1
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Quintero SM, Van Nyvel L, Roig N, Casado J, Alonso M. Electron Transport through Linear-, Broken-, and Cross-Conjugated Polycyclic Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6140-6157. [PMID: 39041954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Quantum interference (QI) effects offer unique opportunities to modulate charge transport through single molecules. In recent years, several transmission selection rules have been developed to determine constructive and destructive QIs in an intuitive and simple manner, although some of these rules fail for cross-conjugated systems. In this work, we evaluate the performance of distinct transmission rules on a broad series of anthracene and fluorene derivatives with distinctive structural features including linear-, broken-, and cross-conjugation, heteroatoms, and five-membered rings as such species affords a predictive challenge for the qualitative selection rules for QI effects. The electron transport properties and local transmission plots are first evaluated by combining DFT and the nonequilibrium Green function method allowing for an equal-footing comparison of the conductance of the different polycyclic compounds. Our findings are in line with experimental observations on the influence of the type of conjugation and the connectivity to the metallic electrodes on the transport properties. Thus, cross-conjugated systems exhibit reduced conductance values as compared to the linear-conjugated ones, although the transmission is enhanced in the meta-connected junctions. Remarkably, our study reveals that aromatic cores exhibit generally larger zero-bias conductance for a given connectivity, in contrast to the negative aromaticity-conductance relationship found in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Moles Quintero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Louis Van Nyvel
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nil Roig
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Monaco G, Summa FF, Zanasi R, Lazzeretti P. Electronic Current Density Induced by Uniform Magnetic Fields in Clarenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401167. [PMID: 38656896 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Some planar and non-planar clarenes have been studied using maps of magnetically induced quantum-mechanical current density and tools from differential topology to assess their magnetic response in connection with recent results by Du and Wang. Bond current strengths have been computed to estimate quantitative measures. Isosurfaces of the divergence of induced Lorentz force density have been shown to provide useful additional criteria, especially in the case of non-planar clarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Monaco
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, 84084, SA, Italy
| | - Francesco F Summa
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, 84084, SA, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zanasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, 84084, SA, Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzeretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, 84084, SA, Italy
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3
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Chen S, Imran S, Zhao Y, Zhu J. Probing the Limit of the Number of Saturated Atoms for Achieving Hyperconjugative Aromaticity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:14162-14170. [PMID: 39014904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a fundamental concept in organic chemistry. Hyperconjugative aromaticity, also known as hyperconjugation-induced aromaticity, has evolved from its origin from main group substituents to transition metal analogues, establishing itself as an important category of aromaticity. Additionally, aromatic compounds comprising two sp3-carbon atoms have recently been reported both experimentally and computationally. However, what is the maximum number of sp3-hybridized atoms needed to maintain hyperconjugative aromaticity? Here, we report that hyperconjugative aromaticity can be achieved in hexa-substituted indoliums and octa-substituted pyrroliums, possessing three-five sp3-hybridized carbon/nitrogen atoms by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The aromaticity was confirmed by using various aromaticity indices, i.e., NICS, MCI, and EDDB. Notably, the strong electron-donating ability and aurophilicity of Au(I) substituents play a pivotal role in maintaining the aromaticity and structural integrity. In addition, increasing the number of hyperconjugative centers will decrease the aromaticity in these five-membered rings. Our findings highlight the significance of transition metal substituents in hyperconjugative aromaticity and offer a novel approach for designing aromatic organometallics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sajid Imran
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
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4
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Cui LJ, Liu XB, Zhang HY, Yan B, Orozco-Ic M, Pan S, Cui ZH. In nTl 4-nH + ( n = 0∼4): Tetracoordinate Hydrogen in a Planar Fashion? Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13938-13947. [PMID: 38996364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The recent report of planar tetracoordinate hydrogen (ptH) in In4H+ is very intriguing in planar hypercoordinate chemistry. Our high-level CCSD(T) calculations revealed that the proposed D4h-symmetric ptH In4H+ is a first-order saddle point with an imaginary frequency in the out-of-plane mode of the hydrogen atom. In fact, at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV5Z/aug-cc-pV5Z-PP level, the C4v isomer, with the H atom located 0.70 Å above the In4 plane, is 0.5 kcal/mol more stable than the D4h isomer. However, given the small perturbation from planarity and essentially barrierless C4v ↔ D4h ↔ C4v transition, the vibrationally averaged structure can still be considered as a planar. Extending our exploration to the InnTl4-nH+ (n = 0-3) systems, we found all these ptH structures, except for In2Tl2H+, to be the putative global minimum. The single σ-delocalized interaction between the central hydrogen atom and InnTl4-n ligand rings proves pivotal in establishing planarity and aromaticity and conferring substantial stability upon these rule-breaking ptH species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Xin-Bo Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Hui-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Euskadi 20018, Spain
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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5
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Zhang YH, Wang HQ, Li HF, Zeng JK, Zheng H, Mei XJ, Zhang JM, Jiang KL, Zhang B, Wu WH. Probing the Structural and Electronic Properties of the Anionic and Neutral Tellurium-Doped Boron Clusters TeB nq ( n = 3-16, q = 0, -1). J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5459-5472. [PMID: 38973649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we employ density functional theory along with the artificial bee colony algorithm for cluster global optimization to explore the low-lying structures of TeBnq (n = 3-16, q = 0, -1). The primary focus is on reporting the structural properties of these clusters. The results reveal a consistent doping pattern of the tellurium atom onto the in-plane edges of planar or quasi-planar boron clusters in the most energetically stable isomers. Additionally, we simulate the photoelectron spectra of the cluster anions. Through relative stability analysis, we identify three clusters with magic numbers -TeB7-, TeB10, and TeB12. The aromaticity of these clusters is elucidated using adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) and magnetic properties analysis. Notably, TeB7- exhibits a perfect σ-π doubly aromatic structure, while TeB12 demonstrates strong island aromaticity. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of the structural and electronic properties of these clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hang Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Huai-Qian Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Hui-Fang Li
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Jin-Kun Zeng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xun-Jie Mei
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Jia-Ming Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kai-Le Jiang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wen-Hai Wu
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
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6
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Pooja, Yadav S, Pawar R. Chemistry of Cyclo[18]Carbon (C 18): A Review. CHEM REC 2024:e202400055. [PMID: 38994665 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Carbon-based allotropes are propelling a technological revolution in communication, sensing, and computing, concurrently challenging fundamental theories of the previous century. Nevertheless, the demand for advanced carbon-based materials remains substantial. The crux lies in the efficient and reliable engineering of novel carbon allotrope. Although C18 has undergone theoretical and experimental investigation for an extended period, its preparation and direct observation in the condensed phase occurred only recently through STM/AFM techniques. The distinctive cyclic ring structure and the dual 18-center π delocalization character introduce various uncommon properties to C18, rendering it a subject worthy of in-depth exploration. In this context, this review delves into past developments contributing to the state-of-the-art understanding of C18 and provides insights into how future endeavours can expedite practical applications. Encompassing a broad spectrum, this review comprehensively investigates almost all facets of C18, including geometric characteristics, electron delocalization, bonding nature, aromaticity, reactivity, electronic excitation, UV/Vis spectrum, intermolecular interaction, response to external fields, electron affinity, ionization, and other molecular properties. Moreover, the review also outlines representative strategies for the direct synthesis and characterization of C18 using atom manipulation techniques. Following this, C18-based complexes are summarized, and potential applications in catalysis, electrochemical devices, optoelectronics, and sensing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry (LACTMC), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Sarita Yadav
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry (LACTMC), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry (LACTMC), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
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7
