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Wang C, Lan X, Zhu L, Wang Y, Gao X, Li J, Tian H, Liang Z, Xu W. Construction Strategy of Functionalized Liposomes and Multidimensional Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309031. [PMID: 38258399 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the biological field due to their good biocompatibility and surface modification properties. With the development of biochemistry and material science, many liposome structures and their surface functional components have been modified and optimized one by one, pushing the liposome platform from traditional to functionalized and intelligent, which will better satisfy and expand the needs of scientific research. However, a main limiting factor effecting the efficiency of liposomes is the complicated environmental conditions in the living body. Currently, in order to overcome the above problem, functionalized liposomes have become a very promising strategy. In this paper, binding strategies of liposomes with four main functional elements, namely nucleic acids, antibodies, peptides, and stimuli-responsive motif have been summarized for the first time. In addition, based on the construction characteristics of functionalized liposomes, such as drug-carrying, targeting, long-circulating, and stimulus-responsive properties, a comprehensive overview of their features and respective research progress are presented. Finally, the paper critically presents the limitations of these functionalized liposomes in the current applications and also prospectively suggests the future development directions, aiming to accelerate realization of their industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyun Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinyue Lan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Longjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinru Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongtao Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
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Phungula A, Waddad AY, Fernandez Leyes MD, Di Gianvincenzo P, Espuche B, Zuffi S, Moya SE, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. Self-assembly of NrTP6 cell-penetrating lipo-peptide with variable number of lipid chains: Impact of phosphate ions on lipid association. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:124-133. [PMID: 37837849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Lipopeptides synthesized from the Nucleolar Targeting Peptide (NrTP6) with one, two or four dodecanoic fatty acid (FA) chains, display large head to tail volumes, which together with the number of lipid chains per molecule, impacts their self-assembly behavior. In phosphate buffer (PB), peptide to peptide interactions are triggered by the presence of phosphate ions that act as ionic crosslinkers, affecting the organization of the lipid assemblies. EXPERIMENTAL The NrTP6 lipopeptides were synthesized by the solid phase peptide synthesis technique. The critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the lipopeptides was determined in water and PB by pyrene fluorescence. The size and morphology of lipopeptide assemblies were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Circular dichroism (CD) was used to study the secondary structures of the lipopeptide assemblies. RESULTS For NrTP6 lipopeptides with two and four lipid chains, CMCs in water are larger than in PB. TEM images of the lipopeptide assemblies show different morphologies including fibers, rods, and spheres depending on the number of lipid chains, concentration and whether they are assembled in water or PB. CD spectroscopy shows that the peptide conformation, either random or beta, correlates with the morphology of the assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Phungula
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; Soft Matter Nanotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, San-Sebastian 20010, Spain
| | - Ayman Y Waddad
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Marcos Daniel Fernandez Leyes
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, San-Sebastian 20010, Spain; Instituto de Fisica del Sur (IFISUR-CONICET), Av. Alem 1253, Bahia Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | | | - Bruno Espuche
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, San-Sebastian 20010, Spain; POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Sofia Zuffi
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, San-Sebastian 20010, Spain
| | - Sergio Enrique Moya
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, San-Sebastian 20010, Spain.
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; CIBER-BBN and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08001, Spain
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; KRISP, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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Huang SQ, Zhang HM, Zhang YC, Wang LY, Zhang ZR, Zhang L. Comparison of two methods for tumour-targeting peptide modification of liposomes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:832-840. [PMID: 36271156 PMCID: PMC10043035 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes decorated with tumour-targeting cell-penetrating peptides can enhance specific drug delivery at the tumour site. The TR peptide, c(RGDfK)-AGYLLGHINLHHLAHL(Aib)HHIL, is pH-sensitive and actively targets tumour cells that overexpress integrin receptor αvβ3, such as B16F10 melanoma cells. Liposomes can be modified with the TR peptide by two different methods: utilization of the cysteine residue on TR to link DSPE-PEG2000-Mal contained in the liposome formula (LIPTR) or decoration of TR with a C18 stearyl chain (C18-TR) for direct insertion into the liposomal phospholipid bilayer through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions (LIPC18-TR). We found that both TR and C18-TR effectively reversed the surface charge of the liposomes when the systems encountered the low pH of the tumour microenvironment, but LIPC18-TR exhibited a greater increase in the charge, which led to higher cellular uptake efficiency. Correspondingly, the IC50 values of PTX-LIPTR and PTX-LIPC18-TR in B16F10 cells in vitro were 2.1-fold and 2.5-fold lower than that of the unmodified PTX-loaded liposomes (PTX-LIP), respectively, in an acidic microenvironment (pH 6.3). In B16F10 tumour-bearing mice, intravenous administration of PTX-LIPTR and PTX-LIPC18-TR (8 mg/kg PTX every other day for a total of 4 injections) caused tumour reduction ratios of 39.4% and 56.1%, respectively, compared to 20.8% after PTX-LIP administration. Thus, we demonstrated that TR peptide modification could improve the antitumour efficiency of liposomal delivery systems, with C18-TR presenting significantly better results. After investigating different modification methods, our data show that selecting an adequate method is vital even when the same molecule is used for decoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Han-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi-Cong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lu-Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Khalily MP, Soydan M. Peptide-based diagnostic and therapeutic agents: Where we are and where we are heading? Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:772-793. [PMID: 36366980 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are increasingly present in all branches of medicine as innovative drugs, imaging agents, theragnostic, and constituent moieties of other sophisticated drugs such as peptide-drug conjugates. Due to new developments in chemical synthesis strategies, computational biology, recombinant technology, and chemical biology, peptide drug development has made a great progress in the last decade. Numerous natural peptides and peptide mimics have been obtained and studied, covering multiple therapeutic areas. Even though peptides have been investigated across the wide therapeutic spectrum, oncology, metabolism, and endocrinology are the most frequent medical indications of them. This review summarizes the current use of and the emerging new opportunities of peptides for diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek P Khalily
- Department of Basic Science and Health, Cannabis Research Institute, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Medine Soydan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Bottens RA, Yamada T. Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) as Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agents for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225546. [PMID: 36428639 PMCID: PMC9688740 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) are short peptides consisting of <30 amino acids. Their ability to translocate through the cell membrane while carrying large cargo biomolecules has been the topic of pre-clinical and clinical trials. The ability to deliver cargo complexes through membranes yields potential for therapeutics and diagnostics for diseases such as cancer. Upon cellular entry, some CPPs have the ability to target specific organelles. CPP-based intracellular targeting strategies hold tremendous potential as they can improve efficacy and reduce toxicities and side effects. Further, recent clinical trials show a significant potential for future CPP-based cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize recent advances in CPPs based on systematic searches in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases until 30 September 2022. We highlight targeted delivery and explore the potential uses for CPPs as diagnostics, drug delivery, and intrinsic anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Bottens
