and is modulated by the presence of transplanted cells, exogenous and endogenous signaling proteins, and the host tissue reaction, among other influencing factors. This paper presents evidence for the significance of pre-seeded osteoblasts for the in vivo vascularization of a biodegradable scaffold. Human osteoblasts, cultured on silk fibroin micronets in vitro, migrated throughout the interconnected pores of the scaffold and produced extensive bone matrix. When these constructs were implanted in SCID mice, a rapid and thorough vascularization of the scaffold by the host blood capillaries occurred. This profound response was not seen for the silk fibroin scaffold alone. Moreover, when the pre-cultivation time of human osteoblasts was reduced from 14 days to only 24 h, the significant effect these cells exerted on vascularization rate in vivo was still detectable. From these studies, we conclude that matrix and soluble factors produced by osteoblasts can serve to instruct host endothelial cells to migrate, proliferate, and initiate the process of scaffold vascularization. This finding represents a potential paradigm shift for the field of tissue engineering, especially in bone, as traditional strategies to enhance scaffold vascularization have focused on endovascular cells and regarded osteoblasts primarily as cell targets for mineralization. In addition, the migration of host macrophages and multinucleated giant cells into the scaffold was also found to influence the vascularization of the biomaterial. Therefore, the robust effect on scaffold vascularization seen by pre-culturing with osteoblasts appears to occur in concert with the pro-angiogenic stimuli arising from host immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Ghanaati
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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