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Badri Z, Foroutan-Nejad C. On the aromaticity of actinide compounds. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:551-560. [PMID: 38907002 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The chemistry of actinides has flourished since the late 2010s with the synthesis of new actinide complexes and clusters. On the theoretical side, a range of tools is available for the characterization of these heavy element-containing compounds, but discrepancies in the assessment of aromaticity using different tools have led to controversies. In this Perspective, we examine the origin of controversies relating to the aromaticity of metallic compounds, with a focus on actinides. The aromaticity of actinides is important, not because these molecules are numerous or have a special role in catalysis or reactivity, but because this topic pushes theories of aromaticity to their limits. Owing to its reference independence, the magnetic criterion of aromaticity has been the most popular choice for the characterization of the aromaticity of metallic compounds, including actinide compounds. Through examination of several case studies, we show why this criterion might be misleading for metallic species and explain how findings relating to actinide compounds could reshape theories of aromaticity, not just for actinides but perhaps also for well-known hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Badri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Cui LJ, Li Y, Leyva-Parra L, Tiznado W, Pan S, Cui ZH. Revisiting the Structure and Bonding in Li 5H 6- and the Exploration of Reactivity: Planar Pentacoordinate Hydrogen. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4806-4813. [PMID: 38839423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Recently, Guha and co-workers (Sarmah, K.; Kalita, A.; Purkayastha, S.; Guha, A. K. Pushing The Extreme of Multicentre Bonding: Planar Pentacoordinate Hydride. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, e202318741) reported a highly intriguing bonding motif: planar pentacoordinate hydrogen (ppH) in Li5H6-, featuring C2v symmetry in the singlet state with two distinct H-Li (center-ring) bond distances. We herein revisited the potential energy surface of Li5H6- by using a target-oriented genetic algorithm. Our investigation revealed that the lowest-energy structure of Li5H6- exhibits a ppH configuration with very high D5h symmetry and a 1A1' electronic state. We did not find any electronic effect like Jahn-Teller distortion that could be responsible for lowering its symmetry. Moreover, our calculations demonstrated significant differences in the relative energies of other low-lying isomers. An energetically very competitive planar tetracoordinate hydrogen (ptH) isomer is also located, but it corresponds to a very shallow minimum on the potential energy surface depending on the used level of theory. Chemical bonding analyses, including AdNDP and EDA-NOCV, uncover that the optimal Lewis structure for Li5H6- involves H- ions stabilized by the Li5H5 crown. Surprisingly, despite the dominance of electrostatic interactions, the contribution from covalent bonding is also significant between ppH and the Li5H5 moiety, derived from H-(1s) → Li5H5 σ donation. Magnetically induced current density analysis revealed that due to minimal orbital overlap and the highly polar nature of the H-Li covalent interaction, the ppH exhibits local diatropic ring currents around the H centers, which fails to result in a global aromatic ring current. The coordination of Li5H6- with Lewis acids, BH3 and BMe3, instantly converts the ppH configuration to (quasi) ptH. These Lewis acid-bound ptH complexes show high electronic stability and high thermochemical stability against dissociation and, therefore, will be ideal candidates for the experimental realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Luis Leyva-Parra
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, Santiago de Chile 8370146, Chile
| | - William Tiznado
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, Santiago de Chile 8370146, Chile
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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9
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Artigas A, Carissan Y, Hagebaum-Reignier D, Bock H, Durola F, Coquerel Y. Aromaticity in Semi-Condensed Figure-Eight Molecules. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401016. [PMID: 38642001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Electron delocalization and aromaticity was comparatively evaluated in recently synthesized figure-eight molecules made of two condensed U-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon moieties connected either by two single bonds or by two para-phenylene groups. The selected examples include molecules that incorporate eight-membered and sixteen-membered rings, as well as a doubly [5]helicene-bridged (1,4)cyclophane. We probe whether some electron delocalization could occur through the stereogenic single bonds in these molecules: Is aromaticity purely (semi-)local, or possibly also global in these molecules? It was concluded that the situation can go from a purely (semi-)local character when the dihedral angle at the connecting single bonds is large, such as in biphenyl, to a predominantly (semi-)local character with a minor global contribution when the dihedral angle is small, such as in the para-phenylene connectors of the [5] helicene-bridged cyclophane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Artigas
- Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Carrer de Maria Aurèlia Capmany i Farnès 69, 17003, Girona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Yannick Carissan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Harald Bock
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS, 115 av. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Fabien Durola
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS, 115 av. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Yoann Coquerel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille, France
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10
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Leyva-Parra L, Casademont-Reig I, Pino-Rios R, Ruiz L, Alonso M, Tiznado W. New Perspectives on Delocalization Pathways in Aromatic Molecular Chameleons. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400271. [PMID: 38530286 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This study comprehensively analyzes the magnetically induced current density of polycyclic compounds labeled as "aromatic chameleons" since they can arrange their π-electrons to exhibit aromaticity in both the ground and the lowest triplet state. These compounds comprise benzenoid moieties fused to a central skeleton with 4n π-electrons and traditional magnetic descriptors are biased due to the superposition of local magnetic responses. In the S0 state, our analysis reveals that the molecular constituent fragments preserve their (anti)aromatic features in agreement with two types of resonant structures: one associated with aromatic benzenoids and the other with a central antiaromatic ring. Regarding the T1 state, a global and diatropic ring current is revealed. Our aromaticity study is complemented with advanced electronic and geometric descriptors to consider different aspects of aromaticity, particularly important in the evaluation of excited state aromaticity. Remarkably, these descriptors consistently align with the general features on the main delocalization pathways in polycyclic hydrocarbons consisting of fused 4n π-electron rings. Moreover, our study demonstrates an inverse correlation between the singlet-triplet energy difference and the antiaromatic character of the central ring in S0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leyva-Parra
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Central de Chile (UCEN), Santa Isabel 1186, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irene Casademont-Reig
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Centro de Investigación Medicina de Altura, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
| | - Lina Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, 8910060, Chile
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Tiznado
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Jiang T, Xia H, Zhang W, Liu T. Insight into the Stability of Pentazolyl Derivatives based on Covalent Bond. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400105. [PMID: 38721760 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Pentazole is regarded as a unique inorganic molecule that possess organic heterocyclic structure. Therefore, the research on pentazolyl derivatives represents a cutting-edge direction in both contemporary inorganic chemistry and heterocyclic chemistry. Moreover, their synthesis is regarded as the most significant research topic in the field of energetic materials due to the great potential of pentazolyl derivatives to breakthrough the energy bottleneck of CHNO-based energetic materials. However, synthesizing pentazolyl derivatives is challenging. To provide a theoretical support for the synthesis, we conducted theoretical studies on six single-ring pentazolyl derivatives with different functional groups. The results suggest that derivatization reduces the bond strength and weakens the aromaticity of the pentazolate ring. Further analysis showed that derivatization mainly affects the π aromaticity of the pentazolate ring, and ultimately causing poor stability of the pentazolyl derivatives. Among the six derivatives investigated in this study, fluoro pentazole (cyclo-N5-F) and hydroxyl pentazole (cyclo-N5-OH) possess good aromaticity, which is similar to the reported cyclo-N5-NCHN(CH3)2. Further calculations show that the kinetic stability of cyclo-N5-OH is higher than that of cyclo-N5-F. These results collectively indicate that cyclo-N5-OH is a promising candidate for synthesizing single-ring pentazolyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Honglei Xia
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
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12
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Grotjahn R, Furche F. Comment on: "Toward Accurate Two-Photon Absorption Spectrum Simulations: Exploring the Landscape beyond the Generalized Gradient Approximation". J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6237-6240. [PMID: 38867618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A recent benchmark study of two-photon absorption (2PA) strengths using meta-generalized gradient approximation (MGGA) exchange-correlation functionals by Ahmadzadeh, Li, Rinkevicius, Norman, and Zaleśny (ALRNZ24) [ J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2024, 15, 969] misrepresents the state of the field in this area. Not only was an assessment of 2PA strengths for the exact same benchmark published previously; ALRNZ24 also uses a gauge-variant form of MGGA response theory which produces erratic behavior for certain benchmark systems. Applications of MGGAs to optical and magnetic response properties should use a gauge-invariant extension of MGGA functionals such as paramagnetic current-dependent MGGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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13
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Bortolussi SDS, Zhou C, Lynch NB, Peeks MD. Spectroscopic Manifestations of (Anti)Aromaticity in Oxidized and Reduced Porphyrin and Norcorrole. Chemistry 2024:e202401741. [PMID: 38839573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Aromaticity and antiaromaticity are foundational principes in organic chemistry, regularly invoked to explain stability, structure, and magnetic and electronic properties. There are ongoing challenges in assigning molecules as aromatic or antiaromatic using optical spectroscopy. Here we report spectroelectrochemical and computational analyses of porphyrin (18π neutral, aromatic) and norcorrole (16π neutral, antiaromatic), and their oxidized (16π porphyrin dication) and reduced (norcorrole 18π dianion) forms. Our results show that while the visible spectra are characteristic of (anti)aromaticity consistent with Hückel's rules, the IR spectra are much less informative, owing to the relative rigidity of norcorrole. The results have implications for the assignment of (anti)aromaticity in both ground-state and time-resolved spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Zhou