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tohru Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Richard & Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Correspondence:
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Liu W, Wu Q, Wang W, Xu X, Yang C, Song Y. Enhanced molecular recognition on Microfluidic affinity interfaces. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Cytotoxic Activities of Bis‐cyclometalated
M
(III) Complexes (
M
=Rh, Ir) Containing 5‐substituted 1,10‐Phenanthroline or 4,4’‐substituted 2,2’‐Bipyridine Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Wu X, Meng X, Chang TS, Feng S, Lee M, Jaiswal S, Choi EYK, Tran L, Jiang H, Wang TD. Multi-modal imaging for uptake of peptide ligand specific for CD44 by hepatocellular carcinoma. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100355. [PMID: 35479192 PMCID: PMC9035732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rising steadily in incidence, and more effective methods are needed for early cancer detection and image-guided surgery. METHODS We used a structural model to optimize the peptide sequence. Specific binding was validated in vitro with knockdown, competition, and co-localization assays. Multi-modal imaging was performed to validate specific binding in vivo in orthotopically-implanted human xenograft tumors. RESULTS Binding properties of WKGWSYLWTQQA were characterized by an apparent dissociation constant of kd = 43 nM, and an apparent association time constant of k = 0.26 min-1. The target-to-background ratio was significantly higher for the target versus control for both modalities. Ex-vivo evaluation using human HCC specimens supported the ability of the peptide to distinguish HCC from other liver pathologies. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a peptide specific for CD44 with properties that are promising for clinical translation to image HCC in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tse-Shao Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shuo Feng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Miki Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sangeeta Jaiswal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eun-Young K. Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lam Tran
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Feng S, Meng X, Li Z, Chang TS, Wu X, Zhou J, Joshi B, Choi EY, Zhao L, Zhu J, Wang TD. Multi-Modal Imaging Probe for Glypican-3 Overexpressed in Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15639-15650. [PMID: 34590489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rising steadily in incidence, and more effective methods are needed for early detection and image-guided surgery. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell surface biomarker that is overexpressed in early-stage cancer but not in cirrhosis. An IRDye800-labeled 12-mer amino acid sequence was identified, and specific binding to GPC3 was validated in vitro and in orthotopically implanted HCC tumors in vivo. Over 4-fold greater binding affinity and 2-fold faster kinetics were measured by comparison with previous GPC3 peptides. Photoacoustic images showed peak tumor uptake at 1.5 h post-injection and clearance within ∼24 h. Laparoscopic and whole-body fluorescence images showed strong intensity from tumor versus adjacent liver with about a 2-fold increase. Immunofluorescence staining of human liver specimens demonstrated specific binding to HCC versus cirrhosis with 79% sensitivity and 79% specificity, and normal liver with 81% sensitivity and 84% specificity. The near-infrared peptide is promising for early HCC detection in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Tse-Shao Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bishnu Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eun-Young Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jiye Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Thomas D Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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10
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Wang Y, Sheng J, Chai J, Zhu C, Li X, Yang W, Cui R, Ge T. Filamentous Bacteriophage-A Powerful Carrier for Glioma Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729336. [PMID: 34566987 PMCID: PMC8462735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a life-threatening malignant tumor. Resistance to traditional treatments and tumor recurrence present major challenges in treating and managing this disease, consequently, new therapeutic strategies must be developed. Crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is another challenge for most drug vectors and therapy medications. Filamentous bacteriophage can enter the brain across the BBB. Compared to traditional drug vectors, phage-based drugs offer thermodynamic stability, biocompatibility, homogeneity, high carrying capacity, self-assembly, scalability, and low toxicity. Tumor-targeting peptides from phage library and phages displaying targeting peptides are ideal drug delivery agents. This review summarized recent studies on phage-based glioma therapy and shed light on the developing therapeutics phage in the personalized treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Shah SS, Casanova N, Antuono G, Sabatino D. Polyamide Backbone Modified Cell Targeting and Penetrating Peptides in Cancer Detection and Treatment. Front Chem 2020; 8:218. [PMID: 32296681 PMCID: PMC7136562 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating and targeting peptides (CPPs and CTPs) encompass an important class of biochemically active peptides owning the capabilities of targeting and translocating within selected cell types. As such, they have been widely used in the delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, especially in cancer. Despite their potential utility, first generation CTPs and CPPs based on the native peptide sequences are limited by poor biological and pharmacological properties, thereby restricting their efficacy. Therefore, medicinal chemistry approaches have been designed and developed to construct related peptidomimetics. Of specific interest herein, are the design applications which modify the polyamide backbone of lead CTPs and CPPs. These modifications aim to improve the biochemical characteristics of the native peptide sequence in order to enhance its diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. This review will focus on a selected set of cell penetrating and targeting peptides and their related peptidomimetics whose polyamide backbone has been modified in order to improve their applications in cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, United States
| | - Nelson Casanova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, United States
| | - Gina Antuono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, United States
| | - David Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, United States
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12
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Photosensitive nanocarriers for specific delivery of cargo into cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2110. [PMID: 32034197 PMCID: PMC7005817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoencapsulation is a rapidly expanding technology to enclose cargo into inert material at the nanoscale size, which protects cargo from degradation, improves bioavailability and allows for controlled release. Encapsulation of drugs into functional nanocarriers enhances their specificity, targeting ability, efficiency, and effectiveness. Functionality may come from cell targeting biomolecules that direct nanocarriers to a specific cell or tissue. Delivery is usually mediated by diffusion and erosion mechanisms, but in some cases, this is not sufficient to reach the expected therapeutic effects. This work reports on the development of a new photoresponsive polymeric nanocarrier (PNc)-based nanobioconjugate (NBc) for specific photo-delivery of cargo into target cells. We readily synthesized the PNcs by modification of chitosan with ultraviolet (UV)-photosensitive azobenzene molecules, with Nile red and dofetilide as cargo models to prove the encapsulation/release concept. The PNcs were further functionalized with the cardiac targeting transmembrane peptide and efficiently internalized into cardiomyocytes, as a cell line model. Intracellular cargo-release was dramatically accelerated upon a very short UV-light irradiation time. Delivering cargo in a time-space controlled fashion by means of NBcs is a promising strategy to increase the intracellular cargo concentration, to decrease dose and cargo side effects, thereby improving the effectiveness of a therapeutic regime.