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nicholas B Lynch
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martin D Peeks
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
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14
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Xue S, Dong Y, Lv X, Qiu F, Wang Y, Furuta H, Teranishi T, Wu F. Stabilization of the Neutral [25]Hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0) Radical by Hetero-Bimetal-Coordination. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400812. [PMID: 38533748 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Stabilization of hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0) (named "rosarin") in its 25π radical state is achieved using a hetero-bimetal-coordination strategy. The antiaromatic BF2 complex B-1 was first synthesized, and then rhodium ion was inserted into B-1 to produce the BF2/Rh(CO)2 mixed complex Rh-B-1 as a highly air-stable radical. The structures of B-1 and Rh-B-1 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffractions, and the antiaromatic or radical character was identified by various spectroscopy evidence and theoretical calculations. Rh-B-1 exhibits excellent redox properties, enabling amphoteric aromatic-antiaromatic conversion to their 24/26π states. Compared to the 24/26π conjugation systems on the same skeleton, Rh-B-1 has the narrowest electrochemical and optical band gaps, with the longest absorption band at 1010 nm. The ring-current analysis reveals intense paratropic currents for B-1 and co-existing diatropic-paratropic currents for Rh-B-1. This hetero-bimetal-coordination system provides a novel platform for organic radical stabilization on porphyrinoids, showing the prospect of modulating ligand oxidation states through rational coordination design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Yuting Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Teranishi
- Graduate School of Science and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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15
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Radenković S, Đorđević S, Nikolendžić M. Effect of Benzo-Annelation on Triplet State Energies in Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400361. [PMID: 38488676 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In a series of earlier studies, the effect of benzo-annelation was found to be a useful tool for tuning the aromaticity in polycyclic conjugated compounds to desired level. In this work we studied the (anti)aromaticity of benzo-annelated derivatives of three conjugated hydrocarbons (anthracene, fluoranthene and biphenylene) in their lowest lying singlet (S0) and triplet (T1) states by means of the energy effect (ef), harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA), multicentre delocalization indices (MCI), magnetically induced current densities (MICDs) and nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS). We showed that benzo-annelation is a topology-based effect which can be used to modify the T1 state excitation energies (E(T1)). A quantitative model was established being able to accurately predict the E(T1) based only on the numbers of angularly, linearly and geminally annelated benzene rings. In addition, it was demonstrated that the E(T1) can be directly related to the (anti)aromatic character of the central ring in the studied molecules in their S0 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Radenković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Slađana Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Marijana Nikolendžić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
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16
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Swain CK, Scheiner S. Comparison of Various Theoretical Measures of Aromaticity within Monosubstituted Benzene. Molecules 2024; 29:2260. [PMID: 38792120 PMCID: PMC11123954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of monosubstitution on the aromaticity of benzene are assessed using a number of different quantitative schemes. The ability of the mobile π-electrons to respond to an external magnetic field is evaluated using several variants of the NICS scheme which calculate the shielding of points along the axis perpendicular to the molecule. Another class of measures is related to the drive toward the uniformity of C-C bond lengths and strengths. Several energetic quantities are devised to approximate an aromatic stabilization energy and the tendency of the molecule to maintain planarity. There is a lack of consistency in that the various measures of aromaticity lead to differing conclusions as to the effects of substituents on the aromaticity of the ring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
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17
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Cai L, Xu B, Cheng J, Cong F, Riedel S, Wang X. N 2 cleavage by silylene and formation of H 2Si(μ-N) 2SiH 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3848. [PMID: 38719794 PMCID: PMC11078988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fixation and functionalisation of N2 by main-group elements has remained scarce. Herein, we report a fixation and cleavage of the N ≡ N triple bond achieved in a dinitrogen (N2) matrix by the reaction of hydrogen and laser-ablated silicon atoms. The four-membered heterocycle H2Si(μ-N)2SiH2, the H2SiNN(H2) and HNSiNH complexes are characterized by infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum-chemical calculations. The synergistic interaction of the two SiH2 moieties with N2 results in the formation of final product H2Si(μ-N)2SiH2, and theoretical calculations reveal the donation of electron density of Si to π* antibonding orbitals and the removal of electron density from the π bonding orbitals of N2, leading to cleave the non-polar and strong NN triple bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Cai
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Juanjuan Cheng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fei Cong
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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18
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Kino S, Ukai S, Fukui N, Haruki R, Kumai R, Wang Q, Horike S, Phung QM, Sundholm D, Shinokubo H. Close Stacking of Antiaromatic Ni(II) Norcorrole Originating from a Four-Electron Multicentered Bonding Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9311-9317. [PMID: 38502926 PMCID: PMC10996016 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
A π-conjugated molecule with one electronic spin often forms a π-stacked dimer through molecular orbital interactions between two unpaired electrons. The bonding is recognized as a multicentered two-electron interaction between the two π-conjugated molecules. Here, we disclose a multicentered bonding interaction between two antiaromatic molecules involving four electrons. We have synthesized an antiaromatic porphyrin analogue, Ni(II) bis(pentafluorophenyl)norcorrole. Its dimer adopts a face-to-face stacked structure with an extremely short stacking distance of 2.97 Å. The close stacking originates from a multicenter four-electron bonding interaction between the two molecules. The bonding electrons were experimentally observed via synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis and corroborated by theoretical calculations. The intermolecular interaction of the molecular orbitals imparts the stacked dimer with aromatic character that is distinctly different from that of its monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Kino
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan
Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Rie Haruki
- Photon
Factory, Institute of Materials Structure
Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Reiji Kumai
- Photon
Factory, Institute of Materials Structure
Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Qian Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Quan Manh Phung
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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19
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Orozco-Ic M, Soriano-Agueda L, Escayola S, Sundholm D, Merino G, Matito E. Understanding Aromaticity in [5]Helicene-Bridged Cyclophanes: A Comprehensive Study. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2459-2466. [PMID: 38236016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the aromaticity of doubly [5]helicene-bridged (1,4)cyclophane and triply [5]helicene-bridged (1,3,5)cyclophane via calculations of the magnetic response and of electronic aromaticity indices. The primary objective is to assess the π-electron delocalization to determine whether they sustain global ring currents associated with π aromaticity. The molecules show local ring currents in the presence of an external magnetic field. The ring currents flow diatropically in the stacked six-membered rings and in the helicene arms. However, these π currents are not interconnected due to the discontinuity of the π delocalization at the C-C single bonds connecting the central six-membered rings to the helicene arms. Electronic indices suggest that the helicene-arm systems have significantly smaller electron delocalization than benzene. The reduction in the delocalization does not compromise their ability to exhibit ring currents in the presence of an external magnetic field. The analysis provides further evidence that the magnetic criteria yield a different degree of aromaticity for the helicene arms than obtained in the calculation of the electronic aromaticity indices. However, both approaches confirm that the studied molecules are not globally aromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, 20018 Euskadi, Spain
| | - Luis Soriano-Agueda
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, 20018 Euskadi, Spain
| | - Sílvia Escayola
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, 20018 Euskadi, Spain
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, Girona, 17003 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, 20018 Euskadi, Spain
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20
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Miwa K, Yokota T, Wang Q, Sakurai T, Fliegl H, Sundholm D, Shinokubo H. Metallaantiaromaticity of 10-Platinacorrole Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1396-1402. [PMID: 38172072 PMCID: PMC10882971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The aromaticity of cyclic π-conjugated organometallic compounds is known as metallaaromaticity. π-Conjugated metallacycles, such as metallabenzenes and metallapentalenes, have been investigated in order to understand the involvement of the d electrons from the metal center in the π-conjugated systems of the organic ligands. Here, we report the synthesis of Pd(II) 10-platinacorrole complexes with cyclooctadiene (COD) and norbornadiene (NBD) ligands. While the Pd(II) 10-platinacorrole COD complex adopts a distorted structure without showing appreciable antiaromaticity, the corresponding NBD complex exhibits a distinct antiaromatic character due to its highly planar conformation. Detailed density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that two d orbitals are involved in macrocyclic π-conjugation. We furthermore demonstrated that Craig-Möbius antiaromaticity is not present in the studied system. The synthesis of 10-platinacorroles enables a systematic comparison of the antiaromaticity and aromaticity of closely related porphyrin analogues, providing a better understanding of π-conjugation that involves d orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Miwa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603 Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yokota
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603 Aichi, Japan
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takahiro Sakurai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603 Aichi, Japan
| | - Heike Fliegl
- FIZ Karlsruhe─Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603 Aichi, Japan
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21
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Ausekle E, Ehlers P, Villinger A, Langer P. Dibenzoindolo[1,8]naphthyridines: Synthesis and Characterization of X-Shaped Aza[4,6]helicenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303225. [PMID: 37946613 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a one-pot multi-step procedure to obtain double azahelicenes via nucleophilic fluorine substitution of 2,2-di(2-bromophenyl)-1,1-difluoroalkenes and palladium-catalysed ring closing reaction. The developed synthesis approach allows easy diversification of substituents at all four fragments of the obtained X-shaped aza[4,6]helicene entity. Yields range from 20 % to 60 % among 12 product examples. X-ray single crystal analysis reveals formation of (P,P) and (M,M) enantiomer mixture of products. Optical and electrochemical properties of selected products were studied by performing UV/Vis absorption, photoluminescence and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Experimental results are supported by (TD)-DFT, NICS and NICS2BC calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ausekle
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Deutschland
| | - Peter Ehlers
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Deutschland
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse, Albert Einstein Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Deutschland
| | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Deutschland
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse, Albert Einstein Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Deutschland
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22
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Huynh BC, Wibowo-Teale M, Wibowo-Teale AM. QSym 2: A Quantum Symbolic Symmetry Analysis Program for Electronic Structure. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:114-133. [PMID: 38145888 PMCID: PMC10782455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry provides a powerful machinery to classify, interpret, and understand quantum-mechanical theories and results. However, most contemporary quantum chemistry packages lack the ability to handle degeneracy and symmetry breaking effects, especially in non-Abelian groups, and they are not able to characterize symmetry in the presence of external magnetic or electric fields. In this article, a program written in Rust entitled QSym2 that makes use of group and representation theories to provide symmetry analysis for a wide range of quantum-chemical calculations is introduced. With its ability to generate character tables symbolically on-the-fly and by making use of a generic symmetry-orbit-based representation analysis method formulated in this work, QSym2 is able to address all of these shortcomings. To illustrate these capabilities of QSym2, four sets of case studies are examined in detail in this article: (i) high-symmetry C84H64, C60, and B9- to demonstrate the analysis of degenerate molecular orbitals (MOs); (ii) octahedral Fe(CN)63- to demonstrate the analysis of symmetry-broken determinants and MOs; (iii) linear hydrogen fluoride in a magnetic field to demonstrate the analysis of magnetic symmetry; and (iv) equilateral H3+ to demonstrate the analysis of density symmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang C. Huynh
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Meilani Wibowo-Teale
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Wibowo-Teale
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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23
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Báez-Grez R, Pino-Rios R. On the aromaticity and stability of benzynes in the ground and lowest-lying triplet excited states. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:6-12. [PMID: 37671655 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have revisited the aromaticity of benzyne isomers at the unrestricted density functional theory level (UDFT) using the energetic, magnetic, and delocalization criteria. In addition, this last criterion has also been analyzed employing complete active space (CASSCF) calculations. The results show conservation of aromaticity in these monocycles. Additionally it is observed that this trend is maintained in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives such as biradical didehydrophenanthrenes. Do these results imply a violation of Baird's rule? The answer is No, because this conservation in aromaticity is due to the loss of hydrogen atoms affects only the electronic σ skeleton and exerts a minor influence on the π cloud. Additionally, we have analyzed the relative stability of benzyne isomers and their relationship with experimental ΔES-T values. According to the literature, the stability of the benzynes in the singlet state is due to an effective interaction between the electrons of the biradical centers; however, this effect is completely reversed in the triplet state, which explains why the para isomer has the lowest ΔES-T gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile
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24
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Leyva-Parra L, Pino-Rios R, Inostroza D, Solà M, Alonso M, Tiznado W. Aromaticity and Magnetic Behavior in Benzenoids: Unraveling Ring Current Combinations. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302415. [PMID: 37955853 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, an active research topic is the connection between Clar's rule, aromaticity, and magnetic properties of polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbons. In the present work, we employ a meticulous magnetically induced current density analysis to define the net current flowing through any cyclic circuit, connecting it to aromaticity based on the ring current concept. Our investigation reveals that the analyzed polycyclic systems display a prominent global ring current, contrasting with subdued semi-local and local ring currents. These patterns align with Clar's aromatic π-sextets only in cases where migrating π-sextet structures are invoked. The results of this study will enrich our comprehension of aromaticity and magnetic behavior in such systems, offering significant insights into coexisting ring current circuits in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leyva-Parra
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
| | - Diego Inostroza
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, Departament of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M Aurèlia Campmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Departament of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Tiznado
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Schattenberg C, Wodyński A, Åström H, Sundholm D, Kaupp M, Lehtola S. Revisiting Gauge-Independent Kinetic Energy Densities in Meta-GGAs and Local Hybrid Calculations of Magnetizabilities. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10896-10907. [PMID: 38100678 PMCID: PMC10758120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study [J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2021, 17, 1457-1468], some of us examined the accuracy of magnetizabilities calculated with density functionals representing the local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA), meta-GGA (mGGA), as well as global hybrid (GH) and range-separated (RS) hybrid functionals by assessment against accurate reference values obtained with coupled-cluster theory with singles, doubles, and perturbative triples [CCSD(T)]. Our study was later extended to local hybrid (LH) functionals by Holzer et al. [J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2021, 17, 2928-2947]; in this work, we examine a larger selection of LH functionals, also including range-separated LH (RSLH) functionals and strong-correlation LH (scLH) functionals. Holzer et al. also studied the importance of the physically correct handling of the magnetic gauge dependence of the kinetic energy density (τ) in mGGA calculations by comparing the Maximoff-Scuseria formulation of τ used in our aforementioned study to the more physical current-density extension derived by Dobson. In this work, we also revisit this comparison with a larger selection of mGGA functionals. We find that the newly tested LH, RSLH, and scLH functionals outperform all of the functionals considered in the previous studies. The various LH functionals afford the seven lowest mean absolute errors while also showing remarkably small standard deviations and mean errors. Most strikingly, the best two functionals are scLHs that also perform remarkably well in cases with significant multiconfigurational character, such as the ozone molecule, which is traditionally excluded from statistical error evaluations due to its large errors with common density functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar
J. Schattenberg
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Artur Wodyński
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugo Åström
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55
(A.I. Virtanens plats 1), University of Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55
(A.I. Virtanens plats 1), University of Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susi Lehtola
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55
(A.I. Virtanens plats 1), University of Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Molecular
Sciences Software Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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26