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13
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Shmendel EV, Kabilova TO, Morozova NG, Zenkova MA, Maslov MA. Targeted Delivery of Nucleic Acids by Folate-Containing Liposomes into KB-3-1 and HEK 293 Cells. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019060360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Feng S, Zhou J, Li Z, Appelman HD, Zhao L, Zhu J, Wang TD. Sorafenib encapsulated in nanocarrier functionalized with glypican-3 specific peptide for targeted therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110498. [PMID: 31536939 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world with increasing incidence. Chemotherapy is required for HCC patients after receiving surgical resection. Serious off-target induced side effects and systemic toxicity limit the clinical utility of drugs. Targeting therapeutic nanomedicine is an innovative strategy for enhancing drug delivery efficiency and reducing side effects. Here, we successfully formulated nanocarriers to encapsulate sorafenib, an FDA approved drug for treatment of HCC. Sorafenib is encapsulated with an entrapment efficiency >80% over 20 days. The effective aqueous solubility is improved over 1900-fold. The release ratio in vitro is characterized by a half-life of T1/2 = 22.7 h. The peak target-to-background ratio for nanocarrier uptake by tumor occurs at 24 h post-injection, and is significantly greater for the target peptide versus controls. Ex vivo biodistribution confirms the in vivo results. Tumor regression is significantly greater for the target peptide versus controls after 21 days of therapy. No acute toxicity is found by blood chemistry or necropsy. In summary, a peptide specific for GPC3 has been identified, and used to modify the surface of a nanocarrier that encapsulates sorafenib with high entrapment efficiency. Regression of HCC xenograft tumors showed promise for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Henry D Appelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jiye Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Thomas D Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
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Toll-Like Receptors and Relevant Emerging Therapeutics with Reference to Delivery Methods. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090441. [PMID: 31480568 PMCID: PMC6781272 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The built-in innate immunity in the human body combats various diseases and their causative agents. One of the components of this system is Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and/or endogenous molecules. Nonetheless, under certain conditions, these TLRs become hypofunctional or hyperfunctional, thus leading to a disease-like condition because their normal activity is compromised. In this regard, various small-molecule drugs and recombinant therapeutic proteins have been developed to treat the relevant diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and allergy. Some drugs for these diseases have been clinically approved; however, their efficacy can be enhanced by conventional or targeted drug delivery systems. Certain delivery vehicles such as liposomes, hydrogels, nanoparticles, dendrimers, or cyclodextrins can be employed to enhance the targeted drug delivery. This review summarizes the TLR signaling pathway, associated diseases and their treatments, and the ways to efficiently deliver the drugs to a target site.
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16
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Cheng AV, Wuest WM. Signed, Sealed, Delivered: Conjugate and Prodrug Strategies as Targeted Delivery Vectors for Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:816-828. [PMID: 30969100 PMCID: PMC6570538 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Innate and developed resistance mechanisms of bacteria to antibiotics are obstacles in the design of novel drugs. However, antibacterial prodrugs and conjugates have shown promise in circumventing resistance and tolerance mechanisms via directed delivery of antibiotics to the site of infection or to specific species or strains of bacteria. The selective targeting and increased permeability and accumulation of these prodrugs not only improves efficacy over unmodified drugs but also reduces off-target effects, toxicity, and development of resistance. Herein, we discuss some of these methods, including sideromycins, antibody-directed prodrugs, cell penetrating peptide conjugates, and codrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V. Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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17
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Kalmouni M, Al-Hosani S, Magzoub M. Cancer targeting peptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2171-2183. [PMID: 30877335 PMCID: PMC11105397 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite continuing advances in the development of biomacromolecules for therapeutic purposes, successful application of these often large and hydrophilic molecules has been hindered by their inability to efficiently traverse the cellular plasma membrane. In recent years, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have received considerable attention as a promising class of delivery vectors due to their ability to mediate the efficient import of a large number of cargoes in vitro and in vivo. However, the lack of target specificity of CPPs remains a major obstacle to their clinical development. To address this issue, researchers have developed strategies in which chemotherapeutic drugs are conjugated to cancer targeting peptides (CTPs) that exploit the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment or cancer cells, thereby improving cancer cell specificity. This review highlights several of these strategies that are currently in use, and discusses how multi-component nanoparticles conjugated to CTPs can be designed to provide a more efficient cancer therapeutic delivery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kalmouni
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sumaya Al-Hosani
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mazin Magzoub
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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18
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Jones Buie JN, Zhou Y, Goodwin AJ, Cook JA, Vournakis J, Demcheva M, Broome AM, Dixit S, Halushka PV, Fan H. Application of Deacetylated Poly-N-Acetyl Glucosamine Nanoparticles for the Delivery of miR-126 for the Treatment of Cecal Ligation and Puncture-Induced Sepsis. Inflammation 2019; 42:170-184. [PMID: 30244405 PMCID: PMC6380957 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is an acute inflammatory syndrome in response to infection. In some cases, excessive inflammation from sepsis results in endothelial dysfunction and subsequent increased vascular permeability leading to organ failure. We previously showed that treatment with endothelial progenitor cells, which highly express microRNA-126 (miR-126), improved survival in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis. miRNAs are important regulators of gene expression and cell function, play a major role in endothelial homeostasis, and may represent an emerging therapeutic modality. However, delivery of miRNAs to cells in vitro and in vivo is challenging due to rapid degradation by ubiquitous RNases. Herein, we developed a nanoparticle delivery system separately combining deacetylated poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (DEAC-pGlcNAc) polymers with miRNA-126-3p and miRNA-126-5p and testing these combinations in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that DEAC-pGlcNAc polymers have an appropriate size and zeta potential for cellular uptake and when complexed, DEAC-pGlcNAc protects miRNA from RNase A degradation. Further, DEAC-pGlcNAc efficiently encapsulates miRNAs as evidenced by preventing their migration in an agarose gel. The DEAC-pGlcNAc-miRNA complexes were taken up by multiple cell types and the delivered miRNAs had biological effects on their targets in vitro including pERK and DLK-1. In addition, we found that delivery of DEAC-pGlcNAc alone or DEAC-pGlcNAc:miRNA-126-5p nanoparticles to septic animals significantly improved survival, preserved vascular integrity, and modulated cytokine production. These composite studies support the concept that DEAC-pGlcNAc nanoparticles are an effective platform for delivering miRNAs and that they may provide therapeutic benefit in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy N Jones Buie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., MSC 908, CRI Room 610, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., MSC 908, CRI Room 610, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Biopharmaceutics College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Andrew J Goodwin
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - James A Cook
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - John Vournakis
- Marine Polymer Technologies, Inc., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
| | - Marina Demcheva
- Marine Polymer Technologies, Inc., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
| | - Ann-Marie Broome
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Cell & Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Suraj Dixit
- Department of Cell & Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Perry V Halushka
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hongkuan Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., MSC 908, CRI Room 610, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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19
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Cell penetrating peptides: A concise review with emphasis on biomedical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1090-1096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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20