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Wu Y, Liu Z, Lu T, Orozco-Ic M, Xu J, Yan X, Wang J, Wang X. Exploring the Aromaticity Differences of Isoelectronic Species of Cyclo[18]carbon (C 18), B 6C 6N 6, and B 9N 9: The Role of Carbon Atoms as Connecting Bridges. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37988331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The cyclo[18]carbon (C18) has piqued widespread interest in recent years for its geometrical aesthetic and unique electronic structure. Inspired by it, theoretical investigations of its isoelectronic B9N9 have been published occasionally; however, few studies considered their other companion B6C6N6. In this work, we study the geometric structure, charge distribution, bonding characteristic, aromaticity, and electron delocalization of B6C6N6 and B9N9 for the first time and compare the relevant results with those of C18. Based on the comprehensive analysis of aromaticity indicators such as AV1245, nucleus-independent chemical shifts, anisotropy of the induced current density, magnetically induced current density, iso-chemical shielding surface, and induced magnetic field (Bind), we found that B6C6N6 has definitely a double aromatic character similar to C18 and the aromaticities of the two are very close, while B9N9 is a nonaromatic species. In response to this novel finding, we delved into its nature from an electron delocalization perspective through a localized orbital locator, electron localization function, Fermi hole, and atomic remote delocalization index analyses. The C atom between B and N as an interconnecting bridge strengthens the electron delocalization of the conjugate path, which is the essence of the significant enhancement of the molecular aromaticity from B9N9 to B6C6N6. This work elucidates that within the framework of the isoelectronicity of C18, different methods of atomic doping can achieve molecules with completely different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Tian Lu
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Jingbo Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xiufen Yan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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27
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Franzke YJ, Holzer C. Exact two-component theory becoming an efficient tool for NMR shieldings and shifts with spin-orbit coupling. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:184102. [PMID: 37937936 DOI: 10.1063/5.0171509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a gauge-origin invariant exact two-component (X2C) approach within a modern density functional framework, supporting meta-generalized gradient approximations such as TPSS and range-separated hybrid functionals such as CAM-B3LYP. The complete exchange-correlation kernel is applied, including the direct contribution of the field-dependent basis functions and the reorthonormalization contribution from the perturbed overlap matrix. Additionally, the finite nucleus model is available for the electron-nucleus potential and the vector potential throughout. Efficiency is ensured by the diagonal local approximation to the unitary decoupling transformation in X2C as well as the (multipole-accelerated) resolution of the identity approximation for the Coulomb term (MARI-J, RI-J) and the seminumerical exchange approximation. Errors introduced by these approximations are assessed and found to be clearly negligible. The applicability of our implementation to large-scale calculations is demonstrated for a tin pincer-type system as well as low-valent tin and lead complexes. Here, the calculation of the Sn nuclear magnetic resonance shifts for the pincer-type ligand with about 2400 basis functions requires less than 1 h for hybrid density functionals. Further, the impact of spin-orbit coupling on the nucleus-independent chemical shifts and the corresponding ring currents of all-metal aromatic systems is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick J Franzke
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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28
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Franzke Y, Holzer C, Andersen JH, Begušić T, Bruder F, Coriani S, Della Sala F, Fabiano E, Fedotov DA, Fürst S, Gillhuber S, Grotjahn R, Kaupp M, Kehry M, Krstić M, Mack F, Majumdar S, Nguyen BD, Parker SM, Pauly F, Pausch A, Perlt E, Phun GS, Rajabi A, Rappoport D, Samal B, Schrader T, Sharma M, Tapavicza E, Treß RS, Voora V, Wodyński A, Yu JM, Zerulla B, Furche F, Hättig C, Sierka M, Tew DP, Weigend F. TURBOMOLE: Today and Tomorrow. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6859-6890. [PMID: 37382508 PMCID: PMC10601488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
TURBOMOLE is a highly optimized software suite for large-scale quantum-chemical and materials science simulations of molecules, clusters, extended systems, and periodic solids. TURBOMOLE uses Gaussian basis sets and has been designed with robust and fast quantum-chemical applications in mind, ranging from homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis to inorganic and organic chemistry and various types of spectroscopy, light-matter interactions, and biochemistry. This Perspective briefly surveys TURBOMOLE's functionality and highlights recent developments that have taken place between 2020 and 2023, comprising new electronic structure methods for molecules and solids, previously unavailable molecular properties, embedding, and molecular dynamics approaches. Select features under development are reviewed to illustrate the continuous growth of the program suite, including nuclear electronic orbital methods, Hartree-Fock-based adiabatic connection models, simplified time-dependent density functional theory, relativistic effects and magnetic properties, and multiscale modeling of optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick
J. Franzke
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute
of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Josefine H. Andersen
- DTU
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tomislav Begušić
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Florian Bruder
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fabio Della Sala
- Institute
for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for
Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Eduardo Fabiano
- Institute
for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for
Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Daniil A. Fedotov
- DTU
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Susanne Fürst
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gillhuber
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Robin Grotjahn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Kehry
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Institute
of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fabian Mack
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sourav Majumdar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brian D. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shane M. Parker
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 United States
| | - Fabian Pauly
- Institute
of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar Pausch
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Perlt
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriel S. Phun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ahmadreza Rajabi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Dmitrij Rappoport
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Bibek Samal
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Tim Schrader
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Manas Sharma
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Enrico Tapavicza
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long
Beach, California 90840-9507, United States
| | - Robert S. Treß
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Vamsee Voora
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Artur Wodyński
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M. Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Benedikt Zerulla
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christof Hättig
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marek Sierka
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David P. Tew
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University
of Oxford, South Parks
Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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29
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Poater J, Escayola S, Poater A, Teixidor F, Ottosson H, Viñas C, Solà M. Single─Not Double─3D-Aromaticity in an Oxidized Closo Icosahedral Dodecaiodo-Dodecaborate Cluster. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22527-22538. [PMID: 37728951 PMCID: PMC10591335 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
3D-aromatic molecules with (distorted) tetrahedral, octahedral, or spherical structures are much less common than typical 2D-aromatic species or even 2D-aromatic-in-3D systems. Closo boranes, [BnHn]2- (5 ≤ n ≤ 14) and carboranes are examples of compounds that are singly 3D-aromatic, and we now explore if there are species that are doubly 3D-aromatic. The most widely known example of a species with double 2D-aromaticity is the hexaiodobenzene dication, [C6I6]2+. This species shows π-aromaticity in the benzene ring and σ-aromaticity in the outer ring formed by the iodine substituents. Inspired by the hexaiodobenzene dication example, in this work, we explore the potential for double 3D-aromaticity in [B12I12]0/2+. Our results based on magnetic and electronic descriptors of aromaticity together with 11B{1H} NMR experimental spectra of boron-iodinated o-carboranes suggest that these two oxidized forms of a closo icosahedral dodecaiodo-dodecaborate cluster, [B12I12] and [B12I12]2+, behave as doubly 3D-aromatic compounds. However, an evaluation of the energetic contribution of the potential double 3D-aromaticity through homodesmotic reactions shows that delocalization in the I12 shell, in contrast to the 10σ-electron I62+ ring in the hexaiodobenzene dication, does not contribute to any stabilization of the system. Therefore, the [B12I12]0/2+ species cannot be considered as doubly 3D-aromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís
Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Escayola
- Departament
de Química, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament
de Química, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751
20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Departament
de Química, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
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30
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Cheng CY, Wibowo-Teale AM. Semiempirical Methods for Molecular Systems in Strong Magnetic Fields. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6226-6241. [PMID: 37672773 PMCID: PMC10536997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A general scheme is presented to extend semiempirical methods to include the effects of arbitrary strength magnetic fields, while maintaining computational efficiency. The approach utilizes three main modifications; a London atomic orbital (LAO) basis set is introduced, field-dependent kinetic energy corrections are added to the model Hamiltonian, and spin-Zeeman interaction energy terms are included. The approach is applied to the widely available density-functional tight-binding method GFN1-xTB. Considering the basis set requirements for the kinetic energy corrections in a magnetic field leads to two variants: a single-basis approach GFN1-xTB-M0 and a dual-basis approach GFN1-xTB-M1. The LAO basis in the latter includes the appropriate nodal structure for an accurate representation of the kinetic energy corrections. The variants are assessed by benchmarking magnetizabilities and nuclear magnetic resonance shielding constants calculated using weak magnetic fields. Remarkably, the GFN1-xTB-M1 approach also exhibits excellent performance for strong fields, |B | ≤ 0.2B0 (B0 = 2.3505 × 105 T), recovering exotic features such as the para- to dia-magnetic transition in the BH molecule and the preferred electronic configuration, molecular conformation, and orientation of benzene. At stronger field strengths, |B | > 0.2B0, a degradation in the quality of the results is observed. The utility of GFN1-xTB-M1 is demonstrated by performing conformer searches in a range of field strengths for the cyclooctatetraene molecule, with GFN1-xTB-M1 capturing the transition from tub to planar conformations at high field, consistent with much more computationally demanding current-density functional theory calculations. Magnetically induced currents are also shown to be well described for the benzene and infinitene molecules, the latter demonstrating the flexibility and computational efficiency of the approach. The GFN1-xTB-M1 approach is a useful tool for the study of structure, conformation, and dynamics of large systems in magnetic fields at the semiempirical level as well as for preoptimization of molecular structure in ab initio calculations, enabling more efficient exploration of complex potential energy surfaces and reactivity in the presence of external fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Y. Cheng
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Andrew M. Wibowo-Teale
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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31
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Martins GF, Castro TS, Ferreira DAC. Theoretical investigation of anion perfluorocubane. J Mol Model 2023; 29:319. [PMID: 37725189 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05725-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In this work, we did a theoretical exploration of C8F8 (Ib) and its anion radical analogue (IIb) in this work. By investigating the thermochemistry of electron capture, we find that the free energy associated with the conversion of C8H8 (Ia) into its anion radical analogue IIa is of the order of + 92.83 kcal.mol-1, while the conversion of Ib into IIb is - 6.42 kcal.mol-1. Therefore, species IIb is thermodynamically more stable than its neutral analogue. Natural bond orbitals (NBO) analyses revealed that compound Ib exhibits a relative electronic stability as a function of intramolecular delocalisations of the type [Formula: see text] of the order of 2.70 kcal.mol-1. Similar delocalizations for Ia are energetically lower (1.45 kcal.mol-1). Topological analyses of compounds Ib and IIb indicate that the addition of an electron to Ib enhances the covalency of the C-C bond, as can be seen by the reduction in the ellipticity of the C-C bond. The opposite is observed for Ia, whose addition of the electron (leading to IIa) reduces the covalency of the C-C bond. By comparing the free and packaged forms of the species, it is found that, in the crystalline form, the system will present greater relative stability due to the dispersive interactions involved, as evidenced by non-covalent interactions (NCI) analysis. Finally, it was possible to verify that the manifestation of the current density with a lower paratropic and less antiaromatic character in Ib and IIb point to C8F8 as a strong candidate for electron capture. METHODS Geometry optimization calculations were carried out, for all monomer structures using the hybrid functional B3LYP-D3 and the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. To determine the formation thermochemistry of the ions, electronic energy corrections was performed using the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ/C method. Starting from the optimised forms, shielding, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra employing gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO), and NBO calculations were performed for these monomers, using the PBE0 functional and the pCSseg-2 atomic basis set. The magnetochemical analysis of ring currents was performed using the GIMIC formalism. For the topological analysis, it was applied the combination DLPNO-CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ/C, previously used for correcting the electronic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ferreira Martins
- Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Dinâmica e Reatividade Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília-DF, CEP, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Sampaio Castro
- Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Dinâmica e Reatividade Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília-DF, CEP, 70910-900, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Tocantins-Campus Gurupi, Gurupi, TO, CEP, 77410-470, Brazil
| | - Daví Alexsandro Cardoso Ferreira
- Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Dinâmica e Reatividade Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília-DF, CEP, 70910-900, Brazil.
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32
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Mahmood A, Dimitrova M, Sundholm D. Current-Density Calculations on Zn-Porphyrin 40 Nanorings. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7452-7459. [PMID: 37665662 PMCID: PMC10510378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Two porphyrinoid nanorings have been studied computationally. They were built by linking 40 Zn-porphyrin units with butadiyne bridges. The molecular structures belonging to the D40h point group were fully optimized with the Turbomole program at the density functional theory (DFT) level using the B3LYP functional and the def2-SVP basis sets. The aromatic character was studied at the DFT level by calculating the magnetically induced current-density (MICD) susceptibility using the GIMIC program. The neutral molecules are globally non-aromatic with aromatic Zn-porphyrin units. Charged nanorings could not be studied because almost degenerate frontier orbitals led to vanishing optical gaps for the cations. Since DFT calculations of the MICD are computationally expensive, we also calculated the MICD using three pseudo-π models. Appropriate pseudo-π models were constructed by removing the outer hydrogen atoms and replacing all carbon and nitrogen atoms with hydrogen atoms. The central Zn atom was either replaced with a beryllium atom or with two inner hydrogen atoms. Calculations with the computationally inexpensive pseudo-π models yielded qualitatively the same magnetic response as obtained in the all-electron calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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33
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Poater J, Viñas C, Escayola S, Solà M, Teixidor F. Pioneering the Power of Twin Bonds in a Revolutionary Double Bond Formation. Unveiling the True Identity of o-Carboryne as o-Carborene. Chemistry 2023:e202302448. [PMID: 37702301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The homolytic elimination of two H atoms from two adjacent carbons in benzene results in the aromatic product o-benzyne. In a similar way, the homolytic elimination of two H atoms from the two adjacent carbons in 1,2-C2 B10 H12 results in the aromatic product o-carboryne. In this work, we provide experimental and computational evidences that despite the similarity of o-carboryne and o-benzyne, the nature of the C-C bond generated between two adjacent carbons that lose H atoms is different. While in o-benzyne the C-C bond behaves as a triple bond, in o-carboryne the C-C bond is a double bond. Therefore, we must stop naming 1,2-dehydro-o-carboryne as o-carboryne but instead call it o-carborene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sílvia Escayola
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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34
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Pozdeev AS, Rublev P, Boldyrev AI. Bismuth Infrared Star: Being at a Glance. Chemistry 2023:e202301663. [PMID: 37496160 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth polycations have garnered significant attention from researchers due to their extraordinary and counter-intuitive structures and stoichiometries. Despite extensive experimental and theoretical investigations, understanding of the bonding in such clusters remains insufficient. An AdNDP bonding analysis was conducted to elucidate the bonding characteristics using both homoatomic and heteroatomic bismuth clusters with various stoichiometries. Analysis of the calculated nucleus-independent chemical shift data confirmed the aromatic nature of these species. Universal bonding patterns were identified that can be applied to a range of homoatomic and heteroatomic bismuth clusters. Additionally, calculations of absorbance and fluorescence spectra were performed to gain insights into the near-infrared emission and establish a potential correlation between absorbance and the identified bonding patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S Pozdeev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Pavel Rublev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
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35
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Zander E, Bresien J, Zhivonitko VV, Fessler J, Villinger A, Michalik D, Schulz A. Rational Design of Persistent Phosphorus-Centered Singlet Tetraradicals and Their Use in Small-Molecule Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37315222 PMCID: PMC10368346 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biradicals are important intermediates in the process of bond formation and breaking. While main-group-element-centered biradicals have been thoroughly studied, much less is known about tetraradicals, as their very low stability has hampered their isolation and use in small-molecule activation. Herein, we describe the search for persistent phosphorus-centered tetraradicals. Starting from an s-hydrindacenyl skeleton, we investigated the introduction of four phosphorus-based radical sites linked by an N-R unit and bridged by a benzene moiety. By varying the size of the substituent R, we finally succeeded in isolating a persistent P-centered singlet tetraradical, 2,6-diaza-1,3,5,7-tetraphospha-s-hydrindacene-1,3,5,7-tetrayl (1), in good yields. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that tetraradical 1 can be utilized for the activation of small molecules such as molecular hydrogen or alkynes. In addition to the synthesis of P-centered tetraradicals, the comparison with other known tetraradicals as well as biradicals is described on the basis of quantum mechanical calculations with respect to its multireference character, coupling of radical electrons, and aromaticity. The strong coupling of radical electrons enables selective discrimination between the first and the second activations of small molecules, which is shown by the example of H2 addition. The mechanism of hydrogen addition is investigated with parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarization NMR studies and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Zander
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Fessler
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Michalik
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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36