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Valcourt DM, Harris J, Riley RS, Dang M, Wang J, Day ES. Advances in targeted nanotherapeutics: From bioconjugation to biomimicry. NANO RESEARCH 2018; 11:4999-5016. [PMID: 31772723 PMCID: PMC6879063 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-018-2083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of cancer nanomedicine, researchers have had intense interest in developing nanoparticles (NPs) that can specifically target diseased sites while avoiding healthy tissue to mitigate the off-target effects seen with conventional treatments like chemotherapy. Initial endeavors focused on the bioconjugation of targeting agents to NPs, and more recently, researchers have begun to develop biomimetic NP platforms that can avoid immune recognition to maximally accumulate in tumors. In this review, we describe the advantages and limitations of each of these targeting strategies. First, we review developments in bioconjugation strategies, where NPs are coated with biomolecules such as antibodies, aptamers, peptides, and small molecules to enable cell-specific binding. While bioconjugated NPs offer many exciting features and have improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution relative to unmodified NPs, they are still recognized by the body as "foreign", resulting in their clearance by the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). To overcome this limitation, researchers have recently begun to investigate biomimetic approaches that can hide NPs from immune recognition and reduce clearance by the MPS. These biomimetic NPs fall into two distinct categories: synthetic NPs that present naturally occurring structures, and NPs that are completely disguised by natural structures. Overall, bioconjugated and biomimetic NPs have substantial potential to improve upon conventional treatments by reducing off-target effects through site-specific delivery, and they show great promise for future standards of care. Here, we provide a summary of each strategy, discuss considerations for their design moving forward, and highlight their potential clinical impact on cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Valcourt
- 161 Colburn Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jenna Harris
- 201 DuPont Hall, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Rachel S Riley
- 161 Colburn Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Megan Dang
- 161 Colburn Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jianxin Wang
- 161 Colburn Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Emily S Day
- 161 Colburn Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- 201 DuPont Hall, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- 4701 Ogletown Stanton Road, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA
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21
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Lee YY, Lee SY, Park SY, Choi HJ, Kim EG, Han JS. Therapeutic potential of a phospholipase D1 inhibitory peptide fused with a cell-penetrating peptide as a novel anti-asthmatic drug in a Der f 2-induced airway inflammation model. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-11. [PMID: 29717122 PMCID: PMC5938051 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes airflow obstruction due to airway inflammation. However, its therapeutics remain inadequate. We previously reported that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is a key enzyme involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in airway inflammation induced by the house dust mite allergen Dermatophagoides farinae 2 (Der f 2). We also revealed that PLD1 is specifically inactivated by AP180 (assembly protein, 180 kDa) and identified the PLD1-specific binding motif (TVTSP) of AP180. Therefore, the aims of this study were to develop a novel anti-asthmatic agent that could suppress airway inflammation by inhibiting PLD1 and examine its acute and chronic toxicity. We designed TAT-TVTSP, a PLD1-inhibitory peptide fused with a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) delivery system. TAT-TVTSP was efficiently delivered to bronchial epithelial cells and significantly reduced Der f 2-induced PLD activation and Interleukin 13 (IL-13) production. Intranasally administered TAT-TVTSP was also efficiently transferred to airway tissues and ameliorated airway inflammation in a Der f 2-induced allergic asthma mouse model. Moreover, we investigated the safety of TAT-TVTSP as a therapeutic agent through single- and repeated-dose toxicity studies in a mouse model. Taken together, these results indicated that a PLD1-inhibitory peptide fused with a cell-penetrating peptide may be useful for treating allergic inflammatory asthma induced by house dust mites (HDMs). A drug that targets a key enzyme involved in airway tissue inflammation shows promise in the treatment of allergic asthma. The enzyme phospholipase D1 (PLD1) triggers airway inflammation in allergic asthma brought on by house dust mites. Joong-Soo Han at Hanyang University in Seoul, Eung-Gook Kim at Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea, and co-workers have developed a treatment aimed at suppressing PLD1 and trialed the drug on mouse models of dust-mite allergy. The team designed a carrier system capable of accurately delivering a PLD1-inhibitory peptide to airway tissues and cells. They found that airway inflammation was significantly reduced in the treated mice. The drug appeared to be relatively safe when used in repeated doses, although further investigations are needed to verify this. The team hope their treatment will improve therapies for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joong-Soo Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Multifunctional Self-Assembling Peptide-Based Nanostructures for Targeted Intracellular Delivery: Design, Physicochemical Characterization, and Biological Assessment. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1758:11-26. [PMID: 29679319 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7741-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptide amphiphiles (PAs), consisting of a hydrophobic alkyl chain covalently bound to a hydrophilic peptide sequence, possess a versatile molecular design due to their combined self-assembling features of amphiphile surfactants and biological functionalities of peptides. Through rational design, PAs can self-assemble into a variety of nanostructures with controlled shape, size, and biological functionality to deliver therapeutic and imaging agents to target cells. Here, we describe principles to design multifunctional PAs for self-assembly into micellar nanostructures and targeted intracellular delivery. The PA micelles are designed to display a tumour targeting sequence on their surfaces and direct their interactions with specific cells. This targeting sequence includes an enzymatic sensitive sequence that can be cleaved upon exposure to matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), an enzyme overexpressed in tumor environment, allowing the presentation of a cell-penetrating domain. The presentation of this domain will then facilitate the delivery of therapeutics for cancer treatment inside targeted cells. Methods to characterize the key physicochemical properties of PAs and their assemblies, including secondary structure, critical micelle concentration, shape and size, are described in detail. The enzyme responsiveness of PA assemblies is described with respect to their degradation by MMP-2. Protocols to evaluate the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of the micellar carriers are also included.
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23
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Shi NQ, Li Y, Zhang Y, Shen N, Qi L, Wang SR, Qi XR. Intelligent "Peptide-Gathering Mechanical Arm" Tames Wild "Trojan-Horse" Peptides for the Controlled Delivery of Cancer Nanotherapeutics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:41767-41781. [PMID: 29161013 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), also called "Trojan-Horse" peptides, have been used for facilitating intracellular delivery of numerous diverse cargoes and even nanocarriers. However, the lack of targeting specificity ("wildness" or nonselectivity) of CPP-nanocarriers remains an intractable challenge for many in vivo applications. In this work, we used an intelligent "peptide-gathering mechanical arm" (Int PMA) to curb CPPs' wildness and enhance the selectivity of R9-liposome-based cargo delivery for tumor targeting. The peptide NGR, serving as a cell-targeting peptide for anchoring, and peptide PLGLAG, serving as a substrate peptide for deanchoring, were embedded in the Int PMA motif. The Int PMA construct was designed to be sensitive to tumor microenvironmental stimuli, including aminopeptidase N (CD13) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2/9). Moreover, Int PMA could be specifically recognized by tumor tissues via CD13-mediated anchoring and released for cell entry by MMP-2/9-mediated deanchoring. To test the Int PMA design, a series of experiments were conducted in vitro and in vivo. Functional conjugates Int PMA-R9-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)2000-distearoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DSPE) and R9-PEG2000-DSPE were synthesized by Michael addition reaction and were characterized by thin-layer chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The Int PMA-R9-modified doxorubicin-loaded liposomes (Int PMA-R9-Lip-DOX) exhibited a proper particle diameter (approximately 155 nm) with in vitro sustained release characteristics. Cleavage assay showed that Int PMA-R9 peptide molecules could be cleaved by MMP-2/9 for completion of deanchoring. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies indicated that Int PMA-R9-Lip-DOX can respond to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli in the presence/absence of excess MMP-2/9 and MMP-2/9 inhibitor (GM6001) and effectively function under competitive receptor-binding conditions. Moreover, Int PMA-R9-Lip-DOX generated more significant subcellular dispersions that were especially evident within endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. Notably, Int PMA-R9-Lip-DOX could induce enhanced apoptosis, during which caspase 3/7 might be activated. In addition, Int PMA-R9-Lip-DOX displayed enhanced in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy versus "wild" R9-Lip-DOX. On the basis of investigations at the molecular level, cellular level, and animals' level, the control of Int PMA was effective and promoted selective delivery of R9-liposome cargo to the target site and reduced nonspecific uptake. This Int PMA-controlled strategy based on aminopeptidase-guided anchoring and protease-triggered deanchoring effectively curbed the wildness of CPPs and bolstered their effectiveness for in vivo delivery of nanotherapeutics. The specific nanocarrier delivery system used here could be adapted using a variety of intelligent designs based on combinations of multifunctional peptides that would specifically and preferentially bind to tumors versus nontumor tissues for tumor-localized accumulation in vivo. Thus, CPPs have a strong advantage for the development of intelligent nanomedicines for targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Qiu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | - Yong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | | | | | | | - Xian-Rong Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China