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Chmovzh TN, Alekhina DA, Kudryashev TA, Aysin RR, Korlyukov AA, Rakitin OA. Benzo[1,2- d:4,5- d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole) and Its Bromo Derivatives: Molecular Structure and Reactivity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108835. [PMID: 37240184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole) (isoBBT) is a new electron-withdrawing building block that can be used to obtain potentially interesting compounds for the synthesis of OLEDs and organic solar cells components. The electronic structure and delocalization in benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole), 4-bromobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole), and 4,8-dibromobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole) were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis and ab initio calculations by EDDB and GIMIC methods and were compared to the corresponding properties of benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole (BBT). Calculations at a high level of theory showed that the electron affinity, which determines electron deficiency, of isoBBT was significantly smaller than that of BBT (1.09 vs. 1.90 eV). Incorporation of bromine atoms improves the electrical deficiency of bromobenzo-bis-thiadiazoles nearly without affecting aromaticity, which increases the reactivity of these compounds in aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions and, on the other hand, does not reduce the ability to undergo cross-coupling reactions. 4-Bromobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole) is an attractive object for the synthesis of monosubstituted isoBBT compounds. The goal to find conditions for the selective substitution of hydrogen or bromine atoms at position 4 in order to obtain compounds containing a (het)aryl group in this position and to use the remaining unsubstituted hydrogen or bromine atoms to obtain unsymmetrically substituted isoBBT derivatives, potentially interesting compounds for organic photovoltaic components, was not set before. Nucleophilic aromatic and cross-coupling reactions, along with palladium-catalyzed C-H direct arylation reactions for 4-bromobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole), were studied and selective conditions for the synthesis of monoarylated derivatives were found. The observed features of the structure and reactivity of isoBBT derivatives may be useful for building organic semiconductor-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey N Chmovzh
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Daria A Alekhina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Higher Chemical College, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timofey A Kudryashev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat R Aysin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Korlyukov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg A Rakitin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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37
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Summa FF. Spin Currents Induced in Open-Shell Molecules by Static and Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields in the Presence of a Spin-Orbit Coupling Interaction and Conservation Law. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2491-2501. [PMID: 37104848 PMCID: PMC10173463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The derivation of the total induced current density vector field, in the presence of static and uniform magnetic and electric fields, is illustrated in a more clear and formally correct language together with a discussion on the charge-current conservation law not presented before for the spin-orbit coupling contribution. The theory here exposed turns out to be in fully agreement with the theory of Special Relativity and it is applicable to open-shell molecules in the presence of a nonvanishing spin orbit coupling. The discussion here exposed turns out to be accurately valid for a strictly central field due to the chosen approximation of the spin-orbit coupling Hamiltonian, but it is appropriate to deal correctly with molecular systems. The ab initio calculation of spin current densities has been implemented at both unrestricted Hartree-Fock and unrestricted DFT levels of theory. Some maps of spin currents on molecules of interest, i.e., the CH3 radical and the superoctazethrene molecule are also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferdinando Summa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, SA Italy
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38
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Abstract
The occurrence of aromaticity in organic molecules is widely accepted, but its occurrence in purely metallic systems is less widespread. Molecules comprising only metal atoms (M) are known to be able to exhibit aromatic behaviour, sustaining ring currents inside an external magnetic field along M-M connection axes (σ-aromaticity) or above and below the plane (π-aromaticity) for cyclic or cage-type compounds. However, all-metal compounds provide an extension of the electrons' mobility also in other directions. Here, we show that regular {Bi6} prisms exhibit a non-localizable molecular orbital of f-type symmetry and generate a strong ring current that leads to a behaviour referred to as φ-aromaticity. The experimentally observed heterometallic cluster [{CpRu}3Bi6]-, based on a regular prismatic {Bi6} unit, displays aromatic behaviour; according to quantum chemical calculations, the corresponding hypothetical Bi62- prism shows a similar behaviour. By contrast, [{(cod)Ir}3Bi6] features a distorted Bi6 moiety that inhibits φ-aromaticity.
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39
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Casademont-Reig I, Woller T, García V, Contreras-García J, Tiznado W, Torrent-Sucarrat M, Matito E, Alonso M. Quest for the Most Aromatic Pathway in Charged Expanded Porphyrins. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202264. [PMID: 36194440 PMCID: PMC10099525 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the central role of aromaticity in the chemistry of expanded porphyrins, the evaluation of aromaticity remains difficult for these extended macrocycles. The presence of multiple conjugation pathways and different planar and nonplanar π-conjugation topologies makes the quantification of global and local aromaticity even more challenging. In neutral expanded porphyrins, the predominance of the aromatic conjugation pathway passing through the imine-type nitrogens and circumventing the amino NH groups is established. However, for charged macrocycles, the question about the main conjugation circuit remains open. Accordingly, different conjugation pathways in a set of neutral, anionic, and cationic expanded porphyrins were investigated by means of several aromaticity indices rooted in the structural, magnetic, and electronic criteria. Overall, our results reveal the predominance of the conjugation pathway that passes through all nitrogen atoms to describe the aromaticity of deprotonated expanded porphyrins, while the outer pathway through the perimeter carbon atoms becomes the most aromatic in protonated macrocycles. In nonplanar and charged macrocycles, a discrepancy between electronic and magnetic descriptors is observed. Nevertheless, our work demonstrates AVmin remains the best tool to determine the main conjugation pathway of expanded porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casademont-Reig
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Woller
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Sorbonne Université, place Jussieu 4, 75052, Paris, France
| | - Victor García
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento Académico de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química e Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Julia Contreras-García
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Sorbonne Université, place Jussieu 4, 75052, Paris, France
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Torrent-Sucarrat
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Zhang W, Zhao Y, An X, Fu J, Zhang J, Zhao D, Liu S, Rong C. Cooperativity and reactivity properties of medium-sized boron clusters: a combined density functional theory and information-theoretic approach study. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2157774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chunying Rong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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41
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Bai W, Tsang LY, Wang Y, Li Y, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Jia G. Synthesis and characterization of bi(metallacycloprop-1-ene) complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 14:96-102. [PMID: 36605739 PMCID: PMC9769101 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In all previously reported metallacycloprop-1-ene or η2-vinyl complexes, the metal center bears only one vinyl moiety. We have now successfully synthesized and structurally characterized the first complexes bearing two η2-vinyl moieties or spiro bi(metallacycloprop-1-ene) complexes from reactions of alkynes with rhenium phosphine complexes. Computational studies indicate that the metallacycloprop-1-ene rings are aromatic and the complexes represent a rare σ-type spirometalla-aromatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongP. R. China,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyLiaoning 116024P. R. China
| | - Long Yiu Tsang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongP. R. China
| | - Yilun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyLiaoning 116024P. R. China,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyPanjinLiaoning 124221P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyLiaoning 116024P. R. China,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyPanjinLiaoning 124221P. R. China
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongP. R. China
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongP. R. China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongP. R. China
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42
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Mahmood A, Dimitrova M, Wirz LN, Sundholm D. Magnetically Induced Current Densities in π-Conjugated Porphyrin Nanoballs. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7864-7873. [PMID: 36270016 PMCID: PMC9639160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetically induced current densities (MICDs) of Zn-porphyrinoid nanostructures have been studied at the density functional theory level using the B3LYP functional and the def2-SVP basis set. Six of the studied Zn-porphyrinoid nanostructures consist of two crossing porphyrinoid belts, and one is a porphyrinoid nanoball belonging to the octahedral (O) point group. The Zn-porphyrin units are connected to each other via butadiyne linkers as in a recently synthesized porphyrinoid structure resembling two crossed belts. The MICDs are calculated using the gauge-including magnetically induced current method. Current-density pathways and their strengths were determined by numerically integrating the MICD passing through selected planes that cross chemical bonds or molecular rings. The current-density calculations show that the studied neutral molecules are globally nonaromatic but locally aromatic sustaining ring currents only in the individual porphyrin rings or around two neighboring porphyrins. The ring-current strengths of the individual porphyrin rings are 20% weaker than in Zn-porphyrin, whereas oxidation leads to globally aromatic cations sustaining ring currents that are somewhat stronger than for Zn-porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen
Aukio 1, P.O. Box