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Asami Y, Yoshioka K, Nishina K, Nagata T, Yokota T. Drug delivery system of therapeutic oligonucleotides. Drug Discov Ther 2017; 10:256-262. [PMID: 27890899 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2016.01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides are promising technologies. Nevertheless, improvement of their efficacy is an important issue. Introducing this drug delivery system (DDS) makes for a great enhancement for delivery of oligonucleotides to targeted tissue or cells. The strategy of DDS for therapeutic oligonucleotides is divided into four categories, A) single piece of oligonucleotide, B) oligonucleotide-ligand conjugate, C) oligonucleotide-polymer conjugate, and D) nanoparticle. In this review we will describe those basic concepts, especially for the technology of conjugating ligand. In addition, we developed a new technology, heteroduplex oligonucleotide (HDO), binding ligand-molecule to antisense oligonucleotide indirectly. We also outline α-tocopherol (a natural isomer of vitamin E) conjugated HDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Asami
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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25
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Empowering the Potential of Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Targeted Intracellular Delivery via Molecular Self-Assembly. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1030:265-278. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66095-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sawyer TK, Guerlavais V, Darlak K, Feyfant E. Macrocyclic α-Helical Peptide Drug Discovery. MACROCYCLES IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623113-00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic α-helical peptides have emerged as a promising new drug class and within the scope of hydrocarbon-stapled peptides such molecules have advanced into the clinic. The overarching concept of designing proteomimetics of an α-helical ‘ligand’ which binds its cognate ‘target’ relative to α-helical interfacing protein-protein interactions has been well-validated and expanded through numerous investigations for a plethora of therapeutic targets oftentimes referred to as “undruggable” with respect to other modalities (e.g., small-molecule or proteins). This chapter highlights the evolution of macrocyclic α-helical peptides in terms of target space, biophysical and computational chemistry, structural diversity and synthesis, drug design and chemical biology. It is noteworthy that hydrocarbon-stapled peptides have successfully risen to the summit of such drug discovery campaigns.
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Lee D, Pacheco S, Liu M. Biological effects of Tat cell-penetrating peptide: a multifunctional Trojan horse? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:5-7. [PMID: 24354809 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daiyoon Lee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
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Yuan L, Liu C, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Qu D. Antitumor activity of tripterine via cell-penetrating peptide-coated nanostructured lipid carriers in a prostate cancer model. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:4339-50. [PMID: 24235831 PMCID: PMC3825686 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antitumor effect of cell-penetrating peptide-coated tripterine-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (CT-NLC) on prostate tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS CT-NLC were developed to improve the hydrophilicity of tripterine. The antiproliferative effects of CT-NLC, tripterine-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (T-NLC), and free tripterine in a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC-3) and a mouse prostate carcinoma cell line (RM-1) were evaluated using an MTT assay. The advantage of CT-NLC over T-NLC and free tripterine with regard to antitumor activity in vivo was evaluated in a prostate tumor-bearing mouse model. The induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 cytokine content was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the effect of CT-NLC, T-NLC, and free tripterine on immune responses. Histologic and TUNEL assays were carried out to investigate the mechanisms of tumor necrosis and apoptosis. RESULTS CT-NLC, T-NLC, and free tripterine showed high antiproliferative activity in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.60, 0.81, and 1.02 μg/mL in the PC-3 cell line and 0.41, 0.54, and 0.89 μg/mL in the RM-1 cell line after 36 hours. In vivo, the tumor inhibition rates for cyclophosphamide, high-dose (4 mg/kg) and low-dose (2 mg/kg) tripterine, high-dose (4 mg/kg) and low-dose (2 mg/kg) T-NLC, high-dose (4 mg/kg) and low-dose (2 mg/kg) CT-NLC were 76.51%, 37.07%, 29.53%, 63.56%, 48.25%, 72.68%, and 54.50%, respectively, showing a dose-dependent pattern. The induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 cytokine content after treatment with CT-NLC and T-NLC was significantly higher than that of high-dose tripterine. Moreover, CT-NLC showed the expected advantage of inducing necrosis and apoptosis in prostate tumor cells. CONCLUSION CT-NLC noticeably enhanced antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo and showed dramatically improved cytotoxicity in normal cells in comparison with free tripterine. In summary, CT-NLC could be used as a promising drug delivery system for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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29
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Yamada Y, Harashima H. Enhancement in selective mitochondrial association by direct modification of a mitochondrial targeting signal peptide on a liposomal based nanocarrier. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:526-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Kim JY, Han JH, Moon AR, Park JH, Chang JH, Bae J, Kim TH. Minimal killing unit of the mitochondrial targeting domain of Noxa. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:485-90. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Chosun University School of Medicine; 309 Pilmoondaero Gwang-Ju 501-759 Korea
| | - Ji Hye Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Chosun University School of Medicine; 309 Pilmoondaero Gwang-Ju 501-759 Korea
| | - Ae-Ran Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Chosun University School of Medicine; 309 Pilmoondaero Gwang-Ju 501-759 Korea
| | - Jung Hee Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Chosun University School of Medicine; 309 Pilmoondaero Gwang-Ju 501-759 Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Chang
- Department of Surgery; Chosun University School of Medicine; 309 Pilmoondaero Gwang-Ju 501-759 Korea
| | - Jeehyeon Bae
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University School of Pharmacy; Seoul 156-756 Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Chosun University School of Medicine; 309 Pilmoondaero Gwang-Ju 501-759 Korea
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31
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Boeneman K, Delehanty JB, Blanco-Canosa JB, Susumu K, Stewart MH, Oh E, Huston AL, Dawson G, Ingale S, Walters R, Domowicz M, Deschamps JR, Algar WR, DiMaggio S, Manono J, Spillmann CM, Thompson D, Jennings TL, Dawson PE, Medintz IL. Selecting improved peptidyl motifs for cytosolic delivery of disparate protein and nanoparticle materials. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3778-96. [PMID: 23710591 PMCID: PMC3880025 DOI: 10.1021/nn400702r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides facilitate efficient intracellular uptake of diverse materials ranging from small contrast agents to larger proteins and nanoparticles. However, a significant impediment remains in the subsequent compartmentalization/endosomal sequestration of most of these cargoes. Previous functional screening suggested that a modular peptide originally designed to deliver palmitoyl-protein thioesterase inhibitors to neurons could mediate endosomal escape in cultured cells. Here, we detail properties relevant to this peptide's ability to mediate cytosolic delivery of quantum dots (QDs) to a wide range of cell-types, brain tissue culture and a developing chick embryo in a remarkably nontoxic manner. The peptide further facilitated efficient endosomal escape of large proteins, dendrimers and other nanoparticle materials. We undertook an iterative structure-activity relationship analysis of the peptide by discretely modifying key components including length, charge, fatty acid content and their order using a comparative, semiquantitative assay. This approach allowed us to define the key motifs required for endosomal escape, to select more efficient escape sequences, along with unexpectedly identifying a sequence modified by one methylene group that specifically targeted QDs to cellular membranes. We interpret our results within a model of peptide function and highlight implications for in vivo labeling and nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery by using different peptides to co-deliver cargoes to cells and engage in multifunctional labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Boeneman
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 U.S.A
| | - James B. Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 U.S.A
| | - Juan B. Blanco-Canosa