55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen
Aukio 1, P.O. Box
55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lukas N. Wirz
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen
Aukio 1, P.O. Box
55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen
Aukio 1, P.O. Box
55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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43
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Bai LX, Orozco-Ic M, Zarate X, Sundholm D, Pan S, Guo JC, Merino G. B 3Al 4+: A Three-Dimensional Molecular Reuleaux Triangle. Molecules 2022; 27:7407. [PMID: 36364234 PMCID: PMC9656129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We systematically explore the potential energy surface of the B3Al4+ combination of atoms. The putative global minimum corresponds to a structure formed by an Al4 square facing a B3 triangle. Interestingly, the dynamical behavior can be described as a Reuleaux molecular triangle since it involves the rotation of the B3 triangle at the top of the Al4 square. The molecular dynamics simulations, corroborating with the very small rotational barriers of the B3 triangle, show its nearly free rotation on the Al4 ring, confirming the fluxional character of the cluster. Moreover, while the chemical bonding analysis suggests that the multicenter interaction between the two fragments determines its fluxionality, the magnetic response analysis reveals this cluster as a true and fully three-dimensional aromatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Bai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ximena Zarate
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Santiago 7500912, Chile
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universitt Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo., Postal 73, Cordemex, Merida 97310, Mexico
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44
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Landi A, Summa FF, Zanasi R, Monaco G. On the JAP Method for the Indirect Determination of Delocalized Currents from Experimental Chemical Shifts. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200411. [PMID: 35811448 PMCID: PMC9796333 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The JAP model (after Jirásek, Anderson, and Peeks) to retrieve global current strengths from experimental 1 H chemical shifts has been tested with DFT computations. Both global and local tropicities are correctly predicted in most cases and the quantitative agreement is overall fair. An extension of the model is found to give improvement in an exemplary critical case, where the global delocalized current is negligible and the current density map is dominated by local currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Landi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”Università di SalernoVia G. Paolo II, 132Fisciano84084 SAItaly
| | - Francesco F. Summa
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”Università di SalernoVia G. Paolo II, 132Fisciano84084 SAItaly
| | - Riccardo Zanasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”Università di SalernoVia G. Paolo II, 132Fisciano84084 SAItaly
| | - Guglielmo Monaco
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”Università di SalernoVia G. Paolo II, 132Fisciano84084 SAItaly
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45
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Keuter J, Dimitrova M, Janka O, Hepp A, Berger RJF, Lips F. An Anionic Amido‐Substituted Seven‐Vertex Siliconoid Cluster. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201473. [PMID: 35652723 PMCID: PMC9543723 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Keuter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Paris-Lodron Universität Salzburg Materialchemie Jakob-Harringerstr. 2a 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Oliver Janka
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Raphael J. F. Berger
- Paris-Lodron Universität Salzburg Materialchemie Jakob-Harringerstr. 2a 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Germany
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46
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Deng JR, Bradley D, Jirásek M, Anderson HL, Peeks MD. Correspondence on "How Aromatic Are Molecular Nanorings? The Case of a Six-Porphyrin Nanoring". Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201231. [PMID: 35818688 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A recent Research Article in this journal by Matito and co-workers claimed that none of the oxidation states of a butadiyne-linked six-porphyrin nanoring exhibit global aromaticity or antiaromaticity. Here we show that this conclusion is incorrect. Experimental data from NMR spectroscopy for a whole family of nanorings provide strong evidence for global ring currents. The NMR data reveal these ring currents directly, without needing analysis by density functional theory (DFT). Furthermore, DFT calculations reproduce the experimental results when a suitable functional is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ren Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - David Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael Jirásek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Martin D Peeks
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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47
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Deng J, Bradley D, Jirásek M, Anderson HL, Peeks MD. Correspondence on “How Aromatic Are Molecular Nanorings? The Case of a Six‐Porphyrin Nanoring”**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie‐Ren Deng
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - David Bradley
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Michael Jirásek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Martin D. Peeks
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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48
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Báez-Grez R, Pino-Rios R. Evaluation of Slight Changes in Aromaticity through Electronic and Density Functional Reactivity Theory-Based Descriptors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21939-21945. [PMID: 35785290 PMCID: PMC9245093 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a useful tool to rationalize the structure, stability, and reactivity in several compounds. Although aromaticity is not directly an observable, it is well accepted that electronic delocalization around the molecular ring is a key stabilizing feature of aromatic compounds. This contribution presents a systematic evaluation of the capability of delocalization and reactivity criteria to describe aromaticity in a set of fluorinated benzenes. The aromaticity indices are compared with quantities obtained from the magnetic criteria of aromaticity, i.e., the strength of the ring current induced by an external magnetic field and the popular NICS zz (1) index. In this evaluation, the indices based on delocalization criteria used are aromatic fluctuation index (FLU), para-delocalization index (PDI), PDIπ, and the multicenter delocalization index (MCI). In addition, indices based on the bifurcation values of scalar functions are derived from electron density such as electron localization function (the π contribution, ELFπ) and the π contribution of the localized orbital locator (LOLπ). Furthermore, reactivity indices based on chemical reactivity and the information-theoretic (reactivity) approach are para-linear response (PLR), Shannon entropy, Fisher information, and Ghosh-Berkowitz-Parr (GBP) entropy. The results obtained show that the delocalization-based indicators present a high sensitivity to slight changes in aromaticity and that the reactivity criterion can be considered as a complementary tool for the study of this phenomenon, even when these changes are minimal. These results encourage the use of multiple indicators for a complete understanding of aromaticity in various chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Computational
and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad
Andres Bello, República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto
de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 7500912 Santiago, Chile
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49
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Franzke YJ, Holzer C. Communication: Impact of the current density on paramagnetic NMR properties. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:031102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0103898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Meta-generalized gradient approximations (meta-GGAs) and local hybrid functionals generally depend on the kinetic energy density τ. For magnetic properties, this necessitates generalizations to ensure gauge invariance. In most implementations, τ is generalized by incorporating the external magnetic field. However, this introduces artifacts in the response of the density matrix and does not satisfy the iso-orbital constraint. Here, we extend previous approaches based on the current density to paramagnetic NMR shieldings and EPR g-tensors. The impact is assessed for main-group compounds and transition-metal complexes considering 25 density functional approximations. It is shown that the current density leads to substantial improvements-especially for the popular Minnesota and SCAN functional families. Thus, we strongly recommend to use the current density generalized τ in paramagnetic NMR and EPR calculations with meta-GGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick J. Franzke
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Fachbereich Chemie, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Fakultät für Physik, Germany
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50
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Đorđević S, Solà M, Radenković S. Aromaticity of Singlet and Triplet Boron Disk-like Clusters: A Test for Electron Counting Aromaticity Rules. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10116-10125. [PMID: 35737864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Boron clusters are polyhedral boron-containing structures that have unique features and properties. The disk-like boron clusters are among the most fascinating boron cluster forms. These clusters have a molecular orbital (MO) distribution similar to the one derived from the simple particle-on-a-disk model. In this model, the MOs come in pairs except for m = 0. Disk-like boron clusters in their singlet ground state are aromatic when they reach a closed-shell structure. One could expect that disk-like aromatic boron clusters in the singlet state, when acquiring or releasing two electrons, may also be aromatic in the lowest-lying triplet state. We use magnetically induced current densities and bond current strengths to analyze the aromatic character of a series of disk-like boron clusters. Our results show that, with the exception of triplet 3B19-, the disk-like boron clusters follow Hückel and Baird's rules if one considers the different MOs grouped by their symmetry. We also found that if the lowest-lying triplet state in disk-like boron clusters is aromatic, this triplet state is the ground state for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đorđević
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Slavko Radenković
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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