- Departments of Cell Biology & Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Programme, Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 U.S.A
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Annapolis Junction, MD 20701 U.S.A
| | - Michael H. Stewart
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 U.S.A
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 U.S.A
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Annapolis Junction, MD 20701 U.S.A
| | - Alan L. Huston
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 U.S.A
| | - Glyn Dawson
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 U.S.A
| | - Sampat Ingale
- Departments of Cell Biology & Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
| | - Ryan Walters
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 U.S.A
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Programme, Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Miriam Domowicz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 U.S.A
| | - W. Russ Algar
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 U.S.A
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 U.S.A
| | - Stassi DiMaggio
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125 U.S.A
| | - Janet Manono
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125 U.S.A
| | - Christopher M. Spillmann
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 U.S.A
| | - Darren Thompson
- Departments of Cell Biology & Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
| | - Travis L. Jennings
- eBioscience, Inc., 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 U.S.A
| | - Philip E. Dawson
- Departments of Cell Biology & Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 U.S.A
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32
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Tang X, Asano M, O'Reilly A, Farquhar A, Yang Y, Amar S. p53 is an important regulator of CCL2 gene expression. Curr Mol Med 2013; 12:929-43. [PMID: 22804246 DOI: 10.2174/156652412802480844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The p53 protein is a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor that regulates inflammatory genes such as CCL2/MCP-1 that may play a role in various diseases. A recent study has indicated that the knockdown of human p53 leads to a strong negative regulation of CCL2 induction. We are therefore interested in how p53 regulates CCL2 gene expression. In the following study, our findings indicate that UV-induced p53 accumulation in mouse macrophages significantly decreases LPS-induced CCL2 production, and that p53 binds to CCL2 5'UTR in the region (16-35). We also found that a p53 domain (p53pep170) mimics full length p53 to down-regulate CCL2 promoter activity. Treatment of p53-deficient mouse primary macrophages with synthetic p53pep170 was found to decrease LPS-induced production of CCL2 without association with cellular endogenous p53. CCL2 production induced by lentiCLG in human monocytes or mouse primary macrophages was blocked in the presence of p53pep170. Overall, these results demonstrate that p53 or its derived peptide (p53pep170) is an important regulator of CCL2 gene expression via its binding activity, and acts as a novel model for future studies linking p53 and its short peptide to pave the way to possible pharmaceutical intervention of CCL2-mediated inflammatory and cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tang
- Center for Anti- Inflammatory Therapeutics, Boston University, 650 Albany Street, X- 343, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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33
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Gulati V, Wallace R. Rafts, Nanoparticles and Neural Disease. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 2:217-250. [PMID: 28348305 PMCID: PMC5304588 DOI: 10.3390/nano2030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the role of membrane rafts in neural disease as a rationale for drug targeting utilizing lipid-based nanoparticles. The article begins with an overview of methodological issues involving the existence, sizes, and lifetimes of rafts, and then examines raft function in the etiologies of three major neural diseases-epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease-selected as promising candidates for raft-based therapeutics. Raft-targeting drug delivery systems involving liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles are then examined in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Gulati
- Ross University School of Medicine, Miami Beach Community Health Center, 11645 Biscayne Boulevard, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Ron Wallace
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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34
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Ma Y, Gong C, Ma Y, Fan F, Luo M, Yang F, Zhang YH. Direct cytosolic delivery of cargoes in vivo by a chimera consisting of D- and L-arginine residues. J Control Release 2012; 162:286-94. [PMID: 22824782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to deliver a range of membrane-impermeable molecules into living cells makes them attractive potential vehicles for therapeutics. However, in vivo, the efficiency of CPP delivery to the cytosol remains unsatisfactory owing to endosomal entrapment and/or systemic toxicity, which severely restrict their bioavailability and efficacy in in vivo applications. In this study, we developed a series of novel chimeras consisting of various numbers of d- and l-arginine residues and investigated their cellular uptake behaviors and systemic toxicities. We demonstrated that the intracellular distribution, uptake efficiency, and systemic toxicity of these oligoarginines were all significantly affected by the number of d-arginine residues in the peptide sequence. We also found that a hybrid peptide, (rR)(3)R(2), possessed low systemic toxicity, high uptake efficiency, and, remarkably, achieved efficient cytosolic delivery not only in cultured cells but also in living tissue cells in mice after intravenous injection, implying that this heterogeneous motif might have promising applications in the delivery of cargoes of small sizes directed to cytosolic targets in vivo. Our studies into the uptake mechanism of (rR)(3)R(2) indicate that its cellular uptake was not affected by pharmacological or physical inhibitors of endocytosis but by the elimination of the membrane potential, suggesting that (rR)(3)R(2) does not enter the cells via endocytosis but rather through direct membrane translocation driven by the membrane potential. The results here might provide useful guidelines for the design and application of CPPs in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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35
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Juliano RL, Ming X, Nakagawa O. The chemistry and biology of oligonucleotide conjugates. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1067-76. [PMID: 22353142 DOI: 10.1021/ar2002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Short DNA or RNA oligonucleotides have tremendous potential as therapeutic agents. Because of their ability to engage in Watson-Crick base pairing, they can interact with mRNA or pre-mRNA targets with high selectivity. As a result, they could precisely manipulate gene expression. This possibility has engendered extensive efforts to develop oligonucleotides as drugs, and many candidates are already in clinical trials. However, a major impediment to the maturation of this field of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics remains: these relatively large and often highly charged molecules don't easily cross cellular membranes, making it difficult for them to reach their sites of action in the cytosol or nucleus. In this Account, we summarize some basic features of the biology of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides. We then discuss chemical conjugation as an approach to improving the intracellular delivery and therapeutic potential of these agents. Instead of focusing on the details of conjugation chemistry, we emphasize the pharmacological ramifications of oligonucleotide conjugates. In one important approach to improving delivery and efficacy, researchers have conjugated oligonucleotides with ligands designed to bind to particular receptors and thus provide specific interactions with cells. In another strategy, researchers have coupled antisense or siRNA with agents such as cell penetrating peptides that are designed to provoke escape of the conjugate from intracellular vesicular compartments. Although both of these strategies have had some success, further research is needed before oligonucleotide conjugates can find an important place in human therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Juliano
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xin Ming
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Osamu Nakagawa
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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36
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Enhanced cell uptake of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles through direct chemisorption of FITC-Tat-PEG₆₀₀-b-poly(glycerol monoacrylate). Int J Pharm 2012; 430:372-80. [PMID: 22531849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized with specific ligands are emerging as a highly integrated platform for cancer targeting, drug delivery, and magnetic resonance imaging applications. In this study, we describe a multifunctional magnetic nanoparticle system (FITC-Tat MNPs) consisting of a fluorescently labeled cell penetrating peptide (FITC-Tat peptide), a biocompatible block copolymer PEG(600)-b-poly(glycerol monoacrylate) (PEG(600)-b-PGA), and a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle core. The particles were prepared by direct chemisorption of PEG(600)-b-PGA conjugated with FITC-Tat peptide on the SPIO nanoparticles. FITC-MNPs without Tat were prepared for comparison. Flow cytometry assays revealed significantly higher uptake of FITC-Tat MNPs compared to FITC-MNPs in Caco-2 cells. These results were confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSCM), which further demonstrated that the FITC-Tat MNPs accumulated in the cytoplasm and nucleus while the FITC-MNPs were localized in the cell membrane compartments. The FITC-Tat MNPs did not exhibit observable cytotoxicity in MTS assays.
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37
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Cell penetrating peptides in the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Biomolecules 2012; 2:187-202. [PMID: 24970133 PMCID: PMC4030843 DOI: 10.3390/biom2020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is a highly selective barrier. This limits the cellular uptake of molecules including DNA, oligonucleotides, peptides and proteins used as therapeutic agents. Different approaches have been employed to increase the membrane permeability and intracellular delivery of these therapeutic molecules. One such approach is the use of Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs). CPPs represent a new and innovative concept, which bypasses the problem of bioavailability of drugs. The success of CPPs lies in their ability to unlock intracellular and even intranuclear targets for the delivery of agents ranging from peptides to antibodies and drug-loaded nanoparticles. This review highlights the development of cell penetrating peptides for cell-specific delivery strategies involving biomolecules that can be triggered spatially and temporally within a cell transport pathway by change in physiological conditions. The review also discusses conjugations of therapeutic agents to CPPs for enhanced intracellular delivery and bioavailability that are at the clinical stage of development.
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38
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Avvakumova S, Scari G, Porta F. Au–thymine, thymidine and thymidine 5′-monophosphate nanoparticles: chemical characterisation and cellular uptake studies into U87 cancer cells. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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39
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Walrant A, Bechara C, Alves ID, Sagan S. Molecular partners for interaction and cell internalization of cell-penetrating peptides: how identical are they? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:133-43. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides are short basic peptide sequences that might display amphipathic properties. These positively charged peptides internalize into all cell types, albeit with different efficiency. Cell-penetrating peptides use all routes of pinocytosis to internalize, in addition to direct membrane translocation that requires interaction with lipid membrane domains. These differences in internalization efficiency according to the peptide sequence and cell type suggest that the cell-penetrating peptides interact with different molecular partners at the cell surface. This review will first report on data that describe the molecular interaction of the most popular cell-penetrating peptides (penetratin, Tat and oligoarginine) with carbohydrates and lipids. The second part of the review will be dedicated to cell studies that have reported how cell surface composition influences cell internalization. Discussion will focus on the gap between in vitro and in cellulo studies, and more specifically to which extent the interaction with molecules found in membranes reflect the internalization efficiency of the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Walrant
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chérine Bechara
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
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40
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Abstract
Diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, and HIV/AIDS are caused by intracellular pathogens and are a major burden to the global medical community. Conventional treatments for these diseases typically consist of long-term therapy with a combination of drugs, which may lead to side effects and contribute to low patient compliance. The pathogens reside within intracellular compartments of the cell, which provide additional barriers to effective treatment. Therefore, there is a need for improved and more effective therapies for such intracellular diseases. This review will summarize, for the first time, the intracellular compartments in which pathogens can reside and discuss how nanomedicine has the potential to improve intracellular disease therapy by offering properties such as targeting, sustained drug release, and drug delivery to the pathogen’s intracellular location. The characteristics of nanomedicine may prove advantageous in developing improved or alternative therapies for intracellular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Armstead
- Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA
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41
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Bolhassani A. Potential efficacy of cell-penetrating peptides for nucleic acid and drug delivery in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:232-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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42
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Yamane T, Hanaoka K, Muramatsu Y, Tamura K, Adachi Y, Miyashita Y, Hirata Y, Nagano T. Method for Enhancing Cell Penetration of Gd3+-based MRI Contrast Agents by Conjugation with Hydrophobic Fluorescent Dyes. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2227-36. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200127t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yamane
- Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1,
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 5, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,
102-0075, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1,
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 5, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,
102-0075, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Muramatsu
- Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1,
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 5, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,
102-0075, Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department
of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1,
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Adachi
- Department
of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1,
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyashita
- Department
of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1,
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Hirata
- Department of Cardiovascular
Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1,
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 5, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,
102-0075, Japan
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43
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Juliano RL, Ming X, Nakagawa O. Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 23:147-57. [PMID: 21992697 DOI: 10.1021/bc200377d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress is being made concerning the development of oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents. Studies with antisense, siRNA, and other forms of oligonucleotides have shown promise in cellular and animal models and in some clinical studies. Nonetheless, our understanding of how oligonucleotides function in cells and tissues is really quite limited. One major issue concerns the modes of uptake and intracellular trafficking of oligonucleotides, whether as "free" molecules or linked to various delivery moieties such as nanoparticles or targeting ligands. In this review, we examine the recent literature on oligonucleotide internalization and subcellular trafficking in the context of current insights into the basic machinery for endocytosis and intracellular vesicular traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph L Juliano
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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44
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Ding H, Portilla-Arias J, Patil R, Black KL, Ljubimova JY, Holler E. The optimization of polymalic acid peptide copolymers for endosomolytic drug delivery. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5269-78. [PMID: 21514661 PMCID: PMC4110056 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Membranolytic macromolecules are promising vehicles for cytoplasmic drug delivery, but their efficiency and safety remains primary concerns. To address those concerns, membranolytic properties of various poly(β-L-malic acid) (PMLA) copolymers were extensively investigated as a function of concentration and pH. PMLA, a naturally occurring biodegradable polymer, acquires membranolytic activities after substitution of pendent carboxylates with hydrophobic amino acid derivatives. Ruled by hydrophobization and charge neutralization, membranolysis of PMLA copolymers increased as a function of polymer molecular weight and demonstrated a maximum with 50% substitution of carboxylates. Charge neutralization was achieved either conditionally by pH-dependent protonation or permanently by masking carboxylates. Membranolysis of PMLA copolymers containing tripeptides of leucine, tryptophan and phenylalanine were pH-dependent in contrast to pH-independent copolymers of Leucine ethyl ester and Leu-Leu-Leu-NH(2) with permanent charge neutralization. PMLA and tripeptides seemed a unique combination for pH-dependent membranolysis. In contrast to nontoxic pH-dependent PMLA copolymers, pH-independent copolymers were found toxic at high concentration, which is ascribed to their nonspecific disruption of plasma membrane at physiological pH. pH-Dependent copolymers were membranolytically active only at acidic pH typical of maturating endosomes, and are thus devoid of cytotoxicity. The PMLA tripeptide copolymers are useful for safe and efficient cytoplasmic delivery routed through endosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 N. George Burns Rd, Davis 2094A, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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45
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Yeung ATY, Gellatly SL, Hancock REW. Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2161-76. [PMID: 21573784 PMCID: PMC11114888 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid rise in the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial therapies to combat these pathogens. Cationic host defence peptides (HDPs) and synthetic derivatives termed innate defence regulators (IDRs) represent a promising alternative approach in the treatment of microbial-related diseases. Cationic HDPs (also termed antimicrobial peptides) have emerged from their origins as nature's antibiotics and are widely distributed in organisms from insects to plants to mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. Although their original and primary function was proposed to be direct antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, parasites and/or viruses, cationic HDPs are becoming increasingly recognized as multifunctional mediators, with both antimicrobial activity and diverse immunomodulatory properties. Here we provide an overview of the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of cationic HDPs, and discuss their potential application as beneficial therapeutics in overcoming infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Y. Yeung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Shaan L. Gellatly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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46
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Franzen S. A comparison of peptide and folate receptor targeting of cancer cells: from single agent to nanoparticle. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:281-98. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.554816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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47
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Targeted liposomal drug delivery to monocytes and macrophages. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2010; 2011:727241. [PMID: 21512579 PMCID: PMC3065850 DOI: 10.1155/2011/727241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As the role of monocytes and macrophages in a range of diseases is better understood, strategies to target these cell types are of growing importance both scientifically and therapeutically. As particulate carriers, liposomes naturally target cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), particularly macrophages. Loading drugs into liposomes can therefore offer an efficient means of drug targeting to MPS cells. Physicochemical properties including size, charge and lipid composition can have a very significant effect on the efficiency with which liposomes target MPS cells. MPS cells express a range of receptors including scavenger receptors, integrins, mannose receptors and Fc-receptors that can be targeted by the addition of ligands to liposome surfaces. These ligands include peptides, antibodies and lectins and have the advantages of increasing target specificity and avoiding the need for cationic lipids to trigger intracellular delivery. The goal for targeting monocytes/macrophages using liposomes includes not only drug delivery but also potentially a role in cell ablation and cell activation for the treatment of conditions including cancer, atherosclerosis, HIV, and chronic inflammation.
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Nain V, Sahi S, Verma A. CPP-ZFN: a potential DNA-targeting anti-malarial drug. Malar J 2010; 9:258. [PMID: 20846404 PMCID: PMC2949742 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant Plasmodium is of major concern today. Effective vaccines or successful applications of RNAi-based strategies for the treatment of malaria are currently unavailable. An unexplored area in the field of malaria research is the development of DNA-targeting drugs that can specifically interact with parasitic DNA and introduce deleterious changes, leading to loss of vital genome function and parasite death. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS Advances in the development of zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) with engineered DNA recognition domains allow us to design and develop nuclease of high target sequence specificity with a mega recognition site that typically occurs only once in the genome. Moreover, cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) can cross the cell plasma membrane and deliver conjugated protein, nucleic acid, or any other cargo to the cytoplasm, nucleus, or mitochondria. This article proposes that a drug from the combination of the CPP and ZFN systems can effectively enter the intracellular parasite, introduce deleterious changes in its genome, and eliminate the parasite from the infected cells. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS Availability of a DNA-binding motif for more than 45 triplets and its modular nature, with freedom to change number of fingers in a ZFN, makes development of customized ZFN against diverse target DNA sequence of any gene feasible. Since the Plasmodium genome is highly AT rich, there is considerable sequence site diversity even for the structurally and functionally conserved enzymes between Plasmodium and humans. CPP can be used to deliver ZFN to the intracellular nucleus of the parasite. Signal-peptide-based heterologous protein translocation to Plasmodium-infected RBCs (iRBCs) and different Plasmodium organelles have been achieved. With successful fusion of CPP with mitochondrial- and nuclear-targeting peptides, fusion of CPP with 1 more Plasmodium cell membrane translocation peptide seems achievable. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS Targeting of the Plasmodium genome using ZFN has great potential for the development of anti-malarial drugs. It allows the development of a single drug against all malarial infections, including multidrug-resistant strains. Availability of multiple ZFN target sites in a single gene will provide alternative drug target sites to combat the development of resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Nain
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida-201308, India
| | - Shakti Sahi
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida-201308, India
| | - Anju Verma
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO- 64110, USA
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Heidel JD, Davis ME. Clinical developments in nanotechnology for cancer therapy. Pharm Res 2010; 28:187-99. [PMID: 20549313 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle approaches to drug delivery for cancer offer exciting and potentially "game-changing" ways to improve patient care and quality of life in numerous ways, such as reducing off-target toxicities by more selectively directing drug molecules to intracellular targets of cancer cells. Here, we focus on technologies being investigated clinically and discuss numerous types of therapeutic molecules that have been incorporated within nanostructured entities such as nanoparticles. The impacts of nanostructured therapeutics on efficacy and safety, including parameters like pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, are described for several drug molecules. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of ligand-based targeting of nanoparticles, such as on receptor avidity and selectivity.
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Wu F, Fan S, Martiniuk F, Pincus S, Müller S, Kohler H, Tchou-Wong KM. Protective effects of anti-ricin A-chain antibodies delivered intracellularly against ricin-induced cytotoxicity. World J Biol Chem 2010; 1:188-95. [PMID: 21541003 PMCID: PMC3083952 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v1.i5.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the ability of anti-ricin A-chain antibodies, delivered intracellularly, to protect against ricin-induced cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells.
METHODS: Anti-deglycosylated ricin A-chain antibody and RAC18 anti-ricin A-chain monoclonal antibody were delivered intracellularly by encapsulating in liposomes or via conjugation with the cell-penetrating MTS-transport peptide. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with these antibodies either before or after ricin exposure. The changes in cytotoxicity were estimated by MTT assay. Co-localization of internalized antibody and ricin was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy.
RESULTS: Internalized antibodies significantly increased cell viability either before or after ricin exposure compared to the unconjugated antibodies. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the co-localization of internalized antibodies and ricin inside the cells.
CONCLUSION: Intracellular delivery of antibodies to neutralize the ricin toxin after cellular uptake supports the potential use of cell-permeable antibodies for post-exposure treatment of ricin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- Feng Wu, Shaoan Fan, Kam-Meng Tchou-Wong, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, United States
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